<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3R8bCrmVNsGzCfCvJNfZm8m</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001400016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500116</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001400016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terap&#234;utica trombol&#237;tica em trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>76</fpage>
      <lpage>78</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ATUALIZA&#199;&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Terap&#234;utica trombol&#237;tica em trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcelo Katz; Flavio Tarasoutchi; Max Grinberg </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p> Os avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos da medicina atual permitem uma maior longevidade &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o. Especificamente, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s valvopatias, a expectativa de vida aumentada proporciona ao indiv&#237;duo interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas repetidas, com uma indica&#231;&#227;o cada vez maior do implante de pr&#243;teses valvares met&#225;licas. A trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o infrequente, com grande letalidade<sup>1-3</sup>, sendo que as equipes de emerg&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica t&#234;m pouca experi&#234;ncia no manejo da tromb&#243;lise de pr&#243;tese valvar. Desta forma, o objetivo desta atualiza&#231;&#227;o &#233; revisar as principais alternativas frente a uma situa&#231;&#227;o de trombose, apresentando, de modo pr&#225;tico, o tratamento trombol&#237;tico, como alternativa fact&#237;vel e eficaz, quando bem indicado. </p>
    <p><bold>Trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar: desafio diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico -</bold> A incid&#234;ncia de trombose varia de acordo com a efic&#225;cia da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, com o tipo e localiza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese implantada, e com a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>1-4</sup>. Em uma metan&#225;lise publicada em 1994<sup>2,5</sup>, com 13.000 portadores de pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica, a incid&#234;ncia anual de trombose foi de 0,2%, com eventos tromboemb&#243;licos ocorridos em 1,8% ao ano. Essa incid&#234;ncia foi bem maior nos pacientes que tomavam somente agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios, ocorrendo em 1,6% para trombose e 8,2% para tromboembolia. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o, pacientes com pr&#243;tese mitral apresentavam risco dobrado para trombose, quando comparados a portadores de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica, sendo que pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica em posi&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide apresentava maior trombogenicidade. A pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica de "gaiola" foi a mais trombog&#234;nica. </p>
    <p>A obstru&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese &#233; mais frequente no 1&#186; ano ap&#243;s a cirurgia. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; vari&#225;vel, desde pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, at&#233; quadros extremos de choque cardiog&#234;nico. Mais comumente, apresentam dispn&#233;ia progressiva aos esfor&#231;os, lipot&#237;mia, s&#237;ncope. A emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e o edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es podem ser a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o do paciente. </p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico revela novos sopros ou mudan&#231;a do padr&#227;o do sopro antigo<sup>2,5</sup>. O melhor exame complementar, para refinar o diagn&#243;stico de trombose &#233; o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, que permite a elucida&#231;&#227;o da massa obstrutiva, levando a um diagn&#243;stico mais acurado<sup>6-8</sup>. </p>
    <p>A reopera&#231;&#227;o, nesses casos, apresenta risco aumentado, com taxas de mortalidade variando entre 10% e 15% em algumas s&#233;ries<sup>3,4,9,10</sup>. Este risco cir&#250;rgico pode ser incrementado quando o paciente apresenta-se em condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas desfavor&#225;veis, como instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. A tromb&#243;lise surge como alternativa de tratamento. </p>
