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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">h33FC3Vn37qmFB83tybgXwc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001400014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500114</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001400014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Miocardiopatia preponderante de ventr&#237;culo direito por miocardite pr&#233;via ou por displasia arritmog&#234;nica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Francisco R. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kajita</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Palhares</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Bacic</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>68</fpage>
      <lpage>71</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>&#201; relatado o caso cl&#237;nico de um paciente do sexo masculino com 10 anos de idade, cuja miocardiopatia dilatada e preponderante de ventr&#237;culo direito apresenta dificuldades diagn&#243;sticas entre a etiologia de miocardite pr&#233;via e a displasia arritmog&#234;nica. Como os elementos n&#227;o s&#227;o patognom&#244;nicos de uma ou de outra causa, a eleva&#231;&#227;o de enzimas card&#237;acas na fase subaguda talvez incline para a suposi&#231;&#227;o de miocardite pr&#233;via. Da&#237;, o questionamento de que muitos casos rotulados como displasia arritmog&#234;nica poderem, verdadeiramente, corresponder &#224; possibilidade de miocardite evolutiva. A controvertida conduta cl&#237;nica &#233; discutida.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Miocardiopatia preponderante de ventr&#237;culo direito por miocardite pr&#233;via ou por displasia arritmog&#234;nica?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Edmar Atik; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte; Luis Francisco R. de &#193;vila; Luiz J. Kajita; Renata Bacic Palhares </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; relatado o caso cl&#237;nico de um paciente do sexo masculino com 10 anos de idade, cuja miocardiopatia dilatada e preponderante de ventr&#237;culo direito apresenta dificuldades diagn&#243;sticas entre a etiologia de miocardite pr&#233;via e a displasia arritmog&#234;nica. Como os elementos n&#227;o s&#227;o patognom&#244;nicos de uma ou de outra causa, a eleva&#231;&#227;o de enzimas card&#237;acas na fase subaguda talvez incline para a suposi&#231;&#227;o de miocardite pr&#233;via. Da&#237;, o questionamento de que muitos casos rotulados como displasia arritmog&#234;nica poderem, verdadeiramente, corresponder &#224; possibilidade de miocardite evolutiva. A controvertida conduta cl&#237;nica &#233; discutida. </p>
    <p>Na maioria das miocardiopatias h&#225; acometimento de ambos os ventr&#237;culos, sendo que, na forma dilatada, predomina o envolvimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e na displasia arritmog&#234;nica, do ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>1</sup>. No entanto, como n&#227;o h&#225; elementos patognom&#244;nicos de uma ou de outra entidade, a dilata&#231;&#227;o predominante do ventr&#237;culo direito pode corresponder &#224; miocardiopatia dilatada ou &#224; displasia arritmog&#234;nica de ventr&#237;culo direito, e esta d&#250;vida pode persistir mesmo ap&#243;s cuidadosa an&#225;lise dos elementos que as caracterizam, segundo os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos estabelecidos<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Dificuldade diagn&#243;stica entre essas duas entidades foi o motivo deste relato, no qual havia intenso e predominante acometimento do ventr&#237;culo direito. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Crian&#231;a de 10 anos de idade, do sexo masculino e de cor branca, havia hist&#243;ria de cansa&#231;o ao se deitar h&#225; 5 meses, sem agravamento temporal. Recente radiografia de t&#243;rax havia mostrado cardiomegalia, que motivou interna&#231;&#227;o por 13 dias, tendo-se firmado o diagn&#243;stico de "miocardite de ventr&#237;culo direito", principalmente pela constata&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatinofosfoquinase no soro sang&#252;&#237;neo. Nesta interna&#231;&#227;o, os exames laboratoriais de interesse revelaram que os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios foram normais, como hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o de 11 mm, prote&#237;na C reativa de 0,17 mg/dl, leuc&#243;citos 5600/mm<sup>3</sup>, fator reumat&#243;ide negativo, mas os marcadores de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica mostraram eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina I de 37,5 ng/ml, no primeiro dia, e de 57,4 ng/dl, no quarto dia, e com valores m&#225;ximos normais de creatinofosfoquinase de 166 U/l, transaminase