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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Y9nZsv68C7jWnzYd8qtzPsN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001500011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500211</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001500011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Angioedema relacionado ao uso de estreptoquinase</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Camargo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Rizzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paraschin</surname>
            <given-names>Karen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraroni</surname>
            <given-names>Natasha Rebou&#231;as</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zolner</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>131</fpage>
      <lpage>134</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>O angioedema &#233; uma rea&#231;&#227;o rara, aguda e potencialmente fatal, &#224; estreptoquinase, devendo ser diagnosticada prontamente e tratada para garantir melhor progn&#243;stico ao paciente. Descrevemos aqui o caso de um homem de 65 anos, que apresentou rea&#231;&#227;o anafil&#225;tica ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio de tromb&#243;lise com estreptoquinase, sendo rapidamente tratado, permaneceu uma semana internado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Angioedema relacionado ao uso de estreptoquinase</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Angioedema related to the use of streptokinase</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Daniela Camargo de Oliveira; Ot&#225;vio Rizzi Coelho; Karen Paraschin; Natasha Rebou&#231;as Ferraroni; Ricardo de Lima Zolner</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (UNICAMP) - Campinas, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O angioedema &#233; uma rea&#231;&#227;o rara, aguda e potencialmente fatal, &#224; estreptoquinase, devendo ser diagnosticada prontamente e tratada para garantir melhor progn&#243;stico ao paciente. Descrevemos aqui o caso de um homem de 65 anos, que apresentou rea&#231;&#227;o anafil&#225;tica ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio de tromb&#243;lise com estreptoquinase, sendo rapidamente tratado, permaneceu uma semana internado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Angioedema is a rare reaction to streptokinase, acute and potentially fatal, which should be quickly diagnosed and treated to guarantee the best prognosis for the patient. We describe here the case of a 65-year-old man, who displayed an anaphylactic reaction after the beginning of thrombolysis with streptokinase, which was quickly treated, and remained hospitalized for one week in the Intensive Care Unit.</p>
    <p>Apesar da pouca discuss&#227;o em literatura (refer&#234;ncias mais recentes t&#234;m mais de 5 anos), ainda consideramos relevante a poss&#237;vel rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica &#224; estreptoquinase para nossa realidade social, na qual o uso da estreptoquinase continua sendo muito freq&#252;ente, tendo em vista seu custo e benef&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Uma rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica ou de hipersensibilidade a uma droga &#233; definida como uma resposta imunol&#243;gica a esta ou aos seus metab&#243;litos que resulta em rea&#231;&#227;o adversa do tipo B. Algumas vezes, o paciente pode ser al&#233;rgico a toda uma classe de droga, pois a base da resposta imunol&#243;gica est&#225; em determinantes antig&#234;nicos comuns a estas, como a rea&#231;&#227;o &#224; estreptoquinase que apresenta anticorpos tipo IgG e IgE contra os ant&#237;genos do estreptococo do grupo Beta-hemol&#237;tico<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas &#224; estreptoquinase s&#227;o mais freq&#252;entes que se imagina, por&#233;m a gravidade das mesmas &#233; que n&#227;o nos chama a aten&#231;&#227;o. No geral, alergias s&#227;o prevalentes em 1,7 a 18% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; tromb&#243;lise com estreptoquinase, sendo estas n&#227;o sist&#234;micas. A anafilaxia, propriamente dita, ocorre em 15:10000 pacientes (Dickewicz e cols<sup>1</sup> e estudo GISSI<sup>2</sup>) e caracteriza-se por uma rea&#231;&#227;o aguda, com eritema difuso, prurido, urtic&#225;ria, angioedema, broncoespasmo, edema de laringe, hiperperistalse, hipotens&#227;o, arritmias card&#237;acas, anemia hemol&#237;tica, isoladas ou em conjunto. A maioria dos sintomas desenvolve-se rapidamente (5 a 30 minutos) ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente masculino de 65 anos, branco, natural e procedente de Campinas, encanador e eletricista aposentado, casado. Procurou espontaneamente o pronto-socorro do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Unicamp, em 6 de abril de 2002. Queixava-se de dores em cotovelo esquerdo aos esfor&#231;os h&#225; um m&#234;s. Neste dia, apresentou, imediatamente ap&#243;s manter rela&#231;&#227;o sexual com esposa, dor precordial em opress&#227;o irradiada para cotovelo esquerdo de in&#237;cio &#224; 1 hora, sem outros sintomas acompanhantes. Ao ser atendido neste servi&#231;o, a dor mantinha-se h&#225; mais de 3 horas com as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;vias, com intensidade maior e com irradia&#231;&#227;o apenas para dorso. &#224;s 3:20h, foi medicado com oxig&#234;nio em cateter nasal, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 200 mg, via oral, isordil 5 mg, sublingual, metoprolol 5 mg, intravenoso, antes de ser solicitada avalia&#231;&#227;o da cardiologia. O paciente apresentava hist&#243;ria de tabagismo de um ma&#231;o/dia (desde os 6 anos de idade), dislipidemia conhecida mas n&#227;o tratada. Negou diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, precordialgia semelhante pr&#233;via, acidente vascular cerebral, sangramentos ativos, &#250;lcera de trato gastrointestinal, trauma, uso de sildenafil, drogadi&#231;&#227;o, asma, alergias.</p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava-se em bom estado geral, corado, hidratado, acian&#243;tico, anict&#233;rico, afebril, nutrido, eupn&#233;ico, consciente, orientado, o pulso mantinha freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 76 bpm, a press&#227;o arterial era de 150\100 mmHg.</p>