    <p><bold>Tromb&#243;lise de pr&#243;tese valvar: hist&#243;rico - </bold>Luluaga e cols. foram os pioneiros, em 1971, na aplica&#231;&#227;o de terapia trombol&#237;tica em trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar<sup>11</sup>. Estreptoquinase foi utilizada em trombose de pr&#243;tese tric&#250;spide. Tr&#234;s anos mais tarde, Baile e cols. descreveram o uso de trombol&#237;tico em pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica<sup>12</sup>. Desde ent&#227;o diversos relatos de tromb&#243;lise em pr&#243;teses foram feitos, com taxas de sucesso e complica&#231;&#245;es vari&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>Uma revis&#227;o de aproximadamente 200 relatos de tromb&#243;lise em pr&#243;teses valvares esquerdas<sup>4</sup> mostrou uma taxa de sucesso inicial de 82%, eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em 12%, acidente vascular cerebral em 5 a 10 %, mortalidade de 6%, sangramentos maiores em 5% e, recorr&#234;ncia de trombose em 11%. Um resumo desses relatos pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0076-00016-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em 2000, Gupta e cols.<sup>1</sup> publicaram uma s&#233;rie de 110 portadores de trombose de pr&#243;tese mitral (96 pacientes) e a&#243;rtica (14 pacientes), submetidos &#224; tromb&#243;lise, sendo que, 108 receberam estreptoquinase e 2 uroquinase. A dose de infus&#227;o da estreptoquinase foi 250.000 U em bolus em 30min, seguido por 100.000 U/h. O ecocardiograma com Doppler foi utilizado para monitorizar o tempo de infus&#227;o do trombol&#237;tico e avaliar a efic&#225;cia. Os crit&#233;rios para interrup&#231;&#227;o da infus&#227;o foram melhora hemodin&#226;mica, avaliada pelo ecocardiograma, ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramentos maiores ou acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico e tempo de infus&#227;o igual a 72 horas. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas desses pacientes, antes da tromb&#243;lise, eram bem vari&#225;veis. Dos 110 pacientes, 3,6% encontravam-se em classe funcional I (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic>), 19,1% em classe funcional II, 46,4% em classe funcional III, 24,5% em classe funcional IV, e 6,4% em choque cardiog&#234;nico ou edema agudo pulmonar. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial esteve presente em 31,8%. O tempo m&#233;dio de implante da pr&#243;tese foi 24 meses e o tempo m&#233;dio de in&#237;cio dos sintomas foi de 14 dias. </p>
    <p>Foi observada melhora hemodin&#226;mica completa em 81,8% dos pacientes, melhora parcial em 10% e falha de tratamento em 8,2%. Em 19,1% dos pacientes ocorreu evento emb&#243;lico durante o tratamento. O sucesso da tromb&#243;lise n&#227;o sofreu interfer&#234;ncias da idade dos pacientes, do tempo de in&#237;cio dos sintomas, do tempo de cirurgia, do tipo ou posi&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese valvar. Apenas fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi um preditor de eventos emb&#243;licos. </p>
    <p> A experi&#234;ncia em literatura com tromb&#243;lise de pr&#243;tese tric&#250;spide e pulmonar &#233; menor, mas mostra seguran&#231;a do procedimento, colocando-o como boa op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento nos portadores destas condi&#231;&#245;es<sup>1,13,14</sup>. Os relatos de tromb&#243;lise da pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica em posi&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide tem altas taxas de sucesso com baixos &#237;ndices de complica&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>Tromb&#243;lise de pr&#243;tese valvar: indica&#231;&#227;o - </bold>Em 1998, foi publicado o consenso americano, sobre valvopatias<sup>15</sup>. Embora o consenso n&#227;o contra-indique a tromb&#243;lise valvar, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o limitadas e as indica&#231;&#245;es acabam restringindo-se a n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos candidatos &#224; tromb&#243;lise muitas vezes &#233; complicada, faltando elementos significativos que possam predizer sucesso versus complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento. </p>
    <p>Neste contexto, estudos mais recentes<sup>3,16,17 </sup>visam a melhor sele&#231;&#227;o do candidato &#224; tromb&#243;lise. A ecocardiografia, particularmente o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico tem demonstrado grande import&#226;ncia na decis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica<sup>3,6,7,8</sup>. </p>
    <p>O maior estudo, analisando o papel da ecocardiografia na tromb&#243;lise de pr&#243;tese valvar, foi publicado recentemente (2004)<sup>3</sup>. Considerando que o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico &#233; o exame de escolha para avaliar pr&#243;teses valvares met&#225;licas, permitindo detectar e caracterizar trombos, o objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a capacidade do transesof&#225;gico em predizer a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da tromb&#243;lise de pr&#243;teses valvares e estabelecer caracter&#237;sticas do trombo que aumentassem o risco da tromb&#243;lise. </p>