glut&#226;mico-oxalac&#233;tica de 40 U/l e transaminase glut&#226;mica pir&#250;vica de 20 U/l. Hist&#243;ria familiar salientava morte s&#250;bita paterna, com 36 anos de idade, em jogo de futebol, em cuja avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira pr&#233;via, um ano antes, n&#227;o havia ind&#237;cios da presen&#231;a de qualquer cardiopatia. Ao exame f&#237;sico, estava o paciente em bom estado geral, eupn&#233;ico, corado e com pulsos normais. Peso: 56,5 kg, altura: 153 cm, press&#227;o arterial (PA): 100/60 mmHg, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC): 78 bpm. A aorta n&#227;o era palpada na f&#250;rcula. No prec&#243;rdio havia impuls&#245;es discretas na borda esternal esquerda e o <italic>ictus cordis</italic> n&#227;o foi palpado. As bulhas eram normofon&#233;ticas, sendo a segunda bulha desdobrada inconstante e com os dois componentes iguais em intensidade. Auscultava-se sopro sist&#243;lico discreto e suave no 4&#186; e 5&#186; espa&#231;os intercostais esquerdos, sem irradia&#231;&#245;es. O f&#237;gado n&#227;o foi palpado. </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma mostrou ritmo sinusal e dist&#250;rbio final de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito do feixe de Hiss. Havia onda "q" alargada em D1 e em aVL, indicativa de zona inativa de parede lateral alta. A onda T era negativa de V1 a V4. N&#227;o havia sinais de sobrecarga de cavidades card&#237;acas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0068-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A imagem radiogr&#225;fica do t&#243;rax mostrou aumento discreto da &#225;rea card&#237;aca &#224;s custas do arco inferior direito e do arco ventricular com ponta elevada, indicativos de aumento das cavidades direitas. A trama vascular pulmonar era diminu&#237;da (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Essa imagem era compat&#237;vel com o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0068-00014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O ecocardiograma mostrou altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, dilata&#231;&#227;o das cavidades direitas e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada. Ao contr&#225;rio, a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era totalmente preservada (fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento da fibra mioc&#225;rdica: 40%, FE: 70%) e as cavidades esquerdas eram normais em tamanho. O ventr&#237;culo direito mediu 34 mm, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 48 mm, a aorta 25 mm, o &#225;trio esquerdo 29 mm e o septo e a parede posterior 7 mm. O eletrocardiograma din&#226;mico mostrou 150 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares em 24 horas. A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com g&#225;lio-67 foi negativa e o eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o mostrou potenciais tardios no complexo QRS. A ventriculografia radio-isot&#243;pica mostrou fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de 31% para o ventr&#237;culo direito e de 51% para o esquerdo. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>) mostrou, al&#233;m da dilata&#231;&#227;o das cavidades direitas e da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, disfun&#231;&#227;o acentuada do ventr&#237;culo direito com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o calculada em 10%, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o de 52% encontrada para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A inje&#231;&#227;o do gadol&#237;neo, por via venosa, mostrou preenchimento de toda a parede &#226;ntero-lateral do ventr&#237;culo direito, mas tamb&#233;m, discretamente, de partes isoladas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo como na por&#231;&#227;o lateral, inferior e septal. Observou-se, ademais, afilamento da parede de ventr&#237;culo direito, considerado de grau acentuado. Estudo hemodin&#226;mico revelou press&#245;es normais em cavidades direitas (AD: 10, VD: 30/10, TP: 30/15-17, CP: 10 mmHg) e a angiografia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>) mostrou acentuada hipocinesia de ventr&#237;culo direito com insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada. Bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica foi planejada para a confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e mostrou, em sete esp&#233;cimes de tecidos retirados do septo e da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito, atrofia do mioc&#225;rdio, com substitui&#231;&#227;o dos miocardi&#243;citos por tecido fibro-adiposo, hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e fibrose em grau moderado, aliados &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o de gordura e com discreta rea&#231;&#227;o histiocit&#225;ria e