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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bFgPhwQw54x9pztWZVPCfqQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001600002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001600002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a assiduidade &#224;s consultas ambulatoriais e o controle da press&#227;o arterial em pacientes hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moys&#233;s Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Palhares</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Camila de Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Geleilete</surname>
            <given-names>Tufik Jos&#233; Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>157</fpage>
      <lpage>161</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Nosso objetivo foi determinar a taxa de pacientes hipertensos com a press&#227;o arterial (PA) controlada (&lt;140X90 mmHg) e estudar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a assiduidade &#224;s consultas ambulat&#243;rias. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados, de forma aleat&#243;ria e retrospectiva, 245 prontu&#225;rios de pacientes hipertensos seguidos na Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial do HCFMRP-USP no per&#237;odo de um ano. Os pacientes foram classificados como ass&#237;duos (A) e faltosos (F) definidos como atraso a consulta agendada em prazo maior que 30 dias. A m&#233;dia das tr&#234;s medidas anteriores a data do agendamento foi calculada para a determina&#231;&#227;o da taxa de pacientes com a PA controlada (&lt;140x90 mmHg). A observ&#226;ncia ao tratamento proposto foi inferida atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio aplicado durante a pr&#233;-consulta pela equipe de enfermagem. RESULTADOS: Dos 245 pacientes analisados, 220 foram classificados como A (89,7%) e 25 (10,3%) como F. Os pacientes do grupo A mostraram uma maior taxa de controle da PA quando comparados com F (30% vs 8%, p=0,02, teste exato de Fischer). A ader&#234;ncia relatada pelos pacientes ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico foi maior nos pacientes A que F (91% vs 56%, p&lt;0,05) assim como para o tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico (63% vs 44%, p&lt;0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: Embora a taxa de controle da press&#227;o arterial seja baixa na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, observa-se pior ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento e controle da PA em indiv&#237;duos com h&#225;bito de faltar &#224;s consultas agendadas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>ader&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>tratamento</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a assiduidade &#224;s consultas ambulatoriais e o controle da press&#227;o arterial em pacientes hipertensos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eduardo Barbosa Coelho; Miguel Moys&#233;s Neto; Raquel Palhares; Maria Camila de Miranda Cardoso; Tufik Jos&#233; Magalh&#227;es Geleilete; Fernando Nobre</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (USP) - Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Nosso objetivo foi determinar a taxa de pacientes hipertensos com a press&#227;o arterial (PA) controlada (&lt;140X90 mmHg) e estudar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a assiduidade &#224;s consultas ambulat&#243;rias. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisados, de forma aleat&#243;ria e retrospectiva, 245 prontu&#225;rios de pacientes hipertensos seguidos na Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial do HCFMRP-USP no per&#237;odo de um ano. Os pacientes foram classificados como ass&#237;duos (A) e faltosos (F) definidos como atraso a consulta agendada em prazo maior que 30 dias. A m&#233;dia das tr&#234;s medidas anteriores a data do agendamento foi calculada para a determina&#231;&#227;o da taxa de pacientes com a PA controlada (&lt;140x90 mmHg). A observ&#226;ncia ao tratamento proposto foi inferida atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio aplicado durante a pr&#233;-consulta pela equipe de enfermagem. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 245 pacientes analisados, 220 foram classificados como A (89,7%) e 25 (10,3%) como F. Os pacientes do grupo A mostraram uma maior taxa de controle da PA quando comparados com F (30% vs 8%, p=0,02, teste exato de Fischer). A ader&#234;ncia relatada pelos pacientes ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico foi maior nos pacientes A que F (91% vs 56%, p&lt;0,05) assim como para o tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico (63% vs 44%, p&lt;0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Embora a taxa de controle da press&#227;o arterial seja baixa na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, observa-se pior ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento e controle da PA em indiv&#237;duos com h&#225;bito de faltar &#224;s consultas agendadas.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> hipertens&#227;o, ader&#234;ncia, tratamento, press&#227;o arterial</p>
