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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WWw9LJWWRF6zJRYzh6PT7Vj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001500004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo comparativo entre os efeitos terap&#234;uticos da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio e angioplastia coron&#225;ria em situa&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas equivalentes: an&#225;lise atrav&#233;s da cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com 99mTc-Sestamibi</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Anellys E. L. C.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Whady A.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghetti</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Clementina P.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chalela</surname>
            <given-names>William A.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Eulogio E.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Almeida de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>92</fpage>
      <lpage>99</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a carga isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;via e ulterior &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 96 pacientes randomizados, portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multivascular, angina est&#225;vel, fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica esfor&#231;o-induzida tratados com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (RCM) ou angioplastia coronariana (ATC). Cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com 99mTc-Sestamibi foi realizada antes e 6 meses ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. RESULTADOS: A RCM determinou &#237;ndice significantemente maior de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa (p=0,001), aumento no n&#250;mero de testes ergom&#233;tricos m&#225;ximos (p=0,001) e redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de testes ergom&#233;tricos positivos com angina de esfor&#231;o (p=0,018). Ambos os procedimentos ofereceram melhora importante na classe funcional da angina (p=0,001), aumento no valor m&#233;dio do duplo produto de pico (p=0,009), e do tempo de toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o (p&lt;0,001), al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#227;o no valor m&#233;dio da somat&#243;ria do escore do esfor&#231;o (p&lt;0,001) e da diferen&#231;a da somat&#243;ria dos escores (p&lt;0,001) nos dois grupos. CONCLUS&#195;O: ATC e RCM n&#227;o diferiram significantemente quanto &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da carga isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foi mais completa com a RCM do que com a ATC, mas n&#227;o representou fator significante para redu&#231;&#227;o da carga isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>angioplastia coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com 99mTecn&#233;cio-Sestamibi</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo comparativo entre os efeitos terap&#234;uticos da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio e angioplastia coron&#225;ria em situa&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas equivalentes: an&#225;lise atrav&#233;s da cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com <sup><bold>99m</bold></sup>Tc-Sestamibi</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Comparative study between the therapeutic effects of surgical myocardial revascularization and coronary angioplasty in equivalent ischemic situations: analysis through myocardial scintigraphy with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Anellys E. L. C. Moreira; Whady A. Hueb; Paulo Rog&#233;rio Soares; Jos&#233; Cl&#225;udio Meneghetti; Maria Clementina P. Jorge; William A. Chalela; Eulogio E. Martinez Filho; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira; F&#225;bio Biscegli Jatene; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a carga isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;via e ulterior &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram avaliados 96 pacientes randomizados, portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multivascular, angina est&#225;vel, fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica esfor&#231;o-induzida tratados com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (RCM) ou angioplastia coronariana (ATC). Cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi foi realizada antes e 6 meses ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A RCM determinou &#237;ndice significantemente maior de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa (p=0,001), aumento no n&#250;mero de testes ergom&#233;tricos m&#225;ximos (p=0,001) e redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de testes ergom&#233;tricos positivos com angina de esfor&#231;o (p=0,018). Ambos os procedimentos ofereceram melhora importante na classe funcional da angina (p=0,001), aumento no valor m&#233;dio do duplo produto de pico (p=0,009), e do tempo de toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o (p&lt;0,001), al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#227;o no valor m&#233;dio da somat&#243;ria do escore do esfor&#231;o (p&lt;0,001) e da diferen&#231;a da somat&#243;ria dos escores (p&lt;0,001) nos dois grupos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>ATC e RCM n&#227;o diferiram significantemente quanto &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da carga isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foi mais completa com a RCM do que com a ATC, mas n&#227;o representou fator significante para redu&#231;&#227;o da carga isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio, angioplastia coronariana, cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com <sup>99m</sup>Tecn&#233;cio-Sestamibi, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the myocardial ischemic load to previous and after myocardial revascularization. </p>
    <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Ninety-six randomized patients, carriers of multivessel coronary artery disease, stable angina, preserved left ventricular function, and exercise-induced myocardial ischemia treated with revascularization (SMR) or coronary angioplasty (TCA). Myocardial scintigraphy with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi was performed prior to and 6 months after myocardial revascularization. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The SMR determined a significant greater index of complete revascularization (p=0.001), an increase in the number of maximum ergometric tests (p=0.001) and reduction in the number of positive ergometric tests with exercise angina (p=0.018). Both procedures provided an important improvement in the functional class of angina (p=0.001), an increase in the average value of double peak product (p=0.009), and the time of exercise tolerance (p&lt;0.001), besides the reduction in the average value of the summed of exercise score (p&lt;0.001) and the difference of the summed of scores (p&lt;0.001) in both groups. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>TCA and SMR did not differ significantly concerning the reduction of myocardial ischemic load 6 months after the procedure. The myocardial revascularization was more complete with the SMR than the TCA, but it did not represent a significant factor for the reduction myocardial ischemic load.</p>
    <p><bold>Key words: </bold>surgical myocardial revascularization, coronary angioplasty, myocardial scintigraphy with <sup>99m</sup>Technetium-Sestamibi, myocardial ischemia</p>
    <p>Cerca de 60% dos pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multivascular e indica&#231;&#227;o para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio podem, tecnicamente, ser tratados tanto pela revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio (RCM) como pela angioplastia transluminal coronariana percut&#226;nea (ATC). Entretanto, a diversidade das les&#245;es coronarianas, do di&#226;metro das art&#233;rias acometidas, da extens&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e do acometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda torna dif&#237;cil a escolha entre os m&#233;todos, enfatizando a necessidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos comparativos entre eles.</p>
    <p>Apesar de todos os benef&#237;cios alcan&#231;ados por estes dois modelos terap&#234;uticos, estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados e controlados envolvendo RCM e ATC em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multivascular n&#227;o conseguiram estabelecer um consenso quanto ao procedimento com melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos a longo prazo, permanecendo sob questionamento v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e progn&#243;sticas a eles relacionadas<sup>1-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A literatura mundial &#233; rica em dados que demonstram que a presen&#231;a e a extens&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es perfusionais do mioc&#225;rdio induzidas pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es mais acuradas sobre o progn&#243;stico dos eventos card&#237;acos do que as obtidas atrav&#233;s dos dados anat&#244;micos interpretados pela cinecoronariografia: les&#245;es coronarianas angiograficamente semelhantes podem ter significados funcionais diferentes<sup>10,11</sup>. Portanto, o principal fator determinante da evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana seria representado pelo significado funcional da les&#227;o (repercuss&#227;o sobre a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica) e, a identifica&#231;&#227;o da isquemia tornaria poss&#237;vel intervir na hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a: talvez, a almejada revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio (aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o coronariana residual maior que 70% em qualquer ramo epic&#225;rdico maior ap&#243;s a ATC ou de acordo com o n&#250;mero de anastomoses distais realizadas pela RCM nos vasos considerados doentes) estaria sendo excessivamente valorizada, em detrimento da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o funcionalmente adequada