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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PhpbNcZJZ8RsB6vqkZWy4qb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001500010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001500010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo: uma causa rara de choque cardiog&#234;nico simulando infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Jayro Thadeu Paiva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Sebasti&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Francisco de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Portela</surname>
            <given-names>Antenor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Marcos</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>128</fpage>
      <lpage>130</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo &#233; uma causa rara de aneurisma ventricular esquerdo agudo, na aus&#234;ncia de coronariopatia, s&#243; recentemente descrita na literatura mundial. Os sintomas podem assemelhar-se aos do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica. A imagem do balonamento ventricular sugestivo de haltere ou "Takotsubo" (dispositivo utilizado no Jap&#227;o para prender Octopus) &#233; caracter&#237;stico desta nova s&#237;ndrome e usualmente h&#225; desaparecimento do movimento discin&#233;tico at&#233; o 18&#186; dia do in&#237;cio dos sintomas, em m&#233;dia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo. Uma causa rara de choque cardiog&#234;nico simulando infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Takotsubo cardiomiopathy. A rare cause of cardiogenic shock simulating acute myocardial infarction</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jayro Thadeu Paiva de Vasconcelos; Sebasti&#227;o Martins; Jo&#227;o Francisco de Sousa; Antenor Portela</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital S&#227;o Marcos - Teresina, PI</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo &#233; uma causa rara de aneurisma ventricular esquerdo agudo, na aus&#234;ncia de coronariopatia, s&#243; recentemente descrita na literatura mundial. Os sintomas podem assemelhar-se aos do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica. A imagem do balonamento ventricular sugestivo de haltere ou "Takotsubo" (dispositivo utilizado no Jap&#227;o para prender Octopus) &#233; caracter&#237;stico desta nova s&#237;ndrome e usualmente h&#225; desaparecimento do movimento discin&#233;tico at&#233; o 18&#186; dia do in&#237;cio dos sintomas, em m&#233;dia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Takotsubo Cardiomiopathy is a rare cause of acute left ventricular aneurysm, in the absence of coronariopathy, only recently described in world literature. Symptoms may be similar to those from acute myocardial infarction with typical thoracic pain. The image of dumbbell or Takotsubo (a device used in Japan to capture octopus) suggestive ventricular ballooning is characteristic of that new syndrome and there is usually the disappearing of dyskinetic movement up to the 18<sup>th</sup> day from the beginning of the symptoms, in average.</p>
    <p>Relatamos um caso de choque cardiog&#234;nico provocado por um aneurisma ventricular esquerdo agudo semelhante a Takotsubo ou Haltere em paciente sem les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva. O caso preenche todos os crit&#233;rios para cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo, patologia mais freq&#252;ente no Jap&#227;o e que pode simular infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 70 anos de idade, h&#225; 6 horas com desconforto precordial em constri&#231;&#227;o, sem irradia&#231;&#227;o, seguido de dificuldade para respirar, com piora acentuada nas &#250;ltimas 3 horas. Na manh&#227; que antecedeu ao in&#237;cio dos sintomas, os familiares informaram intensa emo&#231;&#227;o motivada por discuss&#227;o familiar. N&#227;o havia relato de antecedentes m&#243;rbidos ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Paciente com desconforto respirat&#243;rio acentuado, p&#225;lida, com sudorese abundante. Bulhas r&#237;tmicas taquic&#225;rdicas sem outros ru&#237;dos, estertores bolhosos de m&#233;dias e finas bolhas at&#233; &#225;pices pulmonares. A press&#227;o arterial era de 90x60 mmHg, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era de 135 bpm, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 35 i.p.m., a temperatura axilar de 37&#176; C. Durante o exame na sala de emerg&#234;ncia a paciente apresentou piora acentuada do desconforto respirat&#243;rio, necessitando de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal urgente e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Dopamina IV foi iniciada. Eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es mostrou taquicardia sinusal com altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Dosagem de CKMB-massa colhida na admiss&#227;o foi de 22 u.</p>
    <p>A paciente foi transferida para esse servi&#231;o com a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de infarto n&#227;o Q e choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
