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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mSTshr8FstQLRpxYHqppg8t</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001400011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500111</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001400011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil lip&#237;dico e fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em estudantes de medicina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Gregorin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caetano</surname>
            <given-names>Loeni F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liberatore J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Del Roio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Dorot&#233;ia Rossi Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>57</fpage>
      <lpage>62</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil lip&#237;dico e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) em estudantes de medicina. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 153 estudantes, independente do sexo, com idade entre 18 e 31 anos, submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise do perfil lip&#237;dico, incluindo n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total (CT), fra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol das lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa (LDLc), alta (HDLc) e muito baixa densidade (VLDLc) e triglic&#233;rides (TG), al&#233;m de h&#225;bitos de vida e dados antropom&#233;tricos. Aplicou-se an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, incluindo teste de Mann Whitney, qui-quadrado, correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e an&#225;lise multivariada, admitindo-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para valor p&lt;0,05. RESULTADOS: Destacaram-se sedentarismo (43,1%) e antecedentes familiais para DCV, particularmente hipertens&#227;o arterial (74,5%). O perfil lip&#237;dico mostrou-se desej&#225;vel, embora n&#237;veis alterados de CT, LDLc e TG foram detectados em 11,8%, 9,8% e 8,5% dos estudantes, respectivamente, e n&#237;veis reduzidos de HDLc em 12,4% deles. As mulheres apresentaram valores significativamente reduzidos para LDLc e elevados para HDLc comparado aos homens (p=0,031 e p&lt;0,0001, respectivamente). Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre perfil lip&#237;dico e, preferencialmente, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), sedentarismo, ingesta de &#225;lcool, uso de anticoncepcional, antecedentes familiais de acidente vascular cerebral e dislipidemia. CONCLUS&#195;O: Antecedentes familiais para DCV, sedentarismo e uso de anticoncepcional entre os estudantes de medicina mostram-se freq&#252;entes e associados ao perfil lip&#237;dico, assim como ingesta de &#225;lcool e IMC. Embora com perfil lip&#237;dico desej&#225;vel, independente do sexo, n&#237;veis mais elevados de LDLc e reduzidos de HDLc no sexo masculino conferem aos homens desvantagem comparado &#224;s mulheres.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>lip&#237;dio</kwd>
        <kwd>estudantes de medicina</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Perfil lip&#237;dico e fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em estudantes de medicina </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vanessa Gregorin Coelho; Loeni F&#225;tima Caetano; Raphael Del Roio Liberatore J&#250;nior; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Cordeiro; Dorot&#233;ia Rossi Silva Souza </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar o perfil lip&#237;dico e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) em estudantes de medicina. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram avaliados 153 estudantes, independente do sexo, com idade entre 18 e 31 anos, submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise do perfil lip&#237;dico, incluindo n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total (CT), fra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol das lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa (LDLc), alta (HDLc) e muito baixa densidade (VLDLc) e triglic&#233;rides (TG), al&#233;m de h&#225;bitos de vida e dados antropom&#233;tricos. Aplicou-se an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, incluindo teste de Mann Whitney, qui-quadrado, correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e an&#225;lise multivariada, admitindo-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para valor p&lt;0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Destacaram-se sedentarismo (43,1%) e antecedentes familiais para DCV, particularmente hipertens&#227;o arterial (74,5%). O perfil lip&#237;dico mostrou-se desej&#225;vel, embora n&#237;veis alterados de CT, LDLc e TG foram detectados em 11,8%, 9,8% e 8,5% dos estudantes, respectivamente, e n&#237;veis reduzidos de HDLc em 12,4% deles. As mulheres apresentaram valores significativamente reduzidos para LDLc e elevados para HDLc comparado aos homens (p=0,031 e p&lt;0,0001, respectivamente). Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre perfil lip&#237;dico e, preferencialmente, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), sedentarismo, ingesta de &#225;lcool, uso de anticoncepcional, antecedentes familiais de acidente vascular cerebral e dislipidemia. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Antecedentes familiais para DCV, sedentarismo e uso de anticoncepcional entre os estudantes de medicina mostram-se freq&#252;entes e associados ao perfil lip&#237;dico, assim como ingesta de &#225;lcool e IMC. Embora com perfil lip&#237;dico desej&#225;vel, independente do sexo, n&#237;veis mais elevados de LDLc e reduzidos de HDLc no sexo masculino conferem aos homens desvantagem comparado &#224;s mulheres. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>lip&#237;dio, estudantes de medicina, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</p>
    <p> As dislipidemias s&#227;o caracterizadas por dist&#250;rbios nos n&#237;veis de lip&#237;dios circulantes com ou sem repercuss&#227;o sobre o territ&#243;rio vascular, associadas a manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas diversas<sup>1</sup>. Podem ser influenciadas por dist&#250;rbios gen&#233;ticos e/ou adquiridos. Entre as vari&#225;veis ambientais envolvidas na determina&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico incluem-se tabagismo, sedentarismo e dieta<sup>2</sup>. Ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica excessiva, com elevado teor de gordura e colesterol, est&#225; associada a n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos aumentados de colesterol total (CT) e fra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDLc)<sup>3,4</sup>. Em adultos, concentra&#231;&#227;o aumentada de CT e diminu&#237;da da fra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDLc), hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo, diabetes e obesidade est&#227;o associados a les&#245;es avan&#231;adas de aterosclerose e maior risco de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>5</sup>. Existem tamb&#233;m outros fatores envolvidos, por&#233;m n&#227;o control&#225;veis, s&#227;o eles: idade<sup>6</sup>, sexo<sup>7</sup>, ra&#231;a e hereditariedade<sup>8</sup>.  </p>