do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>8-10,12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Deste modo, o grau residual de isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s RCM ou ATC poderia explicar e correlacionar os resultados encontrados nos diversos estudos com as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes submetidos a cada procedimento. Entretanto, existe uma escassez de informa&#231;&#245;es quanto ao efeito destes procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o sobre a carga isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Assim, este estudo tem como objetivos analisar e quantificar a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via (momento 1 &#150; M1) e ulterior (momento 2 &#150; M2; 6 meses) &#224; RCM ou ATC (par&#226;metros fornecidos pelo acompanhamento cl&#237;nico e cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi) e identificar a varia&#231;&#227;o no grau da carga isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdica determinada pelos dois tipos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em situa&#231;&#245;es equivalentes (avaliando o real benef&#237;cio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo avaliou e acompanhou um subgrupo de pacientes participantes de um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, randomizado, prospectivo, multidisciplinar, que envolveu pacientes com idade entre 35 e 75 anos, portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multivascular (les&#245;es &#179; 50% localizadas em dois ou mais diferentes vasos epic&#225;rdicos e territ&#243;rios) documentada angiograficamente e de angina clinicamente est&#225;vel ou evid&#234;ncia objetiva de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos portadores de les&#227;o no tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda ou mais de 2 oclus&#245;es coronarianas cr&#244;nicas; doen&#231;as card&#237;acas associadas (cong&#234;nita, valvar, mioc&#225;rdica, peric&#225;rdica); fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 35%; aneurisma de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via do mioc&#225;rdio (RCM ou ATC); infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nas &#250;ltimas quatro semanas; acidente vascular cerebral ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses; expectativa de vida limitada pela presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a grave associada (neoplasia, insufici&#234;ncia renal ou hep&#225;tica, doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas ou discrasias sang&#252;&#237;neas).</p>
    <p>Os pacientes tiveram sua cinecoronariografia (realizada at&#233; 2 meses antes do procedimento) analisada por um cardiologista cl&#237;nico, dois cardiologistas intervencionistas e um cirurgi&#227;o cardiovascular, que foram concordantes entre si quanto &#224; possibilidade de tratamento dos pacientes atrav&#233;s de qualquer uma das t&#233;cnicas para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, conforme condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas j&#225; previamente estabelecidas em consensos<sup>14-16</sup>. Este estudo foi aprovado pelas Comiss&#245;es Cient&#237;fica e &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o na qual foi realizado e os pacientes que concordaram em participar do mesmo, assinaram o termo de consentimento p&#243;s-informado, sendo, ent&#227;o, randomizados para RCM ou ATC.</p>
    <p>Consecutivamente &#224; randomiza&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes com condi&#231;&#245;es adequadas para realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) em esteira, foram submetidos, &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio: quando presente evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (defeitos de capta&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;veis na cintilografia), o paciente foi admitido para acompanhamento neste estudo. O procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foi realizado com um intervalo m&#225;ximo de quatro semanas ap&#243;s o exame.</p>
    <p>Foi condi&#231;&#227;o indispens&#225;vel para perman&#234;ncia no estudo a inexist&#234;ncia de qualquer evento durante os seis primeiros meses ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio que pudesse modificar, de alguma maneira, o estado das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nativas ou dos enxertos coronarianos, bem como incapacitar para realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes tiveram descontinuadas, sempre que poss&#237;vel, as medica&#231;&#245;es: betabloqueadores e antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio suspensos nos quatro dias pr&#233;vios ao exame, e os nitratos de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada, 24h antes do teste. Os pacientes foram submetido ao teste em esteira segundo o protocolo de Ellestad, com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica empregando as 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas associadas ao sistema ortogonal de Frank, com o objetivo de atingir a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (FC max=220 &#150; (idade x 0,65)) ou exaust&#227;o f&#237;sica. Os crit&#233;rios considerados para interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste foram: eleva&#231;&#227;o acentuada da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg em normotensos ou 140 mmHg em hipertensos), queda sustentada da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), eleva&#231;&#227;o acentuada da PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> 260 mmHg, aparecimento de angina, tontura ou pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, dispn&#233;ia desproporcional &#224; intensidade do esfor&#231;o, depress&#227;o do segmento ST &gt; 2 mm, eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 mm em &#225;rea n&#227;o infartada, arritmia ventricular sustentada, taquicardia supraventricular sustentada, bloqueio atrioventricular de 2&#186; e 3&#186; grau. O teste de esfor&#231;o foi considerado ineficaz quando interrompido com Fc com valor inferior a 80% da FC m&#225;xima. Foram analisadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: presen&#231;a de angina, desnivelamento do segmento ST, duplo produto m&#225;ximo (DP), consumo mioc&#225;rdico de O<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo (VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo), capacidade de exerc&#237;cio (avaliada atrav&#233;s do MET) e tempo de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio (TTE)<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>As imagens da cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio foram adquiridas pela t&#233;cnica tomogr&#225;fica (SPECT &#150; <italic>Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography</italic>), de forma sincronizada ao sinal eletrocardiogr&#225;fico (<italic>gated</italic>), permitindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e de par&#226;metros quantitativos da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, utilizando como marcador de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica o <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi (2-metoxi-isobutil-isonitrila marcada com tecn&#233;cio-99m).</p>
    <p>Em condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso foi administrado ao paciente, por via endovenosa, 740 MBq de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi, sendo a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens realizada 60 a 90 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o. Pr&#243;ximo ao t&#233;rmino do teste ergom&#233;trico foi injetado 740 MBq de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi, sendo o paciente estimulado a continuar se exercitando por pelo menos mais 1 minuto, se poss&#237;vel. Registrados os dados da fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o, o paciente foi colocado sob o detector da gama-c&#226;mara para obten&#231;&#227;o das imagens.</p>
    <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi realizada em uma &#243;rbita n&#227;o circular, iniciada a partir da proje&#231;&#227;o OAD 45&#186; at&#233; a proje&#231;&#227;o OAP 45&#186;, completando 180&#186; de varredura para imagens tomogr&#225;ficas, a 64 quadros em matriz 64 x 64 (1 detec&#231;&#227;o a cada 2,8&#186; com dura&#231;&#227;o de 30 s), usando janelas de energia 140 keV<sup>23</sup>. Nenhum coeficiente de atenua&#231;&#227;o ou corre&#231;&#227;o de espalhamento foi utilizado. As imagens foram pr&#233;-filtradas com um filtro bidimensional <italic>Butterworth</italic> com ordem 5, freq&#252;&#234;ncia de corte de 0,6 <italic>Nyquist</italic>, e reconstru&#237;das pelo m&#233;todo iterativo (5 itera&#231;&#245;es) em um computador <italic>Sun</italic> Modelo Ultra 60, atrav&#233;s do <italic>software</italic> AUTO SPECT + Instill 5.0, segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es existentes<sup>18,19</sup>. A an&#225;lise de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi realizada atrav&#233;s de <italic>software</italic> AUTO QUANT 4.21.</p>
    <p>Para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico realizou-se uma avalia&#231;&#227;o semi-quantitativa de um modelo de 17 segmentos analisado (eixo curto e longo vertical foram divididos em 6 nos cortes apical, m&#233;dio e basal do eixo curto e em 2 segmentos apicais no corte longo vertical), retrospectivamente, por pelo menos 3 observadores experientes, sem conhecimento dos dados cl&#237;nicos, ergom&#233;tricos e cinecoronariogr&#225;ficos<sup>19</sup>. Cada segmento teve sua imagem de perfus&#227;o analisada e quantificada atrav&#233;s do sistema de escore semi-quantitativo de 5 pontos: 0 (normal), 1 (discreta redu&#231;&#227;o na capta&#231;&#227;o), 2 (moderada redu&#231;&#227;o na capta&#231;&#227;o), 3 (importante redu&#231;&#227;o na capta&#231;&#227;o do radiois&#243;topo), 4 (aparente aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o detect&#225;vel no segmento).</p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice somat&#243;ria do escore do esfor&#231;o (SEE) foi obtido somando-se os escores dos 17 segmentos da imagem do estresse<sup>20</sup>. O &#237;ndice somat&#243;ria do escore do repouso (SER) foi obtido do mesmo modo, somando-se os escores dos 17 segmentos da imagem do repouso. Para estimar a reversibilidade do defeito o &#237;ndice diferen&#231;a da somat&#243;ria dos escores (DSE) foi calculado atrav&#233;s da subtra&#231;&#227;o entre os &#237;ndices SER e SEE.</p>
