<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PqBPSJpfZyX3VmzVWqHbbgd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001500007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001500007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Idade e dist&#250;rbios psicol&#243;gicos: vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-infarto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vacanti</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Janussi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramelli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Zerbini</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor-DF) </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor)</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>110</fpage>
      <lpage>114</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual (DS) ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) s&#227;o esparsas, principalmente em nosso meio e em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus preditores. Avaliamos pacientes de ambos os sexos, com vida sexual ativa e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual pr&#233;via ao IM, para estudar a incid&#234;ncia de DS ap&#243;s o IM, e identificar as poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis associadas &#224;s mesmas. M&#201;TODOS: Estudamos consecutivamente 43 pacientes, utilizando question&#225;rios estruturados para diagn&#243;stico das DS e dos dist&#250;rbios psicol&#243;gicos (DP). Analisamos a influ&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para aterosclerose, dos DP e do uso de medicamentos na ocorr&#234;ncia de DS at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s ap&#243;s o IM. RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s o IM, 91% dos pacientes reiniciaram a atividade sexual. Vinte e seis pacientes (60%) apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual at&#233; o 6&#186; m&#234;s da alta hospitalar (9 com ejacula&#231;&#227;o precoce, 15 com disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til e 20 com desejo sexual hipoativo). Os pacientes com DP apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual em maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia que aqueles sem DP (100%x47%, p=0,001). O grupo com disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual era significativamente mais velho que o grupo sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual: 53&#177;8,9 anos versus 47&#177;8,7 anos (p=0,04). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os pacientes apresentaram significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia da atividade sexual e elevada incid&#234;ncia de DS ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. A presen&#231;a de DP e a idade mais elevada estiveram associadas &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de DS ap&#243;s o infarto.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>dist&#250;rbios psicol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>envelhecimento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Idade e dist&#250;rbios psicol&#243;gicos. Vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-infarto</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Age and psychologic disorders. Variables associated to post-infarction sexual dysfunction</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luciano Janussi Vacanti<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Caramelli<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor-DF) Funda&#231;&#227;o Zerbini </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual (DS) ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) s&#227;o esparsas, principalmente em nosso meio e em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus preditores. Avaliamos pacientes de ambos os sexos, com vida sexual ativa e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual pr&#233;via ao IM, para estudar a incid&#234;ncia de DS ap&#243;s o IM, e identificar as poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis associadas &#224;s mesmas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudamos consecutivamente 43 pacientes, utilizando question&#225;rios estruturados para diagn&#243;stico das DS e dos dist&#250;rbios psicol&#243;gicos (DP). Analisamos a influ&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para aterosclerose, dos DP e do uso de medicamentos na ocorr&#234;ncia de DS at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s ap&#243;s o IM. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Ap&#243;s o IM, 91% dos pacientes reiniciaram a atividade sexual. Vinte e seis pacientes (60%) apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual at&#233; o 6&#186; m&#234;s da alta hospitalar (9 com ejacula&#231;&#227;o precoce, 15 com disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til e 20 com desejo sexual hipoativo). Os pacientes com DP apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual em maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia que aqueles sem DP (100%x47%, p=0,001). O grupo com disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual era significativamente mais velho que o grupo sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual: 53&#177;8,9 anos versus 47&#177;8,7 anos (p=0,04). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Os pacientes apresentaram significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia da atividade sexual e elevada incid&#234;ncia de DS ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. A presen&#231;a de DP e a idade mais elevada estiveram associadas &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de DS ap&#243;s o infarto.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, dist&#250;rbios psicol&#243;gicos, envelhecimento</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>Data on sexual disfunction (SD) after myocardial infarction (MI) are sketchy, especially in our community and in regard to predictors. Both males and females, with active sexual life and no sexual dysfunction prior to MI were evaluated in order to investigate SD incidence after MI, as well as to identify the possible variables associated. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Forty-three patients were studied consecutively, through structured questionnaires for SD and psychological disorders (PD) diagnosis. The interference of classic risk factors was analysed for atherosclerosis, for PD and for the use of medications when SD was present up to month 6 after MI. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>After MI, 91% of patients resumed sexual activity. Twenty-six patients (60%) reported sexual dysfunction up to month 6 from hospital discharge (9 with precocious ejaculation (PE), 15 with erectile dysfunction (ED), and 20 with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). PD patients reported sexual dysfunction at higher frequency as compared to those who did not report PD (100%x47%, p=0.001). The sexual dysfunction group was significantly older than the group not reporting sexual dysfunction: 53&#177;8.9 years of age versus 47&#177;8.7 years of age (p=0.04). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Patients reported significant reduction of sexual activity frequency and high incidence of SD after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). PD and older age were shown to be associated to higher incidence of post-infarction SD.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words: </bold>sexual dysfunction, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), psychological disorders, ageing</p>
    <p>O estudo da sexualidade, bem como o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento de seus transtornos, vem sendo realizado pela Psiquiatria h&#225; d&#233;cadas. Sendo assim, por que n&#243;s, cardiologistas, devemos nos importar com este tema? A princ&#237;pio, porque a atividade sexual &#233; um importante componente da qualidade de vida, est&#225; relacionada &#224; longevidade<sup>1</sup> e &#233; uma pr&#225;tica freq&#252;ente<sup>2</sup>. Ademais, muitos preditores da disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, como: idade, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, ansiedade e depress&#227;o, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a coronariana<sup>3,4</sup>. Conseq&#252;entemente, n&#227;o &#233; incomum a alta preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual na ocasi&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM)<sup>5,6</sup> e a elevada incid&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios sexuais ap&#243;s o evento coronariano, a qual varia de 24% a 89% dos casos, dependendo da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada<sup>7-17</sup>. A despeito disto, os m&#233;dicos habitualmente n&#227;o comentam este assunto com seus pacientes<sup>7,18</sup> e, quando o fazem, as informa&#231;&#245;es geralmente s&#227;o superficiais e restritivas<sup>16</sup>. Talvez isto ocorra pelo receio dos riscos da atividade sexual, apesar das informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a sua seguran&#231;a<sup>19-24</sup>, ou pelo tabu que envolve o tema. Ademais, as informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis na literatura sobre os preditores da disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-infarto s&#227;o esparsas, especialmente naqueles pacientes sem dist&#250;rbios pr&#233;vios ao evento coronariano. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o &#233; de nosso conhecimento alguma publica&#231;&#227;o em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o abordando este tema. Portanto, nossos objetivos foram: estudar a incid&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es no comportamento sexual ap&#243;s o IAM e identificar as poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual, em pacientes livres de disfun&#231;&#227;o previamente ao evento coronariano.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no protocolo do estudo, os pacientes de ambos os sexos, de 18 a 75 anos de idade, internados com crit&#233;rios definidos para IAM<sup>25</sup> sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual pr&#233;via, desde que n&#227;o fossem enquadrados em nenhum dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#245;es: disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual pr&#233;via, n&#227;o consentimento do paciente, infarto pr&#233;vio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grau funcional III e IV, angina refrat&#225;ria, epis&#243;dios documentados de taquicardia ventricular sustentada e f&#225;rmacos com possibilidade de originar disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual: espironolactona, antidepressivos, neurol&#233;pticos, clonidina, alfa metil-dopa, reserpina, digital, diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos e hidralazina.</p>
    <p>O paciente recebia informa&#231;&#245;es padronizadas sobre o rein&#237;cio da atividade sexual, antes da alta hospitalar<sup>26</sup>, era informado sobre a pesquisa e assinava o termo de consentimento, se concordasse. Ele retornava no sexto m&#234;s ap&#243;s o IAM, quando respondia a dois question&#225;rios. O question&#225;rio sobre o comportamento sexual era realizado com total privacidade e individualmente, sempre ap&#243;s um primeiro contato e com o mesmo m&#233;dico, com o intuito de reduzir o constrangimento e inibi&#231;&#227;o relacionados ao assunto<sup>27,28</sup>. O <italic>Self Report Questionary</italic> (SRQ) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>) elaborado pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de para avalia&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de mental na comunidade, foi validado em diversos pa&#237;ses, inclusive em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, por Mari e cols., como sele&#231;&#227;o para doen&#231;as como ansiedade e depress&#227;o, com bons &#237;ndices de sensibilidade e especificidade<sup>29,30</sup>. Composto por vinte quesitos com duas possibilidades de respostas: sim ou n&#227;o. As respostas afirmativas tinham pontua&#231;&#227;o 1, individualmente, com um escore total poss&#237;vel de 20 pontos. A pontua&#231;&#227;o maior ou igual a sete indicava a presen&#231;a de dist&#250;rbios psicol&#243;gicos, como ansiedade e/ou depress&#227;o. Utilizamos para o estabelecimento do diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#245;es sexuais, a quarta edi&#231;&#227;o do Manual de Diagn&#243;stico e Estat&#237;stica dos Dist&#250;rbios Mentais, elaborado pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Psiqui&#225;trica Americana<sup>31</sup>, conforme as respostas obtidas no question&#225;rio do comportamento sexual.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0110-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste de Wilcoxon para avaliar a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da atividade sexual antes e ap&#243;s o IAM<sup>32</sup>. Esta an&#225;lise foi feita inicialmente para toda a amostra, a fim de verificarmos se houve redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de intercurso sexual. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi empregado com a finalidade de estudar a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da atividade sexual do grupo com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o, antes e ap&#243;s o IAM e, para as vari&#225;veis avaliadas<sup>32</sup>. Por sua vez, o teste do qui-quadrado para estudar a diferen&#231;a da freq&#252;&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual. Quando foram observadas as restri&#231;&#245;es de COCHRAN, o teste aplicado foi o exato de Fisher<sup>32</sup>. Em todos os testes, foi fixado em 0.05 ou 5% (a <underline>&lt;</underline>0,05) o n&#237;vel de rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade, assinalando-se com um asterisco os valores significantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliamos 116 casos de IAM, 81 do sexo masculino (69,8%). Destes, um total de setenta e tr&#234;s pacientes (62,9%) evolu&#237;ram com intercorr&#234;ncias ou outras raz&#245;es que impediram sua inclus&#227;o no estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>). Foram inicialmente inclu&#237;dos 43 pacientes no protocolo, 6 (14%) do sexo feminino e 37(86%) do sexo masculino. Os pacientes reiniciaram sua vida sexual 20,5&#177;15 dias ap&#243;s o evento e quatro deles (9,3%) n&#227;o retomaram a atividade sexual ao final de seis meses. Os pacientes apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de oito para cinco intercursos sexuais ao m&#234;s, ap&#243;s o IAM (p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0110-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Vinte e seis pacientes (60,5%) apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual at&#233; o 6&#186; m&#234;s da alta hospitalar. Dos 37 pacientes do sexo masculino, 23 (62,2%) apresentaram os seguintes diagn&#243;sticos: 17 (45,9%) - desejo sexual hipoativo, 15 (40,5%) - disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til e 9 (24,3%) - ejacula&#231;&#227;o precoce, sendo que em 14 pacientes obtivemos mais de um diagn&#243;stico. Das 6 mulheres inclu&#237;das no protocolo, 3 (50%) apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual. Tr&#234;s com dist&#250;rbio do desejo sexual hipoativo e destas, duas tiveram dist&#250;rbio de excita&#231;&#227;o sexual e anorgasmia.</p>
    <p>Os grupos com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o eram semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia e &#224; qualidade da atividade sexual antes do infarto e tamb&#233;m quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas estudadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>). N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a, estatisticamente significativa, quanto &#224; presen&#231;a do medo de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares durante o coito, preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco para aterosclerose e quanto ao tratamento empregado entre os grupos com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. IV</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0110-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0110-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todos os onze pacientes (100%) com escore de SRQ maior ou igual a sete, indicando a presen&#231;a de dist&#250;rbios psicol&#243;gicos, apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual ao final do estudo. Entre os 32 pacientes com &#237;ndices menores que sete, quinze (46,9%) tamb&#233;m apresentavam dist&#250;rbio sexual. Portanto, os pacientes com escore maior ou igual sete apresentaram mais disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual que aqueles indiv&#237;duos com pontua&#231;&#227;o inferior a sete (p=0,001).</p>
    <p>O grupo com disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual era significativamente mais velho que o grupo sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual: 53&#177;8,9 anos versus 47&#177;8,7 anos (p=0,04).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>H&#225; mais de 40 anos a literatura tem demonstrado o impacto negativo do IAM na atividade sexual<sup>33</sup>. At&#233; aonde conhecemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que demonstra este impacto desfavor&#225;vel do IAM na fun&#231;&#227;o sexual de pacientes brasileiros. Embora tenham reiniciado a vida sexual no primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s o evento, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 40% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de intercursos sexuais, quando comparada ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;-infarto e observamos que 9% dos pacientes n&#227;o reassumiram a atividade sexual. A literatura descreve que o rein&#237;cio da atividade sexual ocorre, em m&#233;dia, entre 36 a 90 dias, ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar<sup>7,9</sup>, 5% a 35% dos pacientes n&#227;o a reassumem<sup>34-36</sup>, 35% a 70% reduzem significativamente a freq&#252;&#234;ncia do coito, e entre 25 a 39% relatam redu&#231;&#227;o da satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a atividade sexual<sup>10,37-38</sup>. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem definidas na literatura as vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual p&#243;s-infarto, em pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. No presente estudo, pudemos identificar a idade e os dist&#250;rbios psicol&#243;gicos (ansiedade e/ou depress&#227;o) como vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual ap&#243;s o IAM.</p>