    <p>Encontrava-se em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, taquic&#225;rdica com bulhas r&#237;tmicas, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 145 bpm, estertores bolhosos at&#233; ter&#231;o superior de ambos os campos pulmonares, press&#227;o arterial de 80x50 mmHg. A radiografia do t&#243;rax mostrou pneumot&#243;rax &#224; direita, de tamanho moderado e sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). O ECG mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e taquicardia sinusal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). A CKMB-massa foi de 29 u, creatinina de 1,2 mg% e glicemia 140 mg%. O pneumot&#243;rax foi imediatamente drenado. Um ecocardiograma, realizado &#224; beira do leito, revelou aneurisma da parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, comprometendo as regi&#245;es m&#233;dia e apical (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>). Ap&#243;s r&#225;pida estabiliza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica com infus&#227;o cautelosa de fluidos, guiada pelo ecocardiograma, institui&#231;&#227;o de dobutamina a 12 mcg/kg/min e noradrenalina 8 mcg/min a paciente foi encaminhada para o laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica, onde a cineangiocoronariografia revelou art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias sem les&#245;es obstrutivas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">fig. 4</xref>) e a ventriculografia esquerda mostrou aneurisma da parede anterior em forma semelhante a "Takotsubo" ou Haltere (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">fig. 5</xref>). A paciente foi mantida em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, com drogas vasoativas. Medi&#231;&#245;es sucessivas de CKMB revelaram um pico de 45 u em aproximadamente 40 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s 48 horas houve melhora do quadro com possibilidade de retirada da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e progressiva descontinua&#231;&#227;o das drogas vasoativas. Um novo ecocardiograma, &#224; beira do leito, realizado 72 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o, n&#227;o mostrou anormalidades da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">fig. 6</xref>). A paciente recebeu alta da UTI quatro dias ap&#243;s sua admiss&#227;o e alta hospitalar no d&#233;cimo dia, em uso de nitratos, antagonista dos canais de c&#225;lcio e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0128-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0128-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0128-00010-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0128-00010-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0128-00010-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0128-00010-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar sem les&#245;es coronarianas significativas j&#225; foram descritas previamente, podendo resultar de miocardite, espasmo coronariano, feocromocitoma e hemorragia subaracn&#243;idea, mais freq&#252;entemente<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de movimento discin&#233;tico transiente da parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), com acentua&#231;&#227;o da cin&#233;tica da base ventricular, associado a dor tor&#225;cica, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas que podem variar de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST a altera&#231;&#245;es discretas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e aus&#234;ncia de coronariopatia obstrutiva, assume caracter&#237;sticas de s&#237;ndrome e foi primeiramente descrita por Satoh e cols<sup>5</sup>. Os sintomas podem assemelhar-se aos do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica<sup>6</sup>. A morfologia do VE na angiografia com contraste, lembrando um haltere ou "Takotsubo" (dispositivo utilizado no Jap&#227;o para prender octopus), justifica-lhe a denomina&#231;&#227;o<sup>5,6</sup>. A reversibilidade da altera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do VE e a aus&#234;ncia de coronariopatia obstrutiva significativa s&#227;o os aspectos marcantes para o diagn&#243;stico, sendo que, em m&#233;dia, at&#233; o 18&#186; dia do in&#237;cio dos sintomas observa-se o total restabelecimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, com varia&#231;&#227;o de 3 a 50 dias<sup>6,7</sup>. &#201; mais comum em mulheres ap&#243;s a 5&#170; d&#233;cada, geralmente desencadeada por fatores emocionais, cirurgia ou doen&#231;a aguda<sup>8</sup>. V&#225;rios casos t&#234;m sido descritos no Jap&#227;o, Estados Unidos e Europa<sup>8</sup>. No Brasil, h&#225; poucos relatos<sup>9</sup>. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o com choque cardiog&#234;nico &#233; particularmente menos freq&#252;ente, ocorrendo em apenas 4% dos casos<sup>6,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico diferencial deve ser realizado com feocromocitoma, altera&#231;&#245;es da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar secund&#225;ria a acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e hemorragia subaracn&#243;idea, al&#233;m das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas<sup>6,7,8</sup>. Quando da apresenta&#231;&#227;o com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, diferenciar esta situa&#231;&#227;o do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; praticamente imposs&#237;vel sem os achados da cineangiocoronariografia, e muitos destes pacientes recebem trombol&#237;ticos inadvertidamente<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Aqui, o estresse emocional foi o evento desencadeador. Apesar da associa&#231;&#227;o com pneumot&#243;rax espont&#226;neo j&#225; ter sido encontrada<sup>10</sup>, neste relato h&#225; forte evid&#234;ncia sugerindo pneumot&#243;rax por acidente durante pun&#231;&#227;o de veia central, uma vez que n&#227;o foi visto pneumot&#243;rax na primeira radiografia. A paciente foi conduzida com drenagem tor&#225;cica, otimiza&#231;&#227;o