    <p>A ausculta card&#237;aca revelou ritmo card&#237;aco r&#237;tmico, duas bulhas hipofon&#233;ticas com a segunda bulha abafada em foco a&#243;rtico e sopro diast&#243;lico +/6+ neste foco. A ausculta pulmonar n&#227;o apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es (murm&#250;rio vesicular presente sim&#233;trico, sem ru&#237;dos advent&#237;cios); ao exame de abd&#244;me, notou-se f&#237;gado no rebordo costal direito linha hemiclavicular, ru&#237;dos hidroa&#233;reos presentes, sem sopros ou massas. Pulsos presentes cheios, sim&#233;tricos bilateralmente, sem edemas.</p>
    <p>Foi realizada radiografia de t&#243;rax (no intuito de avaliar outras poss&#237;veis causas de dor tor&#225;cica irradiada para dorso), que revelou &#225;rea card&#237;aca pouco aumentada, sem alargamento de mediastino, com discreta congest&#227;o pulmonar. Eletrocardiograma com ritmo sinusal, bloqueio atrioventricular 1&#176; grau, supradesnivelamento de segmento ST de 2 mm V1, 4 mm V2, 3 mm V4; com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST de 1 mm em DII, DIII e aVF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0131-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Feito diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio de parede &#226;ntero-septal, iniciamos tratamento ap&#243;s 30 minutos da solicita&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#227;o da cardiologia (tempo para avalia&#231;&#227;o do caso e exames confirmat&#243;rios). &#192;s 4 horas, paciente apresentava PA 130x90 mmHg, sendo iniciada tromb&#243;lise com estreptoquinase 1500000 U intravenosa. Ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de 1/6 da dose do trombol&#237;tico, paciente evoluiu com rouquid&#227;o e obstru&#231;&#227;o nasal progressivas, o que aventou a hip&#243;tese de angioedema secund&#225;rio ao uso da estreptoquinase. Foi suspensa imediatamente a infus&#227;o do trombol&#237;tico e realizada adrenalina 1 ml (da dilui&#231;&#227;o de 1:1000) intravenosa em duas aplica&#231;&#245;es, com intervalo de 5 minutos entre si, mais 5 ml da solu&#231;&#227;o de 1:10000; e hidrocortisona 1 g intravenosa. Paciente evoluiu rapidamente com dificuldade respirat&#243;ria e sibilos, sendo submetido a intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal de dif&#237;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o, devido a edema de glote e de cordas vocais com f&#225;cil sangramento local (atingiu satura&#231;&#227;o de 48% transit&#243;ria por menos de 1 minuto). Apresentou hipotens&#227;o grave necessitando de droga vaso-ativa para revers&#227;o do quadro ap&#243;s intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal. Evoluiu, ainda, com edema de p&#225;lpebras, l&#225;bios e l&#237;ngua.</p>
    <p>O paciente n&#227;o apresentou sinais cl&#225;ssicos de sucesso da tromb&#243;lise, mantendo os supradesnivelamentos ap&#243;s 2 horas da estreptoquinase e a curva enzim&#225;tica teve pico de creatinofosfoquinase = 250 e fra&#231;&#227;o MB = 85 mg/dl, com 15 horas do in&#237;cio da dor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0131-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Mantido com tratamento orientado pela imunologia, com corticoterapia cont&#237;nua (hidrocortisona 500 mg intravenoso 8/8h) por 3 dias e posterior esquema de retirada progressiva. Apresentou anemia hemol&#237;tica por ativa&#231;&#227;o do complemento no choque anafil&#225;tico, segundo an&#225;lise do servi&#231;o de hematologia. Em 13/04/2002, paciente evoluiu com extuba&#231;&#227;o sem intercorr&#234;ncias, j&#225; apresentando-se sem edemas mucosos.</p>
    <p>Ecocardiograma realizado em 18/04/2002 apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com hipocinesia septal basal, m&#233;dia e apical e anterior apical, compat&#237;vel com infarto &#226;ntero-septal, c&#226;maras card&#237;acas com dimens&#245;es normais (aorta = 35 mm; &#225;trio esquerdo = 36 mm; di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo = 48 mm; di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo = 27 mm; septo e parede posterior = 10 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o = 70%).</p>