    <p>Hellerstain e Friedman tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a atividade sexual diminui com a idade e ainda mais ap&#243;s o IAM<sup>12</sup>. De forma semelhante aos homens, nas mulheres o desejo sexual tamb&#233;m diminui com a idade<sup>39</sup>. Papadoupolos e cols. relataram que a idade da paciente, bem como a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de atividade sexual pr&#233;via ao IAM pareciam estar relacionados ao rein&#237;cio da mesma<sup>7</sup>. Drory e cols. observaram que a idade estava inversamente relacionada &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia e &#224; satisfa&#231;&#227;o da atividade sexual, com maior relev&#226;ncia que qualquer vari&#225;vel m&#233;dica ou psicol&#243;gica estudada<sup>34</sup>. Considerando estes aspectos, talvez a idade seja um facilitador e precipitador das desordens sexuais, pela forma de valorizar a atividade sexual, por sua intera&#231;&#227;o com outros fatores, como comorbidades e aspectos psicol&#243;gicos, e pela pr&#243;pria redu&#231;&#227;o da erotiza&#231;&#227;o com a idade<sup>40</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ansiedade pode reduzir o foco er&#243;tico e, conseq&#252;entemente, diminuir o est&#237;mulo psicog&#234;nico. Dessa forma, interferindo no ciclo sexual normal, prejudicando a ere&#231;&#227;o masculina e a lubrifica&#231;&#227;o feminina. Al&#233;m disso, atrav&#233;s de sinais cerebrais, pode tamb&#233;m inibir a ativa&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica ou exacerbar a resposta simp&#225;tica, influenciando no ciclo normal de ambos os sexos<sup>41</sup>. O medo de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, tanto do paciente quanto de sua companheira, causam ansiedade, raiva e at&#233; mesmo regress&#227;o<sup>42,43</sup>. Tais sentimentos n&#227;o s&#227;o apenas freq&#252;entes, mas podem prolongar-se at&#233; que uma interven&#231;&#227;o apropriada seja realizada. Mayou e cols. observaram que mais de 70% dos pacientes tinham sintomas de tens&#227;o e ansiedade nas fases precoces e que podiam perdurar por at&#233; um ano ap&#243;s o IAM<sup>44</sup>. O medo do fracasso no sexo relaciona-se diretamente com a ansiedade. Do ponto de vista da psicodin&#226;mica, isto se explica pelo medo repetido de rejei&#231;&#227;o - que se renova a cada enfrentamento sexual. Desviando a aten&#231;&#227;o do prazer er&#243;tico, o indiv&#237;duo impede-se de desfrutar do ato sexual, tornando-se expectador de seu desempenho e sem entrega<sup>40</sup>. O medo das conseq&#252;&#234;ncias cardiol&#243;gicas de ser sexualmente ativo, bem como a ansiedade a respeito de sua capacidade de continuar sexualmente atraente e funcional podem levar a uma "performance" ansiosa, que &#233; uma das causas prim&#225;rias de dificuldades sexuais em ambos os sexos<sup>45</sup>. Um importante fator psicol&#243;gico adicional &#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia freq&#252;ente de depress&#227;o, a qual, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia, &#233; uma importante causa de disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual<sup>46</sup>. Indiv&#237;duos com depress&#227;o apresentam hiperatividade do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo e diminui&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo psicog&#234;nico, o que resulta na diminui&#231;&#227;o do desejo. Todos os pacientes que obtiveram escore igual ou superior a sete no SRQ, o que era indicativo de ansiedade e/ou depress&#227;o, apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual.</p>
    <p>Os cl&#225;ssicos fatores de risco para aterosclerose coronariana est&#227;o relacionados a maior preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til<sup>3</sup>. Entretanto, tais vari&#225;veis n&#227;o se correlacionaram com maior incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual no nosso estudo. Possivelmente, porque os pacientes com estes fatores, que j&#225; apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual, foram inicialmente exclu&#237;dos do protocolo. Al&#233;m disso, seis meses &#233; um per&#237;odo muito curto para que as les&#245;es vasculares e neurog&#234;nicas respons&#225;veis pela disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til possam se manifestar clinicamente.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quanto ao emprego de f&#225;rmacos, inclusive os beta-bloqueadores, entre os pacientes com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual. A despeito da controv&#233;rsia do assunto, principalmente devido a conceitos pr&#233;vios e experi&#234;ncias pessoais, nossos achados est&#227;o respaldados por um grande estudo duplo-cego, randomizado e controlado por placebo, que demonstrou que o beta-bloqueador apresenta a mesma incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til que o placebo, ap&#243;s quatro anos de acompanhamento<sup>48</sup>. Recentemente, demonstrou-se que a incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, em pacientes coronarianos em uso de atenolol, aumenta conforme o n&#237;vel de conhecimento do tratamento e da possibilidade de efeitos colaterais. Neste estudo randomizado, a incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til foi de 3% entre aqueles que desconheciam o nome do f&#225;rmaco, 16% entre os que sabiam estar sob uso de atenolol e 31% do entre os pacientes que tamb&#233;m foram informados sobre a possibilidade de efeito colateral (disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til) (p&lt;0,001)<sup>49</sup>. Posteriormente, a melhora da disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til neste grupo foi semelhante naqueles tratados randomicamente com sildenafil ou placebo. Desta forma, excluindo a associa&#231;&#227;o com o uso do beta-bloqueador e denotando um prov&#225;vel componente psicol&#243;gico da disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til.</p>
    <p>Tivemos uma pequena casu&#237;stica no sexo feminino, provavelmente por representarem a minoria na amostra (30%) e pelo maior n&#250;mero de exclus&#245;es: pela idade maior que 75 anos (37,9%), por estarem sexualmente inativas (41,4%) e pelo &#243;bito mais freq&#252;ente (13,8%). Ou seja, somente 17% da amostra feminina p&#244;de ser inclu&#237;da no protocolo. De forma semelhante, a literatura revela que a doen&#231;a coronariana geralmente atinge a mulher numa faixa et&#225;ria maior que o homem, resultando numa doen&#231;a de maior morbi-mortalidade<sup>50</sup>. Elas s&#227;o a minoria nos estudos envolvendo pacientes com infarto, correspondendo a um ter&#231;o da amostra<sup>51</sup>, 79% est&#227;o sexualmente inativas<sup>37</sup> e 50% das mulheres apresentam transtorno da excita&#231;&#227;o sexual feminina, j&#225; antes do IAM<sup>52</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes apresentaram significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia da atividade sexual e elevada incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual ap&#243;s o IAM. A presen&#231;a de dist&#250;rbios psicol&#243;gicos e a idade mais elevada estiveram associadas &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual ap&#243;s o infarto.</p>
    <p>25. Pedoe-Tunstall H, Kuulasmaa K, Amouyel P. Myocardial Infarction and coronary deaths in the World Health Organization MONICA Project. Circulation 1994; 90: 583.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luciano Janussi Vacanti </p>
        <p> SQSW, 304 - BL. E 501 </p>
        <p> 70673-405 - Cruzeiro - DF </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lvacanti@cardiol.br">lvacanti@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 10/12/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 21/01/2005</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Palmore EB.    Predictors of the Longevity Difference: A 25  Year Follow-up. Gerontologist    1982; 22: 513-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Predictors of the Longevity Difference: A 25 - Year Follow-up</article-title>
          <source>Gerontologist</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>513</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palmore</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Leigh BC, Temple    MT, Frouki KF. The sexual behavior os US adults: Results from a national survey.    Am J Public Health.1993; 83: 1400-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The sexual behavior os US adults: Results from a national survey</article-title>
          <source>Am J Public Health</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1400</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leigh</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Temple</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frouki</surname>
              <given-names>KF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Feldman HA,    Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, Krane RJ, McKinlay JB. Impotence and its medical    and psychosocial correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study.    J Urol 1994; 151: 54-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study</article-title>
          <source>J Urol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>54</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <volume>151</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldstein</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hatzichristou</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krane</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKinlay</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. The Pooling    Project Research Group: Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking    habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronay events.    Final report of the pooling project. J Chronic Dis 1978; 31: 201-306.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronay events: Final report of the pooling project</article-title>
