<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6snR8Rxz7PxQqsm3KBYJ3tr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001600003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001600003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A baixa taxa de obten&#231;&#227;o da meta do LDL-colesterol numa popula&#231;&#227;o de baixa renda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vacanti</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano J</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio C. de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fujita</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandro M</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>David S</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Alan F</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vetorazi</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sellera</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scarin</surname>
            <given-names>Nataly R</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Distrito Federal</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Distrito Federal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Lus&#237;ada</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>162</fpage>
      <lpage>165</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o percentual de pacientes adequados &#224;s metas preconizadas pelas III Diretrizes sobre Dislipidemias da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, numa popula&#231;&#227;o de baixa renda. Determinar se havia diferen&#231;a deste percentual, nos pacientes de alto risco, conforme a idade (&lt;75 anos x &gt;75 anos). M&#201;TODOS: Analisamos consecutivamente 190 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos: 51 pacientes de baixo e m&#233;dio risco (G I) e 139 de alto risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (G II). A amostra era caracterizada por pacientes de baixa renda (69% dos pacientes tinham uma renda familiar entre 1 e 2 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos), cuja terap&#234;utica hipolipemiante era fornecida irregularmente pelo Estado. RESULTADOS: Os G I e G II apresentavam, respectivamente, 70,1&#177;13,7 anos e 13,7% de homens e 68,5&#177;10,6 anos e 62,6% de homens. Dentre os pacientes do G II, 30% apresentavam o LDL-colesterol dentro das metas preconizadas. Sendo que, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de pacientes adequados &#224;s metas foi, significativamente, menor em indiv&#237;duos com 75 anos ou mais que aqueles com menos de 75 anos (16% vs. 30%, p=0,04). CONCLUS&#195;O: Numa popula&#231;&#227;o, predominantemente, de baixa renda e sem assist&#234;ncia cont&#237;nua do Estado para adquirir estatinas, a obten&#231;&#227;o das metas preconizadas para o LDL- colesterol, pelas III Diretrizes sobre Dislipidemias da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, &#233; baixa e ainda, significativamente, menor em pacientes muito idosos, com perfil de alto risco para aterosclerose.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>dislipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>LDL-colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>terap&#234;utica hipolipemiante</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A baixa taxa de obten&#231;&#227;o da meta do LDL-colesterol numa popula&#231;&#227;o de baixa renda</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luciano J. Vacanti<sup>I</sup>; Silvio C. de Moraes Santos<sup>II</sup>; Alessandro M. Fujita<sup>II</sup>; David S. Lima<sup>II</sup>; Alan F. Lopes<sup>II</sup>; Rodrigo Vetorazi<sup>II</sup>; Ana Sellera<sup>II</sup>; Nataly R. Scarin<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Distrito Federal (InCor-DF) - Distrito Federal, DF </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Guilherme &#193;lvaro - Faculdade de Medicina de Santos (UNILUS) - Santos, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o percentual de pacientes adequados &#224;s metas preconizadas pelas III Diretrizes sobre Dislipidemias da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, numa popula&#231;&#227;o de baixa renda. Determinar se havia diferen&#231;a deste percentual, nos pacientes de alto risco, conforme a idade (&lt;75 anos x <underline>&gt;</underline>75 anos). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Analisamos consecutivamente 190 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos: 51 pacientes de baixo e m&#233;dio risco (G I) e 139 de alto risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (G II). A amostra era caracterizada por pacientes de baixa renda (69% dos pacientes tinham uma renda familiar entre 1 e 2 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos), cuja terap&#234;utica hipolipemiante era fornecida irregularmente pelo Estado. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os G I e G II apresentavam, respectivamente, 70,1&#177;13,7 anos e 13,7% de homens e 68,5&#177;10,6 anos e 62,6% de homens. Dentre os pacientes do G II, 30% apresentavam o LDL-colesterol dentro das metas preconizadas. Sendo que, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de pacientes adequados &#224;s metas foi, significativamente, menor em indiv&#237;duos com 75 anos ou mais que aqueles com menos de 75 anos (16% vs. 30%, p=0,04). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Numa popula&#231;&#227;o, predominantemente, de baixa renda e sem assist&#234;ncia cont&#237;nua do Estado para adquirir estatinas, a obten&#231;&#227;o das metas preconizadas para o LDL- colesterol, pelas III Diretrizes sobre Dislipidemias da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, &#233; baixa e ainda, significativamente, menor em pacientes muito idosos, com perfil de alto risco para aterosclerose.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, dislipidemia, LDL-colesterol, terap&#234;utica hipolipemiante.</p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de mortalidade no Brasil, aproximadamente, em torno de 25% do total de &#243;bitos, sendo respons&#225;veis por cerca de 250.000 mortes ao ano<sup>1</sup>. Est&#225; bem demonstrado que os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de colesterol, principalmente o LDL-colesterol, sua fra&#231;&#227;o mais aterog&#234;nica, constituem importantes fatores preditivos do risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)<sup>2</sup>. De forma semelhante, &#233; consensual a indica&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica de redu&#231;&#227;o da colesterolemia em indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;ria de DAC ou de alto risco futuro<sup>3</sup>. Estes tratamentos podem reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e o risco de morte, aproximadamente, em 30%, al&#233;m de outros efeitos em eventos m&#243;rbidos, como angina, acidentes vasculares cerebrais, necessidade de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e perif&#233;rica<sup>4,5</sup>. Em raz&#227;o de novos conhecimentos, foram publicadas as III Diretrizes sobre Dislipidemias da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (III DD-SBC), sendo, ent&#227;o, institu&#237;das metas mais r&#237;gidas, em especial, no controle do LDL-colesterol<sup>3</sup>. Todavia, atingir tais metas, principalmente no paciente de alto risco para DAC, demanda recursos m&#233;dicos e financeiros, nem sempre dispon&#237;veis na rede p&#250;blica de sa&#250;de. Ademais, o aumento da expectativa de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o e o conseq&#252;ente aumento do n&#250;mero de pacientes idosos, com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, t&#234;m exigido decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas em pacientes com idades cada vez mais avan&#231;adas. Se, inicialmente, os estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o, em rela&#231;&#227;o a hipercolesterolemia, fator de risco que mant&#233;m a sua import&#226;ncia neste grupo de pacientes<sup>6</sup>, exclu&#237;am os idosos acima de 65 anos, atualmente, estudos de grande porte t&#234;m evidenciado os benef&#237;cios da preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, pelo menos at&#233; os 82 anos<sup>7-10</sup>. Nestes estudos, demonstrou-se que a interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica com estatinas foi bem tolerada pelos idosos e com resultados at&#233; melhores nos de maior faixa et&#225;ria<sup>7,8,10</sup>. Portanto, nosso objetivo era analisar qual o percentual de pacientes, com baixa renda e sem assist&#234;ncia cont&#237;nua do Estado para adquirir a terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica, que se adequavam &#224;s metas preconizadas. Ademais, avaliar se havia diferen&#231;a entre indiv&#237;duos muito idosos e os demais, quanto &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o das metas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal sobre o perfil lip&#237;dico de pacientes, de baixo e m&#233;dio risco (G I) e de alto risco (G II) para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), atendidos num hospital escola, da rede SUS. A equipe de cardiologia est&#225; ligada ao ensino e &#224; assist&#234;ncia. Contamos, tamb&#233;m, com apoio de uma nutricionista para a elabora&#231;&#227;o de dieta individualizada. Analisamos, consecutivamente, 190 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos (G I e G II), conforme o c&#225;lculo do escore de risco de Framinghan<sup>3</sup>. As caracter&#237;sticas de ambos os grupos est&#227;o relatadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref>. O perfil lip&#237;dico era analisado no per&#237;odo de 4 a 6 meses, ap&#243;s orienta&#231;&#245;es nutricionais e/ou prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas, as quais n&#227;o eram fornecidas regularmente por esse hospital p&#250;blico. Os pacientes respondiam a tr&#234;s quest&#245;es relacionadas &#224; sua renda e &#224; postura assumida frente &#224; necessidade de compra de medicamentos indispens&#225;veis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="q1">quadro I</xref>). Quanto &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas: 69% dos pacientes tinham uma renda familiar entre 1 e 2 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>) e 74% relataram que, a despeito de saberem que o medicamento poderia aumentar a expectativa de vida, n&#227;o podiam compr&#225;-lo. Ademais, 79% disseram que ficavam sem o tratamento da cardiopatia de base, quando os medicamentos terminavam antes do retorno.