    <p>Em 19/04/2002, foi submetido a cateterismo card&#237;aco que revelou: art&#233;ria descendente anterior com obstru&#231;&#227;o de 70% em ter&#231;o proximal; primeiro ramo diagonal com 70% ostial; art&#233;ria circunflexa com 40%; e coron&#225;ria direita sem les&#245;es; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 81%. Em 13/05/2002, foi submetido a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna esquerda para descendente anterior, veia safena para primeira diagonal), sem intercorr&#234;ncias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0131-00011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma revis&#227;o publicada no JAMA<sup>3</sup>, em dezembro 1997, enfatiza a import&#226;ncia do reconhecimento e orienta o manejo de pacientes com rea&#231;&#245;es a drogas. Apesar das rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas &#224; estreptoquinase n&#227;o serem t&#227;o freq&#252;entes, seu reconhecimento &#233; tamb&#233;m sub&#243;timo. Imaginamos que a n&#227;o gravidade das rea&#231;&#245;es mais freq&#252;entes contribui muito para este fato. Alergias leves (com rea&#231;&#245;es cut&#226;neas ou edemas leves de mucosas) s&#227;o prevalentes em 1,7 a 18% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; tromb&#243;lise e a anafilaxia ocorre em apenas 15:10000 pacientes<sup>1,2</sup>. Apesar de raro, este tipo de rea&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser prevenido ou previsto, uma vez que testes cut&#226;neos t&#234;m pouca efic&#225;cia em casos emergenciais (como os de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio), sendo mais utilizados em poucos casos, por exemplo: protocolos espec&#237;ficos para situa&#231;&#245;es de rea&#231;&#245;es a drogas espec&#237;ficas; rea&#231;&#245;es em vig&#234;ncia de tratamento com m&#250;ltiplas drogas; e casos de pacientes com a necessidade de serem submetidos a novas exposi&#231;&#245;es a agentes sabidamente al&#233;rgenos.</p>
    <p>Uma rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica ou de hipersensibilidade a uma droga qualquer pode ser definida como uma resposta imunol&#243;gica a uma droga ou seus metab&#243;litos que resulta em rea&#231;&#227;o adversa. Muitas vezes, as rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas dependem de exposi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via (sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o) ou de exposi&#231;&#227;o prolongada, mas em outros casos o paciente pode ser al&#233;rgico a toda uma classe de droga, pois a base da resposta imunol&#243;gica est&#225; em determinantes ant&#237;genos comuns a estas. O mais importante &#233; que toda droga pode causar efeitos adversos.</p>
    <p>Tendo em vista o n&#250;mero de pacientes acompanhados por cardiologistas em uso de polifarm&#225;cia por tempo prolongado, enfatizamos a import&#226;ncia dos m&#233;dicos manterem-se atualizados em rela&#231;&#227;o a rea&#231;&#245;es adversas a drogas. Citando sua incid&#234;ncia nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica: ocorrem em 6 a 10% da popula&#231;&#227;o comum (estudos sugerem que rea&#231;&#245;es &#224; maioria das drogas utilizadas podem ocorrer em 1 a 3% dos pacientes que as utilizam)<sup>4</sup>, entre estes, 0,2 a 29,3% necessitam interna&#231;&#227;o por esta causa. Entre os pacientes internados, esta incid&#234;ncia &#233; maior: 15 a 30%, sendo que os registros de eventos fatais giram em torno de 1:10000<sup>3,5</sup>. Mortes associadas a drogas ocorrem em 0,01% dos pacientes cir&#250;rgicos e em 0,1% dos pacientes cl&#237;nicos (maior incid&#234;ncia de polifarm&#225;cia)<sup>3-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estas estat&#237;sticas incluem todos os tipos de rea&#231;&#227;o adversa, mesmo as do tipo A &#150; comuns e previs&#237;veis, que podem ocorrer com qualquer pessoa. Ocorrem em 80% dos casos de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas, sendo resultado de rea&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas conhecidas das drogas. Mas no caso de rea&#231;&#227;o &#224; estreptoquinase, deparamo-nos com uma rea&#231;&#227;o que est&#225; enquadrada em rea&#231;&#245;es adversas do tipo B &#150; incomuns e imprevis&#237;veis,.conhecidas como intoler&#226;ncia, idiossincrasias, hipersensibilidade e alergias ou pseudoalergias. As rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas s&#227;o imunologicamente mediadas, e t&#234;m as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: 1) ocorrem em um n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes; 2) requerem exposi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via &#224; droga ou a um grupo quimicamente relacionado; 3) desenvolvem-se rapidamente ap&#243;s reexposi&#231;&#227;o e 4) produzem s&#237;ndromes comuns a rea&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas.</p>
    <p>Fatores relacionados &#224; droga utilizada podem aumentar o risco de rea&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas (al&#233;rgicas): drogas de maior peso molecular s&#227;o mais propensas a desencadearem rea&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas, mas drogas de pequeno peso molecular, ap&#243;s ligarem-se a prote&#237;nas carreadoras tamb&#233;m podem desencadear tais rea&#231;&#245;es. A presen&#231;a pr&#233;via de anticorpos espec&#237;ficos n&#227;o &#233; preditora destas rea&#231;&#245;es<sup>3</sup>. Ainda fatores relacionados ao paciente podem aumentar este risco (sexo feminino, presen&#231;a de hist&#243;ria de alergia a outros medicamentos de mesma classe, entre outros fatores).</p>