da volemia e drogas vasoativas, para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos sinais vitais, e rapidamente encaminhada para o laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica para poss&#237;vel interven&#231;&#227;o. Com os achados da coronariografia e ventriculografia esquerda; aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas ao exame cl&#237;nico, hist&#243;ria patol&#243;gica pregressa incompat&#237;vel com feocrormoctima, in&#237;cio s&#250;bito dos sintomas, tornando improv&#225;vel o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite, a possibilidade de s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo foi levantada. Como a paciente estava com sinais vitais mantidos com as medidas tomadas e tendo em vista a reversibilidade da condi&#231;&#227;o ventricular, optou-se por n&#227;o instituir assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. A evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica com total resolu&#231;&#227;o da altera&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar confirmaram o diagn&#243;stico. O tratamento subseq&#252;ente ainda n&#227;o est&#225; completamente definido, havendo quem considere a n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outras medidas al&#233;m das de suporte, tendo em vista a reversibilidade do quadro, e quem advogue a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina, betabloqueadores e antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio, quando poss&#237;vel<sup>5,9,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>O mecanismo que leva ao mau desempenho ventricular agudo na s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo &#233; desconhecido. Apesar do espasmo da art&#233;ria interventricular anterior ter sido conjeturado inicialmente<sup>6,7</sup>, isto n&#227;o se confirmou em an&#225;lises mais criteriosas realizadas posteriormente, uma vez que a presen&#231;a de espasmo coronariano nestes casos foi mais espor&#225;dica que uniforme<sup>7,12,13</sup>. Diminui&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo e aumento no tempo de esvaziamento coronariano est&#227;o sempre presentes, por&#233;m, como permanecem ap&#243;s a normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o explicam completamente as altera&#231;&#245;es agudas<sup>12</sup>. Esp&#233;cimes de bi&#243;psia de parede posterior e apical t&#234;m mostrado discreta fibrose intersticial e infiltrado celular<sup>7</sup>. Sorologias para v&#225;rios agentes virais, comumente envolvidos em agress&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas, foram extensivamente investigadas, contudo, n&#227;o se conseguiu estabelecer correla&#231;&#227;o com esta entidade nosol&#243;gica<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lises cintilogr&#225;ficas com 123IMIBG revelam redu&#231;&#227;o na reten&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador e aumento da elimina&#231;&#227;o do mesmo na regi&#227;o apical do VE na fase aguda, sugerindo um dist&#250;rbio de neurotransmiss&#227;o adren&#233;rgica<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos com technecium-99m mostram defeito de capta&#231;&#227;o no &#225;pex do VE, com normaliza&#231;&#227;o entre 25 e 90 dias, sugerindo um defeito transit&#243;rio mitocondrial<sup>7,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, an&#225;lises concomitantes com tallium 201 e com tomografia com emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (SPECT), utilizando &#225;cido pentadecaen&#243;ico marcado com iodo 123 (I-BMIPP), mostraram um defeito do metabolismo dos &#225;cidos graxos em &#225;rea maior que aquela associada ao defeito de perfus&#227;o, sugerindo um dist&#250;rbio metab&#243;lico mais extenso<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo ou balonamento ventricular &#233; uma causa pouco freq&#252;ente de aneurisma do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, na aus&#234;ncia de coronariopatia obstrutiva, que pode simular infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e que, neste relato, teve como manifesta&#231;&#227;o maior choque cardiog&#234;nico. Sua condu&#231;&#227;o se faz, essencialmente, com medidas de suporte hemodin&#226;mico.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Antenor Portela </p>
        <p> Rua Aviador Irapuan Rocha, 2101/1002 </p>
        <p> 64048-230 - Teresina, PI </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="antenorportela@uol.com.br">antenorportela@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 11/08/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 21/01/2005</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Takotsubo cardiomiopathy: a rare cause of cardiogenic shock simulating acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Takotsubo Cardiomiopathy is a rare cause of acute left ventricular aneurysm, in the absence of coronariopathy, only recently described in world literature. Symptoms may be similar to those from acute myocardial infarction with typical thoracic pain. The image of dumbbell or Takotsubo (a device used in Japan to capture octopus) suggestive ventricular ballooning is characteristic of that new syndrome and there is usually the disappearing of dyskinetic movement up to the 18th day from the beginning of the symptoms, in average.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Takotsubo cardiomiopathy. A rare cause of cardiogenic shock simulating acute myocardial infarction</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jayro Thadeu Paiva de Vasconcelos; Sebasti&#227;o Martins; Jo&#227;o Francisco de Sousa; Antenor Portela</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital S&#227;o Marcos - Teresina, PI - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Takotsubo Cardiomiopathy is a rare cause of acute left ventricular aneurysm, in the absence of coronariopathy, only recently described in world literature. Symptoms may be similar to those from acute myocardial infarction with typical thoracic pain. The image of dumbbell or Takotsubo (a device used in Japan to capture octopus) suggestive ventricular ballooning is characteristic of that new syndrome and there is usually the disappearing of dyskinetic movement up to the 18<sup>th</sup> day from the beginning of the symptoms, in average.</p>