    <p>A RCM foi realizada utilizando t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica padronizada, sendo o cirurgi&#227;o estimulado a intervir em todas as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias abord&#225;veis, incluindo aquelas com les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% e art&#233;rias cronicamente oclu&#237;das, utilizando enxertos venosos ou, sempre que poss&#237;vel, condutos arteriais, tais como art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (ATI), art&#233;ria radial (AR) e art&#233;ria epig&#225;strica (AE).</p>
    <p>ATC foi realizada conforme protocolo convencional, estando dispon&#237;veis todas as op&#231;&#245;es tecnol&#243;gicas baseadas em cateteres (cateter-bal&#227;o, <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio, laser, aterectomia direcional, aterectomia rotacional)<sup>16</sup>. O cardiologista intervencionista foi estimulado a intervir em todas as art&#233;rias que pudessem estar contribuindo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e/ou demonstrassem les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%. O resultado foi considerado como sucesso quando a les&#227;o residual obtida foi inferior a 50% com fluxo TIMI 3 (<italic>Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction</italic>) na aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores na fase hospitalar (IAM, RCM de urg&#234;ncia e &#243;bito).</p>
    <p>O seguimento foi bimestral durante os seis primeiros meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, constando de exame cl&#237;nico e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, bem como registro de eventos do per&#237;odo. Atingido o 6&#186; m&#234;s ap&#243;s o procedimento, os pacientes foram submetidos a nova cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi, para avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional comparativa.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis foi descritiva, sendo as vari&#225;veis quantitativas analisadas atrav&#233;s da observa&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, do c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis qualitativas analisadas atrav&#233;s do c&#225;lculo das freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e porcentagens. Para a an&#225;lise da hip&#243;tese de igualdade de m&#233;dias entre os dois grupos utilizou-se o teste t de Student e para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as propor&#231;&#245;es, o teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. O comportamento dos grupos estudados, considerando as condi&#231;&#245;es apresentadas, foi estudado atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado para os testes foi de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De outubro de 1998 a agosto de 2000, foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, de forma consecutiva, 123 pacientes, tendo sido exclu&#237;do, 27 pelos seguintes motivos: &#243;bito (8), recusa em realizar o procedimento (5), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s a ATC (1), acidente vascular cerebral (1), novo procedimento para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio no per&#237;odo (4), recusa em realizar nova cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio (4), outras doen&#231;as associadas (4). Os dois grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significantes quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis, sendo observado predom&#237;nio de doen&#231;a coronariana com acometimento biarterial no grupo randomizado para ATC e com acometimento triarterial no grupo randomizado para RCM (p=0,002) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Angina foi classificada de I a IV, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic>. Os pacientes submetidos a RCM e ATC foram agrupados, quanto &#224; sintomatologia coronariana (angina), em 3 subgrupos: assintom&#225;ticos, portadores de angina classe funcional I e II e portadores de angina classe funcional III e IV. A presen&#231;a e gravidade da angina n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a significante no M1 em ambos os grupos (p=0,110), bem como no M2 (p=0,184) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>). Quando analisado cada grupo em particular, ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora importante da classe funcional da angina (p=0,001), sem diferen&#231;a significante entre os subgrupos quanto &#224; classe funcional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Houve um acr&#233;scimo significante no n&#250;mero de testes ergom&#233;tricos m&#225;ximos do M1 para o M2 quando avaliado o grupo submetido a RCM (p=0,01), bem como um decr&#233;scimo significante neste n&#250;mero de testes ergom&#233;tricos positivos do M1 para o M2 quando avaliados os grupos submetidos a RCM (p=0,045) e de testes ergom&#233;tricos positivos com dor do M1 para o M2 quando avaliado o grupo submetido a RCM (p=0,018) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tab. IV</xref>). O grupo submetido a RCM apresentou acr&#233;scimo significante na FC de repouso quando comparados M1 e M2 (p=0,019) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tab. V</xref>). Houve acr&#233;scimo significativo da m&#233;dia da FC de pico alcan&#231;ada no M1 quando comparada &#224; FC de pico alcan&#231;ada no M2 nos dois grupos (p=0,007) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tab. V</xref>). Observou-se decr&#233;scimo significante nos valores m&#233;dios da PAS de repouso do M1 para o M2 nos dois grupos (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tab. V</xref>). Ambos os grupos apresentaram menor n&#250;mero de pacientes com infradesnivelamento do segmento ST no pico do esfor&#231;o no M2, sem diferen&#231;a significante, bem como redu&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia do infradesnivelamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tab. VI</xref>). Observou-se acr&#233;scimo significante dos valores do DP de pico do M1 para o M2 nos dois grupos (p=0,009) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab7">tab. VII</xref>). O grupo submetido a ATC apresentou m&#233;dias do MET significantemente maiores que as do grupo submetido a RCM nos dois momentos (p=0,039) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab7">tab. VII</xref>). Houve acr&#233;scimo significante dos valores do MET do M1 para o M2 nos dois grupos (p&lt;0,001), bem como acr&#233;scimo significante dos valores do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x do M1 para o M2 nos dois grupos (p&lt;0,001) e dos valores do TTE do M1 para o M2 nos dois grupos (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab7">tab. VII</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab7">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observou-se decr&#233;scimo significante dos valores da FEVE repouso do M1 para o M2 nos dois grupos (p=0,025) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab8">tab. VIII</xref>). Os dois grupos apresentaram decr&#233;scimo significante da SEE entre o M1 e M2 (p&lt;0,001 para ambos), bem como da DSE entre M1 e M2 (p&lt;0,001 para ambos os grupos) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">tab. IX</xref>, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn25310t10">X</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="und25310t11">XI</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t9">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt08.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fn id="fn25310t10">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-e01.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <undefined id="und25310t11">
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    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab8">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt09.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os pacientes submetidos a RCM mostraram um &#237;ndice de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio de 78,0% dos casos, em contraposi&#231;&#227;o a 39,1% dos pacientes submetidos a ATC (p=0,001). No grupo de pacientes randomizados para RCM foram realizados 2,3 enxertos coronarianos / paciente, sendo 34,5% venosos e 65,5% arteriais (56,0% envolvendo a anastomose ATI esquerda &#150; AIVA, 4,3% a art&#233;ria epig&#225;strica, 5,2% art&#233;ria radial). A taxa de sucesso na ATC foi de 97,7%, sendo que em 70,5% dos casos foi implantado <italic>stent</italic> coronariano (1,4 <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio/paciente). No grupo de pacientes submetidos a ATC, foram abordados 88 vasos (rela&#231;&#227;o de 1,9 vaso dilatado/paciente). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto aos vasos abordados (AIVA proximal em 17 casos, AIVA n&#227;o proximal em 26 casos, CD em 24 casos e CX em 21 casos). Quanto ao tipo de les&#227;o coronariana abordada, houve predom&#237;nio do tipo B (2,3% tipo A, 34,1% tipo B1, 46,6% tipo B2 e 17,0% tipo C).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e angiogr&#225;ficos estabelecidos para inclus&#227;o de pacientes neste estudo tornaram este subgrupo uniforme quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e aos antecedentes m&#243;rbidos (mesmo quando confrontados entre si), fato que acrescenta uma maior credibilidade &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados da RCM e ATC e sua influ&#234;ncia sobre a carga isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio, tornando poss&#237;vel a extens&#227;o dos achados do estudo &#224; parcela de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e portadores destas mesmas caracter&#237;sticas.</p>