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0162-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="q1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0162-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0162-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>S&#227;o considerados pacientes de baixo risco aqueles cujo risco absoluto de eventos seja menor que 10% em 10 anos: indiv&#237;duos com 1 fator de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica (FR) (excetuando diabetes), al&#233;m do colesterol (LDL-C &gt;160 mg/dl). Para este grupo, a meta do LDL-C a ser atingida deve ser &lt;130 mg/dl, entretanto, tolera-se LDL-C at&#233; 160 mg/dl. O perfil desejado para estes pacientes deve ser: colesterol total (CT) &lt;200 mg/dl, HDL-C &gt;40 mg/dl e triglicer&#237;deos (TG) &lt;150 mg/dl. S&#227;o considerados pacientes de m&#233;dio risco aqueles cujo risco absoluto de eventos seja &gt;10%, por&#233;m, menor que 20%: indiv&#237;duos com 2 FR (excetuando diabetes), al&#233;m do colesterol (LDL-C &gt;160 mg/dl). Para este grupo a meta do LDL-C a ser atingida deve ser &lt;130 mg/dl e o perfil lip&#237;dico desejado &#233; semelhante ao anterior Aqueles com risco de eventos &gt;20%, em 10 anos, ou &gt;20%, extrapolando-se a idade para os 60 anos de vida, indiv&#237;duos com mais de 2 FR (excetuando DM), al&#233;m do colesterol (LDL-C &gt;160 mg/dl), diab&#233;ticos, portadores de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana ou n&#227;o (aneurisma de aorta, insufici&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica ou doen&#231;a cerebrovascular sintom&#225;tica) e portadores de s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas, como a hipercolesterolemia familiar e a hiperlipidemia familiar combinada, s&#227;o categorizados como pacientes de alto risco. A meta do LDL-C deve ser &lt;100 mg/dl e o perfil desejado: CT &lt;200 mg/dl, HDL-C &gt;40 mg/dl (HDL-C &gt;45 mg/dl em diab&#233;ticos) e TG &lt;150 mg/dl.</p>
    <p>Os resultados dos valores de triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol e HDL-colesterol foram expressos pela m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Aplicamos o teste exato de Fisher para calcular a diferen&#231;a do percentual de pacientes de alto risco para DAC, adequados &#224;s metas preconizadas, conforme a idade (&lt;75 anos vs. <underline>&gt;</underline>75 anos). Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p&lt;0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O perfil lip&#237;dico dos grupos est&#225; descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela II</xref>. Apresentavam o LDL-colesterol dentro das metas estabelecidas: 50,9% e 30,2% dos pacientes, respectivamente, do grupo I e II. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de pacientes do grupo II (alto risco), com 75 anos ou mais, dentro das metas preconizadas de LDL-colesterol, foi significativamente menor, quando comparada com pacientes com menos de 75 anos (16% x 30,2% p=0,04) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0162-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0162-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo demonstrou que a maioria de nossos pacientes de alto risco e baixa renda e, em especial, os muito idosos n&#227;o est&#227;o atingindo as metas do LDL-colesterol, preconizadas pelas III DD-SBC. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos muito idosos, os resultados podem ser justificados porque, at&#233; recentemente, n&#227;o t&#237;nhamos evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas consistentes dos benef&#237;cios numa popula&#231;&#227;o com mais de 75 anos, visto que os estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o exclu&#237;am os idosos acima desta faixa et&#225;ria<sup>4,7,8</sup>. Por&#233;m, atualmente, estudos como o Heart Protection Study (HPS) e o "PROSPER" demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade em pacientes de alto risco em uso de estatinas, nas idades mais avan&#231;adas<sup>9,10</sup>. A redu&#231;&#227;o dos eventos cardiovasculares foi significativa em ambos os estudos: 23,1% no grupo sinvastatina vs. 32,3%, no grupo placebo, (p=0.002) e 14,1% no grupo pravastatina vs. 16,2%, no grupo placebo (p=0.01), respectivamente. Tais estudos ressaltam a necessidade de incrementarmos o uso das estatinas com o objetivo de atingirmos as metas preconizadas, as quais foram menos alcan&#231;adas nesta faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Quando analisamos os resultados da literatura, percebemos que a dificuldade de atingirmos as metas preconizadas &#233; um problema observado em outros centros. O estudo multic&#234;ntrico L-TAP (The Lipid Treatment Assessment Project), realizado em 5 regi&#245;es dos Estados Unidos, avaliou 4.888 pacientes em uso de terap&#234;utica hipolipemiante h&#225; no m&#237;nimo, 3 meses, desses, 77% eram de alto risco para futuros eventos cardiovasculares. A despeito desse estudo ter sido realizado numa popula&#231;&#227;o com condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas superiores &#224; nossa, somente 37% dos indiv&#237;duos de alto risco apresentavam o LDL-colesterol igual ou inferior a 100 mg/dl<sup>11</sup>. Allison e cols. apresentaram resultados semelhantes: 39% dos pacientes de alto risco atingiram a meta do controle do LDL-colesterol, ap&#243;s orienta&#231;&#245;es higieno-diet&#233;ticas e, se necess&#225;rio, o emprego de f&#225;rmacos hipolipemiantes. Nesse estudo, a terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica foi o fator independente mais importante para atingir a meta do LDL-colesterol <underline>&lt;</underline>100 mg/dl<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Observamos que nossos pacientes tamb&#233;m n&#227;o est&#227;o atingindo as metas preconizadas de controle do LDL-colesterol, possivelmente, pela baixa ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento preconizado, quer representado