      <p>We report a case of cardiogenic shock caused by an acute left ventricular aneurysm, similar to Takotsubo or Dumbbell, in a patient without obstructive coronary lesion. The case fulfills all criteria for Takotsubo cardiomiopathy, a pathology most frequent in Japan and that can simulate acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 70-year-old, female patient, with precordial discomfort under constriction for 6 hours, without irradiation, followed by difficulty to breathe, with stressed worsening in the last 3 hours. In the morning before the beginning of the symptoms, the family informed and intense emotion motivated by family discussion. There was no report of morbid history or use of medications.</p>
      <p>A patient showing stressed respiratory discomfort, pale, with abounding sudoresis. Tachycardic rhythmic sounds without other noises, bullous rales of medium and thin bubbles up to pulmonary apexes. Blood pressure was 90x60 mmHg, heart rate was 135 b.p.m, respiratory rate was 35 i.p.m., axillary temperature was 37&#176;C. During the exam in the emergency room, the patient showed stressed worsening of respiratory discomfort, needing an urgent orotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Dopamine IV was started. Electrocardiogram (ECG) of 12 derivations showed sinus tachycardia with non-specific changes of ventricular repolarization. Dosage of CKMB - mass collected at the admission was 22 u.</p>
      <p>The patient was transferred to this service with the diagnostic hypothesis of non-Q infarction and cardiogenic shock.</p>
      <p>She was under mechanical ventilation, tachycardic with rhythmic sounds, heart rate of 145 b.p.m, bullous rales up to the upper third of both pulmonary fields, blood pressure was 80x50 mmHg. The thoracic radiography showed right pneumothorax, of moderate size and signs of pulmonary congestion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The ECG showed changes in ventricular repolarization and sinus tachycardia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>). The CKMB-mass was 29 u, creatinine of 1,2 mg% and glycemia 140 mg%. The pneumothorax was immediately drained. An echocardiogram performed by the bed, showed left ventricular aneurysm of anterior wall, compromising the middle and apical regions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>). After a fast hemodynamic stabilization with careful infusion of fluids, guided by the echocardiogram, institution of dobutamine at 12 mcg/kg/min and noradrenaline at 8 mcg/min, the patient was sent to hemodynamics laboratory, where the coronary angiography showed coronary arteries without obstructive lesions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">fig. 4</xref>) and the left ventriculography showed anterior wall aneurysm in a shape similar to Takotsubo or Dumbbell (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">fig. 5</xref>). The patient was kept under mechanical ventilation, with vasoactive drugs. Successive measurements of CKMB revealed a peak of 45 u in approximately 40 hours of evolution. After 48 hours there was an improvement of the features, with possibility of removal of mechanical ventilation and progressive discontinuity of vasoactive drugs. A new echocardiogram, by the bed, performed 72 hours after admission, did not show abnormalities of segmental contraction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6-body2">fig. 6</xref>). The patient was discharged from ICU four days after her admission and was discharged on the tenth day, under use of nitrates, antagonist of calcium canals and acetylsalicylic acid.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0128-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0128-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0128-00010-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0128-00010-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0128-00010-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0128-00010-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Changes in segmental contractions without significant coronary lesions were already described, which may result from myocarditis, coronary spasm, pheochromocytoma and subarachnoidal hemorrhage, more frequently<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The presence of transient dyskinetic movement of left ventricular (LV) anterior wall, with stress of kinetics of ventricular base, associated to thoracic pain, electrocardiographic changes that can vary from supraunlevelling of segment ST to discreet changes of ventricular repolarization and absence of obstructive coronariopathy, takes characteristics of syndrome and was first described by Satoh et al<sup>5</sup>. The symptoms can be similar to those of acute myocardial infarction with typical thoracic pain<sup>6</sup>. The LV morphology at angiography with