          <source>J Chronic Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>306</lpage>
          <volume>31</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Sj&#246;gren    K, Meyer ARF. Some factors influencing quality of sexual life after myocardial    infarction. Int Rehabil Med 1983; 5: 197-201.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Some factors influencing quality of sexual life after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Int Rehabil Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>197</fpage>
          <lpage>201</lpage>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sj&#246;gren</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meyer</surname>
              <given-names>ARF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Wabrek AJ, Burchell    RC. Male Sexual Dysfunction Associated with Coronary Heart Disease. Arch Sex    Behav 1980; 9: 69-78.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Male Sexual Dysfunction Associated with Coronary Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Arch Sex Behav</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>69</fpage>
          <lpage>78</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wabrek</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burchell</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Papadopoulos    C, Beaumont C, Shelley SI, Larrimore P. Myocardial infarction and sexual activity    of female patient. Arch Intern Med 1983; 143: 1528-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Myocardial infarction and sexual activity of female patient</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1528</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <volume>143</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Papadopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beaumont</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shelley</surname>
              <given-names>SI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larrimore</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Mann S, Yates    E, Raftery EB. The Effects of Myocardial Infarction on Sexual Activity. J Cardiopulm    Rehabil 1981; I: 187-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Effects of Myocardial Infarction on Sexual Activity</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiopulm Rehabil</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>187</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <volume>I</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yates</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raftery</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Iboleon Mam,    Almase S, Grace M, Ant&#244;nio S. Sexual behavior of coronary patients - VI    World Congress of Cardiac Rehabilitation - Buenos Aires, June 16-20, 1996 -    Temas Livres.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="confproc">
          <date>
            <day>16</day>
            <year>1996</year>
            <month>06</month>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iboleon Mam</surname>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almase</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grace</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ant&#244;nio</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Vacanti LJ,    Gon&#231;alves IJr, Stefanini E, Herrmann JF, Carvalho ACC. Sexual Dysfunction    After Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31(suppl): 419.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual Dysfunction After Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>419</fpage>
          <issue>suppl</issue>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vacanti</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>IJr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stefanini</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrmann</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>ACC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Amsterdan EA,    Amsterdan B, Lee G, De Maria AN, Mason DT. Sexual Counseling and Sexual Activity    after Myocardial Infarction: Patients Attitudes and Physician. Clin Res 1977;    25: 861.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual Counseling and Sexual Activity after Myocardial Infarction: Patients Attitudes and Physician</article-title>
          <source>Clin Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1977</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>861</fpage>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amsterdan</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amsterdan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Maria</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mason</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Hellerstein    HK, Friedman EH. Sexual activity and the postcoronary patient. Arch Intern Med    1970; 125: 987-99.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual activity and the postcoronary patient</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1970</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>987</fpage>
          <lpage>99</lpage>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hellerstein</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Kavanagh T,    Shephard RJ. Sexual activity after myocardial infarction. CMA Journal 1977;    116: 1250-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual activity after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>CMA Journal</source>
          <date>
            <year>1977</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1250</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kavanagh</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shephard</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Cappelli V,    D'alonzo D, Iappelli R, Svetoni N, Manusia F, Lanzetta T. La disfunzione sessuale    neel'infartuato e nel suo partner. G Ital Cardiol 1984; 14: 505-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>La disfunzione sessuale neel'infartuato e nel suo partner</article-title>
          <source>G Ital Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>505</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cappelli</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'alonzo</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iappelli</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svetoni</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manusia</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lanzetta</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Bloch A, Maeder    JP, Haissly JC. Sexual Problems after Myocardial Infarction. Am Heart Journal    1975; 90: 536-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual Problems after Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart Journal</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>536</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bloch</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maeder</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haissly</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Tuttle W, Cook    WLJR, Fitch E. Sexual behavior in postmyocardial infarction patients. Am J Cardiol    1964; 13: 140.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual behavior in postmyocardial infarction patients</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1964</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>140</fpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tuttle</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cook</surname>
              <given-names>WLJR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fitch</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Gupta MC, Singh    MM, Gurnani KC, Pandey DN. Psychopathology of delayed resumption of sexual activity    after myocardial infarction. J Assoc Physicians India 1990; 38: 545-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Psychopathology of delayed resumption of sexual activity after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Assoc Physicians India</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>545</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gupta</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gurnani</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pandey</surname>
              <given-names>DN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Rerkpattanapipat    P, Stanek MS, Kotler MN. Sex and the Heart: What is the Role of the Cardiologist    ? Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 201-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sex and the Heart: What is the Role of the Cardiologist ?</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rerkpattanapipat</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stanek</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kotler</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Myers A, Dewar    HA. Circumstances Attending 100 Sudden Deaths from Coronary Artery Disease with    coroner's necropsies. Heart J 1975; 37: 1133-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Circumstances Attending 100 Sudden Deaths from Coronary Artery Disease with coroner's necropsies</article-title>