    <p>Um dos maiores desafios no combate &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial deve-se a n&#227;o ades&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica anti-hipertensiva, ou seja, a n&#227;o observ&#226;ncia da prescri&#231;&#227;o de medidas medicamentosas ou n&#227;o medicamentosas para o controle da press&#227;o arterial (PA)<sup>1</sup>. O conhecimento dos fatores que afetam a ades&#227;o torna-se, desta forma, fundamental na avalia&#231;&#227;o, em longo prazo, da efetividade do tratamento anti-hipertensivo proposto. Pacientes, com m&#225; ades&#227;o &#224; terap&#234;utica, podem levar o m&#233;dico a julgar erroneamente o tratamento institu&#237;do, supondo que ele n&#227;o possua efic&#225;cia. Essa suposi&#231;&#227;o pode acarretar tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica equivocada, seja atrav&#233;s do aumento da dose, troca por outra classe ou, ainda, a adi&#231;&#227;o de um novo medicamento ao esquema anti-hipertensivo previamente prescrito. Adicionalmente, pode haver indu&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial refrat&#225;ria e desencadeamento de investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica para causas de hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria, acarretando &#244;nus adicional e sofrimento desnecess&#225;rio aos doentes<sup>2</sup>. Detalhar os mecanismos pelos quais os pacientes comportam-se como n&#227;o aderentes n&#227;o &#233; tarefa simples, seja pela car&#234;ncia de m&#233;todos acurados ou pela sua caracter&#237;stica multifatorial<sup>3</sup>. A ades&#227;o ao tratamento de qualquer doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, por per&#237;odo de tempo indefinido, sofre influ&#234;ncia de fatores pr&#243;prios do paciente e por outros desencadeados pelo m&#233;dico. Os principais fatores atribu&#237;dos aos pacientes s&#227;o relacionados &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial como doen&#231;a, da atitude do paciente frente ao fato de ser hipertenso e a motiva&#231;&#227;o pessoal pela busca de um melhor estado de sa&#250;de<sup>4</sup>. Ao m&#233;dico cabe o papel de incentivar e educar o paciente, informando-o sobre o significado cl&#237;nico e progn&#243;stico da sua doen&#231;a. &#201;, tamb&#233;m, papel do m&#233;dico manter constante vigil&#226;ncia para o surgimento de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas aos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, usando crit&#233;rios baseados na epidemiologia cl&#237;nica e nos resultados de estudos cl&#237;nicos bem delineados para a sele&#231;&#227;o e individualiza&#231;&#227;o do melhor agente anti-hipertensivo para um dado doente<sup>5</sup>. As taxas de pacientes hipertensos com press&#227;o arterial controlada t&#234;m se mostrado baixas, considerando-se como alvo de controle valores de press&#227;o arterial menores que 140 mmHg de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e 90 mmHg de press&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Tem-se reportado correla&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de retornos/ano e o melhor controle da press&#227;o arterial<sup>2</sup>. Embora ainda n&#227;o estudada, uma das poss&#237;veis maneiras indiretas de se inferir sobre uma das facetas da ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo proposto &#233; a observa&#231;&#227;o da assiduidade do comparecimento &#224;s consultas agendadas. Essa simples medida pode evidenciar o desejo do paciente tratar a sua doen&#231;a e revelar a percep&#231;&#227;o da sua consci&#234;ncia de possuir um problema de sa&#250;de que necessita de cuidados. Assim, nosso principal objetivo foi determinar a taxa de pacientes hipertensos com PA controlada (&lt;140x90 mmHg) e estudar sua rela&#231;&#227;o entre a assiduidade &#224;s consultas ambulatoriais, em uma amostra casual de pacientes seguidos na Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o (UCH) das Divis&#245;es de Cardiologia e Nefrologia, do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMRP, da USP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas do atendimento do ambulat&#243;rio da UCH foram descritas em publica&#231;&#227;o anterior<sup>6</sup>. &#201; importante ressaltar que esse ambulat&#243;rio &#233; constitu&#237;do por equipe multiprofissional composta por enfermeiras, assistentes sociais, nutricionistas, psic&#243;logas, m&#233;dicos e docentes das Divis&#245;es de Nefrologia e Cardiologia, do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMRP-USP.</p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 245 pacientes, seguidos no ambulat&#243;rio, em um per&#237;odo de um ano. Eles foram selecionados por sorteio, sendo seus prontu&#225;rios analisados de forma retrospectiva considerando-se as consultas peri&#243;dicas que devem fazer a cada 3 meses, como parte do protocolo de atendimento do servi&#231;o. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos, em cada visita, a duas medidas da press&#227;o arterial pela equipe de enfermagem da UCH de acordo com as orienta&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas nas IV Diretrizes Brasileiras para o Tratamento da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial<sup>7</sup>, utilizando-se esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio (Baumanometer - W.A. Baum Co. Inc., Copiague, New York, USA, 11726), com o tamanho da bra&#231;adeira corrigido pela medida pr&#233;via da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. Para cada paciente, foram calculadas as m&#233;dias das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica das &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s consultas, definindo-se como controlados aqueles com press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica menores que 140x90 mmHg, respectivamente. Foram classificados como ass&#237;duos, os pacientes que compareceram &#224;s consultas at&#233; 30 dias da data previamente agendada para o seu retorno. Pacientes que retornaram com per&#237;odos superiores h&#225; 30 dias ou que abandonaram o tratamento foram definidos como faltosos. Atrav&#233;s de ficha com question&#225;rio estruturado, indagou-se aos pacientes quanto ao uso correto dos medicamentos prescritos e se eles seguiam, ou n&#227;o, o tratamento n&#227;o medicamentoso orientado.</p>