contrast, resembling a dumbbell or Takotsubo (a device used in Japan to capture octopus), justifies its denomination<sup>5,6</sup>. The reversibility of contractile change of LV and the absence of significant obstructive coronariopathy are the important aspects for the diagnosis, and, on average, up to the 18<sup>th</sup> day from the beginning of the symptoms the total reestablishing of the ventricular function is observed, with a variation from 3 to 50 days<sup>6,7</sup>. It is more usual in women after the 5<sup>th</sup> decade of age, usually unleashed by emotional factors, surgery or acute disease<sup>8</sup>. Many cases have been described in Japan, United States and Europe<sup>8</sup>. In Brazil, there are few reports<sup>9</sup>. The submission with cardiogenic shock is particularly less frequent, which only occurs in 4% of the cases<sup>6,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The differential diagnosis must be done with pheochromocytoma, changes in segmental contraction secondary to encephalic vascular accident and subarachnoidal hemorrhage, besides acute coronary syndromes<sup>6,7,8</sup>. Upon the submission with supraunlevelling of segment ST, differentiating such situation from acute myocardial infarction is practically impossible without the findings of coronary angiography and many of those patients have thrombolytic inadvertently<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Here, the emotional stress was the unleashing event. Despite the association with spontaneous pneumothorax has already been found<sup>10</sup>, there is a strong evidence in that report suggesting pneumothorax due to accident during central vain puncture, as pneumothorax was not seen in the first radiography. The patient was sent with thoracic draining, optimization of volemia and vasoactive drugs, for the stabilization of vital signs and fast sent to hemodynamics laboratory for a possible intervention. With the findings from coronary angiography and left ventriculography; absence of neurological changes at the clinical exam, previous pathological history incompatible with pheochromocytoma, sudden start of symptoms, making improbable the diagnosis of myocarditis, the possibility of Takotsubo syndrome was raised. As the patient had her vital signs kept and having in view the reversibility of ventricular condition, the option was not instituting circulatory assistance with intra-aortic balloon. The clinical and echocardiographic evolution with complete resolution of the segmental contraction change confirmed the diagnosis. The subsequent treatment is not totally defined yet, as there is who considers the non-utilization of other measures in addition to those of support, having in view the reversibility of the features, and who advocates the use of inhibitors of the angiotensin converter enzyme, beta-blockers and antagonists of calcium canals, whenever possible<sup>5,9,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mechanism that leads to the bad acute ventricular performance in the syndrome of Takotsubo is unknown. Despite the spasm of the anterior interventricular artery has been initially conjectured<sup>6,7</sup>, it was not confirmed in more judicious analyses performed afterwards, as the presence of coronary spasm in those cases was more sporadic than uniform<sup>7,12,13</sup>. The decrease of flow reserve and the increase in time of coronary flow are always present. However, as they stay after the normalization of the ventricular function, they do not totally explain the acute changes<sup>12</sup>. Specimens from posterior and apical wall biopsy have shown a discreet interstitial fibrosis and cellular infiltrated<sup>7</sup>. Sorology for many viral agents, usually involved in myocardial aggressions, were extensively investigated. However, it was not possible to establish a correlation with that nosologic entity<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Scintigraphic analyses with 123IMIBG revealed a reduction in the retention of the radiotracer and an increase in its elimination in the apical region of the LV in acute stage, which suggested a disorder of adrenergic neurotransmission<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies with technecium-99m showed a defect in the capture at LV apex, with normalization between 25 and 90 days, suggesting a mitochondrial transitory defect<sup>7,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, concomitant analyses with thallium 201 and with a positron emission tomography (SPECT), using pentadecaenoic acid marked with iodine 123 (I-BMIPP), showed a defect of fatty acid metabolism in an area greater than that associated to the defect of perfusion, which suggested a more extensive metabolic disorder<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cardiomyopathy of Takotsubo or ventricular ballooning is a less frequent cause of left ventricular aneurysm, in the absence of obstructive coronariopathy, which can simulate acute myocardial infarction and that, in this report, had a greater manifestation cardiogenic shock. Its conduction is essentially done with hemodynamic support measures.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Antenor Portela</p>
          <p> Rua Aviador Irapuan Rocha, 2101/1002</p>
          <p> 64048-230 - Teresina, PI, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="antenorportela@uol.com.br">antenorportela@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publishing on 08/11/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on 01/21/2005</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