pela mudan&#231;a do estilo de vida, quer pela terap&#234;utica farmacol&#243;gica. Essa &#250;ltima, influenciada pelo alto custo da medica&#231;&#227;o, para esta popula&#231;&#227;o com parcos recursos financeiros. Observamos que a despeito da conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do risco para futuros eventos cardiovasculares, os pacientes n&#227;o adquiriam os medicamentos. E esses, quando oferecidos pela farm&#225;cia do hospital, n&#227;o eram continuados, caso acabassem antes do retorno &#224; consulta. A ader&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o ao tratamento depende de v&#225;rios fatores relacionados ou n&#227;o &#224; vontade do paciente. Um desses fatores &#233; a comunica&#231;&#227;o inadequada entre profissionais de sa&#250;de e o paciente, fazendo com que ele seja incapaz de seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, fato mais evidente em pacientes idosos ou pouco alfabetizados, embora o principal fator limitante do uso cr&#244;nico seja o custo do medicamento<sup>13</sup>. Mansur e cols. analisaram 207 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de DAC e dislipidemia. Dos 139 pacientes que receberam a prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatina, 85 (61%) faziam uso regular da medica&#231;&#227;o. Daqueles 54 (39%) indiv&#237;duos que a usavam de modo irregular, 36 (67%) relataram que o pre&#231;o da medica&#231;&#227;o foi o principal respons&#225;vel pela irregularidade do tratamento<sup>13</sup>. Por esta raz&#227;o, a participa&#231;&#227;o do Estado &#233; fundamental para assegurar o controle adequado do perfil lip&#237;dico em pacientes de baixa renda, n&#227;o apenas atrav&#233;s dos recursos humanos, representados pela equipe multidisciplinar, mas tamb&#233;m fornecendo ininterruptamente o f&#225;rmaco.</p>
    <p>Em dezembro de 2002, foi assinada a Portaria n&#186; 1.015, aprovando o Protocolo Cl&#237;nico e Diretrizes Terap&#234;uticas para Dislipidemias, de car&#225;ter nacional, devendo ser utilizado pelas Secretarias de Sa&#250;de na regula&#231;&#227;o da dispensa&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos nele previstos (estatinas, fibratos e &#225;cido nicot&#237;nico)<sup>14</sup>. Cremos que, com estas medidas e com a assimila&#231;&#227;o de que o uso destes f&#225;rmacos &#233; respons&#225;vel por redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos muito idosos, possamos reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares numa popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco.</p>
    <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o a este estudo &#233; o pequeno n&#250;mero de participantes para se generalizar os resultados para a popula&#231;&#227;o de baixa renda em nosso Pa&#237;s, embora, infelizmente, isso pare&#231;a ser uma realidade. Da mesma forma, a compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos, que avaliaram o respeito &#224;s metas, &#233; prec&#225;ria devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos estudados, no presente trabalho. Entretanto, nossos resultados podem suscitar o interesse em novas pesquisas, com maior n&#250;mero de participantes, para dimensionar a observ&#226;ncia das metas preconizadas e, assim, influenciar a conduta dos profissionais ligados &#224; &#225;rea, bem como do Estado, para garantir o adequado fornecimento dos f&#225;rmacos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Luciano Janussi Vacanti </p>
        <p> SQSW, 304 </p>
        <p> Bloco E, Ap. 501 </p>
        <p> 70673-405 </p>
        <p> Cruzeiro, DF </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lvacanti@cardiol.br">lvacanti@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 2/03/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 23/02/05</p>
    <p>O arquivo dispon&#237;vel sofreu corre&#231;&#245;es conforme ERRATA publicada no Volume 85 N&#250;mero 4 da revista.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. DATASUS - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.datasus.gov.br/">http://www.datasus.gov.br/</ext-link>    Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do SUS. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de.    Governo do Brasil.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <source>DATASUS</source>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. The Pooling Project Research Group: Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronay events. Final report of the pooling project. J Chronic Dis 1978; 31: 201-306.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronay events: Final report of the pooling project</article-title>
          <source>J Chronic Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>306</lpage>
          <volume>31</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. III Diretrizes sobre Dislipidemias e Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o de Aterosclerose. Arq Bras Cardiol 2001; 77(supl. III): S4-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>III Diretrizes sobre Dislipidemias e Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o de Aterosclerose</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S4</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>77</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian simvastatin survival study study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-89.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian simvastatin survival study study (4S)</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1383</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