    <p>Com progress&#227;o lenta, a aterosclerose se inicia na inf&#226;ncia e caracteriza-se por forma&#231;&#227;o de ateromas (dep&#243;sitos de lip&#237;dios na camada &#237;ntima das art&#233;rias) que causam a restri&#231;&#227;o ao fluxo sangu&#237;neo. O estreitamento da luz do vaso pode levar &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o<sup>9</sup> e surgimento de suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica<sup>10</sup>. N&#237;veis elevados de colesterol s&#233;rico s&#227;o associados com aterosclerose prematura em adolescentes e adultos jovens<sup>11</sup>. Estudos de necropsia demonstraram alta preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas em indiv&#237;duos entre 2 e 39 anos e evidenciaram a influ&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco na forma&#231;&#227;o da placa ateromatosa<sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
    <p>No Brasil, s&#227;o escassos os estudos visando an&#225;lise de perfil lip&#237;dico e fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o jovem. Este estudo teve como objetivos analisar o perfil lip&#237;dico de estudantes do Curso de Medicina da Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP-FAMERP, e verificar sua rela&#231;&#227;o com os fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares identificados no grupo estudado. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os alunos da Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#150; FAMERP, matriculados no Curso de Medicina, da 1&#170; &#224; 6&#170; s&#233;rie no ano 2003, foram informados e convidados a participar deste estudo. Mediante confirma&#231;&#227;o pelo termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, de um total de 380 estudantes, foram avaliados 153, independentemente do sexo, com idade entre 18 e 31 anos. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis analisadas foram: idade, medidas antropom&#233;tricas (peso e estatura), n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CT, HDLc, LDLc e triglic&#233;rides (TG). O perfil lip&#237;dico foi analisado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios propostos pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>15</sup>; glicemia de jejum (respeitando as normas do <italic>Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus</italic>)<sup>16</sup>; antecedente familial (foi considerada positiva a presen&#231;a de familiares com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC), doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (AVC), dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM) e hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS), independentemente da idade do evento; &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea [IMC = peso (kg)/estatura (m)&#178;], analisado segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da OMS<sup>17</sup>; freq&#252;&#234;ncia do consumo de carnes (bovina, su&#237;na, frango e peixe), frituras, verduras e uso de gorduras animal e vegetal; sedentarismo (foram considerados n&#227;o sedent&#225;rios aqueles que praticavam exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, no m&#237;nimo, 3 vezes por semana, com dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 45 minutos cada sess&#227;o); consumo de &#225;lcool e tabagismo. </p>
    <p>Os dados relacionados &#224; idade, antecedente familial, consumo alimentar, sedentarismo, consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo e demais informa&#231;&#245;es foram obtidos com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rio. O peso e a estatura foram medidos, respectivamente, em balan&#231;a mec&#226;nica e antrop&#244;metro, estando os alunos descal&#231;os e vestindo roupas leves. A coleta de sangue foi realizada por profissionais da enfermagem. Os alunos fizeram jejum de 12 horas, n&#227;o realizaram esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico ou consumiram bebida alco&#243;lica 24 horas antes da coleta. Foram coletados cerca de 10 ml de sangue, por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa, para a dosagem bioqu&#237;mica de CT, LDLc, HDLc, TG e glicemia. As amostras de sangue foram processadas e o soro (para CT, TG, LDLc e HDLc) e plasma (para glicemia) foram analisados em laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CT, HDLc e TG e plasm&#225;ticos de glicemia foram determinados por m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico-enzim&#225;tico<sup>17,18</sup> . Os n&#237;veis de TG foram analisados fotometricamente ap&#243;s rea&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica, semelhante &#224; usada para CT, que d&#225; origem a um pigmento de cor vermelha, diretamente proporcional &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o de TG. Os n&#237;veis de LDLc foram estimados para valores de TG menores que 400 mg/dl, utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald: LDL=CT-(HDL+TG/5)<sup>19</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os dados coletados foram analisados considerando a preval&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco isolados ou associados. Foram calculados valores m&#233;dios e desvios-padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o Gaussiana, nas demais vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi aplicada a varia&#231;&#227;o dos percentis em mediana. Para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias e medianas, foi realizado o teste t e teste de Mann-Whitney, respectivamente. Foi realizada a an&#225;lise de componentes principais pela matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis CT, LDLc, HDLc, VLDLc e TG, determinando fatores hierarquizados de acordo com sua influ&#234;ncia na varia&#231;&#227;o total. Esses fatores foram confrontados com fatores de risco para DCV, explicando sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o perf&#237;l lip&#237;dico. As vari&#225;veis idade, peso, estatura e IMC foram comparadas com os Fatores 1, 2, 3 pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Foi admitido erro a de 5%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 153 estudantes avaliados, 74 (48,4%) eram do sexo masculino e 79 (51,6%) do sexo feminino, na faixa et&#225;ria de 18 a 31 anos (mediana=22 anos). </p>
    <p>Entre os fatores de risco analisados, o sedentarismo prevaleceu em 66 (43,1%) dos indiv&#237;duos, seguido de tabagismo em 9 (5,9%), enquanto 8 (5,2%) referiram ingerir bebida alco&#243;lica duas ou mais vezes por semana (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). A obesidade foi detectada em apenas 4 (2,6%) indiv&#237;duos, enquanto 23 (15%) deles apresentaram sobrepeso. Admitiram usar anticoncepcional 40 (50,6%) das mulheres. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos antecedentes familiais, destacou-se HAS, relatada por 114 (74,5%), seguida de DM (n=73; 47,7%; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). As referidas vari&#225;veis mostraram diferen&#231;as n&#227;o significantes quando comparadas entre os sexos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dieta, 61,4% (n=94) dos estudantes referiram maior ingest&#227;o de carne vermelha (vaca e porco) em detrimento da carne branca (frango e peixe). Entre os estudantes 85 (55,6%) e 120 (78,4%) admitiram ingest&#227;o m&#233;dia ou freq&#252;ente de frituras e legumes ou verduras, respectivamente. </p>