    <p>Um registro multic&#234;ntrico de pacientes, em &#226;mbito internacional, envolvendo os Estados Unidos, de 1985 a 2001, foi analisado. Nesse registro, portadores de trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar foram submetidos a tromb&#243;lise, sendo que, em todos, antes da terapia, foi realizado ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico. O registro constou de 107 pacientes, sendo que 79 apresentavam envolvimento mitral, 13 envolvimento a&#243;rtico, e 15 acometimento da tric&#250;spide. </p>
    <p>Os agentes utilizados para a fibrin&#243;lise foram estreptoquinase (54,7%), uroquinase (17%), e rt-PA (28,9%). Todos os fibrinol&#237;ticos foram administrados por tempo mais prolongado, sendo que a estreptoquinase chegou a ser utilizada por 120 horas. A dose do rt-PA foi 10 mg em bolus, seguido por 90 mg em 2 a 6 horas. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes submetidos a tromb&#243;lise realizaram um ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico antes do procedimento. Trombos foram visualizados em 86% dos casos, sendo que no restante dos pacientes, o crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar detectada pelo Doppler. Os trombos foram rigorosamente avaliados e sua &#225;rea calculada. </p>
    <p>A tromb&#243;lise foi realizada com sucesso em 85% dos casos, sendo que em 17,8% (19 pacientes) foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es, com &#243;bito em 5,6%. Dos pacientes que apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es, 18 tinham acometimento mitral e um acometimento a&#243;rtico. N&#227;o foram observadas no estudo complica&#231;&#245;es nos portadores de trombose de valva tric&#250;spide. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0076-00016-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram analisados como preditores de complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s tromb&#243;lise. Antecedente de acidente vascular cerebral e tamanho do trombo observado pelo ecocardiograma foram preditores independentes de complica&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao procedimento. Para cada aumento de 1 cm<sup>2</sup> na &#225;rea do trombo, houve um aumento na taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es em 2,4 vezes. O antecedente de acidente vascular cerebral aumentou o risco de eventos adversos em 4,5 vezes. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica permitiu estabelecer um corte para o tamanho do trombo cujo valor foi de 0,8 cm<sup>2</sup>, ou seja, pacientes que apresentavam trombo com &#225;rea menor que este valor, tiveram sucesso na tromb&#243;lise, sem efeitos adversos importantes. A presen&#231;a de trombo com &#225;rea &gt;0,8 cm<sup>2</sup> foi preditor de complica&#231;&#227;o com sensibilidade de 79% e especificidade de 68%. O tamanho do trombo &lt;0,8 cm<sup>2</sup> foi o preditor de sucesso, independente da classe funcional em que se encontrava o paciente. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> apresenta a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as dimens&#245;es do trombo e a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0076-00016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre as dimens&#245;es do trombo e a taxa de eventos adversos tem grande import&#226;ncia no manejo do paciente. A indica&#231;&#227;o de tromb&#243;lise sempre levou em conta a classe funcional do paciente e as caracter&#237;sticas do trombo<sup>4,15</sup>. No entanto, a partir dos resultados deste estudo, fica evidente que o elemento mais importante na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica &#233; o pr&#243;prio trombo, permitindo que a sele&#231;&#227;o dos candidatos &#224; tromb&#243;lise seja mais ampla, abrangendo pacientes em todas as classes funcionais. </p>
    <p><bold>Tromb&#243;lise de pr&#243;teses valvares: o racional - </bold>Como exposto, a trombose de pr&#243;tese permite tratamento cl&#237;nico, com terapia trombol&#237;tica ou cir&#250;rgico. Caber&#225; ao m&#233;dico a decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Quando a trombose envolver valva tric&#250;spide e, bem mais raramente, valva pulmonar, a tromb&#243;lise &#233; terapia de escolha. Os trabalhos mostram baixas complica&#231;&#245;es neste grupo de pacientes<sup>11,13,14,18</sup>, independente da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, assintom&#225;ticos, oligossintom&#225;ticos ou em franca insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Quando a trombose envolver valvas &#224; esquerda (mitral e a&#243;rtica), algumas considera&#231;&#245;es dever&#227;o ser feitas para a escolha do melhor tratamento. Todos os pacientes dever&#227;o realizar ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico antes do tratamento definitivo<sup>3</sup>. A