    <p>As rea&#231;&#245;es imunol&#243;gicas a diversas drogas podem se apresentar clinicamente de diversas formas, abaixo rapidamente citadas<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Envolvendo m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os: 1) anafilaxia: rea&#231;&#227;o aguda e com risco de vida, consistente de eritema difuso, prurido, urtic&#225;ria, angioedema, broncoespasmo, edema de laringe, hiperperistalse, hipotens&#227;o, arritmias card&#237;acas, isoladas ou em conjunto. A anafilaxia se desenvolve rapidamente (5 a 30 minutos ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o). Alguns autores reservam o termo apenas para rea&#231;&#245;es mediadas por IgE, e classificam como rea&#231;&#245;es anafilact&#243;ides as apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas id&#234;nticas mediadas por IgG. Exemplos: anafilaxia, com uso de penicilina, ocorre em 0,01 a 0,05% dos pacientes expostos, com mortalidade de 400 a 800 pacientes ao ano; com uso de contrastes, ocorre em 4 a 13% dos pacientes, maior preval&#234;ncia em mulheres; com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico prevalecem rea&#231;&#245;es asm&#225;ticas e rea&#231;&#245;es mais leves cut&#226;neas; outros exemplos s&#227;o: estreptoquinase; protamina; inibidores de enzima de convers&#227;o; vancomicina, ciprofloxacina<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>2) Relacionadas com histamina: indistingu&#237;veis de rea&#231;&#245;es mediadas por IgE, com imediata hipersensibilidade de mast&#243;citos. Exemplo com a vancomicina: s&#237;ndrome do homem vermelho - dependente da dose e da velocidade de infus&#227;o - est&#237;mulo direto de mast&#243;citos da pele.</p>
    <p>3) Stevens Johnson e eritema multiforme<sup>3</sup>: erup&#231;&#227;o polim&#243;rfica e eritematosa causada por drogas em 10 a 20% dos casos (les&#245;es sim&#233;tricas, com prefer&#234;ncia por extremidades, com les&#245;es em alvo, rash cut&#226;neo, urtic&#225;ria e ves&#237;culas. Nos casos de Stevens Johnson, ocorrem les&#245;es mucosas - les&#245;es de conjuntiva e a perda cut&#226;nea pode chegar a 10%. Metade dos casos s&#227;o relacionados a drogas e a reexposi&#231;&#227;o causa recorr&#234;ncia. Exemplos: sulfonamidas, anticonvulsivantes, antiinflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroidais e alopurinol<sup>3</sup>. A mortalidade chega a 5% e o envolvimento de &#243;rg&#227;os piora o progn&#243;stico. O uso de corticoester&#243;ides precoce reduz a les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os e melhora a sobrevida<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>4) Necr&#243;lise epid&#233;rmica t&#243;xica: febre, perda de mais de 30% de superf&#237;cie epid&#233;rmica e envolvimento visceral com mortalidade de 30%<sup>3</sup>. O tratamento &#233; apenas de suporte e o uso de corticoester&#243;ides parece n&#227;o ser ben&#233;fico.</p>
    <p>5) S&#237;ndromes de hipersensibilidade: causada com uso de anticonvulsivantes (fenito&#237;na, carbamazepina, fenobarbital) inicia-se ap&#243;s a primeira semana at&#233; 3 meses de introdu&#231;&#227;o da droga e ocorre em 1/100 a 1/10000 dos pacientes. Febre, hepatite, nefrite, les&#245;es cut&#226;neas. Sintomas s&#227;o interrompidos com a suspens&#227;o da droga<sup>3</sup>. Alopurinol e sulfassalazina tamb&#233;m podem desencadear tais rea&#231;&#245;es<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>6) Febre: mecanismo ainda desconhecido, apresenta eosinofilia e leucocitose. Cessa com 48 a 72 horas de suspens&#227;o do tratamento<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Envolvendo apenas pele<sup>3</sup>: s&#227;o as mais freq&#252;entes rea&#231;&#245;es a drogas (entre os internados a incid&#234;ncia &#233; de 1/1000). 1) Urtic&#225;ria/angioedema: ativa&#231;&#227;o de complemento ou de mast&#243;citos diretamente (opi&#243;ides, dextram, polimixina, insulina, penicilina e soros heter&#243;logos); 2) exantema maculopapular: eritema maculopapular sim&#233;trico em palmas e plantas ou em regi&#227;o de dec&#250;bito do paciente. Diagn&#243;stico diferencial com infec&#231;&#245;es virais sempre; 3) dermatite de contato: sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o leva 5 a 7 dias, mas a reexposi&#231;&#227;o causa a rea&#231;&#227;o em 24 horas.</p>
    <p>No caso descrito, fomos levados ao diagn&#243;stico de rea&#231;&#227;o anafil&#225;tica secund&#225;ria ao uso de estreptoquinase, pois o paciente apresentou a rea&#231;&#227;o dentro do prazo mais curto, com angioedema, broncoespasmo, hipotens&#227;o, hem&#243;lise<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; terap&#234;utica, frente &#224; anafilaxia relacionada &#224; estreptoquinase ou a qualquer outra droga, devemos fornecer oxig&#234;nio, prepara&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida de vias a&#233;reas (mesmo procedimentos, como a cricotireoidotomia, devem ser indicados para manuten&#231;&#227;o de vias a&#233;reas superiores do paciente, independente de ter recebido anticoagulantes ou ter sido submetido a tromb&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica<sup>7-,9</sup>). O uso de epinefrina &#233; sempre preconizado - ainda que em casos de infarto, sendo que, para casos leves, recomenda-se a dose de 300 a 500 mg (0,3 a 0,5 ml da solu&#231;&#227;o de 1:1000) para aplica&#231;&#227;o subcut&#226;nea e repetida a cada 15 a 20 minutos, se necess&#225;rio. Em crian&#231;as, 0,01 ml/kg de 1:1000 subcut&#226;nea a cada 15 a 30 minutos. Para casos graves com hipotens&#227;o a dose intravenosa &#233; recomendada e deve ser de 0,1 mg (em dilui&#231;&#227;o para 10 ml) a cada 5 a 10 minutos, at&#233; a infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de 1 mcg/minuto. A difenidramina intravenosa tamb&#233;m deve ser utilizada na dose de 1 a 2 mg por kg at&#233; 50 mg em bolus. Metilpredinisolona 1 a 2 g intravenosa em bolus pode impedir a fase tardia da anafilaxia, que ocorre em 6 a 12 horas<sup>8</sup>. No caso descrito, foram utilizados a adrenalina endovenosa, tendo em vista a gravidade do quadro anafil&#225;tico, e o corticoester&#243;ide dispon&#237;vel na institui&#231;&#227;o no momento da urg&#234;ncia. N&#227;o foi utilizado o anti-histam&#237;nico no primeiro atendimento, mas a literatura orienta que este tamb&#233;m seja