    <p> O perfil lip&#237;dico, de acordo com o sexo, &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>. As mulheres apresentaram valores de mediana significantemente reduzidos de LDLc (83 mg/dl) e elevados de HDLc (60 mg/dl), quando comparados aos homens (92; 46 mg/dl; valor-p=0,031; valor-p&lt;0,0001, respectivamente). Entre os estudantes, acima de 80% apresentaram n&#237;veis desej&#225;veis para perfil lip&#237;dico. Houve semelhan&#231;a entre os sexos para todas as vari&#225;veis, exceto em HDLc cujo percentual de homens com n&#237;veis reduzidos (n=15) foi significantemente maior que o de mulheres (n=4; valor-p=0,006). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada realizada pelo teste de componentes principais, visando determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis, apresentou o Fator 1, que incluiu n&#237;veis de CT, LDLc, VLDLc e TG, selecionando indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis elevados ou reduzidos para essas vari&#225;veis em conjunto, sendo respons&#225;vel por 48,7% da varia&#231;&#227;o total do perfil lip&#237;dico entre os indiv&#237;duos. O Fator 2 explicou 29,0% da varia&#231;&#227;o total, identificando indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis elevados de CT, HDLc e LDLc e reduzidos de VLDLc e TG ou vice-versa. O Fator 3 explicou 22,3% da varia&#231;&#227;o total do perfil lip&#237;dico e identificou indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis aumentados de LDLc e reduzidos de HDLc ou vice-versa. </p>
    <p>Os Fatores 1, 2 e 3 foram relacionados com idade, peso, estatura e IMC, pela correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">figura 1</xref> apresenta o grau de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as referidas vari&#225;veis com os respectivos fatores. Nota-se valores com correla&#231;&#227;o positiva significante de 0,263 e 0,168 entre Fator 1 e idade (valor-p=0,001) e Fator 1 e IMC (valor-p=0,038), respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">fig. 1A</xref>). Isso indica que a eleva&#231;&#227;o do valor para o Fator 1, identificado por aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o de CT, LDLc, VLDLc e TG, associou-se a aumento da idade e IMC dos indiv&#237;duos. O Fator 2 mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o significantemente positiva com peso (0,197; valor-p=0,014), estatura (0,164; valor-p=0,043) e IMC (0,160; valor-p=0,048) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b">fig. 1B</xref>). Nesse caso, o aumento do Fator 2, identificado por eleva&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de TG e VLDLc e diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de CT, LDLc e HDLc, associou-se a valores mais elevados de peso, altura e IMC. O Fator 3 mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o significantemente negativa com peso (-0,461; valor-p&lt;0,0001), altura (-0,409; valor-p&lt;0,0001) e IMC (-0,363; valor-p&lt;0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1c">fig. 1C</xref>). Isso significa que o aumento do Fator 3, caracterizado por eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de HDLc e decr&#233;scimo de LDLc, associa-se a valores reduzidos de peso, altura e IMC. </p>
    <fig id="fig1a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig1b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig1c">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos indiv&#237;duos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sedentarismo mostrou valor m&#233;dio para o Fator 1 significantemente aumentado nos indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios (0,27&#177;1,78) comparado &#224;queles n&#227;o sedent&#225;rios (-0,21&#177;1,34; valor-p=0,03) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2A</xref>). Isso indica que os indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios tiveram, preferencialmente, n&#237;veis elevados de CT, LDLc, VLDLc e TG. Valores m&#233;dios para o Fator 2 foram significativamente reduzidos em indiv&#237;duos que referiram ingest&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica pelo menos duas vezes por semana (-0,90&#177;0,88) em rela&#231;&#227;o aqueles que n&#227;o ingeriam bebida alco&#243;lica ou ingeriam esporadicamente (0,07&#177;1,20; valor-p=0,013) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2B</xref>). Nesse caso, os indiv&#237;duos que ingeriam bebida alco&#243;lica apresentaram preferencialmente valores aumentados de CT, LDLc e HDLc e reduzidos de TG e VLDLc. Ainda, o Fator 2 mostrou valor m&#233;dio significantemente aumentado nos indiv&#237;duos sem hist&#243;ria familial de AVC (0,13&#177;1,18) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3A</xref>) e sem dislipidemia (0,15&#177;1,13) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3B</xref>) comparado &#224;queles com antecedentes familiais (-0,36&#177;1,21; valor-p=0,012; -0,33&#177;1,31; valor-p= 0,010, respectivamente). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos componentes principais representado pelo Fator 3, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, mostrou valor m&#233;dio para as mulheres (0,50&#177;1,10) significativamente aumentado comparado aos homens (-0,55&#177;0,70; valor-p&lt;0,0001). Isso significa que as mulheres apresentam, preferencialmente, n&#237;veis aumentados de HDLc e reduzidos de LDLc, contrastando com os valores obtidos para os homens. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise do uso de anticoncepcionais em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores mostrou aumento significantemente no valor m&#233;dio do Fator 1 em usu&#225;rias de anticoncepcionais (0,53&#177;1,20) e reduzido nas n&#227;o usu&#225;rias (-0,46&#177;1,86; valor-p=0,003). Isso significa que as mulheres que tomaram anticoncepcionais tinham n&#237;veis mais elevados de CT, LDLc, VLDLc e TG. Ainda, as usu&#225;rias de anticoncepcionais apresentaram tamb&#233;m aumento significante no valor m&#233;dio do Fator 3 (0,88&#177;1,17) comparado a n&#227;o usu&#225;rias (0,12&#177;0,86; valor-p=0,001).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, destacam-se entre os fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares o sedentarismo e os antecedentes familiais, preferencialmente, de HAS, DM e DAC. O perfil lip&#237;dico, embora desej&#225;vel, mostra valores aumentados de LDLc e reduzidos de HDLc para os homens comparado &#224;s mulheres. A an&#225;lise multivariada com componentes principais identifica associa&#231;&#227;o entre varia&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico e, particularmente, IMC, sedentarismo, ingesta de &#225;lcool, antecedentes familiais de AVC e dislipidemia e uso de anticoncepcionais. </p>
    <p>Apresenta-se como fator de risco mais prevalecente entre os estudantes o sedentarismo (43,1%), compar&#225;vel ao estudo de Fisberg e cols.<sup>20</sup> com freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 35,6%, enquanto preval&#234;ncia de 78,9% foi relatada por Rabelo e cols.<sup>21</sup>, tamb&#233;m em casu&#237;stica brasileira em faixa et&#225;ria semelhante &#224; apresentada. &#201; prov&#225;vel que o car&#225;ter integral do curso de medicina, que dificulta as atividades extracurriculares, ofere&#231;a impedimento na pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica rotineira, determinando um estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, frente a computadores e televis&#227;o, que ocupam, inclusive, grande parte do per&#237;odo de lazer dos estudantes. </p>