    <p>Os resultados apresentados neste estudo s&#227;o referentes &#224; an&#225;lise dos exames realizados por 100% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, uma vez que este protocolo incluiu a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico antes do procedimento para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, bem como seis meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o e, a impossibilidade de sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, em qualquer uma das oportunidades, determinou a exclus&#227;o do paciente do estudo. A valoriza&#231;&#227;o deste fato se faz necess&#225;ria, uma vez que ressalta uma falha dos grandes estudos randomizados, idealizados para comparar os resultados da RCM e ATC em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multivascular, que realizaram teste ergom&#233;trico em percentuais vari&#225;veis de seus participantes, registrando, de modo ex&#237;g&#252;o na literatura, detalhes dos resultados obtidos.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus em uma parcela consider&#225;vel da popula&#231;&#227;o submetida a ATC (32,6%), n&#227;o determinou resultados inferiores quando comparados aos encontrados no subgrupo submetido a RCM. Algumas peculiaridades da popula&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;da neste estudo, como o predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino, da ra&#231;a branca e de idade m&#233;dia n&#227;o avan&#231;ada, bem como o curto tempo de seguimento ap&#243;s o procedimento (6 meses), podem ter contribu&#237;do para neutralizar a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia negativa do diabetes sobre os pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana submetidos a ATC, conforme observado no estudo BARI ao final de 5 anos de acompanhamento<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar do predom&#237;nio de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana com acometimento triarterial no grupo submetido a RCM (p=0,002) e de um &#237;ndice de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio maior determinado pela RCM quando comparado &#224; ATC, efetivamente n&#227;o foi observado um maior benef&#237;cio a este grupo. A an&#225;lise da presen&#231;a de sintomas anginosos previamente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio mostrou que, ambos os subgrupos de pacientes, apresentaram melhora estatisticamente significante (p=0,001) e semelhante quanto &#224; classe funcional da angina, achado que se repete na an&#225;lise realizada seis meses ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, confirmando que o maior &#237;ndice de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio obtido pela RCM n&#227;o determinou uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas neste subgrupo de pacientes. Esses dados permitem questionar a relev&#226;ncia em atingir a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Sob o ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, nenhum dos m&#233;todos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foi superior no acompanhamento realizado seis meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, relato discordante dos resultados observados pelos estudos randomizados, que mostram superioridade da RCM para redu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas anginosos. A explica&#231;&#227;o para esse fato se encontra no desenho desta pesquisa, que difere, substancialmente, dos protocolos de seguimento dos grandes estudos, em um ponto singular. Este trabalho priorizou a an&#225;lise da carga isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdica em condi&#231;&#245;es equivalentes e o acompanhamento dos pacientes em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas semelhantes ap&#243;s o procedimento. Assim, foi condi&#231;&#227;o <italic>sine qua non</italic> para perman&#234;ncia no mesmo a aus&#234;ncia de eventos que pudessem estar relacionados a reestenose coronariana ou oclus&#227;o de enxertos no per&#237;odo de seguimento de 6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento, ou que determinassem realiza&#231;&#227;o de cinecoronariografia e posterior interven&#231;&#227;o nesse per&#237;odo. Esta particularidade do estudo permitiu a an&#225;lise do reflexo do procedimento para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio na carga isqu&#234;mica sem a interfer&#234;ncia de outros eventos. Al&#233;m disso, o uso corrente de novas estrat&#233;gias e t&#233;cnicas intervencionistas (implante de 70,5% de <italic>stent</italic> coronariano no grupo submetido a ATC) e cir&#250;rgicas (implante de 65,5% de enxertos arteriais no grupo submetido a RCM) tamb&#233;m podem ter influenciado positivamente os resultados.</p>
    <p>O acr&#233;scimo importante no n&#250;mero de pacientes submetidos a RCM que realizaram testes ergom&#233;tricos m&#225;ximo seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento e a redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de teste considerados positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica com angina podem ser conseq&#252;entes ao maior &#237;ndice de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio determinado pela RCM.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multivascular aumentou a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, sendo que na presen&#231;a de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio observou-se melhores &#237;ndices de teste ergom&#233;trico m&#225;ximo, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima, duplo produto m&#225;ximo, com menores n&#250;meros de teste ergom&#233;trico positivo e angina exerc&#237;cio-induzida.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; o par&#226;metro funcional que, isoladamente, representa o melhor indicador progn&#243;stico para avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, podemos inferir que, neste estudo, ambos os procedimentos para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o interferiram de modo negativo no progn&#243;stico deste subgrupo de pacientes<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentre os estudos randomizados, encontramos poucas refer&#234;ncias quanto &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio, tendo a mesma sido realizada em momentos diferentes da evolu&#231;&#227;o, o que dificulta quaisquer compara&#231;&#245;es<sup>6,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um aspecto importante a ser considerado &#233; a coexist&#234;ncia de les&#227;o coronariana e o significado funcional desta condi&#231;&#227;o para determinar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Muitos estudos relatam maior &#237;ndice de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica completa do mioc&#225;rdio determinado pela RCM em compara&#231;&#227;o com o &#237;ndice determinado pela ATC, sendo o &#237;ndice de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o funcional semelhante em ambos os m&#233;todos<sup>24-26</sup>. Este fato &#233; confirmado neste estudo atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise semi-quantitativa da isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio no repouso (SER), a qual n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#227;o significante na quantifica&#231;&#227;o em ambos os subgrupos nos dois momentos, bem como pela an&#225;lise semi-quantitativa da isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio no esfor&#231;o (SEE) que mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante da quantifica&#231;&#227;o no momento M2 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao momento M1 em ambos os subgrupos, sem diferen&#231;a entre eles. Sendo assim, a diferen&#231;a entre isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio no esfor&#231;o e no repouso (DSE) apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significante da quantifica&#231;&#227;o no momento M2 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao momento M1 em ambos os subgrupos, sem diferen&#231;a entre eles.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo podemos afirmar que a menor taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica completa na ATC n&#227;o foi capaz de interferir de modo negativo no resultado da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, traduzindo-se em revasculariza&#231;&#227;o funcional semelhante e adequada, uma vez que a redu&#231;&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e melhora da sintomatologia ocorreram de modo estatisticamente significante.</p>
    <p>Embora a proposta inicial deste estudo inclu&#237;sse revasculariza&#231;&#227;o equivalente, a extens&#227;o anat&#244;mica da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio no subgrupo randomizado para ATC foi menor que no subgrupo randomizado para RCM, uma vez que foi dada ampla liberdade ao cardiologista intervencionista e ao cirurgi&#227;o cardiovascular para abordagem das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias acometidas. Este fato vem refor&#231;ar a afirma&#231;&#227;o de que o cardiologista intervencionista aborda, geralmente, as les&#245;es coronarianas angiogr&#225;fica e clinicamente significantes, enquanto o cirurgi&#227;o cardiovascular aborda todas a les&#245;es tecnicamente poss&#237;veis, objetivando revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa.</p>
    <p>Apesar das cr&#237;ticas surgidas quando persistem oclus&#245;es ou les&#245;es coronarianas importantes ap&#243;s a ATC, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa parece influenciar o progn&#243;stico somente quando relacionada ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico<sup>27-29</sup>. Estudos recentes mostraram que revasculariza&#231;&#227;o incompleta do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s ATC determinou um acr&#233;scimo na necessidade de nova interven&#231;&#227;o (risco precoce de nova ATC e RCM 2,5 vezes maior) e recorr&#234;ncia de angina durante um per&#237;odo de seguimento de 9 anos, mas n&#227;o interferiu nas taxas de &#243;bito e IAM Q<sup>12,13,28-30</sup>. Estes achados apoiam a estrat&#233;gia de ATC com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica incompleta quando n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel realizar revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa ou, quando esta n&#227;o foi previamente planejada. Assim, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio anat&#244;mica incompleta, mas funcionalmente adequada, pode determinar evolu&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica completa<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, os pacientes randomizados para ATC tiveram 88 dos 112 vasos acometidos, abordados, sendo implantado <italic>stent</italic> coronariano em 70,5% dos casos, com uma rela&#231;&#227;o de 1,4 <italic>stents</italic> /paciente, e 97,7% de sucesso, achados semelhantes aos encontrados pelos grandes estudos randomizados<sup>2,3,8,9,31-33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quando analisado o grupo randomizado para RCM, 116 art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram revascularizadas (137 acometidas), alcan&#231;ando uma rela&#231;&#227;o de 2,3 enxertos/paciente, sendo que a ATI foi implantada em 56,0% dos casos. Estes &#237;ndices tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferem dos relatados pelos grandes estudos randomizados, sendo a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa obtida em 88% a 98% dos casos, taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de 2,2 a 2,6 vasos/paciente, a ATI utilizada em 37% a 93% dos casos<sup>3,8,9,31,32</sup>.