          <source>Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1133</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Myers</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dewar</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Drory Y, Shapira    I, Fisman EZ, Pines A. Myocardial Ischemia During Sexual Activity in Patients    with Coronary Artery Disease. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 835-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Myocardial Ischemia During Sexual Activity in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>835</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Drory</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shapira</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisman</surname>
              <given-names>EZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pines</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Muller JE,    Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Tofler GH. Triggering Myocardial Infarction    by Sexual Activity. JAMA 1996; 275: 1405-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Triggering Myocardial Infarction by Sexual Activity</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1405</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>275</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muller</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mittleman</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maclure</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sherwood</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tofler</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. DeBusk R, Drory    Y, Goldstein I et al. Management of Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with Cardiovascular    Disease: Recommendations of the Princeton Consensus Panel. Am J Cardiol 2000;    86(suppl): 62F-68F.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Management of Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: Recommendations of the Princeton Consensus Panel</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>62F</fpage>
          <lpage>68F</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DeBusk</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drory</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldstein</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Strom BL. Sexual    activity and cardiac risk: overview of epidemiologic research methods. Am J    Cardiol 2000; 86 (suppl): 5F-9F.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual activity and cardiac risk: overview of epidemiologic research methods</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>5F</fpage>
          <lpage>9F</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Strom</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Stein RA. Cardiovascular    response to sexual activity. Am J Cardiol 2000,86 (suppl): 27F-29F.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiovascular response to sexual activity</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>27F</fpage>
          <lpage>29F</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>26. Scalzi C, Dracup    K. Sexual Counseling of Coronary Patients. Heart &amp; Lung 1978; 7: 840-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual Counseling of Coronary Patients</article-title>
          <source>Heart &amp; Lung</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>840</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scalzi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dracup</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>27. Franger AL.    Taking a Sexual History and Managing Common Sexual Problems. J Reprod Med 1988;    33: 639-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Taking a Sexual History and Managing Common Sexual Problems</article-title>
          <source>J Reprod Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>639</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Franger</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>28. Tomlinson J    Taking a sexual history. Br Med J 1998; 317: 1573-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Taking a sexual history</article-title>
          <source>Br Med J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1573</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>317</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tomlinson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>29. World Health Organization. Division of Mental Health. A user's guide to the self reporting questionnaire (SRQ). Geneva - Switzerland. draft 1994: 1-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>A user's guide to the self reporting questionnaire (SRQ)</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>30. Mari JJ, Wilims    P. A validity study of a psychiatric screening questionnaire (SRQ - 20) in primary    care in the city of S&#227;o Paulo. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 148: 23-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A validity study of a psychiatric screening questionnaire (SRQ - 20) in primary care in the city of S&#227;o Paulo</article-title>
          <source>Br J Psychiatry</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>23</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>148</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mari</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilims</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>31. Associa&#231;&#227;o Psiqui&#225;trica Americana. Manual Diagn&#243;stico e Estat&#237;stico de Transtornos Mentais. 4<sup>&#170;</sup> Edi&#231;&#227;o. Porto Alegre: Artes M&#233;dicas, 1995.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Manual Diagn&#243;stico e Estat&#237;stico de Transtornos Mentais</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>32. Siegel S. Estat&#237;stica    no Parametrica. M&#233;xico: Ed Trillas, 1975: 346.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Estat&#237;stica no Parametrica</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>346</fpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siegel</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>33. Weiss E, Dlin    B, Rollin HR, Fischer HK, Bepler CR. Emotional factors in coronary occlusion.    Arch Intern Med 1957; 99: 628-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Emotional factors in coronary occlusion</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1957</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>628</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weiss</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dlin</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rollin</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fischer</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bepler</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>34. Drory Y, Kravetz    S, Florian V, Weingarten M. Sexual Activity after First Acute Myocardial Infarction    in Middle-Aged Men: Demographic, Psychological and Medical Predictors. Cardiology    1998; 90: 207-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual Activity after First Acute Myocardial Infarction in Middle-Aged Men: Demographic, Psychological and Medical Predictors</article-title>
          <source>Cardiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>207</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Drory</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kravetz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Florian</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weingarten</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>35. Froelicher    EK, Kee LL, Newton KM, Lindskog B, Livingston M. Return to work, sexual activity    and other activities after acute myocardial infarction. Heart &amp; Lung 1994;    23: 423-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Return to work, sexual activity and other activities after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Heart &amp; Lung</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>423</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Froelicher</surname>
              <given-names>EK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kee</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newton</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindskog</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Livingston</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>36. Green AW. Sexual    activity and the postmyocardial patient. Am Heart J 1975; 89: 246-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual activity and the postmyocardial patient</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>246</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>37. Hamilton GA,    Seidman RN. A Comparison of the Recovery Period for women and Men after na Acute    Myocardial Infarction. Heart &amp; Lung 1993; 22: 308-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A Comparison of the Recovery Period for women and Men after na Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Heart &amp; Lung</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>308</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hamilton</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seidman</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>38. Kushnir B,    Fox KM, Tomlinson IW, Portal RW, Aber CP. Primary Ventricular Fibrillation and    Resumption of Work. Sexual Activity, and Driving after First Acute Myocardial    Infarction. Br Med J 1975; 4: 609-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Primary Ventricular Fibrillation and Resumption of Work. Sexual Activity, and Driving after First Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Br Med J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>609</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kushnir</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fox</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomlinson</surname>