caracter&#237;stica do trombo dever&#225; ser avaliada. Trombo &lt;0,8 cm<sup>2</sup> prediz sucesso da tromb&#243;lise<sup>3</sup>. Portanto para pacientes nestas condi&#231;&#245;es, independente da classe funcional, ou seja, desde assintom&#225;ticos at&#233; em choque cardiog&#234;nico, independente do tempo de instala&#231;&#227;o da trombose no paciente, a terapia trombol&#237;tica pode ser considerada como primeira escolha. Esta considera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; v&#225;lida caso o paciente tenha antecedente de acidente vascular cerebral ou apresente fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, pois o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es &#233; maior. Quando o paciente tiver um trombo &gt;0,8 cm<sup>2</sup>, a cirurgia dever&#225; ser considerada como escolha inicial, a menos que as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas sejam desfavor&#225;veis, como por exemplo, choque cardiog&#234;nico, com risco cir&#250;rgico elevado, tornando a tromb&#243;lise, embora potencialmente complicada, justificada para o paciente. Tamb&#233;m em casos em que n&#227;o se disp&#245;e de cirurgia card&#237;aca, a tromb&#243;lise pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o, principalmente se houver extrema gravidade cl&#237;nica, onde conduta expectante deixa de ser recomendada. </p>
    <p>Em se optando por tromb&#243;lise, a maior experi&#234;ncia em agentes fibrinol&#237;ticos coloca a estreptoquinase como primeira op&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,15</sup>. A dose deve ser 250.000 U em bolus em 30 minutos, seguido por 100.000 U/h. O ecocardiograma com Doppler dever&#225; ser utilizado para monitorizar o tempo de infus&#227;o do trombol&#237;tico e avaliar a efic&#225;cia. O trombol&#237;tico ser&#225; interrompido com 24 horas, caso n&#227;o haja melhora hemodin&#226;mica (melhora do gradiente). Ser&#225; interrompido ap&#243;s 72 horas mesmo que a melhora seja parcial, ou ser&#225; interrompido, precocemente, em casos de melhora hemodin&#226;mica completa, ou seja, retorno do gradiente transvalvar aos valores basais admitidos como normais para pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas. Ap&#243;s a tromb&#243;lise, os pacientes dever&#227;o ser anticoagulados com warfarina para se atingir um INR entre 3 e 4 para pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica e entre 3,5 a 4,5 para pr&#243;tese mitral<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p> 10. Shapira Y, Vaturi M, Hasdai D, Battler A, Sagie A. The safety and efficacy of repeated courses of tissue-type plasminogen activator in patients with stuck mitral valves who did not fully respond to the initial thrombolytic course. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1:725-8. </p>
    <p>11. Luluaga IT, Carrera D, D'Oliveira J et al. Successful thrombolytic therapy after acute tricuspid valve obstruction. Lancet. 1971; 1:1067-8. </p>
    <p>12. Baille Y, Choffel J, Sicard MP et al. Traitement thrombolytique des thromboses de prothese valvulaire. Nouv Presse Med. 1974; 3:1233. </p>
    <p>13. Hurrel DG, Schaff HV, Tajik A. Thrombolyitic therapy for obstruction of mechanical prosthetic valves. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996; 71:605-13. </p>
    <p>14. Lopez HP, Loriga FMC, Hernandez KM et al. Thrombolytic therapy with recombinant streptokinase for prosthetic valve thrombosis. J Card Surg. 2002; 17:387-93. </p>
    <p>15. Bonow RO, Carabello B, Leon AC, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. ACC/AHA Task Force Report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 1486-588. </p>
    <p>16. Ozkan M, Kaymaz C, Kirma C et al. Intravenous thrombolytic treatment of mechanical prosthetic valve thrombosis: a study using serial transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35:1881-9. </p>
    <p>17. Shapira Y, Herz I, Vaturi M et al. Thrombolysis is an effective and safe therapy in stuck bileaflet mitral valves in the absence of high-risk thrombi. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 1874-80. </p>
    <p>18. Shapira Y, Sagie A, Jortner R, Adler Y, Hirsch R. Thrombosis of bileaflet tricuspid valve prosthesis: clinical spectrum and the role of nonsurgical treatment. Am Heart J. 1999;137 (4 Pt 1):721-5. </p>
    <p>1. Gupta D, Kothari SS, Bahl VK et al. Thrombolytic therapy for prosthetic valve thrombosis: short and long term results. Am Heart J. 2000;140:906-16. </p>
    <p>2. Klugherz BD, Herrmann HC. Mechanical prosthetic valve thrombosis: case report and review of the literature. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 1998; 6:253-9. </p>
    <p>3. Tong AT, Roudaut R, Ozkan M, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography improves risk assessment of thrombolysis of prosthetic valve thrombosis: Results of the International PRO-TEE Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:77-84. </p>