    <p>As rela&#231;&#245;es entre as propor&#231;&#245;es de pacientes ass&#237;duos e faltosos e o controle da press&#227;o arterial foram analisadas empregando-se o teste exato de Fischer e estabelecendo, como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia, alfa menor que 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Do total de pacientes, 67,7% eram do sexo masculino, 75,9% da ra&#231;a branca, e 24% negros. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 36&#177;14,9 anos, variando de 17 a 86 anos. Dos 245 pacientes analisados, 220 foram classificados como ass&#237;duos (89,7%) e 25 (10,3%) como faltosos, sendo que, desses &#250;ltimos, 17 pacientes abandonaram os retornos, perfazendo uma taxa de abandono de 6,9%. Os pacientes ass&#237;duos apresentaram uma maior taxa de controle da press&#227;o arterial quando comparados aos faltosos (30% vs. 8%, respectivamente, p=0,02). No grupo dos pacientes ass&#237;duos, 66 pacientes (30%) estavam com as press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica controladas, enquanto 99 (45%) n&#227;o tinham nenhuma delas controladas. Os 55 restantes (25%) n&#227;o apresentavam controle ou da sist&#243;lica ou da diast&#243;lica. Dos 25 pacientes faltosos, somente dois (8%) tinham press&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica controladas, 19 (76%) n&#227;o tinham controladas nenhuma delas, e 4 (16%) mostravam controle da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou da diast&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0157-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A ader&#234;ncia relatada pelos pacientes ao tratamento medicamentoso, delineada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela II</xref>, foi maior nos pacientes ass&#237;duos que nos faltosos (90,9% vs 56%, respectivamente, p&lt;0,05), assim como, para o tratamento n&#227;o medicamentoso (62,7% vs 45,8%, respectivamente, p&lt;0,05).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0157-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a maior causa de morte na maioria dos pa&#237;ses ocidentais, inclusive no Brasil. A hipertens&#227;o &#233; um fator independente de risco para doen&#231;a coronariana, acidentes vasculares cerebrais, aterosclerose, retinopatia e nefropatia. Est&#225; bem consolidado na literatura que o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial reduz, significativamente, o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, particularmente acidentes vasculares cerebrais<sup>8,9</sup>. Entretanto, apesar de cada vez mais se dispor de novos f&#225;rmacos, com efic&#225;cia comprovada em reduzir a mortalidade cardiovascular associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial, e de se propagar maci&#231;amente os ricos que a acompanham, pouca import&#226;ncia t&#234;m sido dispensada ao estudo dos mecanismos pelos quais pode-se atingir um melhor controle da press&#227;o arterial para uma maior parte de pacientes hipertensos.</p>
    <p>Os resultados, ora apresentados, mostram que, em nosso ambulat&#243;rio, uma cl&#237;nica especializada de um Hospital Universit&#225;rio de atendimento terci&#225;rio, a assiduidade &#224;s consultas &#233; elevada. Esse comportamento demonstra que os pacientes desse servi&#231;o t&#234;m a percep&#231;&#227;o de serem portadores de uma condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de que inspira cuidados m&#233;dicos, desejando se tratar. Observa-se, tamb&#233;m, que o comportamento de assiduidade &#224;s consultas est&#225; associado a uma melhor taxa de controle da press&#227;o arterial e de uma melhor ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento medicamentoso, ou n&#227;o, da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Apesar disso, apenas um ter&#231;o desses doentes, aproximadamente, conseguiram obter controle da press&#227;o arterial, considerando-se os valores preconizados pela IV Diretrizes Brasileiras para o Tratamento da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial. Esse dado n&#227;o diferiu de nossas an&#225;lises anteriores, desde o ano de 1956. Essa n&#227;o parece ser uma situa&#231;&#227;o isolada, j&#225; que dados do National Health and Nutrion Examination Survey - NHANES II e III, mostram percentagem de 29% de controle, em intervalo de estudo de 12 anos<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao abandono ao seguimento ambulatorial na UCH - FMRP - USP, observamos que, desde 1995, essa taxa diminui sensivelmente. Em 1995, o n&#237;vel de abandono encontrava-se entre de 45 a 61%, passando ao longo de dois anos para 20,4% e, atualmente, para n&#250;meros ainda menores, chegando a 6,9%. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a alta taxa de observ&#226;ncia &#224;s consultas seja uma busca de seguran&#231;a e cuidados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; doen&#231;a que sabem possuir.</p>