utilizado. Tanto a difenidramina quanto a dexclorfeniramina t&#234;m sido utilizadas em situa&#231;&#245;es de rea&#231;&#245;es a drogas com boa resposta. Ainda n&#227;o h&#225; medida eficaz para prever ou para prevenir tais rea&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Em casos de pacientes com rea&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias &#224; droga, devemos ter em mente que rea&#231;&#245;es de pouca relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica podem ser do tipo A, tendendo a n&#227;o recorrer, sendo dose dependente podem ser bem administradas<sup>10</sup>. Rea&#231;&#245;es mais intensas podem ser do tipo B e, nestes casos, a reutiliza&#231;&#227;o da droga e ou classe &#233; contra-indicada. Caso haja necessidade pode ser tentada a dessensibiliza&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o &#233; eficaz na maioria dos casos. Dessa maneira, fica determinado que em pacientes com hist&#243;ria de rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica a estreptoquinase esta ser&#225; sempre contra-indicada, devendo ser utilizado outro trombol&#237;tico em caso de nova tromb&#243;lise.</p>
    <p>Apesar de pouco freq&#252;ente (15/10000)<sup>2</sup> e pouco citada em literatura (refer&#234;ncias escassas e antigas), &#233; necess&#225;rio que os servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia estejam atentos para a ocorr&#234;ncia destes epis&#243;dios de rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica ao uso da estreptoquinase. O uso deste trombol&#237;tico ainda &#233; muito freq&#252;ente em nosso meio, principalmente fora dos grandes centros urbanos, e como neste caso, somente o diagn&#243;stico precoce permite que a r&#225;pida interven&#231;&#227;o possibilite a recupera&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Daniela Camargo de Oliveira </p>
        <p> Rua Joaquim Pinto de Moraes, 157 </p>
        <p> 13092-370 - Campinas, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail:</p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="damargo_@hotmail.com">damargo_@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado para publica&#231;&#227;o: 10/02/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em: 04/03/2005</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Angioedema related to the use of streptokinase</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Angioedema is a rare reaction to streptokinase, acute and potentially fatal, which should be quickly diagnosed and treated to guarantee the best prognosis for the patient. We describe here the case of a 65-year-old man, who displayed an anaphylactic reaction after the beginning of thrombolysis with streptokinase, which was quickly treated, and remained hospitalized for one week in the Intensive Care Unit.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Angioedema related to the use of streptokinase</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Daniela Camargo de Oliveira; Ot&#225;vio Rizzi Coelho; Karen Paraschin; Natasha Rebou&#231;as Ferraroni; Ricardo de Lima Zolner</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, UNICAMP - Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Angioedema is a rare reaction to streptokinase, acute and potentially fatal, which should be quickly diagnosed and treated to guarantee the best prognosis for the patient. We describe here the case of a 65-year-old man, who displayed an anaphylactic reaction after the beginning of thrombolysis with streptokinase, which was quickly treated, and remained hospitalized for one week in the Intensive Care Unit.</p>
      <p>Despite the sparse discussion in the literature (the most recent references are more than five years old), we still consider as relevant the possible allergic reaction to streptokinase for our social reality, in which the use of streptokinase continues to be frequent, considering its cost and benefits.</p>
      <p>An allergic reaction or hypersensitivity to a drug is defined as an immunological response to this drug or to its metabolites which results in an adverse B-type reaction. Sometimes the patient may be allergic to an entire drug class because the base of the immunological reaction is in certain common antigens to them, since the reaction to streptokinase which introduces antibodies of the types IgG and IgE against the antigens of the <italic>Streptococcus</italic> of the Beta hemolytic group<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Allergic reactions to Streptokinase are frequent one and their gravity is such that it does not draw our attention. In general, allergies are prevalent in 1.7 to 18% of the patients submitted to thrombolysis using streptokinase, these reactions not being systemic. The anaphylaxis itself occurs in 15 out of 10000 patients [Dickewicz et al<sup>1</sup> and GISSI study<sup>2</sup>] and is characterized by an acute reaction, with diffuse erythema, pruritus, urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasms, larynx edema, hyperperistalsis, hypertension, cardiac arrhytmia, isolated or together, hemolytic anemia. The majority of the symptoms develop rapidly (five to 30 minutes) after exposure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Male, 65-year-old patient, white, born and raised in Campinas, plumber/electrician, retired, married. Of his own accord, he sought out the Emergency Ward of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of UNICAMP on the 6<sup>th</sup> of April, 2002. He complained of pain in the left elbow after exercising one month ago, being that on this day he developed, immediately after having sexual