          <volume>344</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators. The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low dose of anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary artery disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 153-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low dose of anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary artery disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>153</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <volume>336</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Kannel WB, Wilson PWF, Larson MG, Evans JC. Coronary risk factors and coronary prevention in octogenarians. In: Wenger NK, Martin Dunitz. Ed. Cardiovascular Disease in the Octogenarian and Beyond, 1999: 141-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="other">
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>141</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>PWF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wenger</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin Dunitz</surname>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average colesterol levels. Cholesterol an Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1001-09.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average colesterol levels: Cholesterol an Recurrent Events Trial Investigators</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1001</fpage>
          <lpage>09</lpage>
          <volume>335</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sacks</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moye</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of inicial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1349-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of inicial cholesterol levels</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1349</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
          <volume>339</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20.5366 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 23-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20.5366 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>23</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <volume>360</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB et al on behalf of the PROSPER study group. Pravastatin in the elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 1623-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pravastatin in the elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomized controlled trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1623</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <volume>360</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shepherd</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blauw</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Pearson TA, Laurora I, Chu H, Kafonek S. The lipid treatment assessment project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Arch Intern Med 2000;160: 459-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The lipid treatment assessment project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>459</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pearson</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laurora</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kafonek</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Allison TG, Squires RW, Johnson BD, Gau GT. Achieving National Cholesterol Education Program goals for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in cardiac patients: importance of diet, exercise, weight control, and drug therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74: 466-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Achieving National Cholesterol Education Program goals for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in cardiac patients: importance of diet, exercise, weight control, and drug therapy</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Allison</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Squires</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gau</surname>
              <given-names>GT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Mansur AP, Mattar APL, Tsubo CE, Sim&#227;o DT, Yoshi FR, Daci K. Prescri&#231;&#227;o e ader&#234;ncia das estatinas em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e hipercolesterolemia. Arq Bras Cardiol 2001; 76: 111-4</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prescri&#231;&#227;o e ader&#234;ncia das estatinas em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e hipercolesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mansur</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattar</surname>