    <p>Um outro aspecto interessante nesse estudo foi que, dos 220 pacientes ass&#237;duos, 200 (90,9%) diziam que estavam tomando a medica&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a prescri&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, o que est&#225; discordante com achado de apenas 33% de pacientes com a press&#227;o arterial controlada. Conforme previamente comentado, a raz&#227;o para tal discrep&#226;ncia &#233; multifatorial e depende tanto de fatores relacionados ao doente, quanto ao m&#233;dico. O grupo canadense Angus Reid Group mostrou que 62% dos pacientes que responderam a um question&#225;rio, via telefone, afirmavam que n&#227;o tomavam a medica&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a prescri&#231;&#227;o. Metade desses pacientes culpava os efeitos adversos pelo n&#227;o seguimento e somente 41% sabiam que os acidentes cardiovasculares poderiam ser uma complica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o. Nesse mesmo estudo, o que mais chamava a aten&#231;&#227;o era que os pacientes n&#227;o tomavam a medica&#231;&#227;o, faziam o seu esquema pr&#243;prio de tratamento ou, ainda, omitiam hor&#225;rios de tomadas dos medicamentos. Ainda que, nessas circunst&#226;ncias, revelavam ter a sensa&#231;&#227;o de estarem protegidos com o tratamento<sup>11</sup>. Wallenius e cols. <sup>12</sup> comentam que todos os pacientes aprendem rapidamente a fazer seus experimentos particulares, procurando otimizar as desvantagens e vantagens com os riscos. Assim, 36% dos pacientes estudados por esses autores admitiram que tentaram modificar o tratamento com uma dosagem menor ou com menor n&#250;mero de medica&#231;&#245;es. Essa dificuldade do tratamento pode ser devida &#224; presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria, subst&#226;ncias ex&#243;genas, que aumentam a press&#227;o ou interferem com os medicamentos administrados, tratamento inadequado ou a outros fatores que levam a n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia<sup>13</sup>. Em nosso ambulat&#243;rio, observamos que pacientes, que relatavam estar tomando corretamente as medica&#231;&#245;es prescritas (geralmente, tr&#234;s ou quatro diferentes classes de medicamentos) e, mesmo assim, apresentavam valores elevados de press&#227;o arterial, apresentavam, quando internados para investiga&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria, boa resposta aos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos previamente prescritos e em doses abaixo daquelas que, teoricamente, deveriam estar tomando (dados n&#227;o publicados). Em 50% dos casos de hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria, tem sido identificada falha dos pacientes em utilizar as drogas recomendadas<sup>14</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, diversos outros fatores, como a classe a que pertence o medicamento prescrito, o uso de m&#250;ltiplas doses di&#225;rias, o perfil de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas, a idade dos pacientes, os intervalos longos entre os retornos e fatores econ&#244;micos, parecem afetar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo<sup>8,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os m&#233;dicos devem estar cientes que a ader&#234;ncia depende, em grande parte, da habilidade em manter uma boa intera&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes<sup>5</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, estudos t&#234;m mostrado que h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico evitar ajustes posol&#243;gicos, ou mesmo a introdu&#231;&#227;o de um novo esquema terap&#234;utico para os pacientes com press&#227;o arterial persistentemente elevada e com perfil de n&#227;o aderentes<sup>15</sup>. H&#225;, tamb&#233;m, uma n&#237;tida tend&#234;ncia em se valorizar mais a medida da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica que a sist&#243;lica. Freq&#252;entemente, pacientes que apresentam a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica elevada e a diast&#243;lica menor que 90 mmHg n&#227;o s&#227;o tratados com o rigor necess&#225;rio<sup>16</sup>. H&#225; d&#233;cadas, entretanto, estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos mostram com clareza que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica marca, de forma mais precisa, o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares atribu&#237;das &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>17</sup>. Dados da literatura mostram que os m&#233;dicos que tratam doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas no ambulat&#243;rio dispensam um tempo muito pequeno nas orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre o uso correto dos medicamentos prescritos, o que leva a erro do seu uso, perda de efic&#225;cia e aparecimento de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas.</p>
    <p>O tratamento do hipertenso, entretanto, n&#227;o deve envolver somente a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. O controle dos demais fatores de risco associados deve ser buscado<sup>13</sup>. Sabemos que as interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o medicamentosas orientadas (modificando os h&#225;bitos) s&#227;o ben&#233;ficas para reduzir diversos tipos de riscos cardiovasculares, inclusive hipertens&#227;o, devendo ser utilizadas em todos os pacientes hipertensos, ou n&#227;o<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es, merecendo algumas cr&#237;ticas e considera&#231;&#245;es. A baixa taxa de controle da press&#227;o arterial em nossa amostra pode ser devida a um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Por tratar-se de um servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia, no contexto de um hospital universit&#225;rio, a popula&#231;&#227;o