relations with his wife, oppressive precordial pain irradiating out towards the left elbow beginning at 1:00 h, without any other accompanying symptoms. Upon being treated in this service, the pain continued for more than three hours with the same characteristics as before, with greater intensity and irradiating just towards the back. He was medicated with Oxygen through a nasal catheter, 200 mg of acetylsalicilic acid orally, 5 mg Isordil under the tongue, 5 mg metoprolol intravenously, three hours 20 minutes after having requested a cardiac examination. The patient had a history of smoking one pack a day (since six years old), a known but untreated condition of congenital dyslipidosis. He denied having diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, similar prior history of chest pains, stroke, heavy bleeding, ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract, trauma, use of sildenafil, drug addiction, asthma, allergies.</p>
      <p>The physical examination showed, good general condition, good color, hydrated, acyanotic, anicteric, afebrile, well nourished, eupneic, conscious, well-oriented, a steady pulse of 76 bpm, blood pressure of 150/100 mmHg.</p>
      <p>The cardiac auscultation reveals a rhythmic cardiac beat, two hyperphonetic murmurs with the first sound muffled with an aortic focus and a diastolic murmur +/6+ in this focus. The pulmonary auscultation showed no change, (vesicular symmetric murmur present, without any adventitial sound), the abdominal examination noted the liver in right costal margin, hemiclavicular line, hydroaerial sounds present, with no murmurs or masses. Full pulse present, bilaterally symmetrical, with no edemas.</p>
      <p>X-ray of the thorax was taken (with the purpose of evaluating other possible causes of the thoracic pain irradiated to the back), that revealed a slightly enlarged cardiac area without widening of the mediastinum, with slight pulmonary congestion. The electrocardiogram with sinusoidal rhythm, 1<sup>st</sup> degree atrioventricular block, upper level misalignment of the ST segment of 2 mm V1, 4 mm V2, 3 mm V4, with upper level misalignment of the ST segment of 1 mm in DII, DIII and aVF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0131-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Once the diagnosis of coronary syndrome was made with the upper misalignment of the ST segment, acute heart infarction of the antero-septal wall, we began treatment 30 minutes after the request for the coronary evaluation (time for the evaluation of the case and confirmatory examinations). At 4:00 h, the patient had blood pressure of 130x90 mmHg, having begun thrombolysis with Streptokinase 1500000 U intravenously. After the infusion of 1/6<sup>th</sup> of the dose of the thrombolite, the patient developed progressive hoarseness and nasal obstruction which brought up the hypothesis of secondary angioedema due to the use of Streptokinase. The infusion of the thrombolite was suspended immediately, and 01 ml of adrenaline was injected (with a dilution of 1:1000) intravenously and two applications with an interval of 5 minutes between them, another 5 ml of the 1:10000 solution; and hydrocortisone 01g intravenously. The patient developed rapidly respiratory difficulty and wheezing, being submitted to orthotracheal intubation with some difficulty because of the edema in the glottis and the vocal cords with easy local bleeding (reached a transitory saturation of 48% for less than a minute). He displayed serious hypertension needing a vaso-active drug for the reversal of the situation after the ortho-tracheal intubation. He also developed edema of the eyebrows, lips and tongue.</p>
      <p>The patient did not display the classic success signs of the thrombolysis, maintaining the upper misalignments after 2 hours from the streptokinase and the enzymatic curve peaked with creatine phosphokinase - 250 and the MB fraction = 85 mg/dL 15 hours after the beginning of the pain (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0131-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Maintained with treatment governed by the immunology with continuous cortisone therapy (hydrocortisone 500 mg intravenously 8/8 hours) for three days and later scheme for the progressive reduction. He displayed hemolytic anemia due to activation of the complement in the anaphylactic shock, according to the analysis of the hematology service. On 04/13/2002, the patient had the intubation removed with no interference, and no longer displayed any mucous edemas.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram performed on 04/18/2002, showed contractive dysfunction of the left ventricle with basal- mid- and apical and antero-apical septal hypokinesis, compatible with antero-septal infarction, cardiac chambers with normal dimensions (aorta = 35 mm, left atria = 36 mm, final diastolic diameter of the left ventricle = 48 mm, systolic end diameter of the left ventricle = 27 mm, septum and back wall = 10 mm, Ejection Fraction &#150; 70%).</p>