              <given-names>APL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsubo</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshi</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daci</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Governo do Brasil. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.saude.gov.br/portarias/2002">http://www.saude.gov.br/portarias/2002</ext-link></mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <source>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</source>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Low rate of achieving LDL-cholesterol objective in a low income population</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the percentage of patients suitable to the objectives preconized by III Diretrizes sobre Dislipidemias da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (3rd Guidelines on Dyslipidemia of Brazilian Society of Cardiology), in a low income population. To determine whether there was a difference of that percentage in high risk patients, according to their age (&lt;75 years old vs. &gt;75 years old). METHODS: We analyzed, consecutively, 190 patients, divided in two groups: 51 low and middle risk patients (G I) and 139 high risk patients for coronaray artery disease (G II). The sample was characterized by low income patients (69% for the patients had a family income between 1 and 2 minimum salaries), whose hypolipidemic therapy was irregularly supplied by the State. RESULTS: G I and G II showed, respectively, 70.1&#177;13.7 years old and 13.7% of men and 68.5&#177;10.6 years old and 62.6% of men. Among patients from G II, 30% showed LDL-cholesterol within the preconized objectives. The frequency of patients suitable to the objectives was significantly lower in individuals with 75 years of age or older than among those younger than 75 years old (16% vs. 30%, p=0.04). CONCLUSION: In a predominantly low income population and without continuous assistance from the State to purchase statins, the achievement of preconized objectives for LDL-cholesterol, by 3rd Guidelines on Dyslipidemia of Brasilian Society of Cardiology, is low and also significantly lower among very old patients, with a high risk profile for atherosclerosis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>dyslipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>LDL-cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>hypolipidemic therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Low rate of achieving LDL-Cholesterol objective in a low income population</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luciano J. Vacanti<sup>I</sup>; Silvio C. de Moraes Santos<sup>II</sup>; Alessandro M. Fujita<sup>II</sup>; David S. Lima<sup>II</sup>; Alan F. Lopes<sup>II</sup>; Rodrigo Vetorazi<sup>II</sup>; Ana Sellera<sup>II</sup>; Nataly R. Scarin<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Distrito Federal (InCor-DF) Distrito Federal, DF</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Guilherme &#193;lvaro - Faculdade de Medicina de Santos (UNILUS) Santos, SP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the percentage of patients suitable to the objectives preconized by III Diretrizes sobre Dislipidemias da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (3rd Guidelines on Dyslipidemia of Brazilian Society of Cardiology), in a low income population. To determine whether there was a difference of that percentage in high risk patients, according to their age (&lt;75 years old vs. <underline>&gt;</underline>75 years old).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We analyzed, consecutively, 190 patients, divided in two groups: 51 low and middle risk patients (G I) and 139 high risk patients for coronary artery disease (G II). The sample was characterized by low income patients (69% for the patients had a family income between 1 and 2 minimum salaries), whose hypolipidemic therapy was irregularly supplied by the State.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> G I and G II showed, respectively, 70.1&#177;13.7 years old and 13.7% of men and 68.5&#177;10.6 years old and 62.6% of men. Among patients from G II, 30% showed LDL-cholesterol within the preconized objectives. The frequency of patients suitable to the objectives was significantly lower in individuals with 75 years of age or older than among those younger than 75 years old (16% vs. 30%, p=0.04).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In a predominantly low income population and without continuous assistance from the State to purchase statins, the achievement of preconized objectives for LDL-cholesterol, by 3rd Guidelines on Dyslipidemia of Brasilian Society of Cardiology, is low and also significantly lower among very old patients, with a high risk profile for atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia, LDL-cholesterol, hypolipidemic therapy</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the main mortality cause in Brazil, approximately around 25% of deaths, being responsible for about 250,000 deaths a year<sup>1</sup>. It is well demonstrated that plasma levels of cholesterol, especially LDL-cholesterol, its most atherogenic fraction, constitute important predictive factors of risk of coronary artery disease<sup>2</sup>. Similarly, it is a consensus that the indication of cholesterolemia reduction treatment in individuals with CAD history or of high future risk<sup>3</sup>. Such treatments can reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction and risk of death in 30%, approximately, in addition to other effects in morbid events, such as angina, cerebrovascular accidents, need for myocardial and peripheral revascularization procedures<sup>4,5</sup>. Due to new understandings, the 3<sup>rd</sup> Guidelines on Dyslipidemia of Brasilian Society of Cardiology (III DD-SBC) were published, then being stricter objectives instituted, especially in the control of LDL-cholesterol<sup>3</sup>. However, reaching such goals, especially in high risk CAD patients, requires medical and financial resources, which are not always available in public healthcare