    <p>4. Lengyel M, Fuster V, Keltai M et al. Guidelines for management of left-sided prosthetic valve thrombosis: a role for thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30:1521-6. </p>
    <p>5. Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Briet E. Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. Circulation. 1994; 89: 635-41. </p>
    <p>6. Parro A Jr, Carramona ML, Amaral CAF, et al. Trombose de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral. import&#226;ncia do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico no diagn&#243;stico e acompanhamento p&#243;s-tratamento. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 82: 346 -59. </p>
    <p>7. Barbetseas J, Nagueh SF, Pitsavos C et al. Differentiating thrombus from pannus formation in obstructed mechanical prosthetic valves: an evaluation of clinical, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic parameters. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 1410-7. </p>
    <p>8. Rinaldi CA, Heppell RM, Chambers JB. Treatment of left-sided prosthetic valve thrombosis: thrombolysis or surgery? J Heart Valve Dis. 2002; 11:839-43. </p>
    <p>9. Koller PT, Arom KV. Thrombolytic therapy of left-sided prosthetic valve thrombosis. Chest. 1995;108:1683-9. Review. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcelo Katz </p>
        <p> Rua Fradique Coutinho 1692/34 </p>
        <p> 05416-002 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mkatz@terra.com.br">mkatz@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 22/09/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 16/12/2004</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Update</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Thrombolytic therapy in prosthetic valve thrombosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>UPDATE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thrombolytic therapy in prosthetic valve thrombosis </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcelo Katz; Flavio Tarasoutchi; Max Grinberg </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p> The technological advances of current medicine have allowed the population greater longevity. Specifically in regard to heart valve diseases, the increased life expectancy has allowed the patients to undergo repeated surgical interventions, with an increasing indication for implantation of metalic valvular prostheses. Prosthetic valve thrombosis is a rare, highly lethal complication<sup>1-3</sup>, and cardiac emergency teams have little experience in managing prosthetic valve thrombolysis. Therefore, this updating report aimed at reviewing the major alternatives for treating an episode of thrombosis, presenting, in a practical way, the thrombolytic treatment as a feasible and effective alternative, when properly indicated. </p>
      <p><bold>Prosthetic valve thrombosis: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge &#150;</bold> The incidence of prosthetic valve thrombosis varies according to the following variables: efficacy of anticoagulation; type and location of the implanted prosthesis; and presence of atrial fibrillation<sup>1-4</sup>. In a meta-analysis published in 1994<sup>2,5</sup> with 13,000 patients with metalic prosthesis, the annual incidence of thrombosis was 0.2%, with thromboembolic events occurring at a rate of 1.8% per year. These incidences were much greater in patients receiving only antiplatelet agents (thrombosis in 1.6%, and thromboembolism in 8.2%). According to that study, in regard to location, patients with mitral prosthesis had a 2-fold greater risk for thrombosis than those with aortic prosthesis, and the metallic prosthesis in the tricuspid position had the greatest thrombogenicity. In addition, the caged metalic prosthesis was the most thrombogenic. </p>
      <p>Obstruction of the prosthesis is more frequent during the first postoperative year. The clinical findings vary from lack of symptoms to extreme cases of cardiogenic shock. The most common symptoms are progressive dyspnea on exertion, lipothymia, and syncope. Systemic embolism and acute pulmonary edema may be the first manifestations of the disease. </p>
      <p>The physical examination reveals new murmurs or a change in the pattern of the old murmur<sup>2,5</sup>. The best complementary examination to refine the diagnosis of thrombosis is transesophageal echocardiography, which allows elucidation of the obstructive mass, leading to a more accurate diagnosis<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Reoperation, in such cases, increases the risk, with mortality rates ranging from 10% to 15% in some case series<sup>3,4,9,10</sup>. This surgical risk may be increased when the patient's clinical conditions are unfavorable, such as in hemodynamic instability. Then, thrombolysis appears as an alternative treatment. </p>