</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias acometidas, bem como a propor&#231;&#227;o de acometimento do ter&#231;o proximal da AIVA, foi semelhante entre os dois subgrupos neste estudo. Este fato poderia ser relevante, uma vez que estudos mostraram que portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multivascular com obstru&#231;&#227;o no ter&#231;o proximal da AIVA apresentam maior sobrevida quando submetidos a RCM<sup>34-35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por envolver uma popula&#231;&#227;o com caracter&#237;sticas heterog&#234;neas, les&#245;es coronarianas complexas, les&#245;es tipo B2 e C, a ATC multivascular pode comprometer o resultado do procedimento, principalmente se associados a diabetes mellitus, oclus&#227;o coronariana cr&#244;nica ou alto grau de les&#227;o ou tortuosidade coronariana<sup>36,37</sup>. Neste estudo, embora o grupo de pacientes submetidos a ATC apresentasse predom&#237;nio de les&#245;es coronarianas complexas (34,1% tipo B1, 46,6% tipo B2 e 17% tipo C), obteve-se elevada taxa de sucesso imediato ap&#243;s a ATC (97,7%), fato que talvez possa ser explicado pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> em 70,5% dos casos.</p>
    <p>Estas observa&#231;&#245;es sugerem a necessidade de reavalia&#231;&#227;o do conceito de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio e de valoriza&#231;&#227;o do conceito de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o funcional do mioc&#225;rdio. Assim, em um futuro pr&#243;ximo, acreditamos que a repercuss&#227;o das les&#245;es coronarianas tratadas sobre o mioc&#225;rdio perfundido (isquemia mioc&#225;rdica) ser&#225; a respons&#225;vel pela caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa, quando, ent&#227;o, este conceito n&#227;o mais ser&#225; determinado a partir de infer&#234;ncias anat&#244;micas obtidas atrav&#233;s da distribui&#231;&#227;o espacial das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias acometidas e n&#227;o abordadas. Como reflexo da an&#225;lise da carga isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdica (sintomas e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica esfor&#231;o-induzida) pr&#233;via e ulterior (6 meses) &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea em situa&#231;&#245;es equivalentes, este estudo permite extrair as seguintes conclus&#245;es: 1) a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e percut&#226;nea do mioc&#225;rdio determinaram redu&#231;&#227;o significante e semelhante da carga isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdica quantificada 6 meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o sendo observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os procedimentos; 2) a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio determinou um maior &#237;ndice de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa, mas n&#227;o representou um fator estatisticamente significante na redu&#231;&#227;o da carga isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdica 6 meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, quando comparada ao resultado encontrado no grupo de pacientes submetido &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica percut&#226;nea.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi iniciado em outubro de 1998, com seguimento at&#233; seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento para cada paciente inclu&#237;do. Desde que a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica evolui continuamente, &#233; relevante considerar as diferen&#231;as entre as t&#233;cnicas utilizadas para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio neste estudo e as mais recentemente desenvolvidas, que n&#227;o foram utilizadas rotineiramente, e que poder&#227;o, no futuro, influenciar substancialmente estes resultados (cirurgia sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea ou minimamente invasiva, uso de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa e <italic>stents</italic> recobertos).</p>
    <p>Como a escolha do tratamento para a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multivascular &#233; uma decis&#227;o complexa, que envolve a an&#225;lise da doen&#231;a sob m&#250;ltiplas dimens&#245;es, tais como evolu&#231;&#227;o, estado funcional atual do paciente (sintomas) e a percep&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida, concluiu-se que durante o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a, os pacientes podem ser favorecidos pela combina&#231;&#227;o das t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgica e percut&#226;nea para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, beneficiando-se da baixa morbidade do procedimento percut&#226;neo e da longevidade dos enxertos arteriais (procedimento cir&#250;rgico).</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Anellys Emilia Louren&#231;o da Costa Moreira </p>
        <p> Rua Cincinato Braga, 102 </p>
        <p> 01333-010 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="anellys@cardiol.br">anellys@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 17/11/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 03/12/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative study between the therapeutic effects of surgical myocardial revascularization and coronary angioplasty in equivalent ischemic situations: analysis through myocardial scintigraphy with 99mTc-Sestamibi</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the myocardial ischemic load to previous and after myocardial revascularization. METHODS: Ninety-six randomized patients, carriers of multivessel coronary artery disease, stable angina, preserved left ventricular function, and exercise-induced myocardial ischemia treated with revascularization (SMR) or coronary angioplasty (TCA). Myocardial scintigraphy with 99mTc-Sestamibi was performed prior to and 6 months after myocardial revascularization. RESULTS: The SMR determined a significant greater index of complete revascularization (p=0.001), an increase in the number of maximum ergometric tests (p=0.001) and reduction in the number of positive ergometric tests with exercise angina (p=0.018). Both procedures provided an important improvement in the functional class of angina (p=0.001), an increase in the average value of double peak product (p=0.009), and the time of exercise tolerance (p&lt;0.001), besides the reduction in the average value of the summed of exercise score (p&lt;0.001) and the difference of the summed of scores (p&lt;0.001) in both groups. CONCLUSION: TCA and SMR did not differ significantly concerning the reduction of myocardial ischemic load 6 months after the procedure. The myocardial revascularization was more complete with the SMR than the TCA, but it did not represent a significant factor for the reduction myocardial ischemic load.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>surgical myocardial revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial scintigraphy with 99mTechnetium-Sestamibi</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparative study between the therapeutic effects of surgical myocardial revascularization and coronary angioplasty in equivalent ischemic situations: analysis through myocardial scintigraphy with <sup><bold>99m</bold></sup>Tc-Sestamibi</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Anellys E. L. C. Moreira; Whady A. Hueb; Paulo Rog&#233;rio Soares; Jos&#233; Cl&#225;udio Meneghetti; Maria Clementina P. Jorge; William A. Chalela; Eulogio E. Martinez Filho; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira; F&#225;bio Biscegli Jatene; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini Ramires</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the myocardial ischemic load to previous and after myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Ninety-six randomized patients, carriers of multivessel coronary artery disease, stable angina, preserved left ventricular function, and exercise-induced myocardial ischemia treated with revascularization (SMR) or coronary angioplasty (TCA). Myocardial scintigraphy with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi was performed prior to and 6 months after myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The SMR determined a significant greater index of complete revascularization (p=0.001), an increase in the number of maximum ergometric tests (p=0.001) and reduction in the number of positive ergometric tests with exercise angina (p=0.018). Both procedures provided an important improvement in the functional class of angina (p=0.001), an increase in the average value of double peak product (p=0.009), and the time of exercise tolerance (p&lt;0.001), besides the reduction in the average value of the summed of exercise score (p&lt;0.001) and the difference of the summed of scores (p&lt;0.001) in both groups.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>TCA and SMR did not differ significantly concerning the reduction of myocardial ischemic load 6 months after the procedure. The myocardial revascularization was more complete with the SMR than the TCA, but it did not represent a significant factor for the reduction myocardial ischemic load.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>surgical myocardial revascularization, coronary angioplasty, myocardial scintigraphy with <sup>99m</sup>Technetium-Sestamibi, myocardial ischemia</p>
      <p>Approximately 60% of the patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and indication for myocardial revascularization can, technically, be treated both through surgical myocardial revascularization (SMR) and through percutaneous coronary transluminal angioplasty (CTA). However, the diversity of coronary lesions, the diameter of ill-taken arteries, the extension of myocardial ischemia and the ill-taking of left ventricular function makes difficult the choice among the methods, which emphasize the need of performance of comparative studies among them.</p>