assistida &#233; constitu&#237;da em sua grande maioria por pacientes que tiveram dificuldade no controle da press&#227;o arterial em postos de atendimento prim&#225;rio, como, por exemplo, as unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de. &#201; ainda poss&#237;vel que esses pacientes tenham sido referidos por suspeita de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, o uso de question&#225;rio para se obter informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento proposto pode hiperestimar fornecer essa informa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nossas observa&#231;&#245;es mostram que a assiduidade &#224;s consultas agendadas &#233; expressiva na UCH do HCFMRP-USP. Pacientes ass&#237;duos t&#234;m uma maior probabilidade de sucesso no controle da press&#227;o arterial. Entretanto, esse controle ainda est&#225; longe de ser ideal.</p>
    <p>Alguns fatores poderiam melhorar esse quadro, como a tend&#234;ncia atual de personaliza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com o m&#233;dico, escolhendo drogas que diminuam o risco cardiovascular, oferecendo alta efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva, seguran&#231;a, boa qualidade de vida e, sobretudo, favorecendo maior ader&#234;ncia<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por fim, embora a taxa de controle da PA seja baixa na UCH do HCFMRP-USP, como em todo o mundo o &#233;, observa-se, ainda, pior ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento e mais baixo controle da press&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos com o h&#225;bito de faltar &#224;s consultas agendadas, devendo esse aspecto merecer aten&#231;&#227;o nos servi&#231;os de atendimento de hipertensos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p>Eduardo Barbosa Coelho </p>
        <p> Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 </p>
        <p> 14049-900 </p>
        <p> Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ebcoelho@fmrp.usp.br">ebcoelho@fmrp.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Enviado em 02/06/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 23/02/2005</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Quality-of-life measures in the evaluation of antihypertensive drug therapy: Reliability, validity, and quality-of-life domains</article-title>
          <source>Clin Ther</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1276</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gandhi</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kong</surname>
              <given-names>SX</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Relationship between regular attendance to ambulatory appointments and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the rate of hypertensive patients with controlled BP (BP &lt;140X90 mmHg) and to study its relationship with regular attendance to ambulatory appointments. METHODS: A total of 245 medical records from patients followed up at the Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (Clinical Unit of Arterial Hypertension) HCFMRP-USP for a period of one year were randomly and retrospectively reviewed. The patients were classified as assiduous (A) and as regularly absent to scheduled appointments (F), with the second group being defined as those who failed to appear longer than 30 days after the scheduled appointment. The mean of three measurements prior to the date of the scheduled appointment was calculated to determine the rate of patients with controlled BP. Compliance with the treatment was inferred through a questionnaire applied by the nurse team before the appointment. RESULTS: From the 245 patients analyzed, 220 were classified as A (89.7%) and 25 (10.3%) as F. Group A patients showed a higher rate of BP control than F patients (30% vs. 8%, p=0.02, Fischer exact test). Compliance with pharmacological treatment was higher in A patients than in F patients (91% vs. 56 %, p&lt;0.05) as well as to non-pharmacological treatment (63% vs. 44%, p&lt;0.05). CONCLUSION: Although the rate of blood pressure control was low in the population studied, lower compliance with the treatment and BP control was observed in individuals who usually missed the scheduled appointments.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>compliance</kwd>
        <kwd>treatment</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Relationship between regular attendance to ambulatory appointments and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Eduardo Barbosa Coelho; Miguel Moys&#233;s Neto; Raquel Palhares; Maria Camila de Miranda Cardoso; Tufik Jos&#233; Magalh&#227;es Geleilete; Fernando Nobre</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (USP) - Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Our objective was to determine the rate of hypertensive patients with controlled BP (BP &lt;140X90 mmHg) and to study its relationship with regular attendance to ambulatory appointments.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 245 medical records from patients followed up at the Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (Clinical Unit of Arterial Hypertension) HCFMRP-USP for a period of one year were randomly and retrospectively reviewed. The patients were classified as assiduous (A) and as regularly absent to scheduled appointments (F), with the second group being defined as those who failed to appear longer than 30 days after the scheduled appointment. The mean of three measurements prior to the date of the scheduled appointment was calculated to determine the rate of patients with controlled BP. Compliance with the treatment was inferred through a questionnaire applied by the nurse team before the appointment.