      <p><bold>Prosthetic valve thrombolysis: history &#150;</bold> In 1971, Luluaga et al<sup>11</sup> were the first to use the thrombolytic therapy in prosthetic valve thrombosis. Streptokinase was used for treating thrombosis of the tricuspid valve prosthesis. Three years later, Baille et al<sup>12</sup> reported the use of that thrombolytic agent in the aortic valve prosthesis. Since then, several cases of prosthetic valve thrombolysis have been reported, with varied rates of success and complication. </p>
      <p>A review of approximately 200 reports on left-sided prosthetic valve thrombolysis<sup>4</sup> has shown the following: an initial success rate of 82%; thromboembolic events in 12% of the cases; stroke in 5 to 10% of the cases; mortality rate of 6%; greater bleedings in 5% of the cases; and recurrence of thrombosis in 11%. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> shows a summary of such reports. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0076-00016-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In 2000, Gupta et al<sup>1</sup> reported a series of 110 patients with thrombosis of the mitral (96 patients) and aortic (14 patients) prostheses undergoing thrombolysis, 108 of whom received streptokinase, and 2 received urokinase. The infusion dosage of streptokinase was a bolus of 250,000 U in 30 minutes, followed by 100,000 U/h. Doppler echocardiography was used to monitor the time of infusion of the thrombolytic agent and to assess its efficacy. The criteria for interrupting infusion were as follows: hemodynamic improvement, assessed on echocardiography; occurrence of major bleedings or hemorrhagic stroke; and infusion time of 72 hours. The clinical characteristics of these patients before thrombolysis varied greatly. Of the 110 patients, 3.6% were in functional class I (New York Heart Association), 19.1% in functional class II, 46.4% in functional class III; 24.5% in functional class IV; and 6.4% had cardiogenic shock or acute pulmonary edema. Atrial fibrillation was observed in 31.8%. The mean time of prosthesis implantation was 24 months, and the mean time of symptom onset was 14 days. Complete hemodynamic improvement was observed in 81.8% of the patients, partial improvement in 10%, and treatment failure in 8.2%. An embolic event occurred in 19.1% of the patients during treatment. The success of thrombolysis was not influenced by the age of the patients, the time of symptom onset, the time of surgery, and the type or position of the valve prosthesis. Atrial fibrillation was a predictor of embolic events. </p>
      <p>In the literature, the experience with thrombolysis in tricuspid and pulmonary valve prostheses is smaller, but has shown that the procedure is safe and a good treatment option in patients with those conditions<sup>1,13,14</sup>. High rates of success and low rates of complication have been reported in thrombolysis of the mechanical prosthesis in the tricuspid position. </p>
      <p><bold>Prosthetic valve thrombolysis: indication - </bold>In 1998, the American consensus on valvular heart diseases was published<sup>15</sup>. Although the consensus did not contraindicate valvular thrombolysis, the recommendations were limited, and the indications were restricted to a small number of patients. The selection of candidates for thrombolysis is frequently complicated, and significant elements to predict success or complications of the procedure lack. </p>
      <p>In this context, more recent studies<sup>3,16,17 </sup>have aimed at a better selection of candidates for thrombolysis. Echocardiography, particularly transesophageal echocardiography, has proved to be very important for the diagnostic and therapeutic decision<sup>3,6,7,8</sup>. </p>
      <p>The largest study analyzing the role of echocardiography in prosthetic valve thrombolysis was recently published (2004)<sup>3</sup>. Considering that transesophageal echocardiography is the best examination to assess metallic prosthetic valves, allowing the detection and characterization of thrombi, the objective of this study was to determine the capacity of transesophageal echocardiography to predict the safety and efficacy of prosthetic valve thrombolysis and to establish the characteristics of the thrombi that increase the risk for thrombolysis. </p>
      <p>An international multicenter registry of patients, involving the United States and carried out from 1985 to 2001, has been analyzed. In that registry, patients with prosthetic valve thrombosis underwent thrombolysis, and all of them had undergone transesophageal echocardiography before therapy. The registry comprised 107 patients, 79 of whom had mitral impairment, 13 had aortic impairment, and 15 had tricuspid impairment. </p>