      <p>Despite all benefits achieved by these two therapeutic models, randomized and controlled clinical studies involving SMR and CTA in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease could not establish a consensus concerning the procedure with long term better clinical results, with many clinical, angiographic and prognostic conditions related to them being under questioning<sup>1-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The world literature is rich in data that demonstrate that the presence of exercise-induced perfusion myocardial changes provide more accurate information than those obtained through anatomic data interpreted through cinecoronariography: angiographically similar coronary lesions can have different functional meanings<sup>10,11</sup>. Therefore, the main determining factor of the evolution of coronary artery disease would be represented by the functional meaning of the lesion (repercussion on myocardial perfusion), and the identification of ischemia would make possible to intervene in the natural history of the disease: maybe, the desirable complete myocardial revascularization (absence of residual coronary lesion greater than 70% in any large epicardial ramus after CTA or in accordance to the number of distal anastomoses performed through SMR in vessels regarded as ill) would be excessively valued to the detriment of functionally suitable myocardial revascularization<sup>8-10,12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>So, the residual level of myocardial ischemia after SMR or CTA could explain and correlate the results found in many studies with the characteristics of the patients submitted to each procedure. However, there is a scarce of information concerning the effect of those procedures of revascularization on myocardial ischemic load.</p>
      <p>So, this study aims at analyzing and quantifying previous (moment 1 &#150; M1) and later (moment 2 &#150; M2; 6 months) myocardial ischemia to SMR or CTA (parameters provided through clinical follow-up and myocardial scintigraphy with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi) and identifying the variation in the level of myocardial ischemic load determined by the two types of myocardial revascularization under equivalent situations (assessing the real benefit of the complete myocardial revascularization).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study assessed and followed a subgroup of patients participating in a unicentric, randomized, prospective, multidisciplinary study involving patients with age between 35 and 75 years old, carriers of angiographically documented multivessel coronary artery disease (lesions <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% located in two or more different epicardial vessels and territories) and of clinically stable angina or objective evidence of myocardial ischemia. The carriers of the following diseases were not included: lesion in the left coronary artery trunk or more than two chronic coronary occlusions; associated heart diseases (congenital, valvar, myocardial, pericardial); left ventricular fraction of ejection (LVFE) &lt; 35%; left ventricular aneurysm; previous myocardial revascularization (SMR of CTA); acute myocardial infarction in the last four weeks; cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack in the last 6 months; life expectancy limited by the presence of associated severe disease (neoplasia, renal or hepatic failure, hematological disease or blood dyscrasias).</p>
      <p>The patients had their cinecoronariography (performed up to 2 months prior to the procedure) analyzed by a clinical cardiologist, two interventionist cardiologists and a cardiovascular surgeon, who agreed among themselves concerning the possibility of treatment of the patients through any of the techniques for myocardial revascularization, in accordance to clinical and angiographic conditions, which were already established in consensus<sup>14-16</sup>. That study was approved by the Scientific and Ethical Commissions of the institution where it was performed and the patients agreed on their participation, by signing the post-informed consent term and only then they were randomized for SMR or CTA.</p>
      <p>Consecutively to randomization, the patients with suitable conditions for the performance of ergometric test (ET) on a treadmill, were submitted to the myocardial scintigraphy: when there was a present evidence of myocardial ischemia (reversible captation defects at scintigraphy), the patient was admitted to a follow-up in that study. The procedure of myocardial revascularization was performed with a maximum interval of four weeks after the examination.</p>
      <p>The inexistence of any event during the first six months after myocardial revascularization that could somehow change the status of native coronary arteries or coronary grafts, as well as disable the performance of ergometric test on treadmill, was an indispensable condition for the continuance in the study.</p>
      <p>The patients had, whenever possible, the following medications discontinued: betablockers and antagonists of calcium channels suspended in the four days prior to the exam, and the prolonged action nitrates, 24 hours before the test. The patients were submitted to the test in treadmill according to the protocol of Ellestad, with electrocardiographic monitoring using the 12 classic derivations associated to the orthogonal system of Frank, with the objective of reaching the maximum heart rate (HRmax=220 - (age x 0.65)) or physical exhaustion. The criteria considered for the interruption of the test were: accented increase of diastolic blood pressure (DBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg in normotensive or 140 mmHg in hypertensive), sustained drop of systolic blood pressure (SBP), accented increase of SBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 260 mmHg, appearance of angina, dizziness or pre-syncope, dyspnea disproportional to the intensity of exercise, depression of segment ST &gt; 2 mm, increase of segment ST  <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 mm in a non-infarcted area, sustained ventricular arrhythmia, sustained supraventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular blocking of 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> degree. The exercise test was considered as inefficient when it was interrupted with HR with a lower value than 80% of maximum HR. The following variables were analyzed: presence of angina, unlevelling of segment ST, maximum double product (DP), maximum myocardial O<sub>2</sub> consumption (maximum VO<sub>2</sub>), exercise capacity (assessed through TEM) and exercise tolerance time (ETT)<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The images of myocardial scintigraphy were obtained through tomographic technique (SPECT - Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), synchronized with electrocardiographic signal (<italic>gated</italic>), which allows for the simultaneous assessment of myocardial perfusion and quantitative parameter of ventricular function, by using the <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi (2-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile marked with technetium-99m) as myocardial perfusion marker.</p>
      <p>Under resting conditions, 740 MBq of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi were endovenously administrated to the patient, and the acquisition of images was performed 60 to 90 minutes after the injection. Near the end of ergometric test, 740 MBq de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi were injected, and the patient was stimulated to continue exercising for at least 1 minute, if possible. After the recovering stage data were recorded, the patient was placed under the gamma-chamber detector for obtention of images.</p>
      <p>The acquisition of images was performed in a non-circular orbit, started from DAO 45&#186; projection to PAO 45&#186; projection, thus completing 180&#186; scan for tomographic images, at 64 frames in a 64 x 64 matrix (1 detection every 2.8&#186; with duration of 30s), using 140 keV energy windows<sup>23</sup>. No coefficient of spreading attenuation or correction was used. The images were pre-filtered with a two-dimensional Butterworth filter with order 5, cutoff frequency of 0.6 Nyquist, and reconstructed through iterative method (5 iterations) in a Sun computer, Ultra 60 model, through the AUTO SPECT + Instill 5.0 software, according to the existing recommendations<sup>18,19</sup>. The analysis of fraction of ejection was performed through an AUTO QUANT 4.21 software.</p>
      <p>For the quantification of ischemic myocardium, a semi-quantitative assessment was performed of a 17-segment model (short axle and long vertical axle were divided in 6 in the apical, middle and basal sections of the short axle and in 2 apical segments in the long vertical section), retrospectively analyzed by at least 3 experienced observers, without any knowledge on clinical, ergometric and cinecoronariographic<sup>19</sup>. Each follow-up had its perfusion image analyzed and quantified through the 5-point semi-quantitative score system: 0 (normal), 1 (discreet reduction in captation), 2 (moderate reduction in captation), 3 (important reduction in captation of radioisotope), 4 (apparent absence of detectable captation in the follow-up).</p>
      <p>The exercise score summed (ESS) index was obtained by summing the scores of 17 follow-ups of exercise image<sup>20</sup>. The resting score summed (RSS) index was obtained in the same way, by summing the scores of 17 follow-ups of the image of rest. In order to estimate the reversibility of the defect, the difference in the score summed (DSS) index was calculated through the subtraction between the RSS and ESS indexes.</p>
      <p>SMR was performed using a standardized surgical technique, being the surgeon stimulated to intervene in all approached coronary arteries, including those with lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% and chronically occluded, by using venous grafts or, whenever possible, arterial conduits, such internal thoracic artery (ITA), radial artery (RA) and epigastric artery (EA).</p>