      <p>On 04/19/2002, he was submitted to a cardiac catheterization that revealed prior descending arteries with obstruction of 70% in the closer third, first diagonal branch with ostial 70% circumflex artery with 40% and right coronary with no lesions, Ejection Fraction of 81%. On 05/13/2002, he was submitted to a myocardial revascularization (internal left mammary artery for the prior descendent, by means of a bypass vein for the first diagonal) without complications (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0131-00011-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A review published in the JAMA<sup>3</sup> in December, 1997, emphasized the importance of recognizing and orienting the handling of patients with reactions to drugs. Despite the low frequency of allergic reactions to streptokinase, its recognition is also something less than desirable. We imagine that the slight gravity of the more frequent reactions contributes greatly to this fact. Slight allergies (with cutaneous reactions or minor edemas of mucous tissues) are prevalent in 1.7 to 18% of the patients submitted to thrombolysis and anaphylaxis occurs in only 15:10.000 patients<sup>1,2</sup>. Despite being rare, this type of reaction cannot be prevented or predicted, since cutaneous testing has little efficacy in emergency cases (such as a myocardial infarction), being more utilized in few cases, for example: specific protocols for situations of reactions to specific drugs, reactions during treatment with multiple drugs and cases of patients with the necessity to be submitted to new exposures of agents known to be allergenic.</p>
      <p>An allergic reaction or hypersensitivity to any drug could be defined as an immunological response to a drug or its metabolites that result in an adverse reaction. Many times the allergic reactions depend on previous exposure (sensibility) of prolonged exposure, but in other cases the patient may be allergic to an entire class of drug because the base of the immunologic response is in certain common antigens to them. What is most important is that all drugs may cause adverse effects.</p>
      <p>Keeping in mind the large number of patients accompanied by cardiologists using several medicines over a long period of time, we emphasize the importance for doctors to maintain themselves up-to-date with respect to adverse reactions to drugs citing their incidence in the United States of America: they occur in 6 to 10% of the common population (studies suggest that reactions to the majority of the drugs utilized may occur in 1 to 3% of the patients who use them)<sup>4</sup> among these 0.2 to 29.3% required hospitalization for this reason. Among the hospitalized patients, this incidence is greater: 15 to 30%, of which the registration of fatal events is about 1:10000<sup>3,5</sup>. Deaths associated with drugs occur in 0.01% of surgical patients and in 0.1% of clinical patients (greater incidence among multi-drug users)<sup>3-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>These statistics include all types of adverse reactions, even those of the A type - common and predictable, which may occur in any person. They occur in 80% of the adverse reactions, being a result of known pharmacological reactions to drugs. But in the case of reaction to streptokinase we see a reaction that is included in adverse reactions of the B type - not common and unpredictable. Known as intolerance, idiosyncrasies, hypersensibility and allergies or pseudo allergies. The allergic reactions are immunologically measured and have the following characteristics: 1) they occur in a small number of patients; 2) they require prior exposure to the drug or to one from a chemically-related group; 3) they develop rapidly after re-exposure; 4) they produce common syndromes and immunological reactions.</p>
      <p>Factors related to the drug being used may increase the risk of immunological (allergic) reactions: drugs with greater molecular weight have a greater propensity to set off immunological reactions, but drugs with low molecular weight, after bonding with the carrier proteins, may also set off such reactions. The prior presence of specific antibodies is not a pre-condition for these reactions<sup>3</sup>. Also factors related to the patient may increase this risk (female sex, presence of a history of allergies to other medication of the same class, among other factors).</p>
      <p>The immunological reactions to many drugs may be presented clinically in many ways, rapidly mentioned below<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Involving multiple organs: 1) Anaphlyaxis: acute reaction with life at risk, consistent with diffuse erythema, pruritus, urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasms, larynx edema, hyperperistalsis, hypertension, cardiac arrhytmia, isolated or together. The analphylaxis develops rapidly (5 to 30 minutes after exposure). Some authors reserve the term just for reactions measured by IgE, and classify as anaphylactoid reactions the identical clinical symptoms measured by IgG. Examples: Anaphylaxis with the use of Penicillin occurs in 0.01 to 0.05% of the patients with a mortality rate of 400 to 800 patients per year, the use of contrasts occurs in 4 to 13% of the patients, with greater prevalence in women, with AAS precipitating asthmatic reactions and less serious cutaneous reactions; other examples are: streptokinase, protamine, conversion enzyme inhibitors, vancomicin, ciprofloxacine<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>2) Related to Histamines: indistinguishable from reactions measured by IgE, with immediate hypersensibility for mastocytes. An example with vancomicin - Syndrome of the red man - dependent on the dose and on the velocity of infusion direct stimulus on the skin mastocytes.</p>