de linf&#243;citos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0068-00014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0068-00014-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0068-00014-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao racioc&#237;nio diagn&#243;stico do caso, os elementos cl&#237;nicos orientaram inicialmente para a possibilidade de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, de grau discreto. Por sua vez, a altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica da parede lateral alta com dist&#250;rbio final de condu&#231;&#227;o orientou para a hip&#243;tese de miocardiopatia dilatada, de origem provavelmente viral. O achado posterior, do comprometimento preponderante de ventr&#237;culo direito pelos v&#225;rios exames complementares, conduziu ao diagn&#243;stico da displasia arritmog&#234;nica de ventr&#237;culo direito, como premissa, dado o envolvimento maior deste ventr&#237;culo, e a bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica revelou altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas compat&#237;veis com esta entidade. Mas a pr&#243;pria bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica novamente veio colocar em d&#250;vidas a outra possibilidade, de que este paciente poderia tamb&#233;m ter tido uma miocardite pr&#233;via com acometimento preferencial do ventr&#237;culo direito, em vista que esses elementos de bi&#243;psia podem ser encontrados tanto na displasia arritmog&#234;nica de ventr&#237;culo direito como na miocardite pr&#233;via. Acrescia a esse achado o aumento de enzimas mioc&#225;rdicas, verificado na fase inicial da investiga&#231;&#227;o, a favor da miocardite. Quanto &#224;conduta estabelecida, em face da doen&#231;a estar em fase est&#225;vel e sem potenciais tardios presentes no eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, a coloca&#231;&#227;o de desfibrilador card&#237;aco foi descartada e o paciente continuou em observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A displasia de ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; definida como uma entidade na qual &#224; histologia, o quadro morfol&#243;gico, consiste em uma atrofia grave do mioc&#225;rdio, com evid&#234;ncia de morte de mi&#243;citos e reposi&#231;&#227;o por tecido adiposo, como um processo reparativo que se inicia no epic&#225;rdio e se estende em dire&#231;&#227;o ao endoc&#225;rdio. Tem-se calculado como diagn&#243;stico uma porcentagem de tecido fibroadiposo que excede 43% da &#225;rea da amostra da bi&#243;psia<sup>3</sup>. A variante fibroadiposa exibe, em dois ter&#231;os dos casos, um infiltrado celular inflamat&#243;rio, &#224;s vezes, com necrose focal de mi&#243;citos, achados que estariam em acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas de uma miocardite verdadeira. Quando presente, o infiltrado consiste em linf&#243;citos T CD 43 positivos, tamb&#233;m considerando o quadro como uma miocardite cr&#244;nica. A miocardite pode levar &#224; apoptose atrav&#233;s da libera&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas pr&#243;-apopt&#243;ticas e de citoquinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias <sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outros par&#226;metros, obtidos por histomorfometria<sup>4</sup>, s&#227;o apontados como sugestivos para o diagn&#243;stico desta patologia, correspondendo &#224; porcentagem de tecido adiposo maior que 3% e de tecido fibroso maior que 40%, com atrofia de miocardi&#243;citos inferior a 45%. </p>
    <p> Esta entidade salienta, clinicamente, a presen&#231;a de arritmias card&#237;acas que colocam em risco a vida de jovens aparentemente saud&#225;veis<sup>1,5</sup>. Constitui-se em uma doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica de etiologia desconhecida, cuja instabilidade el&#233;trica decorre da atrofia fibro-gordurosa do ventr&#237;culo direito. Causa insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita, arritmias ventriculares acentuadas no adulto e morte s&#250;bita em jovens<sup>6</sup>. Ocorr&#234;ncia familiar tem sido documentada e o gene respons&#225;vel foi localizado no cromossoma 14q23-q24<sup>6</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pela Sociedade Europ&#233;ia de Cardiologia e do Conselho Cient&#237;fico em Cardiomiopatias da Federa&#231;&#227;o Mundial do Cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>2</sup> determinam que, para se firmar o diagn&#243;stico da displasia arritmog&#234;nica de ventr&#237;culo direito, &#233; preciso que haja a presen&#231;a de dois elementos considerados como maiores ou 4 elementos considerados como menores ou ainda a presen&#231;a de um elemento maior e dois menores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). A an&#225;lise do nosso caso em estudo permitiu a contagem de 2 elementos maiores e um menor, com o que j&#225; se poderia estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico desta entidade, seguindo estes mesmos crit&#233;rios. Os maiores seriam a dilata&#231;&#227;o grave com redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito, com pouco acometimento de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a presen&#231;a de tecidos fibroso e gorduroso no mioc&#225;rdio vistos na bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica e o menor, a invers&#227;o da onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas, de V1 a V3, sem bloqueio do ramo direito. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0068-00014-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No entanto, tais elementos tamb&#233;m poderiam estar presentes na miocardite pregressa, com altera&#231;&#245;es cicatriciais, como foram demonstradas pela bi&#243;psia, acrescidos e refor&#231;ados pela eleva&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica na fase inicial da investiga&#231;&#227;o do caso. Por isso, a separa&#231;&#227;o destas entidades tornou-se tarefa por demais complexa. </p>
    <p>Tal dificuldade mostra-se ainda mais n&#237;tida quando se nota que, na literatura, h&#225; na displasia arritmog&#234;nica de ventr&#237;culo direito predom&#237;nio do envolvimento biventricular<sup>6,7</sup> sobre o acometimento isolado do ventr&#237;culo direito ou ainda, exclusivamente, do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>8,9</sup>. Assim, de 21 casos analisados na Espanha<sup>7</sup>, em 13 deles haviam acometimento biventricular, em 4, do ventr&#237;culo direito isolado e nos outros 4 somente do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Em outra avalia&#231;&#227;o<sup>6</sup>, na It&#225;lia, sendo em 27 por necropsia dentre 30 pacientes, o acometimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo conjuntamente com o direito ocorreu em 20 pacientes, sendo 6 no septo ventricular e 14 na parede livre. Nestes &#250;ltimos, torna-se dif&#237;cil a diferencia&#231;&#227;o com a cardiomiopatia dilatada, na qual h&#225;, na maioria dos casos, preponderante envolvimento ventricular esquerdo. Assim, o comprometimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na displasia arritmog&#234;nica de ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; bem conhecido e a sua evolu&#231;&#227;o, a longo prazo, pode ser desfavor&#225;vel a ponto do quadro se confundir com o encontrado na cardiomiopatia dilatada<sup>8,9</sup> . Essa dificuldade cresce quando se constata na literatura relatos de miocardite comprometendo, exclusivamente, o ventr&#237;culo direito, o que torna at&#233; imposs&#237;vel a separa&#231;&#227;o destas entidades<sup>10,11</sup>, ainda mais que na displasia arritmog&#234;nica de ventr&#237;culo direito o infiltratado linfocit&#225;rio pode advir de rea&#231;&#227;o &#224; morte celular<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p> Resta-nos, ent&#227;o, dar import&#226;ncia maior &#224; conduta mais adequada, que n&#227;o difira nem em uma ou em outra situa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Desde que n&#227;o haja elementos predisponentes de arritmias, como extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares multifocais, potenciais tardios no eletrocardiograma de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, hist&#243;ria de desmaios e/ou de s&#237;ncope e refor&#231;ado por aus&#234;ncia de sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita, a conduta expectante poderia prevalecer. </p>
    <p>A morte s&#250;bita nestes pacientes est&#225; relacionada a esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico e as arritmias relacionadas dependem da a&#231;&#227;o da catecolamina, esta liberada atrav&#233;s o esfor&#231;o e, por isso, conhecidas como esfor&#231;o dependentes<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Seguindo esse pensamento, a morte s&#250;bita em jovens com displasia arritmog&#234;nica de ventr&#237;culo direito ocorreu em 53% deles, relacionada &#224; atividade f&#237;sica, e em outros 8 (38%) ocorreram sintomas dependentes da mesma<sup>7</sup>. Em outro estudo<sup>6</sup>, a morte s&#250;bita ocorreu em 24 dos 27 pacientes, sendo por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva nos outros 3, em idades que variaram de 15 a 65 anos, com idade m&#233;dia de 28 anos. </p>
    <p>Em estudo brasileiro<sup>12</sup>, correlacionou-se a morte s&#250;bita de 5 pacientes, dentre 26 estudados, com displasia arritmog&#234;nica de ventr&#237;culo direito, ao prolongamento do intervalo QT, constituindo-se este em um fator preditivo importante deste grupo de pacientes. O intervalo QT correspondeu a 62&#177;17,8 no grupo de risco e a 51,9&#177;12,8 no outro grupo. </p>