    <p>A obesidade (IMC=30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) foi detectada em 2,6% dos estudantes, diferente de outros estudos realizados em indiv&#237;duos de faixa et&#225;ria semelhante, que demonstraram maior preval&#234;ncia de obesos (7,2; 15,8%)<sup>21,22</sup>, como tamb&#233;m &#224;queles apresentados pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, caracterizando 8% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira como obesa<sup>15</sup>. Entretanto, apesar da baixa preval&#234;ncia de obesos entre os estudantes, detectou-se sobrepeso (IMC=25 e &lt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) em 15% deles. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo, neste estudo, 5,9% dos estudantes identificaram-se como fumantes, freq&#252;&#234;ncia inferior a citada por outros autores, com varia&#231;&#227;o de 6,7% a 15,8%, em popula&#231;&#227;o de jovens<sup>20-22</sup>. Em 1999, um estudo transversal, realizado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, mostrou preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo de 17% em indiv&#237;duos com faixa et&#225;ria de 46&#177;16 anos<sup>15</sup>. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o maior conhecimento sobre os malef&#237;cios do tabagismo tenha influenciado nessa pr&#225;tica, contribuindo para o n&#250;mero reduzido de tabagistas entre os estudantes de medicina. No estudo de Framinghan<sup>23</sup>, tamb&#233;m foi verificada rela&#231;&#227;o diretamente proporcional entre o n&#250;mero de cigarros consumidos e altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;nas. &#201; reconhecido o efeito do tabagismo no perfil lip&#237;dico e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o aumento da placa ateromatosa em car&#243;tidas, relacionada ao n&#250;mero de cigarros consumidos por dia<sup>23,24</sup>. Entretanto, no presente estudo n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significante entre consumo de cigarros e altera&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico, provavelmente pelo n&#250;mero reduzido de indiv&#237;duos tabagistas. </p>
    <p>A literatura documenta que o consumo de quantidade moderada de &#225;lcool tem efeito ben&#233;fico sobre a mortalidade por doen&#231;as coronarianas<sup>25-27</sup>. Em parte, esse efeito &#233; devido &#224; capacidade de eleva&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de HDLc. Por&#233;m, em indiv&#237;duos propensos, o consumo de &#225;lcool pode aumentar os n&#237;veis de TG<sup>15</sup>. Neste estudo, 5,2% dos estudantes relataram ingest&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica mais de duas vezes por semana, apresentando, em m&#233;dia, aumento conjunto nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CT, LDLc e HDLc e diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de TG e VLDLc. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o foi questionado aos participantes sobre a quantidade di&#225;ria e a qualidade da bebida ingerida. H&#225; refer&#234;ncia de que, em homens jovens, a ingest&#227;o moderada de &#225;lcool associa-se &#224; menor espessura das camadas intimas e m&#233;dias dos vasos, comparada &#224;queles que n&#227;o bebem<sup>28</sup>. Isso caracteriza, portanto, um subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos identificado como maioria (94,8%) no presente estudo, se considerados os estudantes que n&#227;o ingeriam &#225;lcool ou dele faziam uso esporadicamente. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, foram registradas freq&#252;&#234;ncias de 36,6% para hist&#243;ria familial de DAC, 31,4% para dislipidemia e 26,8% de AVC. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o foi considerada a idade em que ocorreu o evento, o que pode explicar a alta preval&#234;ncia encontrada. Houve rela&#231;&#227;o significante entre hist&#243;ria familial, tanto de AVC quanto de dislipidemia, com o aumento em conjunto nos n&#237;veis de CT, LDLc, HDLc e diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de TG e VLDLc. Por outro lado, hist&#243;ria familial positiva para DAC foi detectada por Rabelo e cols.<sup>21</sup> em 19,6% dos jovens estudados n&#227;o associada com altera&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico. </p>
    <p>Detectou-se tamb&#233;m, neste estudo, alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com h&#225;bitos alimentares inadequados, como ingest&#227;o elevada de carne vermelha (61,4%) e frituras (55,6%), por&#233;m, n&#227;o relacionada ao perfil lip&#237;dico, concordante com a literatura<sup>20,21</sup>. A an&#225;lise da composi&#231;&#227;o da dieta e quantifica&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos saturados e insaturados poderiam identificar subgrupos e, possivelmente, essa associa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Entre as mulheres, 50,6% eram usu&#225;rias de anticoncepcionais. Esse tipo de medicamento pode alterar tamb&#233;m o perfil lip&#237;dico, aumentando principalmente n&#237;veis de CT e TG<sup>15</sup>. Neste estudo, as usu&#225;rias de anticoncepcional apresentaram, preferencialmente, n&#237;veis aumentados de CT, LDLc, VLDLc e TG comparado &#224;s n&#227;o usu&#225;rias. Entretanto, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significante nos n&#237;veis de LDLc naquelas usu&#225;rias com n&#237;veis aumentados de HDLc, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s n&#227;o usu&#225;rias. Nesse caso, o tipo de anticoncepcional pode interferir no perfil lip&#237;dico por sua influ&#234;ncia nos n&#237;veis de diferentes horm&#244;nios, como estr&#243;geno e progesterona<sup>20</sup>, assim como seu tempo de uso. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel que isso caracterize um subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos com estilo de vida pr&#243;prio, aspectos estes que devem ser analisados em estudos futuros. </p>
    <p>N&#237;vel elevado de colesterol s&#233;rico &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para DAC<sup>11</sup>. Neste estudo, o perfil lip&#237;dico representado pelos valores de mediana mant&#233;m-se dentro dos valores de refer&#234;ncia<sup>15</sup>, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os sexos. Entretanto, 11,8% dos estudantes apresentaram n&#237;veis elevados de CT, 9,8% de LDLc e 8,5% de TG, e 12,4% reduzidos de HDLc. No entanto, Rabelo e cols.<sup>21</sup>, em estudo de indiv&#237;duos na faixa et&#225;ria de 17 a 25 anos, detectaram 36,8% da casu&#237;stica com n&#237;veis aumentados de CT. Estudo realizado em nove capitais brasileiras, em indiv&#237;duos com m&#233;dia de idade de 34,7&#177;9,6 anos, mostrou valores m&#233;dios para CT de 183&#177;39,8 mg/dl, sendo significativamente mais elevados no sexo feminino<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>O LDLc &#233; considerado fator causal e independente de ateros clerose, cuja redu&#231;&#227;o diminui a morbimortalidade<sup>23,29-33</sup>. No presente estudo, 9,8% dos estudantes apresentaram n&#237;veis aumentados de LDLc, embora o valor da mediana para a casu&#237;stica foi inferior a 100 mg/dl para ambos os sexos, por&#233;m significantemente maior nos homens. Estes resultados s&#227;o concordantes com outro estudo, tamb&#233;m em estudantes, com n&#237;vel aumentado de LDLc em 11,1% deles, cuja m&#233;dia de idade foi 20,1&#177;2,7 anos, observando-se n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de LDLc significantemente maior nos homens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres<sup>11</sup>. Por outro lado, h&#225; refer&#234;ncias de maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis alterados de LDLc em casu&#237;sticas de mesma faixa et&#225;ria, variando de 7,6% a 44,1%<sup>20-22</sup>. </p>