      <p>The agents used for fibrinolysis were streptokinase (54.7%), urokinase (17%), and rt-PA (28.9%). All fibrinolytic agents were administered for a longer period of time, and streptokinase was even used for 120 hours. The rt-PA dosage was a 10-mg bolus, followed by 90 mg in 2 to 6 hours. </p>
      <p>All patients undergoing thrombolysis were submitted to transesophageal echocardiography before the procedure. Thrombi were visualized in 86% of the cases, and, in the rest of the patients, the inclusion criterion was valvular obstruction detected on Doppler. The thrombi were strictly assessed, and their area was calculated. </p>
      <p>Thrombolysis was successfully performed in 85% of the cases. Complications were observed in 17.8% (19) of the patients, and death in 5.6%. Of the patients with complications, 18 had mitral valve impairment, and one had aortic valve impairment. No complications were observed in patients with tricuspid valve thrombosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0076-00016-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Clinical and echocardiographic criteria were analyzed as predictors of complication after thrombolysis. Antecedent of stroke and size of the thrombus observed on the echocardiogram were independent predictors of complication related to the procedure. For each 1-cm<sup>2</sup> increase in the area of the thrombus, a 2.4-fold increase was observed in the rate of complications. The antecedent of stroke increased the risk of adverse events by 4.5 times. </p>
      <p>The statistical analysis allowed the establishment of a 0.8 cm<sup>2 </sup>cutpoint for the size of the thrombus, ie, patients with a thrombus area smaller than that value had a successful thrombolysis with no important adverse effects. The presence of a thrombus area &gt;0.8 cm<sup>2</sup> was a predictor of complication, with sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 68%. Thrombus size &lt;0.8 cm<sup>2</sup> was a predictor of success, independently of the patient's functional class. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the relation between the dimensions of the thrombus and the rate of complications. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0076-00016-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The correlation between the dimensions of the thrombus and the rate of adverse events is very important for the patient's management. The indication for thrombolysis has always taken into consideration the patient's functional class and the characteristics of the thrombus<sup>4,15</sup>. However, based on the results of this study, it is evident that the most important element for the therapeutic decision is the thrombus itself, allowing a broader selection of the candidates to thrombolysis, encompassing patients in all functional classes. </p>
      <p><bold>Prosthetic valve thrombolysis: the rationale - </bold>As already stated, prosthetic valve thrombosis can be treated clinically, with thrombolysis, or surgically, the physician in charge being responsible for this decision. When the thrombosis involves the tricuspid valve, and, more rarely, the pulmonary valve, thrombolysis is the therapy of choice. The studies have reported low complication rates in that group of patients<sup>11,13,14,18</sup>, independently of the clinical findings (asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic, or fully manifested heart failure). When thrombosis involves the left-sided valves (mitral and aortic), some aspects should be considered to choose the best treatment. All patients should undergo transesophageal echocardiography before definitive treatment<sup>3</sup>. The characteristics of the thrombus should be assessed. A thrombus &lt;0.8 cm<sup>2</sup> predicts success of the thrombolysis<sup>3</sup>. Therefore, for patients in such conditions, independently of the functional class, ie, from asymptomatic to cardiogenic shock, and independently of the time of thrombosis installation, the thrombolytic therapy can be considered the top choice. This consideration is not valid if the patient has the antecedent of stroke or atrial fibrillation, because the risk of complications is greater. When the thrombus is &gt;0.8 cm<sup>2</sup>, surgery should be considered the top choice, unless the clinical conditions are unfavorable, such as cardiogenic shock, posing high surgical risk. In such conditions, thrombolysis, although potentially complicated, is justified. Also when cardiac surgery is not available, thrombolysis may be an option, mainly when clinical severity is extreme, and expectant management is not recommended. </p>