system. Moreover, the increase of life expectancy of the population and the consequent increase of the number of aged patients, with coronary artery disease, has required therapeutic decisions in even older patients. If, initially, intervention studies, in relation to hypercholesterolemia, a risk factor that keeps its importance in this group of patients<sup>6</sup>, excluded individuals over 65 years of age, currently large scope studies have evidenced the benefits of secondary prevention, at least up to 82 years of age<sup>7-10</sup>. In those studies, it was demonstrated that therapeutic intervention with statins was well tolerated by aged individuals and with even better results among those in a higher age range<sup>7,8,10</sup>. Therefore, our objective was to analyze which percentage of low income patients and without continuous assistance by the State to acquire pharmacological treatment, were suitable to preconized goals. Besides, to assess whether there was a difference between very aged individuals and the others, concerning achievement of goals.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It about a cross-section study on the lipidic profile of low and middle risk (G I) and high risk (G II) patients for coronary artery disease (CAD), seen at a SUS network school-hospital. The cardiology team is related to teaching and assistance. We also count on the support from a nutritionist for the elaboration of an individual diet. We consecutively analyzed 190 patients, divided in two groups (G I and G II), according to the calculation of Framinghan risk score<sup>3</sup>. The characteristics of both groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>. Lipidic profile was analyzed in the period from 4 to 6 months, after nutritional guidance and/or prescription of statins, which were not regularly supplied by such public hospital. Patients answered three questions related to their income and their attitude towards the need for purchasing indispensable medications (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="q1-body2">chart I</xref>). Concerning economical conditions, 69% from the patients had a family income between 1 and 2 minimum salaries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>) and 74% reported that, despite knowing the medication could increase their life expectancy, they could not buy it. Besides, 79% said they went on without base cardiopathy treatment whenever medications ended before return.</p>
      <fig id="q1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0162-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0162-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0162-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Low risk patients are those whose absolute event risk is lower than 10% in 10 years: individuals with one risk factor (RF) for atherosclerotic disease (except diabetes), in addition to cholesterol (LDL-C &gt;160 mg/dl). For that group, LDL-C goal to be achieved must be &lt;130 mg/dl. However, and LDL-C up to 160 mg/dl is tolerable. The desired profile for such patients must be as follows: total cholesterol (TC) &lt;200 mg/dl, HDL-C &gt;40 mg/dl and triglycerides (TG) &lt;150 mg/dl. Middle risk patients are the ones whose absolute event risk is &gt;10%, however, lower than 20%: individuals with 2 RFs (except diabetes), in addition to cholesterol (LDL-C &gt;160 mg/dl). For that group, the objective of LDL-C to be achieved must be &lt;130 mg/dl and the desired lipidic profile is similar to the previous one. Those patients with event risk &gt;20%, in 10 years, or &gt;20%, by extrapolating the age to 60 years of life, individuals with more than 2 RF (except DM), in addition to cholesterol (LDL-C &gt;160 mg/dl), diabetic, patients with coronary atherosclerotic disease or without it (aorta aneurysm, peripheral vascular failure or symptomatic cerebrovascular disease) and patients with genetic syndromes, such as family hypercholesterolemia and combined family hyperlipidemia, are categorized as high risk patients. LDL-C goal must be &lt;100 mg/dl and the desired profile must be TC &lt;200 mg/dl, HDL-C &gt;40 mg/dl (HDL-C &gt;45 mg/dl among diabetic patients) and TG &lt;150 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>Results from the values of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were expressed through the mean and standard deviation. We applied the exact test of Fisher to calculate the difference of percentage of high risk patients for CAD, suitable to preconized objectives, according to age (&lt;75 years old vs. <underline>&gt;</underline>75 years old). Values of p &lt;0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The lipidic profile of the groups is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_25998t2-body2">table II</xref>. They showed LDL-cholesterol within established goals: 50.9% and 30.2% from the patients, respectively, from groups I and II. The frequency of patients from group II (high risk), with 75 years of age or older, within the preconized goals of LDL-cholesterol, was significantly higher, when compared to patients younger than 75 years of age (16% vs. 30.2% p=0.04) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_25998t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0162-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0162-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study demonstrated that most of our high risk and low income patients and, especially, the very old ones, are not achieving