    <p>N&#237;veis reduzidos de HDLc, correlacionados com aumento da camada intima das art&#233;rias em indiv&#237;duos jovens<sup>24,28,34</sup>, foi detectado neste estudo em 12,4% dos estudantes. Nesse caso, os homens mostraram n&#237;veis reduzidos comparado &#224;s mulheres, o mesmo demonstrado por outros autores<sup>11,21,35</sup>. Entretanto, os valores de mediana para n&#237;veis de HDLc mostraram-se acima de 45 mg/dl para ambos os sexos, valor considerado desej&#225;vel para preven&#231;&#227;o de DAC. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a TG, 8,5% dos estudantes apresentaram n&#237;veis alterados, enquanto o valor da mediana para a casu&#237;stica foi de 82 mg/dl, sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os sexos. O n&#237;vel de TG parece associado &#224; obesidade como mostrado por Valverde e cols.<sup>36</sup>, em estudo de crian&#231;as obesas, com preval&#234;ncia de 35% para concentra&#231;&#227;o elevada de TG. No presente estudo, detectou-se IMC&gt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> em apenas 2,6% dos indiv&#237;duos, relacionado provavelmente a freq&#252;&#234;ncia baixa de n&#237;veis elevados de TG. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; refer&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre valores reduzidos de TG e percentuais elevados de massa magra<sup>20</sup>. Neste estudo, n&#227;o foi analisada a porcentagem de massa magra e gordura nos indiv&#237;duos, o que tornou a an&#225;lise limitada. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os estudantes de medicina, embora com valores desej&#225;veis para perfil lip&#237;dico, apresentam fatores de risco incluindo antecedentes familiais para DCV, sedentarismo, uso de anticoncepcional, ingesta de &#225;lcool e IMC elevado associados a perfil lip&#237;dico alterado. N&#237;veis mais elevados de LDLc e reduzidos de HDLc no sexo masculino, apontam para desvantagem dos homens em rela&#231;&#227;o as mulheres. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao Tajara Laborat&#243;rio, pela realiza&#231;&#227;o das an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas, e ao CNPq (PIBIC) pelo apoio financeiro.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dorot&#233;ia Rossi Silva Souza </p>
        <p> Rua Las Vegas, 611, Cond. D&#233;bora Cristina </p>
        <p> 15093-110 - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="doroteia@famerp.br">doroteia@famerp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 28/09/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 09/02/2005</p>
  </body>
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    <front-stub>
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        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Lipid profile and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in medicine students</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To analyze the lipid profile and its correlation with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among medicine students. METHODS: We assessed 153 students, regardless of sex, with age between 18 and 31 years old, submitted to lipid profile analysis, including serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), fraction of cholesterol of low (LDLc), high (HDLc) and very low density (VLDLc) lipoproteins and triglycerides (TG), besides of life habits and anthropometric data. Statistic analysis was employed, including the test of Mann Whitney, chi-square test, Pearson's correlation and multivariate analysis, by adopting a significance level for a value of p&lt;0.05. RESULTS: Sedentary lifestyle (43.1%) and familial history for CVD, particularly hypertension (74.5%), were distinguished. The lipid profile showed desirable, although altered levels of TC, LDLc and TG were detected in 11.8%, 9.8% and 8.5% from the students, respectively, and reduced levels of HDLc in 12.4% of them. Women showed significantly reduced values for LDLc and high values for HDLc compared to men's (p=0.031 and p&lt;0.0001, respectively). There was a significant association between lipid profile and, preferably, body mass index (BMI), sedentary lifestyle, ingestion of alcohol, contraceptive use, familial antecedents of cerebrovascular accident and dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: Familial history for CVD, sedentary lifestyle and contraceptive use among medicine students showed frequent and associated to the lipid profile, as well as ingestion of alcohol and BMI. Although with desirable lipid profile, regardless of sex, higher levels of LDLc and reduced levels of HDLc in male sex provide a disadvantage to men compared to women.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>lipid</kwd>
        <kwd>medicine students</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Lipid profile and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in medicine students</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vanessa Gregorin Coelho; Loeni F&#225;tima Caetano; Raphael Del Roio Liberatore J&#250;nior; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Cordeiro; Dorot&#233;ia Rossi Silva Souza </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To analyze the lipid profile and its correlation with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among medicine students.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>We assessed 153 students, regardless of sex, with age between 18 and 31 years old, submitted to lipid profile analysis, including serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), fraction of cholesterol of low (LDLc), high (HDLc) and very low density (VLDLc) lipoproteins and triglycerides (TG), besides of life habits and anthropometric data. Statistic analysis was employed, including the test of Mann Whitney, chi-square test, Pearson's correlation and multivariate analysis, by adopting a significance level for a value of p&lt;0.05. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Sedentary lifestyle (43.1%) and familial history for CVD, particularly hypertension (74.5%), were distinguished. The lipid profile showed desirable, although altered levels of TC, LDLc and TG were detected in 11.8%, 9.8% and 8.5% from the students, respectively, and reduced levels of HDLc in 12.4% of them. Women showed significantly reduced values for LDLc and high values for HDLc compared to men's (p=0.031 and p&lt;0.0001, respectively). There was a significant association between lipid profile and, preferably, body mass index (BMI), sedentary lifestyle, ingestion of alcohol, contraceptive use, familial antecedents of cerebrovascular accident and dyslipidemia. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Familial history for CVD, sedentary lifestyle and contraceptive use among medicine students showed frequent and associated to the lipid profile, as well as ingestion of alcohol and BMI. Although with desirable lipid profile, regardless of sex, higher levels of LDLc and reduced levels of HDLc in male sex provide a disadvantage to men compared to women. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>lipid, medicine students, cardiovascular diseases </p>