      <p>Once thrombolysis is chosen, the greater experience with fibrinolytic agents makes streptokinase the first choice<sup>1,15</sup>. Its dosage should be a bolus of 250,000 U in 30 minutes, followed by 100,000 U/h. Doppler echocardiography should be used to monitor the time of infusion of the thrombolytic agent and to assess its efficacy. The thrombolytic agent should be interrupted at the 24 th hour of treatment, if no hemodynamic improvement (improvement in the gradient) occurs. It should be interrupted after 72 hours, even if the improvement is partial, or should be interrupted earlier, if the hemodynamic improvement is complete, ie, the transvalvular gradient returns to baseline values admitted as normal for mechanic prostheses. After thrombolysis, the patients should undergo anticoagulation with warfarin so that an INR between 3 and 4 could be reached for the aortic prosthesis, and between 3.5 and 4.5 for the mitral prosthesis<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Gupta D, Kothari SS, Bahl VK et al. Thrombolytic therapy for prosthetic valve thrombosis: short and long term results. Am Heart J. 2000;140:906-16. </p>
      <p>2. Klugherz BD, Herrmann HC. Mechanical prosthetic valve thrombosis: case report and review of the literature. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 1998; 6:253-9. </p>
      <p>3. Tong AT, Roudaut R, Ozkan M, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography improves risk assessment of thrombolysis of prosthetic valve thrombosis: Results of the International PRO-TEE Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:77-84. </p>
      <p>4. Lengyel M, Fuster V, Keltai M et al. Guidelines for management of left-sided prosthetic valve thrombosis: a role for thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30:1521-6. </p>
      <p>5. Cannegieter SC, Rosendaal FR, Briet E. Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. Circulation. 1994; 89: 635-41. </p>
      <p>6. Parro A Jr, Carramona ML, Amaral CAF, et al. Trombose de pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica mitral. import&#226;ncia do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico no diagn&#243;stico e acompanhamento p&#243;s-tratamento. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 82: 346 -59. </p>
      <p>7. Barbetseas J, Nagueh SF, Pitsavos C et al. Differentiating thrombus from pannus formation in obstructed mechanical prosthetic valves: an evaluation of clinical, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic parameters. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 1410-7. </p>
      <p>8. Rinaldi CA, Heppell RM, Chambers JB. Treatment of left-sided prosthetic valve thrombosis: thrombolysis or surgery? J Heart Valve Dis. 2002; 11:839-43. </p>
      <p>9. Koller PT, Arom KV. Thrombolytic therapy of left-sided prosthetic valve thrombosis. Chest. 1995;108:1683-9. Review. </p>
      <p> 10. Shapira Y, Vaturi M, Hasdai D, Battler A, Sagie A. The safety and efficacy of repeated courses of tissue-type plasminogen activator in patients with stuck mitral valves who did not fully respond to the initial thrombolytic course. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1:725-8. </p>
      <p>11. Luluaga IT, Carrera D, D'Oliveira J et al. Successful thrombolytic therapy after acute tricuspid valve obstruction. Lancet. 1971; 1:1067-8. </p>
      <p>12. Baille Y, Choffel J, Sicard MP et al. Traitement thrombolytique des thromboses de prothese valvulaire. Nouv Presse Med. 1974; 3:1233. </p>
      <p>13. Hurrel DG, Schaff HV, Tajik A. Thrombolyitic therapy for obstruction of mechanical prosthetic valves. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996; 71:605-13. </p>
      <p>14. Lopez HP, Loriga FMC, Hernandez KM et al. Thrombolytic therapy with recombinant streptokinase for prosthetic valve thrombosis. J Card Surg. 2002; 17:387-93. </p>
      <p>15. Bonow RO, Carabello B, Leon AC, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. ACC/AHA Task Force Report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 1486-588. </p>
      <p>16. Ozkan M, Kaymaz C, Kirma C et al. Intravenous thrombolytic treatment of mechanical prosthetic valve thrombosis: a study using serial transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35:1881-9. </p>
      <p>17. Shapira Y, Herz I, Vaturi M et al. Thrombolysis is an effective and safe therapy in stuck bileaflet mitral valves in the absence of high-risk thrombi. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 1874-80. </p>
      <p>18. Shapira Y, Sagie A, Jortner R, Adler Y, Hirsch R. Thrombosis of bileaflet tricuspid valve prosthesis: clinical spectrum and the role of nonsurgical treatment. Am Heart J. 1999;137 (4 Pt 1):721-5. </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marcelo Katz </p>
          <p> Rua Fradique Coutinho, 1692/34 </p>
          <p> 05416-002 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mkatz@terra.com.br">mkatz@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 09/22/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 12/16/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
      <p content-type="break"> Marcelo Katz</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