    <p>Desde que se obtenha do paciente a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da necess&#225;ria limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, aliada a uma acurada orienta&#231;&#227;o psico-emocional, englobando-se, nesse contexto, a a&#231;&#227;o familiar como um esteio constante, a conduta expectante pode ser adotada na aus&#234;ncia de arritmias e de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita. Por outro lado, as indica&#231;&#245;es para a coloca&#231;&#227;o de desfibriladores<sup>1</sup>, de transplante card&#237;aco<sup>8,9</sup> ou para a opera&#231;&#227;o tipo cavopulmonar<sup>13</sup> s&#227;o inerentes &#224;s v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas apresentadas. Assim, a presen&#231;a de taquicardia ventricular pr&#233;via ou de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares numerosas e multifocais torna necess&#225;ria a indica&#231;&#227;o para desfibriladores implant&#225;veis, de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita acentuada a opera&#231;&#227;o cavopulmonar, e de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva o transplante card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p>Nessas condutas, destaca-se o procedimento inusitado de exclus&#227;o total do ventr&#237;culo direito para o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita isolada e refrat&#225;ria, podendo ser invocado na aus&#234;ncia de comprometimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Para tal, o orif&#237;cio tric&#250;spide &#233; fechado, a parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito inteiramente ressecada e coberta com um remendo e, assim, a anastomose cavopulmonar total reconstitui posteriormente a circula&#231;&#227;o. A evolu&#231;&#227;o desse procedimento pode ser favor&#225;vel desde que se obede&#231;am os crit&#233;rios j&#225; conhecidos para a correta indica&#231;&#227;o<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Edmar Atik </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="conatik@incor.usp.br">conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 14/10/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 09/02/2005</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevailing right ventricular myocardiopathy for previous myocarditis or arrhythmogenic dysplasia?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>A clinical case of a 10-year-old male patient is reported. His dilated and prevailing right ventricular myocardiopathy shows diagnostic difficulties between previous myocarditis etiology and arrhythmogenic dysplasia. As the elements are not pathognomonic of one or other cause, the increase of cardiac enzymes in subacute stage maybe tends to the supposition of previous myocarditis. Hence, the questioning that many cases labeled as arrhythmogenic dysplasia can truly correspond to the possibility of evolutional myocarditis. The controversial clinic management is disputable.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prevailing right ventricular myocardiopathy for previous myocarditis or arrhythmogenic dysplasia? </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Edmar Atik; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte; Luis Francisco R. de &#193;vila; Luiz J. Kajita; Renata Bacic Palhares </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A clinical case of a 10-year-old male patient is reported. His dilated and prevailing right ventricular myocardiopathy shows diagnostic difficulties between previous myocarditis etiology and arrhythmogenic dysplasia. As the elements are not pathognomonic of one or other cause, the increase of cardiac enzymes in subacute stage maybe tends to the supposition of previous myocarditis. Hence, the questioning that many cases labeled as arrhythmogenic dysplasia can truly correspond to the possibility of evolutional myocarditis. The controversial clinic management is disputable. </p>
      <p>In most of myocardiopathies both ventricles are ill-taken, and in dilated way, left ventricle involvement prevails and in arrhythmogenic dysplasia, is the right ventricle<sup>1</sup>. However, as there are no pathognomonic elements from one or the other entity, the prevailing right ventricular dilation may correspond to dilated myocardiopathy or to arrhythmogenic dysplasia of right ventricle. Such doubt may persist even after a careful analysis of the elements that characterize them, according to established diagnostic criteria<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Diagnostic difficulty between those two entities was the reason for this report, in which there was an intense and prevailing ill-taking of right ventricle. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 10-year-old, white male infant, with a 5-month history of tiredness when laying down, without temporal aggravation. A recent thoracic radiography had shown cardiomegaly, which motivates hospitalization for 13 days, having confirmed the diagnosis of "right ventricular myocarditis", especially due to the verification of rise of creatine-phosphokinase in blood serum. In that hospitalization, laboratory exams of interest revealed that inflammatory markers were normal, as 11 mm hemosedimentation, reactive protein C of 0.17 mg/dl, leucocytes 5600/mm<sup>3</sup>, and negative rheumatoid factor. However, the myocardial injury markers showed a rise troponin I of 37.5 ng/ml, on the first day and of 57.4 ng/dl, on the fourth day, and with maximum normal values of creatine phosphokinase of 166 U/l, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase of 40 U/l and pyruvic glutamic transaminase of 20 U/l. Family history emphasized fatherly sudden death, at 36 years of age, in a football match, in whose previous routine assessment, carried out a year before, there was no indications of the presence of any cardiopathy. At the physical exam, the patient was in a good general condition, eupneic, rosy-cheeked and with normal pulse. Weight: 56.5 kg, height: 153 cm, blood pressure (BP): 100/60 mmHg, heart rate (HR): 78 bpm. Aorta was not palpated at furcula. In the precordium there were discreet impulsions on the left sternal edge and the <italic>ictus cordis</italic> was not palpated. Sounds were normophonetic, being the second sound extended changeable and with the two components equal in intensity. Discreet and mild systolic murmur was auscultated in the 4<sup>th</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> left intercostal spaces, without irradiations. The liver was not palpated. </p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm and final disorder of conduction through the right ramus of Hiss bundle. There was a widened Q wave at D1 and at aVL, indicating inactive zone of high lateral wall. T wave was negative from V1 to V4. There were no signs of overload of cardiac cavities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0068-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The radiographic image of the thorax showed a discreet enlargement of the cardiac area at the expense of right inferior arch and the ventricular arch with high edge, indications of increase of right cavities. The pulmonary vascular bed was diminished (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). That image was compatible with the diagnosis of tricuspid insufficiency. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0068-00014-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The echocardiogram showed a change in right ventricular function, dilatation of right cavities and moderate tricuspid insufficiency. On the contrary, the left ventricular function was completely preserved (fraction of shortening of myocardial fiber: 40%, FS: 70%) and the left cavities were normal in size. The right ventricle measured 34 mm, the left ventricle 48 mm, the aorta 25 mm, the left atrium 29 mm and the septum and posterior wall 7 mm. Dynamic electrocardiogram showed 150 ventricular extra systoles in 24 hours. Myocardial scintigraphy with gallium-67 was negative and the high-resolution electrocardiogram did not show tardive potentials in QRS complex. Radioisotopic ventriculography showed ventricular function of 31% for the right ventricle and 51% for the left. Magnetic resonance imaging (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>) showed, besides dilatation of right cavities and tricuspid insufficiency, a stressed right ventricular dysfunction with fraction of ejection calculated at 10%, in relation to the function of 52% found for the left ventricle. The intravenous injection of gadolinium showed a filling up of the whole right ventricular anterolateral wall, but also, discreetly, of isolated parts of left ventricle, as in the lateral, inferior and septal portions. Furthermore, right ventricular wall slendering was observed, which was regarded as being of stressed level. A hemodynamic study showed normal pressures in right cavities (RA: 10, RV: 30/10, PT: 30/15-17, PC: 10 mmHg) and the angiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>) showed a stressed right ventricular hypokinesia with moderate tricuspid insufficiency. A myocardial biopsy was planned for diagnostic confirmation and showed, in seven tissue specimens removed from the right ventricular septum and free wall, myocardium atrophy, with replacement of myocardiocytes for fibroadipose tissue, myocardial hypertrophy and moderate level fibrosis, allied to fat deposition and with discreet histiocytary and lymphocite reaction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">fig. 5</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0068-00014-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0068-00014-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0068-00014-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Regarding