              <given-names>IW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Portal</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aber</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>39. Laumann EO,    Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual Dysfunction in the United States. JAMA 1999; 281: 537-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual Dysfunction in the United States</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>537</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>281</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laumann</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paik</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosen</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <mixed-citation>40. Abdo CHN. Sexualidade    Humana e seus Transtornos 2&#350; Ed. S&#227;o Paulo: Lemos Editorial, 2000.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Sexualidade Humana e seus Transtornos</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abdo</surname>
              <given-names>CHN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <mixed-citation>41. Rampin O, Giuliano    F. Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Erection Systems: Possible Mechanisms    and Interactions. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86: 19F-22F.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Erection Systems: Possible Mechanisms and Interactions</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>19F</fpage>
          <lpage>22F</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rampin</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giuliano</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <mixed-citation>42. Frank E, Anderson    C, Rubinstein D. Frequency of sexual dysfunction in "normal" couples. N Engl    J Med 1978; 299: 111-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Frequency of sexual dysfunction in "normal" couples</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <volume>299</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Frank</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rubinstein</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <mixed-citation>43. Rosen JL, Bibring    GL. Physichological reactions of hospitalized male patients to a heart attack.    Psychosom Med 1966; 28: 808-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Physichological reactions of hospitalized male patients to a heart attack</article-title>
          <source>Psychosom Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1966</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>808</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosen</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bibring</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <mixed-citation>44. Mayou R, Williamson    B, Fosten A. Outcome two months after myocardial infarction. J Psychosom Res    1978; 22: 439-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Outcome two months after myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Psychosom Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>439</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mayou</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williamson</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fosten</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <mixed-citation>45. Friedman S.    Cardiac disease, anxiety, and sexual functioning. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86(suppl.2A):    46-50F.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac disease, anxiety, and sexual functioning</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>46</fpage>
          <lpage>50F</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <mixed-citation>46. Tardif GS.    Sexual activity after a myocardial infarction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70:    763-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual activity after a myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Arch Phys Med Rehabil</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>763</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tardif</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <mixed-citation>47. Goldstein I.    The mutually reinforcing triad of depressive symptoms, Cardiovascular disease,    and erectile dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86(suppl.2A): 41-5F.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The mutually reinforcing triad of depressive symptoms, Cardiovascular disease, and erectile dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>41</fpage>
          <lpage>5F</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goldstein</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <mixed-citation>48. Grimm RH Jr,    Grandits GA, Prineas RJ et al. Long-term effects on sexual function of five    antihypertensive drugs and nutritional hygienic treatment in hypertensive men    and women. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) Hypertension 1997; 29:    8-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term effects on sexual function of five antihypertensive drugs and nutritional hygienic treatment in hypertensive men and women</article-title>
          <source>Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>8</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grimm</surname>
              <given-names>RH Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grandits</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prineas</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <mixed-citation>49. Silvestri A,    Galetta P, Cerquetani E et al. Report of erectile dysfunction after therapy    with beta-blockers is related to patient knowledge of side effects and is reversed    by placebo. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 1928-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Report of erectile dysfunction after therapy with beta-blockers is related to patient knowledge of side effects and is reversed by placebo</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1928</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silvestri</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galetta</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cerquetani</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B49">
        <mixed-citation>50. Hochman J,    Mc Cabe CH, Stone PH, Becker RC, Cannon CP. Outcome and profile of women and    men presenting with acute coronary syndromes. A report from TIMI III B. J Am    Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 141-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Outcome and profile of women and men presenting with acute coronary syndromes: A report from TIMI III B</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>141</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hochman</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mc Cabe</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <mixed-citation>51. Lerner DJ,    Kannel WB. Patterns of coronary heart disease morbity and mortality in the sexes.    A 26-year folow-up of the Framingham population. Am Heart J 1986; 111: 382-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Patterns of coronary heart disease morbity and mortality in the sexes: A 26-year folow-up of the Framingham population</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>382</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lerner</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B51">
        <mixed-citation>52. Abramov LA.    Sexual life and sexual frigity among women developing acute myocardial infarction.    Psychosom Med 1976; 38: 418-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sexual life and sexual frigity among women developing acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Psychosom Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1976</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>418</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abramov</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Age and psychologic disorders: variables associated to post-infarction sexual dysfunction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Data on sexual disfunction (SD) after myocardial infarction (MI) are sketchy, especially in our community and in regard to predictors. Both males and females, with active sexual life and no sexual dysfunction prior to MI were evaluated in order to investigate SD incidence after MI, as well as to identify the possible variables associated. METHODS: Forty-three patients were studied consecutively, through structured questionnaires for SD and psychological disorders (PD) diagnosis. The interference of classic risk factors was analysed for atherosclerosis, for PD and for the use of medications when SD was present up to month 6 after MI. RESULTS: After MI, 91% of patients resumed sexual activity. Twenty-six patients (60%) reported sexual dysfunction up to month 6 from hospital discharge (9 with precocious ejaculation (PE), 15 with erectile dysfunction (ED), and 20 with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). PD patients reported sexual dysfunction at higher frequency as compared to those who did not report PD (100%x47%, p=0.001). The sexual dysfunction group was significantly older than the group not reporting sexual dysfunction: 53&#177;8.9 years of age versus 47&#177;8.7 years of age (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Patients reported significant reduction of sexual activity frequency and high incidence of SD after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). PD and older age were shown to be associated to higher incidence of post-infarction SD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>sexual dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>acute myocardial infarction (AMI)</kwd>