      <p>CTA was performed in accordance to conventional protocol, with all catheter-based technological options available (balloon-catheter, coronary stent, laser, directional atherectomy, rotational atherectomy)<sup>16</sup>. The interventionist cardiologist was stimulated to intervene in all arteries that could be contributing to myocardial ischemia and/or showed lesion &#179; 70%. The result was considered as successful when the residual lesion obtained was lower than 50% with TIMI 3 (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) flow in the absence of greater complications at in-hospital stage (AMI, urgency SMR and death).</p>
      <p>The follow-up was bimonthly during the first six months after the intervention, consisting of clinical and electrocardiographic exams, as well as record of events in the period. In the 6<sup>th</sup> month after the procedure, the patients were submitted to a new myocardial scintigraphy with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sestamibi, for comparative functional assessment.</p>
      <p>The variable analysis was descriptive, being the quantitative variables analyzed through the observation of minimum and maximum values, the calculation of means and standard deviations, and the qualitative variables were analyzed through the calculation of absolute frequencies and percentages. For the analysis of mean equality hypothesis between the two groups, the test t of Student was used, and for the comparison between the proportions, the chi-square test or exact test of Fisher was used. The behavior of the studied groups, considering the conditions shown, was studied through the variance analysis technique with repeated measurements. The significance level used for the tests was 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From October 1998 to August 2000, 123 patients were included in this study, in a consecutive way, and 27 were excluded for the following reasons: death (8), refusal in being submitted to the procedure (5), myocardial infarction after CTA (1), cerebrovascular accident (1), new procedure for myocardial revascularization in the period (4), refusal in being submitted to a new myocardial scintigraphy (4), other associated diseases (4). Both groups did not show significant differences concerning the variables, being observed a predominance of coronary disease with bilateral onset in the group randomized for CTA and trilateral onset in the group randomized for SMR (p=0.002) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Angina was classified from I to IV, according to functional classification of Canadian Cardiovascular Society. The patients submitted to SMR and CTA were grouped, concerning coronary symptomatology (angina), in 3 subgroups: asymptomatic, functional class I and II angina carriers, and functional class III and IV angina carriers. The presence and severity of angina did not show significant difference at M1 in both groups (p=0.110), as well as at M2 (p=0.184) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">tab. II</xref>). When each group was analyzed in particular, both showed an important improvement in angina functional class (p=0.001), without significant difference among the subgroups concerning the functional class (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>There was a significant increase in the number of maximum ergometric tests from M1 to M2, when the SMR-submitted group (p=0.01) was assessed, as well as a significant decrease in this number of positive ergometric tests from M1 to M2, when the SMR-submitted groups (p=0.045) were assessed, and positive tests with pain from M1 to M2 when the SMR-submitted group (p=0.018) was assessed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_25310t4-body2">tab. IV</xref>). The SMR-submitted group showed a significant increase in HR under rest when M1 and M2 were compared (p=0.019) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">tab. V</xref>). There was a significant increase in the mean of peak HR reached at M1 when compared to the peak HR at M2 in both groups (p=0.007) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">tab. V</xref>). A significant decrease in the average values of SBP under rest from M1 to M2 in the two groups (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">tab. V</xref>). Both groups showed a fewer number of patients with infra-unlevelling of segment ST at the exercise peak at M2, without significant difference, as well as a reduction of the infra-unlevelling mean (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_25310t6-body2">tab. VI</xref>). A significant increase of peak DP from M1 to M2 in both groups (p=0.009) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab7-body2">tab. VII</xref>). The CTA-submitted group showed MET significantly higher means than those in the SMR-submitted group in both moments (p=0.039) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab7-body2">tab. VII</xref>). There was a significant increase in the values of MET from M1 to M2 in the two groups (p&lt;0.001), as well as a significant increase of values of VO<sub>2</sub>max from M1 to M2 in both groups (p&lt;0.001) and the values of ETT from M1 to M2 in the two groups (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab7-body2">tab. VII</xref>).</p>
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          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
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        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
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      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-02-0092-00004-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A significant decrease was observed in the values of rest LVFE from M1 to M2 in both groups (p=0.025) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab8-body2">tab. VIII</xref>). Both groups showed a significant decrease of ESS between M1 and M2 (p&lt; 0.001 for both), as well as of DSS between M1 and M2 (p&lt; 0.001 for both groups) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab9-body2">tabs. IX</xref>, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="en_25310t10-body2">X</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="en_25310t11-body2">XI</xref>).</p>
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      <p>SMR-submitted patients showed a complete myocardial revascularization index in 78.0% of the cases, in a contraposition to 39.1% of CTA-submitted patients (p=0.001). In the group of patients randomized to SMR 2.3 coronary grafts per patient were performed, being 34.5% venous and 65.5% arterial (56.0% involving left ATI anastomosis ATI - AIVA, 4.3% the epigastric artery, 5.2% radial artery). The success rate in CTA was 97.7%, and in 70.5% of the a coronary stent was implanted (1.4 coronary stent/patient). In the CTA-submitted patients, 88 vessels were approached (a rate of 1.9 dilated vessel/patient). There was no difference concerning the approached vessels (proximal AIVA in 17 cases, non-proximal AIVA in 26 cases, RC in 24 cases and CX in 21 cases). Regarding the type of coronary lesion approached, there was a prevalence of type B (2.3% type A, 34.1% type B1, 46.6% type B2 and 17.0% type C).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical and angiographic criteria established for the inclusion of patients in this study made that subgroup uniform as for the demographic characteristics and the morbid antecedents (even when confronted against each other), a fact that adds a greater credibility to the comparison between the results from SMR and CTA and their influence on the myocardial ischemic load, making possible the extension of the findings in the study to the number of patients with coronary artery disease and the carriers of those same characteristics.</p>
      <p>The results shown in this study refer to the analysis of the exams undertaken by 100% of the studied population, as that protocol included the performance of the ergometric test before the procedure for myocardial revascularization, as well as six months after the intervention, and the impossibility of its accomplishment, in any of the opportunities, determined the exclusion of the patient from the study. The valuation of that fact is necessary, as it highlights the flaw of big randomized studies, idealized to compare the results from SMR and CTA in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, who performed ergometric test, in variable percentages of its participants, by recording, in a scanty way in the literature, details from the results obtained.</p>
      <p>The presence of diabetes mellitus in a considerable part of the CTA-submitted population (32.6%), did not determine lower results when compared to those found in the SMR-submitted subgroup. Some peculiarities of the population included in this study, as the prevalence of male sex, the white race, and average age not so old, as well as the short follow-up time after the procedure (6 months), may have contributes to neutralize the possible negative influence of diabetes on CTA-submitted patients with coronary artery disease, as observed in BARI study at the end of 5 years of follow-up<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the prevalence of coronary artery disease with side onset in the SMR-submitted group (p=0.002) and a greater index of complete myocardial revascularization determined by SMR when compared to CTA, it was not effectively observed a greater benefit to that group. The analysis of the presence of angina symptoms prior to the procedures for myocardial revascularization showed that both groups of patients showed statistically significant improvement (p=0.001) and similar concerning the functional class of angina, a finding that repeats in the analysis carried out six months after myocardial revascularization, confirming that the index of complete myocardial revascularization obtained through SMR did not determine a greater reduction of the symptoms in that subgroup of patients. Those data allow for questioning the relevance in reaching the complete myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>From the clinical point of view, none of the methods of myocardial revascularization was better in the follow-up carried out six months after the intervention, a disagreeing report on the results observed through randomized studies, which showed the superiority of SMR for the reduction of angina symptoms. The explanation for that fact lies in the design of this research, which differs substantially from the follow-up protocols of big studies, in a singular point. This work prioritized the analysis of myocardial ischemic load under equivalent conditions and the follow-up of patients in similar clinical situations after the procedure. So, the absence of events that could be related to coronary restenosis or the occlusion of grafts in the follow-up period of six months after the procedure, or that determine the realization of cinecoronariography and a later intervention during that period, was, a <italic>sine qua non</italic> condition for their permanence in it. That particularity of the study allowed for the analysis of the reflex of the procedure for myocardial revascularization in ischemic load without interference of other events. Besides, the current use of new strategies and interventionist (implantation of 70.5% pf coronary stent in the CTA-submitted group) and surgical (implantation of 65.5% of arterial grafts in the SMR-submitted group) techniques can also be positively influenced the results.</p>