      <p>Dyslipidemias are characterized by disorders in the levels of circulating lipids with our without repercussion of the vascular territory, associated to many clinical manifestations<sup>1</sup>. They can be influenced by genetic and/or acquired disorders. Among the environmental variables involved in determining the lipid profile, smoking, sedentary lifestyle and diet<sup>2</sup> are included. Excessive caloric ingestion, with high rate of fat and cholesterol, is associated to increased serum levels of total cholesterol (CT) and fraction cholesterol of low-density lipoprotein (LDLc)<sup>3,4</sup>. Among adults, the increased concentration of TC and diminished fraction of high-density lipoprotein (HDLc) cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes and obesity are associated to advanced atherosclerosis lesions and a greater risk of clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic disease<sup>5</sup>. There are also other factors involved, but non-controllable. Those are age<sup>6</sup>, sex<sup>7</sup>, race and heredity<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>With a slow progression, atherosclerosis begins at childhood and characterizes for the formation of atheromas (lipid deposits on the intimal coat of arteries) that cause the restriction of blood flow. The narrowing of the vessel's lumen may lead to obstruction<sup>9 </sup>and the appearance of its clinical manifestations, such as myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident and peripheral vascular disease<sup>10</sup>. High levels of serum cholesterol are associated with early atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults<sup>11</sup>. Necropsy studies showed a high prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions in individuals between 2 and 39 years old and evinced the influence of risk factors on the formation of atheromatous plaque<sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
      <p>In Brazil, the studies aiming at the analysis of lipid profile and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among the young population are scarce. This study aimed at analyzing the lipid profile of students from the Medicine Course at Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP-FAMERP, and verify its relationship with the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases identified in the studied group. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All students from Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#150; FAMERP, enrolled in Medicine Course, from the 1<sup>st</sup> to the 6<sup>th</sup> year in the year 2003, were informed and invited to participate in this study. After giving a written informed consent, 153 students, from a total of 380, were assessed, regardless of sex, with age ranging between 18 and 31 years old. </p>
      <p>The analyzed variables were age, anthropometric measurements (weight and height), serum levels of TC, HDLc, LDLc and triglycerides (TG). The lipid profile was analyzed in accordance to the criteria proposed by Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (Brazilian Society of Cardiology)<sup>15</sup>; feast glycemia (complying with the standards of Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus)<sup>16</sup>; familial history (the presence of relatives with coronary artery disease (CAD) was regarded as positive) cerebrovascular disease (CVA), dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (SH), regardless of the age of the event; body mass index [BMI = weight (kg)/height (m)&#178;], analyzed in accordance to the recommendations from WHO<sup>17</sup>; frequency in the ingestion of meat (bovine, pork, chicken and fish), fried food, vegetable and the use of animal and vegetal fat; sedentary lifestyle (those who did physical exercise, at least 3 times a week, with a minimum length of 45 minutes per session were regarded as non-sedentary); alcohol consumption and smoking. </p>
      <p>Data related to age, familial history, alimentary consumption, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, smoking and other information, were obtained through the use of questionnaire. Weight and height were measured, respectively, on a mechanical scale and anthropometer, with students shoeless and wearing light clothes. The blood test was carried out by ward professionals. The students went of a 12-hour feast, did not do physical exercise nor consumed alcoholic beverages 24 hours prior to the test. Approximately 10 ml of blood were collected through venous puncture, for the biochemical dosage of TC, LDLc, HDLc, TG and glycemia. Blood samples were processed and the serum (for TC, TG, LDLc and HDLc) and plasma (for glycemia) were analyzed in a clinical analysis laboratory. The serum levels of TC, HDLc and TG, and plasmatic levels of glycemia were determined through an enzymatic colorimetric method<sup>17,18</sup>. TG levels were photometrically analyzed after enzymatic reaction, similar to the one used for TC CT, which originates a red-colored pigment, directly proportional to TG concentration. The levels of LDLc were estimated for TG values lower than 400 mg/dl by using Friedewald's formula: LDL = TC-(HDL-TG/5)<sup>19</sup>. </p>
      <p>The collected data were analyzed considering the prevalence of isolated or associated risk factors. Average values and standard deviations for continuous variables were calculated with Gaussian distribution. In the other variables the variation of percentiles in median was used. The t-test and the Mann-Whitney's test were performed for the comparison of means and medians, respectively. The analysis of the main components through the matrix of correlation of the variables TC, LDLc, HDLc, VLDLc and TG was carried out, determining hierarchized factors in accordance to their influence in the total variation. Those factors were confronted with risk factors for CVD, explaining their relationship with the lipid profile. The variables of age weight, height and BMI were compared with the Factors 1, 2, 3 through the correlation coefficient of Pearson. An a error of 5% was allowed. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From the 153 assessed students, 74 (48.4%) were male and 79 (51.6%) female, with an age ranging from 18 to 31 years old (median=22 years old). </p>
      <p>Among the analyzed risk factors, sedentary lifestyle prevailed in 66 (43.1%) individuals, followed by smoking in 9 (5.9%), whereas 8 (5.2%) referred consuming alcoholic beverages two or more times a week (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). Obesity was detected in only 4 (2.6%) individuals, whereas 23 (15%) of them showed overweight. Forty (50.6%) of women confirmed the use of contraceptive methods. Regarding familial history, SH was distinguished, being reported by 114 (74.5%) subjects, followed by DM (n=73; 47.7%; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). The referred variables showed non-significant differences when compared between sexes. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Concerning the diet, 61.4% (n=94) from the students referred to a greater ingestion of red meat (bovine and pork) to the detriment of white meat (chicken and fish). Among the students, 85 (55.6%) and 120 (78.4%) confirmed medium or frequent ingestion of fried food and vegetables or green vegetables, respectively. </p>