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> From the 245 patients analyzed, 220 were classified as A (89.7%) and 25 (10.3%) as F. Group A patients showed a higher rate of BP control than F patients (30% vs. 8%, p=0.02, Fischer exact test). Compliance with pharmacological treatment was higher in A patients than in F patients (91% vs. 56 %, p&lt;0.05) as well as to non-pharmacological treatment (63% vs. 44%, p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Although the rate of blood pressure control was low in the population studied, lower compliance with the treatment and BP control was observed in individuals who usually missed the scheduled appointments.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> hypertension, compliance, treatment, blood pressure</p>
      <p>One of the greatest challenges in controlling blood pressure is due to the non-compliance with anti-hypertensive treatment, which means, the non-observance to pharmacological or non-pharmacological measures for the control of blood pressure (BP)<sup>1</sup>. The understanding of factors that affect compliance becomes, this way fundamental in the long-term assessment of the effectiveness of the proposed anti-hypertensive treatment. Patients, with bad compliance with the treatment, may lead the physician to erroneously judge the instituted treatment, by assuming it has no efficacy. Such assumption may cause a mistaken therapeutic decision making, either through the increase of dosage, exchange for another class, or even the addition of a new medication in the previously prescribed anti-hypertensive scheme. Additionally, there may be an induction to the diagnosis of refractory hypertension and unleashing of diagnostic investigation for the causes of secondary hypertension, which gives rises to additional onus and unnecessary suffering to the patients<sup>2</sup>. Detailing the mechanisms through which patients behave was non-compliant is not a simple task, either due to the lack of accurate methods or to its multifactor characteristic<sup>3</sup>. The compliance with the treatment of any chronic disease, through an indefinite length of time, has an influence from own patient factors and others unleashed by the physician. The main factors attributed to the patients are related to the perception of hypertension as a disease, the attitude by the patient towards the fact of being hypertensive, and the personal motivation for the search for a better health condition<sup>4</sup>. The physician has to have the role of encouraging and educating the patient, by informing him/her about the clinical and prognostic meaning of his/her disease also, is a role of physician. Keeping a constant monitoring for the development of adverse reactions to anti-hypertensive medications, by using criteria based on clinical epidemiology and on results from well-designed clinical studies for the selection and individualization of the best anti-hypertensive agent for a given ill-taken patient<sup>5</sup>. The hypertensive patient rate with controlled blood pressure has been shown low, considering values of blood pressure lower than 140 mmHg of systolic blood pressure and 90 mmHg of diastolic blood pressure as control targets. A correlation between the number of returns/year and the best control of blood pressure<sup>2</sup> have been reported. Although not studied yet, one of the main indirect ways of inferring on one of the features of compliance with the proposed anti-hypertensive treatment is the observation of the assiduity to scheduled appointments. That simple measure can evidence the will of the patient to have his/her disease treated and reveal the perception of his/her awareness of having a health problem that needs care. So, our main objective was to determine the rate of hypertensive patients with BP under control (&lt;140x90 mmHg) and study its relationship between assiduity to ambulatory appointments, in a casual sample of patients followed-up at Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Hipertens&#227;o (Clinical Hypertension Unit) (UCH) of Divis&#245;es de Cardiologia e Nefrologia (Cardiology and Nephrology Divisions), of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMRP, da USP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The characteristics of medical care at UCH ambulatory were described in a previous publication<sup>6</sup>. It is important to emphasize that such ambulatory consists of a multi-professional team composed by nurses, social workers, nutritionists, psychologists, physicians and professors of Nephrology and Cardiology divisions of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMRP-USP.</p>