the diagnostic thought of the case, clinical elements initially guided to the possibility of a discreet level tricuspid insufficiency. For its turn, the electrocardiographic change of the high lateral wall with final disorder of conduction led to the hypothesis of dilated myocardiopathy, probably of viral origin. The previous finding, on left ventricular preponderant compromising through many complementary exams, led to the diagnosis of right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia, as a premise, given the greater involvement of the ventricle, and the endomyocardial biopsy showed histological changes compatible with that entity. But the endomyocardial biopsy itself place some questions on the other possibility, that such patient could also has had a previous myocarditis with preferential ill-taking of right ventricle, in view of those biopsy elements can be found either in right ventricle arrhythmogenic dysplasia or in previous myocarditis. The increase of myocardial enzymes, verified in the initial stage of the investigation, was added to that finding, in favor of myocarditis. Concerning the established management, in view of the disease being at a stable stage and without tardive potentials present in the high-resolution electrocardiogram, the placement of cardiac defibrillator was discharged and the patient remained under clinical observation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Right ventricular dysplasia is defined as an entity in which the histology, the morphologic features, consists of a severe atrophy of the myocardium, with evidence of death of myocytes and reposition through adipose tissue, as a repairing process that starts in the epicardium and extends towards the endocardium. A percentage of fibroadipose tissue exceeding 43% of the area of biopsy sample<sup>3</sup> has been calculated as a diagnosis. The fibroadipose variant shows, in two thirds of the cases, an inflammatory cellular infiltrate, sometimes with focal myocyte necrosis, findings that would be in accordance with the characteristics of a truly myocarditis. Whenever present, the infiltrate consists of positive T CD 43 lymphocytes, also considering the features as a chronic myocarditis. Myocarditis can lead to apoptosis through the release of pro-apoptotic proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Other parameters, obtained through histomorphometry<sup>4</sup>, are indicated as suggestive for the diagnosis of that pathology, corresponding to the percentage of adipose tissue greater than 3% and of fibrous tissue greater than 40%, with myocardiocyte atrophy lower than 45%. </p>
      <p> That entity clinically makes clear the presence of cardiac arrhythmias that put in jeopardy the life of apparently healthy young people<sup>1,5</sup>. It constitutes in a myocardial disease of unknown etiology, whose electric instability arises from the right ventricular fibroadipose atrophy. It causes right heart failure, stressed ventricular arrhythmias in adults and sudden death in youngsters<sup>6</sup>. Family occurrence has been documented and the responsible gene was found in the chromosome 14q23-q24<sup>6</sup>. The criteria established by the European Society of Cardiology and the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the World Heart Federation<sup>2</sup> determine that, to confirm the diagnosis of right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia, it is necessary the presence of two elements considered as major or 4 elements considered as minor or even the presence of a major and two minor elements (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). The analysis of our case under study allowed for the counting of 2 major elements and a minor element, with which the diagnosis of this entity could be possible to establish, by following those same criteria. The major would be the severe dilatation with reduction of right ventricular fraction of ejection, with little ill-taking of the left ventricle and the presence of fibrous and adipose tissues in the myocardium seen at the endomyocardial biopsy and the minor, the inversion of T wave in the right precordial derivations, from V1 to V3, without blocking of right ramus. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0068-00014-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>However, such elements could be present in previous myocarditis, with cicatricial changes, as demonstrated by the biopsy, added and strengthened by enzymatic increase at the initial stage of the case investigation. For this reason, separation of those entities became a very complex task. </p>