        <kwd>psychological disorders</kwd>
        <kwd>ageing</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Age and psychologic disorders. Variables associated to post-infarction sexual dysfunction</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luciano Janussi Vacanti<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Caramelli<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor-DF) Funda&#231;&#227;o Zerbini</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESUMO</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>Data on sexual disfunction (SD) after myocardial infarction (MI) are sketchy, especially in our community and in regard to predictors. Both males and females, with active sexual life and no sexual dysfunction prior to MI were evaluated in order to investigate SD incidence after MI, as well as to identify the possible variables associated.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Forty-three patients were studied consecutively, through structured questionnaires for SD and psychological disorders (PD) diagnosis. The interference of classic risk factors was analysed for atherosclerosis, for PD and for the use of medications when SD was present up to month 6 after MI.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>After MI, 91% of patients resumed sexual activity. Twenty-six patients (60%) reported sexual dysfunction up to month 6 from hospital discharge (9 with precocious ejaculation (PE), 15 with erectile dysfunction (ED), and 20 with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). PD patients reported sexual dysfunction at higher frequency as compared to those who did not report PD (100% x 47%, p=0.001). The sexual dysfunction group was significantly older than the group not reporting sexual dysfunction: 53&#177;8.9 years of age versus 47&#177;8.7 years of age (p=0.04).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Patients reported significant reduction of sexual activity frequency and high incidence of SD after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). PD and older age were shown to be associated to higher incidence of post-infarction SD.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>sexual dysfunction, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), psychological disorders, ageing</p>
      <p>The study of sexuality, as well as dignosis and treatment of associated disorders, have been in charge of Psychiatry for decades. Having that in mind, why would we - cardiologists - worry about the topic? First, because sexual activities act as a relevant component to life quality standard, they are associated to longevity<sup>1</sup>, and are a frequent practice<sup>2</sup>. Additionally, many erectile dysfunction predictors, such as: age, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, anxiety and depression are also risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) disease<sup>3,4</sup>. Consequently, high prevalence of sexual dysfunction is not uncommon in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) diagnosis<sup>5,6</sup>; neither is high incidence of sexual disorders after the coronary event, ranging from 24% to 89% of all cases depending on the population under study<sup>7-17</sup>. Despite that, physicians do not usually approach the subject with their patients<sup>7,18</sup>; when they do, information provided is usually superficial and restrictive<sup>16</sup>. That may be due to some concern regarding risks posed by sexual activity, although information is available on it being safe<sup>19-24</sup>; or else, from the taboo the topic is involved in. Additionally, information made available by the literature on post-infarction sexual dysfunction predictors are sketchy, especially in regard to patients not reporting disorders prior to the coronary event. The authors are not aware, either, of any publication addressing the topic. With that in mind, the objectives of this paper were: study the incidence of sexual behavior changes after AMI, and identify possible variables associated to sexual dysfunction in patients not reporting dysfunction prior do the coronary event.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study protocol included both males and female patients, in the 18-75-year-old range, hospitalized with defined criteria for AMI<sup>5</sup>, reporting no previous sexual dysfunction, provided they were not included in any of the exclusion criteria: previous sexual dysfunction, no informed consent signed by patient, previous infarction, heart failure functional class II and IV, refractory angina pectoris, documented episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia, and drugs that might cause sexual dysfunction: espironolactone, anti-depressants, neuroleptics, clonidine, alfa methyl dopa, reserpine, digitalis, tiazidic diuretics, and hydralazine.</p>
      <p>Patients were given standard information on resuming sexual activities before hospital discharge<sup>26</sup>, and were also informed on the research. If in agreement, patients would then sign the informed consent. Patients would return on month 6 after AMI; at that point in time, patients would fill out two questionnaires. The questionnaire on sexual behavior was carried out individually, in full privacy, always after a first contact, and always with the same physician, with the purpose of reducing embarrassement and shyness associated to the issue<sup>27,28</sup>. The <italic>Self Report Questionary</italic> (S.R.Q) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">table I</xref>) prepared by the World Health Organization to evaluate mental health in the different communities, was validated in different countries, ours included, by Mari and collaborators, as a screener for conditions such as anxiety and depression. The questionnaire reported good indices of sensitivity and specificity<sup>29,30</sup>. It included twenty questions, with two possibilities for answers: yes or no. All affirmative answers would count 1 point to the score, individually, with total score of 20 points. Score at or higher than 7 was an indicator of psychological disorders such as anxiety and/or depression. Based on questionnaire answers on sexual behavior, sexual dysfunction was defined as in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, (DSM-IV), elaborated by the American Psychiatric Association<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0110-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Statistical analysis was carried out through Wilcoxon test to evaluate sexual activity frequency before and after AMI<sup>32</sup>. At a first moment the analysis was carried out for the sample as a whole, so as to check whether there had been any reduction in sexual intercourse frequency. Mann-Whitney test was used with the purpose of investigating sexual activity frequency in the dysfunction group, in the group with or without dysfunction, before and after AMI, and for variables under study<sup>32</sup>. Chi-square test was used to investigate the difference of categoric variables frequency among groups with and without sexual dysfunction. Whenever COCHRAN restrictions were reported, Fisher exact test was applied<sup>32</sup>. The rejection level of the nullity hypothesis was set at 0.05 or 5% (a <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05) for all tests. Asterisks indicate significant values.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred and sixteen AMI cases were evaluated, 81 of them were males (69.8%). From those, seventy-three patients (62.9%) reported some sort of intercurrence, or other reasons to keep them from being included in the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">table II</xref>). At a first moment, forty-three patients were included in the protocol: 6 (14%) females and 37(86%) males. Patients resumed their sexual activities 20.5&#177;15 days after the event, and four of them (9.3%) had not resumed their sexual activities after six months. Patients reported a reduction of sexual intercourses per month after AMI: from eight down to 5 intercourses (p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0110-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>From the 37 male patients, 23 (62.2%) reported the following diagnoses: 17 (45.9%) - hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), 15 (40.5%) - erectile dysfunction; and 9 (24.3%) - precocious ejaculation. For 14 patients, more than one diagnosis was obtained. From the six women included in the protocol, 3 (50%) reported sexual dysfunction. Three of them had hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD); from those, two had sexual arousal disorder and anorgasmy.</p>