      <p>Two hundred and forty-five (245) patients were assessed, followed-up in ambulatory, in a period of one year. They were randomly selected, being their medical records retrospectively analyzed by considering periodic appointments they should attend every 3 months, as part of the medical care protocol of the service. All patients were submitted, at every appointment, for two blood pressure measurements by the ward team of UCH, in accordance to guidance established at IV Diretrizes Brasileiras para o Tratamento da Hipertens&#227;o (4<sup>th</sup> Brazilian Guidelines for Hypertension Treatment)<sup>7</sup>, by using a mercury column sphygmomanometer (<italic>Baumanometer</italic> - <italic>W.A. Baum Co. Inc.</italic>, Copiague, New York, USA, 11726), with the cuff size corrected through previously measurement of arm circumference. For each patient, the average of systolic/diastolic blood pressures in the last three appointments were calculated, defining as controlled those with systolic and diastolic pressures lower than 140x90 mmHg, respectively. Patients who attended to appointments up to 30 days from the previously scheduled date for their return were classified as assiduous. Patients who returned in periods higher than 30 days or who abandoned the treatment were classified as failing to follow up. Through a sheet with structured questionnaire, patients were asked concerning the correct use of medications prescribed and if they followed or not the non-medicamentous treatment prescribed.</p>
      <p>Relationships between proportions of assiduous patients and those who failed to follow up, and the control of blood pressure were analyzed by using Fischer exact test and establishing, as a significance level, alpha higher than 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From the total of patients, 67.7% were of male sex, 75.9%, were white, and 24%, black. The mean of the ages was 36&#177;14.9 years old, varying from 17 to 86 years old. From 245 analyzed patients, 220 were classified as assiduous (89.7%) and 25 (10.3%) as failing to follow up, being that from the latter, 17 patients abandoned the returns, which made an abandonment rate of 6.9%. Assiduous patients showed a higher rate of blood pressure control when compared to those who failed to follow up (30% vs. 8%, respectively, p=0.02). In assiduous patient group, 66 patients (30%) had systolic and diastolic blood pressures controlled, whereas 99 (45%) did not have any of them under control. The remaining 55 patients (25%) did not show control of systolic or diastolic blood pressure. From 25 patients who failed to follow up, only two (8%) had diastolic and systolic blood pressures controlled, 19 (76%) did not have any of them under control, and 4 (16%) showed a control of systolic or diastolic blood pressure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0157-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Compliance reported by patients with the pharmacological treatment, presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">table II</xref>, was higher among assiduous patients than among those who failed to follow up (90.9% vs. 56%, respectively, p&lt;0.05), as well as for non-pharmacological treatment (62.7% vs. 45.8%, respectively, p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0157-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death among western countries, including Brazil. Hypertension is an independent risk factor for coronary disease, cerebrovascular accidents, atherosclerosis, retinopathy and nephropathy. The fact that hypertension treatment significantly reduces the risk for cardiovascular complications, especially cerebrovascular accidents<sup>8,9</sup>, is well consolidated in the literature. However, despite of having more new medications available, with proven efficacy in reducing cardiovascular mortality associated to hypertension, and of propagating massively the risks following it, little importance has been given to the studies of mechanisms through which a better control of blood pressure for a greater portion of hypertensive patients can be achieved.</p>
      <p>Results, presently shown, demonstrate that in our ambulatory, a specialized clinic of a University Hospital of tertiary medical care, regular attendance to appointments is high. That behavior shows that patients from our service have the perception of having a health condition requiring medical care, willing to be treated. It is also observed that the behavior of regular attendance to appointments is associated to a better rate of blood pressure control and a better compliance with pharmacological or non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension. Despite that, only approximately a third from those patients was able to achieve blood pressure control, by considering the values preconized by IV Diretrizes Brasileiras para o Tratamento da Hipertens&#227;o. Such data were not different from those in our previous analyses, since 1995<sup>6</sup>. That does not seem to be an isolated situation, as data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey - NHANES II e III, showed a percentage of 29% of control, in a 12-year study interval<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding abandonment of ambulatory follow-up at UCH - FMRP - USP, we observed that, since 1995, that rate has been sensitively decreasing. In 1995, abandonment level was between 45 to 61%, going along two years to 20.4% and, currently, to even lower figures, reaching 6.9%. It is possible that the high rate of observance to appointments is a search for safety and care in relation to the patient's disease perception.</p>