      <p>Lipid profile, according to sex, is shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. Women showed significantly reduced median values of LDLc (83 mg/dl) and increased median values of HDLc (60 mg/dl), when compared to men (92; 46 mg/dl; p value=0.031; p value&lt;0.0001, respectively). Among the students, over 80% of them showed desirable levels for lipid profile. There was a similarity between sexes for all variables, except concerning HDLc, whose percentage of men with reduced levels (n=15) was significantly greater than the women (n=4; p value=0.006). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> The multivariate analysis carried out through the test of main components, aiming at determining the association among the variables, showed the Factor 1, which included levels of TC, LDLc, VLDLc and TG, selecting individuals with high or low levels for those variables altogether, being responsible for 48.7% from total variation of lipid profile among the individuals. The Factor 2 explained 29.0% from total variation, identifying individuals with high levels of TC, HDLc and LDLc and reduced levels of VLDLc and TG or vice-versa. The Factor 3 explained 22.3% from the total variation of lipid profile and identified individuals with increased levels of LDLc and reduced levels of HDLc or vice-versa. </p>
      <p>The Factors 1, 2 and 3 were related to age, weight, height and BMI, through Pearson's correlation. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the level of correlation among the referred variables with the respective factors. Values with significant positive correlation of 0.263 and 0.168 between Factor 1 and age (p value=0.001) and Factor 1 and BMI (p value=0.038), respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">fig. 1A</xref>) are observed. That demonstrates that the increase of the value for Factor 1, identified through the increase in the concentration of TC, LDLc, VLDLc and TG, was associated to the increase of age and BMI of the individuals. Factor 2 showed a significantly positive correlation with weight (0.197; p value=0.014), height (0.164; p value=0.043) and BMI (0.160; p value=0.048) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">fig. 1B</xref>). In this case, the increase of Factor 2, identified through the increase of the levels of TG and VLDLc and decrease in the levels of TC, LDLc and HDLc, was associated to a higher values of weight, height and BMI. Factor 3 showed a significantly negative correlation with weight (-0.461; p value&lt;0,0001), height (-0.409; p value&lt;0.0001) and BMI(-0.363; p value&lt;0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1c-body2">fig. 1C</xref>). That means the increase of Factor 3, characterized by the increase in the levels of HDLc and decrease in LDLc levels, is associated to reduced values of weight, height and BMI. </p>
      <fig id="fig1a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig1b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig1c-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of the individuals concerning the sedentary lifestyle showed and average value for Factor 1, which was significantly increased in sedentary individuals (0.27&#177;1.78) compared to the non-sedentary ones (-0.21&#177;1.34; p value=0.03) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2A</xref>). It shows that sedentary individuals had, preferably, high levels of TC, LDLc, VLDLc and TG. Average values for Factor 2 were significantly reduced in individuals that confirmed ingestion of alcoholic beverages at least twice a week (-0.90&#177;0.88), in relation to those who did not consumed alcoholic beverages or only consumed them sporadically (0.07&#177;1.20; p value=0.013) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2B</xref>). In this case, individuals who ingested alcoholic beverages preferably showed increased values of TC, LDLc and HDLc and reduced values of TG and VLDLc. Still, Factor 2 showed a significantly increased average value in individuals without familial history of CVA (0.13&#177;1.18) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3A</xref>) and without dyslipidemia (0.15&#177;1.13) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3B</xref>), compared to those with familial history (-0.36&#177;1.21; p value=0.012; -0.33&#177;1.31; p value=0.010, respectively). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0057-00011-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The analysis of the main components represented by Factor 3, regarding sex, showed a significantly increased average value for women (0.50&#177;1.10) compared to men's (-0.55&#177;0.70; p value&lt;0.0001). It means that women preferably show increased levels of HDLc and decreased levels of LDLc, which contrasts with the values obtained for men. </p>
      <p>The analysis of the use of contraceptive methods in relation to the factors showed a significant increase in the average value of Factor 1 among contraceptive users (0.53&#177;1.20) and reduced values among the non-users (-0.46&#177;1.86; p value=0.003). It means that women who took contraceptives had higher levels of TC, LDLc, VLDLc and TG. Still, the users of contraceptives also showed a significant increase in the average value of Factor 3 (0.88&#177;1.17) compared to non-users (0.12&#177;0.86; p value=0.001). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, sedentary lifestyle and familial history, preferably of SH, DM and CAD distinguish among the risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Lipid profile, although desirable, shows increased values of LDLc and reduced values of HDLc for men, compared to women. The multivariate analysis for the main components identifies an association among the variations in lipid profile and, particularly, BMI, sedentary lifestyle, consumption of alcohol, familial history of CVA and dyslipidemia and use of contraceptives. </p>
      <p>Sedentary lifestyle (43.1%), is presented as the most prevalent risk factor among the students comparable to the study of Fisberg et al.<sup>20</sup> with a frequency of 35.6%, whereas a prevalence of 78.9% was reported by Rabelo et al.<sup>21</sup>, also in a Brazilian casuistry, in a similar age range as the one shown. It is probable that the full-time nature of the medicine course, which makes difficult extracurricular activities, prevents from practice of routine physical activity, determining a sedentary lifestyle, in front of computers and television sets, which also take a great part of leisure time from students. </p>
      <p>Obesity (BMI=30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) was detected in 2.6% of the students, different from other studies made in individuals in similar age range, which showed a greater prevalence of obese (7.2; 15.8%)<sup>21,22</sup>, as well as those showed by the Ministry of Health, characterizing 8% of Brazilian population as obese<sup>15</sup>. However, despite the low prevalence of obese subjects among the students, overweight (BMI=25 and &lt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) was detected in 15% of them. </p>