      <p>Such difficulty is shown even clearer when it is noted that, in the literature, there is a prevalence of biventricular involvement<sup>6,7</sup> in right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia over the isolated ill-taking of right ventricle or even, exclusively, of the left ventricle<sup>8,9</sup>. So, from 21 cases analyzed in Spain<sup>7</sup>, in 13 of them there was biventricular onset, in 4, isolated right ventricular onset and in the other 4 only left ventricle onset. In another assessment<sup>6</sup>, in Italy, being 27 for necropsy among 30 patients, the onset of the left ventricle along with the right ventricle took place in 20 patients, being 6 in ventricular septum and 14 on the free wall. In the last ones, the differentiation with dilated cardiomyopathy is difficult, in which there is, in most cases, a preponderant left ventricular involvement. So, left ventricular compromising in right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia is well-known and its long-term evolution can be unfavorable to the point of the features be mistaken with was found in dilated cardiomyopathy<sup>8,9</sup>. Such difficulty grows when reports of myocarditis compromising exclusively the right ventricle are verified in the literature, which makes even impossible to separate such entities<sup>10,11</sup>, especially that in right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia the lymphocytic infiltrate may come from reaction to cellular death<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>So, what is left to us is give a greater importance to the most suitable management, which is not different in either one or another situation. </p>
      <p>Since there is no arrhythmia-predisposing elements, such as multifocus ventricular extra-systoles, tardive potentials in the high-resolution electrocardiogram, history of faints and/or syncope and reinforced by absence of right cardiac insufficiency signs, the expectant management could prevail. </p>
      <p>Sudden death in those patients is related to a physical strain and the related arrhythmias depend on the catecholamina action, which is released through exercise and, for that reason, they are known as exercise-dependent<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p> By following that thinking, sudden death in youngsters with right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia, related to physical activity, occurred in 53% of them, and in other 8 (38%) symptoms dependent on it took place<sup>7</sup>. In another study<sup>6</sup>, sudden death occurred in 24 from 27 patients. In the other 3, it was due to congestive heart failure. The ages varied from 15 to 65 years old, with an average age of 28 years old. </p>
      <p>In a Brazilian study<sup>12</sup>, the sudden death of 5 patients, among 26 studied, was correlated with right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia, to the extension of QT interval, which constituted in an important predictive factor in that group of patients. QT interval corresponded to 62&#177;17.8 in the risk group and to 51.9&#177;12.8 in the other group. </p>
      <p>Once the patient is aware of the necessary physical limitation, allied to an accurate psycho-emotional guidance, by comprising in this context the family action as a constant support, the expectant management can be adopted in the absence of arrhythmias and right heart failure. On the other hand, indications for the placement of defibrillators<sup>1</sup>, heart transplantation<sup>8,9</sup> or cavopulmonary-type operation<sup>13</sup> are inherent to many clinical situations shown. So, the presence of previous ventricular tachycardia or numerous and multifocus ventricular extra-systoles makes necessary the indication for defibrillators able to be implanted, as the stressed right heart failure requires cavopulmonary operation, and as the congestive heart failure needs heart transplantation. </p>
      <p>In those managements, the unusual procedure of total exclusion of right ventricle for the treatment of isolated and refractory right heart failure is distinguished, which can be called upon in the absence of compromising of left ventricle. For such, the tricuspid orifice is closed, the right ventricular free wall is totally dissected and covered with a patch and, then, the total cavopulmonary anastomosis reconstitutes the flow afterwards. The evolution of that procedure can be favorable since the criteria already known for the correct indications are complied with<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Edmar Atik </p>
          <p> InCor </p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar 44 </p>
          <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="conatik@incor.usp.br">conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publishing on 10/14/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on 02/09/2005 </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