      <p>Another interesting aspect in this study was that, from 220 assiduous patients, 200 (90.9%) said they were taken medication in accordance to the medical prescription, which disagrees with the finding of only 33% of patients with controlled blood pressure. As previously commented, the reason for such discrepancy is multifunctional and depends as much on patient-related factors as the physician. The Canadian group, Angus Reid, showed that 62% from patients who answered a questionnaire, by phone, confirmed they did not take medication in accordance to the prescription. Half of those patients blamed on adverse effects for the non-follow-up and only 41% knew that cardiovascular accidents could be a complication from hypertension. In that same study, what really drew attention was that patients did not take the medication, made their own scheme of treatment or even omitted the times medications should be taken. Even though, under such circumstances, they revealed having the sensation of being protected with the treatment<sup>11</sup>. Wallenius et al.<sup>12</sup> comment that all patients learned fast to make their own private experiments, trying to optimize advantages and disadvantages with the risks, So, 36% of patients studied by those authors acknowledged they tried to modify their treatment with a lower dosage or a smaller number of drugs. That difficulty of the treatment may be due to the presence of secondary hypertension, exogenous substances, which increase blood pressure or interfere with administrated drugs, improper treatment or other factors leading to non-compliance<sup>13</sup>. In our ambulatory we observed that patients, who reported being taken prescribed medications correctly (usually three or four different classes of medications) and, even so, showed high values of blood pressure, featured, when admitted for investigation of refractory hypertension, a good response to previously prescribed anti-hypertensive medications and in lower doses than those they should, theoretically, be taking (non-published data). In 50% of refractory hypertension, failure from patients in using recommended drugs has been identified<sup>14</sup>. Besides, many other factors, as the class of prescribed medications, the use of many daily doses, the profile of adverse reactions, the age of patients, the long intervals between returns, and economic factors, seem to affect compliance to anti-hypertensive treatment<sup>8,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Physicians must be aware that compliance greatly depends on their ability to have a good interaction with patients<sup>5</sup>. Besides, studies have demonstrated that there is a trend of physicians to avoid regimem adjustments, or even the introduction of a new therapeutic scheme for patients with persistently high blood pressure and with a non-compliant profile<sup>15</sup>. There is also a clear tendency in valuating even more the measurement of diastolic than systolic blood pressure. Frequently, patients who show high systolic blood pressure and the diastolic lower than 90 mmHg are not treated with the necessary strictness<sup>16</sup>. However, decades ago, epidemiological studies have clearly shown that the increase of systolic blood pressure marks, in a more precise way, the risk of cardiovascular complications due to hypertension<sup>17</sup>. Data from literature show that physicians who treat chronic diseases in ambulatories spend very short time in guidance on the correct use of prescribed medications, which leads to a mistake of their use, loss of efficacy and appearance of adverse reactions.</p>
      <p>The treatment of hypertensive patients, however, should not only involve reduction of blood pressure. The control of other associated risk factors must be searched for<sup>13</sup>. We know that oriented non-pharmacological interventions (life-style modifications) are beneficial to reduce many types of cardiovascular risks, including hypertension, and they must be used in all patients, whether they are hypertensive or not<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our study has limitations, deserving some criticisms and considerations. Low rate of blood pressure control in our sample may be due to a selection bias. For being a reference service, in the context of university hospital, the population seen consists of mostly patients who had difficulties in blood pressure control in primary care centers, as, for instance, basic healthcare units. It is still possible that they have been sent there because there was the suspicion of secondary hypertension.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the use of a questionnaire to obtain information on the compliance with medicamentous measures or not, can provide us with overestimate information.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, our observations show that assiduity to ambulatory appointments is expressive at UCH of HCFMRP-USP. Assiduous patients have a greater probability of success in blood pressure control. However, such control is far from being the ideal one.</p>
      <p>Some factors could improve that picture, as the current trend of customization of treatment with the physician, choosing drugs that decrease cardiovascular risk, offering high anti-hypertensive efficacy, safety, good life quality and, above all, favoring a higher compliance<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Finally, although BP control rate is low at UCH of HCFMRP-USP, as all over the world, a worse compliance to the treatment and a lower control of blood pressure among individuals with the habit of not following up at scheduled appointments is still observed, and such aspect must deserve attention in medical care services towards hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Eduardo Barbosa Coelho</p>
          <p> Av. Bandeirantes, 3900</p>
          <p> 14049-900</p>
          <p> Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ebcoelho@fmrp.usp.br">ebcoelho@fmrp.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 06/02/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted on 02/23/2005</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