      <p>Concerning smoking, in this study 5.9% of students identified themselves as smokers, a lower frequency than the one mentioned by other authors, with a variation from 6.7% to 15.8%, in a young people population<sup>20-22</sup>. In 1999, a cross-section study, which was carried out by Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; Brazilian Cardiology Association of the State of S&#227;o Paulo, showed a smoking prevalence of 17% among individuals with age range of 46&#177;16 years old<sup>15</sup>. It is possible that the greater knowledge on smoking damages have influenced in that practice, contributing for the reduced number of smokers among medicine students. In Framinghan study<sup>23</sup>, a directly proportional relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked and the change in the levels of lipoproteins was also verified. The effect of smoking on lipid profile and its association with the enlargement of atheromatous plaque in carotids, related to the number of cigarettes smoked a day <sup>23,24</sup>, are recognized. However, in the present study there was no significant correlation between consumption of cigarettes and changes in lipid profile, probably due to the low number of smokers. </p>
      <p>Literature documents that the moderate consumption of alcohol has a benefic effect on the mortality due to coronary diseases<sup>25-27</sup>. Such effect is partly due to the capacity of increase of HDLc concentration. However, among disposed individuals, the consumption of alcohol may increase the levels of TG<sup>15</sup>. In this study, 5.2% of the students reported ingestion of alcoholic beverages more than two times a week, showing, in average, an increase in serum levels of TC, LDLc and HDLc altogether, and a decrease in the levels of TG and VLDLc. However, the participants were not asked on the daily amount and the quality of the beverage ingested. There is a reference that, among young men, the moderate consumption of alcohol is associated to a thinner thickness of intimal and middle coats of the vessels, compared to those who do not drink<sup>28</sup>. Therefore, that characterizes a subgroup of individuals identified as majority (94.8%) in the present study, if the students who did not consume alcohol or used it sporadically were considered. </p>
      <p>Frequencies of 36.6% for familial history of CAD, 31.4% for dyslipidemia and 26.8% of CVA were recorded in the present study. Moreover, the age at which the event occurred was not considered, which may explain the high prevalence found. There was a significant relationship between familial history, both of CVA and of dyslipidemia, with the increase in the levels of TC, LDLc, HDLc altogether and a decrease in the levels of TG and VLDLc. On the other hand, positive familial history for Cad was detected by Rabelo et al.<sup>21</sup> in 19.6% of youngsters studied and it was not associated with changes of lipid profile. </p>
      <p>High frequency of individuals with inappropriate alimentary habits, as high ingestion of red meat (61.4%) and fried food (55.6%) was also detected in this study. However, it was not related to lipid profile, according to the literaure<sup>20,21</sup>. The analysis of the content of the diet and quantification of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids could identify subgroups and, possibly, that association. </p>
      <p>Among women, 50.6% were users of contraceptives. That kind of medication can also change the lipid profile, by especially increasing the levels of TC and TG<sup>15</sup>. In this study, the contraceptive users preferably showed increased levels of TC, LDLc, VLDLc and TG, compared to the non-users. However, there was a significant reduction in LDLc levels among those users with increased levels of HDLc, in relation to the non-users. In this case, the type of contraceptive may interfere in the lipid profile due to its influence on the levels of different hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone<sup>20</sup>, as well as its length of use. Besides, it is possible that it characterizes a subgroup of individuals with their own lifestyle, whose aspects must be analyzed in future studies. </p>
      <p>High level of serum cholesterol is one of the main modifiable risk factors for CAD<sup>11</sup>. In this study, the lipid profile represented by median values is within the reference values<sup>15</sup>, without statistic difference between sexes. However, 11.8% of the students showed high levels of TC, 9.8% of LDLc and 8.5% of TG, and 12.4% of reduced levels of HDLc. Moreover, Rabelo et al.<sup>21</sup>, in a study on individuals with ages ranging from 17 to 25 years old, detected 36.8% from the casuistry with increased levels of TC. A study carried out in nine Brazilian capitals, with individuals with average age of 34.7&#177;9.6 years old, showed average values for TC of 183&#177;39.8 mg/dl, being significantly higher among women<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>LDLc is regarded as a causal and independent factor of atherosclerosis, whose reduction diminishes the morbimortality<sup>23,29-33</sup>. In the present study, 9.8% from the students showed increased levels of LDLc, although the median value for the casuistry was lower than 100 mg/dl for both sexes, but significantly higher among men. Those results are accordant with another study, also with students, with increased level of LDLc in 11.1% of them, whose average age was 20.1&#177;2.7 years old, observing a significantly higher average level of LDLc in men than in women<sup>11</sup>. On the other hand, there are references of higher frequency of individuals with altered levels of LDLc in casuistries in the same age range, varying from 7.6% to 44.1%<sup>20-22</sup>. </p>
      <p>Low levels of HDLc, correlated with the increase of intimal coat of arteries in young individuals<sup>24,28,34</sup>, were detected in this study in 12.4% of the students. In this case, men showed lower levels compared to women's, which was the same as demonstrated by other authors<sup>11,21,35</sup>. However, the median values for levels of HDLc were shown higher than 45 mg/dl for both sexes, which is a value considered as desirable for prevention of CAD. </p>
      <p>Concerning TG, 8.5% of the students showed altered levels, whereas the median value for the casuistry was 82 mg/dl, without statistically significant difference between sexes. TG level seems to be associated to obesity was shown by Valverde et al.<sup>36</sup>, in a study with obese infants, with a prevalence of 35% for high concentration of TG. In the present study, BMI&gt;30 kg/m<sup>2 </sup>was detected in only 2.6% of the individuals, probably related the low frequency of high levels of TG. Besides, there is a reference of association between high values of TG and high percentages of lean mass<sup>20</sup>. In this study the percentage of lean mass and fat in the individuals was not analyzed, which made the analysis limited. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the medicine students, although with desired levels for lipid profile, showed risk factors, including familial history for CVD, sedentary lifestyle, use of contraceptives, ingestion of alcohol and high BMI, associated to an altered lipid profile. Higher levels of LDLc and low levels of HDLc among men, point out to a disadvantage of men in relation to women. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To Tajara Laboratory, for the performance of biochemical analyses, and to CNPq (PIBIC) for the financial support.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Dorot&#233;ia Rossi Silva Souza </p>
          <p> Rua Las Vegas, 611, Cond. D&#233;bora Cristina - 15093-110 </p>
          <p> S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="doroteia@famerp.br">doroteia@famerp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publishing on: 09/28/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on: 02/09/2005</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