      <p>The groups with or without dysfunction were similar in regard to sexual activity frequency and quality standard before infarction and also regarding clinical variables under study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">table III</xref>). No significant statistic difference was reported in regard to fear of cardiovascular complications during intercourse, prevalence of risk factors for atherosclerosis, or the treatment used for the groups with or without sexual dysfunction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">table IV</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0110-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0110-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>All eleven patients (100%) with S.R.Q. score at or higher than seven - thus indicating the presence of psychological disorders - reported sexual dysfunction at study closing. Among the thirty-two patients reporting scores lower than seven, fifteen (46.9%) also reported sexual disorder. Therefore, patients with score at or higher than seven were shown to report higher sexual dysfunction level than those with a score lower than seven (p=0.001).</p>
      <p>The group reporting sexual dysfunction was significantly older as compared to the group that did not report sexual dysfunction: 53&#177;8.9 years of age versus 47&#177;8.7 years of age (p=0.04).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For over 40 years literature has shown evidence of the negative impact of AMI on sexual activity<sup>33</sup>. As far as the authors are aware of, this is the first study to show the unfavorable impact of AMI on sexual function of Brazilian patients. Although having resumed their sexual life on month 1 after the event, a 40% reduction was reported for sexual intercourses if compared to pre-infarction period. Nine percent of patients never resumed their sexual activity. Literature describes that sexual activity is resumed between 36 and 90 days, in average, after hospital discharge<sup>7,9</sup>. Five percent to thirty-five percent of patients do not resume their sexual activity<sup>34-36</sup>, 35% to 70% significantly reduce their intercourse frequency, and between 25% and 39% report reduction in their satisfaction from sexual activity<sup>10,37,38</sup>. However, literature has not yet clearly defined the variables associated to postmyocardial infarction sexual dysfunction in patients not reporting previous dysfunction. The present study succeeded in identifying age and psychological disorders (anxiety and/or depression) as variables associated to post-AMI sexual dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Hellerstain &amp; Friedman also demonstrated that sexual activity is reduced with age, and even more so for post-AMI patients<sup>12</sup>. Similarly to what has been shown for men, women also report lower sexual desire with age<sup>39</sup>. Papadoupolos and collaborators have reported that female patients' age - as well as sexual activity prior to AMI seemed to be related to its being resumed<sup>7</sup>. Drory and collaborators found that age was inversely related to sexual activity frequency and satisfaction more relevantly than any other medical or psychological variable under study<sup>34</sup>. Having all those aspects in mind, age might be a facilitator and a precipitator of sexual disorders, whether by the way sexual activity is valued, due to its interaction with other factors - such as co-morbidities or psychological components - or as a result of eroticism reduction from ageing<sup>40</sup>.</p>
      <p>Anxiety may reduce the erotic focus, and as a consequence, reduce psychogenic stimulus. Therefore, it interferes in the normal sexual cycle, thus impairing man's erection and women's lubrication. Additionally, brain signals may also inhibit parasympathic activation or exacerbate sympathic response, thus interfering in the normal cycle for both men and women<sup>41</sup>. The fear of cardiac complications - both on the part of the male patient or his female companion -result in anxiety, anger, and even regression<sup>42,43</sup>. Such feelings are not only frequent, but may linger until some appropriate intervention is carried out. Mayou and collaborators reported that over 70% of patients had tension and anxiety symptoms at early stages, and they could linger on up to one year after AMI<sup>44</sup>. The fear of failure in sex is directly associated to anxiety. Psychodinamically, that is explained by repeated fear of rejection - that is renewed at every sexual confrontation. By defocusing erotic pleasure, self-prevention of enjoying sexual intercourse will turn individuals into expectators of their performance, with no surrendering<sup>40</sup>. The fear of the cardiologic consequences in active sex, as well as the anxiety associated to the ability of being able to keep a sexually attractive and functional sexual life, may lead to an anxious "performance" - one of the ultimate causes of sexual difficulties faced both by men and women<sup>45</sup>. A very important, additional psychological factor is the frequent occurrence of depression. Even if no cardiopathy condition is present, it is a relevant cause for sexual dysfunction<sup>46</sup>. Depressive individuals exhibit hyperactivity of autonomous nervous system and decreased psychogenic stimulus, which results in the reduction of desire. All patients who presented a score at or higher than seven in their SRQ - an indicator of anxiety and/or depression -reported sexual dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Classic risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis are related to higher prevalence of erectile dysfunction<sup>3</sup>. However, such variables are not correlated to higher incidence of sexual dysfunction in our study. Most likely due to the fact that patients reporting such factors - and with previous sexual dysfunction - were excluded from the protocol very early on. Additionally, six months is quite a short period for the clinical manifestation of the vascular and neurogenic injuries that are responsible for erectile dysfunction.</p>
      <p>No statistically significant difference was reported in regard to the use of drugs, beta-blockers included, among patients with or without sexual dysfunction. Despite all controversy associated to the topic, especially resulting from preconceptions and personal experience, our findings are grounded on quite an extensive double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study that demonstrated that beta-blockers report the same incidence of erectile dysfunction as placebo does after four years of study follow-up<sup>48</sup>. It has recently been demonstrated that the incidence of erectile dysfunction in coronary patients on atenolol increases following treatment awareness and the possibility of side effects. In this randomized study, erectile dysfunction incidence was 3% among those who were not aware of the drug name, 16% among those who were aware they were being given atenolol, and 31% of patients who were also informed on the possibility of side effects (erectile dysfunction) (p&lt;0.001)<sup>49</sup>. Later on, improvement of erectile dysfunction in the group was similar to those randomically treated with sildenafil or placebo. Therefore, the association with beta-blockers was excluded, and the possibility of a psychological component in erectile dysfunction was denoted.</p>
      <p>A minor casuistry was reported in female patients, probably because they were a minority in the sample (30%), and due to the higher number of exclusions: for being over 75 years of age (37.9%); for being sexually inactive (41.4%); or due to higher death rate (13.8%). Which means to say that only 17% of the female could be included in the protocol.Similarly, literature evidences that coronary heart disease usually affects women at a later age range as compared to men, thus resulting in higher morbimortality<sup>50</sup>. Women are a minority in studies involving infarcted patients, and stand for one third of the sample<sup>51</sup>; 79% of them are sexually inactive<sup>37</sup>, and 50% of them report sexual arousal disorder prior to AMI<sup>52</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients reported significant reduction of sexual activity frequency and high incidence of SD after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). PD and older age were shown to be associated to higher incidence of post-myocardial SD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>25. Pedoe-Tunstall H, Kuulasmaa K, Amouyel P. Myocardial Infarction and coronary deaths in the World Health Organization MONICA Project. Circulation 1994; 90: 583.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luciano Janussi Vacanti</p>
          <p> Av. Coronel Joaquim Montenegro, 81/22</p>
          <p> 11035-001 - Santos, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="lvacanti@cardiol.br">lvacanti@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lucvacanti@lusiada.br">lucvacanti@lusiada.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publication on 12/10/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted on 01/21/2005</p>
      <p>English version by Regina Alfarano</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