      <p>The important increase in the number of SMR-submitted patients who had maximum ergometric tests six months after the procedure and the reduction in the number of tests regarded as positive for myocardial ischemia and positive for myocardial ischemia with angina can be consequent to the higher index of complete myocardial revascularization determined through SMR.</p>
      <p>Most of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease increased the tolerance towards exercise after myocardial revascularization, and that in the presence of complete myocardial revascularization it was observed better indexes of maximum ergometric test, maximum heart rate, maximum double product, with lower number of positive ergometric tests and exercise-induced angina.</p>
      <p>The analysis of left ventricular fraction of ejection is the functional parameter that solely represents the best prognostic indicator for the assessment of coronary artery disease. We can infer that, in this study, both procedures for myocardial revascularization did not interfere negatively in the prognostic of that subgroup of patients<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the randomized studies, we found few references concerning the performance of myocardial scintigraphy, and that was performed at different moments of the evolution, which makes any comparisons difficult<sup>6,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>An important aspect to be considered is the coexistence of coronary lesion and the functional meaning of such condition to determine myocardial ischemia. Many studies report a greater index of complete anatomic myocardial revascularization determined through SMR in comparison with the index determined through CTA, with the functional revascularization index similar in both methods<sup>24-26</sup>. Such fact is confirmed in this study through the semi-quantitative analysis of myocardial ischemia under rest (RSS), which did not show significant changes in the quantification in both subgroups at the two moments, as well as through the semi-quantitative analysis of myocardial ischemia under exercise (ESS) that showed a statistically significant change of quantification at the M2 moment in relation to M1 moment in both subgroups, without difference between them. So, the difference between myocardial ischemia under rest and under exercise (DSS) showed a significant reduction of quantification at M2 moment in relation to M1 moment in both subgroups, without difference between them.</p>
      <p>In this study we can ascertain that the lower rate of complete anatomic revascularization in CTA was not able to interfere negatively in the result of myocardial ischemia, which translated into similar and proper functional revascularization, as the reduction of myocardial ischemia and improvement in symptomatology took place in a statistically significant way.</p>
      <p>Although the initial purpose of this study included equivalent revascularization, the anatomic extension of myocardial revascularization in the CTA-randomized subgroup was lower than in the SMR-randomized subgroup, as much freedom was given to the interventionist cardiologist and the cardiovascular surgeon to the approach to ill-taken coronary arteries. That fact reinforces the assumption that the interventionist cardiologist usually approaches the angiographically and clinically significant coronary lesions, whereas the cardiovascular surgeon approaches all technically possible lesions, aiming at a complete revascularization.</p>
      <p>Despite the criticisms when important occlusions or coronary lesions persist after CTA, the complete revascularization seems to influence the prognostic only when related to surgical treatment<sup>27-29</sup>. Recent studies have shown that incomplete myocardial revascularization after CTA determined an increase in the need of a new intervention (early risk of new CTA and SMR 2.5 times greater) and recurrence of angina for a follow-up period of 9 years, but it did not interfere in the rates of death and AMI Q<sup>12,13,28-30</sup>. Those findings support the strategy of CTA with incomplete myocardial revascularization when it is not possible to perform a complete revascularization or when it was not previously planned. So, the incomplete anatomic myocardial revascularization, but functionally suitable, can determine a similar evolution as the complete anatomic revascularization's<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, the patients randomized to CTA had 88 from 112 ill-taken vessels, approached, with the implantation of coronary stent in 70.5% of the cases, with a rate of 1.4 stents/patient, and 97.7% of success, similar findings to those found through big randomized studies<sup>2,3,8,9,31-33</sup>.</p>
      <p>When the group randomized for SMR was analyzed, 116 coronary arteries were revascularized (137 ill-taken), reaching a rate of 2.3 grafts/patient, and the ITA was implanted in 56.0% of the cases. Those indexes do not differ either from those reported in the big randomized studies, and the complete revascularization was obtained in 88% to 98% of the cases, a revascularization rate from 2.2 to 2.6 vessels/patient, ITA used in 37% to 93% of the cases<sup>3,8,9,31,32</sup>.</p>
      <p>The distribution of ill-taken coronary arteries, as well as the onset proportion of the proximal third of AIVA, was similar between the two subgroups in this study. That fact could be relevant as that studies showed that carriers of multivessel coronary artery disease with obstruction in the proximal third of AIVA showed a longer survival when submitted to SMR<sup>34,35</sup>.</p>
      <p>For involving a population with heterogeneous characteristics, complex coronary lesions, lesions type B2 and C, the multivessel CTA may compromise the result of the procedure, especially if associated to diabetes mellitus, chronic coronary occlusion or high level of coronary lesion or tortuousity<sup>36,37</sup>. In this study, although the group of CTA-submitted patients showed a prevalence of complex coronary lesions (34.1% type B1, 46.6% type B2 and 17% type C), a high rate of immediate success after CTA (97.7%) was obtained, a fact that can maybe be explained through the use of stent in 70.5% of the cases.</p>
      <p>Those observations suggest the need for reassessment of the concept of complete myocardial revascularization and the valuation of the concept of functional myocardial revascularization. So, in a near future, we believe that the repercussion of coronary lesions treated on perfused myocardium (myocardial ischemia) will be responsible for the characterization of complete revascularization when, then, this concept will not be any longer determined from anatomic inferences obtained through spatial distribution of ill-taken and non-approached coronary arteries. As a reflex from the analysis of myocardial ischemic load (symptoms and exercise-induced myocardial ischemia) previous and after (6 months) the surgical or percutaneous myocardial revascularization in equivalent situations, this study allows for reaching the following conclusions: 1) the surgical and percutaneous myocardial revascularization determined a significant and similar reduction of myocardial ischemic load quantified 6 months after the intervention, and no statistically significant difference was not observed between the procedures; 2) the surgical myocardial revascularization determined a higher index of complete revascularization, but it did not represent a statistically significant factor in the reduction of myocardial ischemic load 6 months after the intervention, when compared to the result found in the group of patients submitted to percutaneous myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>This study began in October 1998, with a follow-up up to six months after the procedure for every patient included in it. Once the medical practice has been evolving continuously, it is relevant to consider the differences among the techniques used for myocardial revascularization in this study and the most recently developed ones, which have not been frequently used and that can substantially influence these results (surgery without extracorporeal flow or minimally invasive, use of inhibitors of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and covered stents) in the future.</p>
      <p>As the choice of treatment for multivessel coronary artery disease is a complex decision, which involves the analysis of the disease under multiple dimensions, such as evolution, current functional status of the patient (symptoms) and the perception of life quality, the patients can be favored through the combination of surgical and percutaneous techniques for myocardial revascularization, thus benefiting from the low morbidity rate of the percutaneous procedure and the longevity of arterial grafts (surgical procedure).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Anellys Emilia Louren&#231;o da Costa Moreira </p>
          <p> Rua Cincinato Braga, 102</p>
          <p> 01333-010 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="anellys@cardiol.br">anellys@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publishing on 11/17/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/03/2004</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