LDL-cholesterol goals, preconized by III DD-SBC. Concerning the very old ones, results can be justified because, until recently, we have not had consistent scientific evidences on the benefits in a population older than 75 years of age, as the intervention studies excluded aged patients over that age range<sup>4,7,8</sup>. However, currently, studies as the Heart Protection Study (HPS) and "PROSPER" demonstrated a reduction of mortality among high risk patients under use of statins, at older ages<sup>9,10</sup>. The reduction of cardiovascular events was significant in both studies: 23.1% in simvastatin group vs. 32.3%, in placebo group, (p=0.002) and 14.1% in pravastatin group vs. 16.2%, in placebo group (p=0.01), respectively. Such studies emphasize the need for increase the use of statins with the aim of achieving the preconized goals, which were less achieved in that age range.</p>
      <p>When we analyze results from literature, we noticed that the difficulty of reaching preconized goals is a problem observed in other centers. The multicenter study L-TAP (The Lipid Treatment Assessment Project), carried out in 5 regions in the United States, assessed 4,888 patients under the use of hypolipidemic therapy for, at least, 3 months. Among those, 77% were high risk patients for future cardiovascular events. Despite such study has been carried out in a population with higher socioeconomic conditions than ours, only 37% from high risk individuals showed LDL-cholesterol equal or lower than 100mg/dl<sup>11</sup>. Allison et al. reported similar results: 39% from high risk patients achieved the LDL-cholesterol control goal, after hygiene-dietary guidance and, if necessary, the use of hypolipidemic medications. In this study, the pharmacological treatment was the most important independent factor to achieve the objective of LDL-cholesterol <underline>&lt;</underline>100mg/dl<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>We observed that our patients have not reached the control preconized goals of LDL-cholesterol either, possibly due to the low compliance with the preconized treatment, either represented by the change in lifestyle or by pharmacological treatment. The latter, influenced by the high cost of medication, for that population with scarce financial resources. We observed that despite of risk awareness for future cardiovascular events, patients did not purchased the medications. And those, whenever offered by the hospital pharmacy, were not continued, in case they finished before the return to the appointment. The compliance or not with the treatment depends on many factors related or not to the patient's will. One of those factors is the improper communication between healthcare professionals and the patients, by making him/her be unable to follow medical recommendations, a clearer fact among aged or little literate patients, although the main limiting factor of the chronic use is the cost of medications<sup>13</sup>. Mansur et al. analyzed 207 patients with CAD and dyslipidemia diagnosis. From 139 patients who received the statin prescription, 85 (61%) made regular use of the medication. From those 54 (39%) individuals who used it irregularly, 36 (67%) reported that the price of the medication was the main responsible for the irregularity of the treatment<sup>13</sup>. For that reason, State participation is fundamental to assure the suitable control of the lipidic profile in low income patients, not only through human resources, represented by the multidisciplinary team, but also by providing the medication uninterruptedly.</p>
      <p>In December 2002, the Governmental Decree No. 1.015 was signed, approving the Protocolo Cl&#237;nico e Diretrizes Terap&#234;uticas para Dislipidemias (Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Dyslipidemias), of national character, which are going to be used by Health Secretariats in the regulation of exemption of medications foreseen in it (statins, fibrates and nicotinic acid)<sup>14</sup>. We believe that, with those measures and the understanding that the use of such medications is responsible for mortality reduction, even in very aged individuals, we are able to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events in a high risk population.</p>
      <p>The main limitation in relation to this study is the low number of participants to generalize the results for low income population in our country, although, unfortunately, that may seem to be a reality. Similarly, the comparison with other studies, which assessed the compliance to the objectives, is precarious due to the low number of individuals studied in the present work. However, our results may give rise to the interest in new research, with a greater number of participants, to measure the accomplishment of preconized goals and, then, influence the management of professionals connected to the area, as well as the State, in order to warrant the proper supplying of medications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Luciano Janussi Vacanti</p>
          <p> SQSW, 304</p>
          <p> Bloco E, Ap. 501</p>
          <p> 70673-405</p>
          <p> Cruzeiro, DF - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lvacanti@cardiol.br">lvacanti@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 03/02/03</p>
      <p> Accepted on 02/23/05</p>
      <p>This article has received corrections in agreement with the ERRATUM published in Volume 85 Number 4.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