      <p>3) Stevens Johnson and Multiform Erythema<sup>3</sup>: polymorphic and erythmic eruptions caused by drugs in 10 to 20% of the cases (symmetrical lesions with preferences for the extremities, with target lesions, cutaneous rash uticaria and vesicles. In the cases of Stevens Johnson mucous lesions occurred - conjunctive lesions and cutaneous loss may arrive at 10%. Half of the cases are related to drugs and the re-exposure causes reoccurrence. Examples: sulphonamides, anti-convulsants, non-steroid anti-inflammatories and allopurinol<sup>3</sup>. The mortality rate is close to 5% and the involvement of the organs worsens the prognosis. The early use of corticosteroids reduces lesions to the organs and improves survival<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>4) Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: fever, loss of more than 30% of the epidermal surface and visceral involvement with a mortality rate of 30%<sup>3</sup>. The treatment is just support and the use of corticosteroids does not seem to be beneficial.</p>
      <p>5) Hypersensibility syndromes: caused by the use of anti-convulsants (phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenolbarbital) begins soon after the first week up to three months from the introduction of the drug and occurs in 1/100 to 1/10000 of the patients. Fever, hepatitis, nephritis, cutaneous lesions. The symptoms are interrupted with the suspension of the drug<sup>3</sup>. Allopurinol and sulfassalazine also may set off such reactions<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>6) Fever: still unknown mechanism, displays eosinophilia and leukocitosus. It ceases within 48 to 72 hours after the suspension of treatment<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Involving just the skin<sup>3</sup>: Reactions to drugs are more frequent (among those hospitalized, the incidence is 1/1000). 1) Urticaria/angioedema: activation of the complement and of the mastocytes directly. (opioids, dextran, polymyxin, insulin, penicillin and heterologous serums); 2) Maculopapule exanthema: symmetric maculopapular erythema in palms and plants or in the region of repose of the patient. Differential diagnosis always with viral infections; 3) Contact dermatitis: sensibilization takes 5 to 7 days but re-exposure causes a reaction within 24 hours.</p>
      <p>In the case described, we were led to the diagnosis of secondary anaphylactic reaction to the use of streptokinase because the patient displayed a reaction within the shortest time, with angioedema, bronchospasms, hypertension and hemolysis<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>With respect to the therapy for the anaphylaxis related to the streptokinase or to any other drug, we should supply oxygen, rapid preparation of the airways (even procedures such a cricothyroidotomy should be indicated for the maintenance of the upper air ways of the patient, independent of having received anti-coagulants, or having been submitted to a pharmacological thrombosis<sup>7-9</sup>). The use of epinephrine is always recommended - even in cases of infarctions, being that for the less serious cases, a dose of 300 to 500 mg (0.3 to 0.5 ml of a solution of 1:1000) is recommended for a subcutaneous application and repeated every 15 to 20 minutes if necessary. In children 0.01 ml/kg of 1:1000 subcutaneous every 15 to 30 minutes. For more serious cases with hypertension, the intravenous dose is recommended and should be 0.1 mg (in dilution for 10 ml) every 5 to 10 minutes, up to a continuous infusion of 1 mcg/minute. The intravenous diphenidramine also should be utilized in the dose of 1 to 2 mg per Kg up to 50 mg in bolus. Methylpredynisolone 1 to 2 g intravenous in bolus could prevent a later phase of anaphylaxis that occurs within 6 to 12 hours<sup>8</sup>. In the case described, endovenous adrenaline was used, having in mind the seriousness of the anaphylactic situation and the corticosteroid available in the institution at the moment of the emergency. Antihistamines were not used for the first application but the literature instructs that it should also be used. Diphenydramine as well as the dexchlophyramine also should be used in situation of reactions to drugs with good responses. There is still no effective way to prevent or to predict such reactions.</p>
      <p>In those cases of patients with prior reactions to the drug, we should keep in mind that the reactions with little clinical relevance could be those of the A type, tending not to reoccur, being dose-dependent that may be well administered <sup>10</sup>. More intense reactions could be of the B type and in these cases the reutilization of the drug and/or the class is counter-indicated. In the event there is necessity, desensitization may be attempted, but it is not effective in the majority of cases. In this manner, it is determined that for patients with a history of allergic reaction to streptokinase, this will always be counter-indicated, with the use of some other thrombolytic therapy in the case of a new thrombosis.</p>
      <p>Despite being rare, (15/10000)<sup>2</sup> and largely ignored in the literature (sparse and old references), it is necessary that emergency services be aware of the occurrence of these episodes of allergic reactions to the use of streptokinase. The use of this thrombolytic therapy still is quite frequent in our midst, principally far from the principal urban centers, and in this case, only a timely diagnosis will permit that a rapid intervention makes the recovery of the patient possible.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Daniela Camargo de Oliveira</p>
          <p> Rua Joaquim Pinto de Moraes, 157</p>
          <p> 13093-370 - Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="damargo_@hotmail.com">damargo_@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Submitted for publication: 02/10/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on: 03/04/2005</p>
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