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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SmVxBQ83d4ZrBLzmcRsYhYL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001400010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500110</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001400010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coarta&#231;&#227;o de aorta em crian&#231;as at&#233; um ano: an&#225;lise de 20 anos de experi&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorier</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wender</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato A.K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzalez</surname>
            <given-names>Javier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hoppen</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barcellos</surname>
            <given-names>Christiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Homsi-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Abud</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prates</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o R.M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nesralla</surname>
            <given-names>Ivo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>51</fpage>
      <lpage>56</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Revis&#227;o da experi&#234;ncia com diversas t&#233;cnicas de corre&#231;&#227;o empregadas, nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, em crian&#231;as menores de um ano de idade. M&#201;TODOS: No per&#237;odo de 1978 a 1998, foram operados 148 pacientes (pc) consecutivos com coarta&#231;&#227;o de aorta (CoAo) com at&#233; um ano de idade, com ou sem defeitos intracard&#237;acos associados. A idade apresentou mediana de 50 dias, 92 pc do sexo feminino (62,1%). O peso foi de 4.367&#177;1.897 gramas. O seguimento foi em m&#233;dia de 1.152&#177;1.462 dias. A popula&#231;&#227;o foi dividida em 3 grupos: Grupo I, CoAo isolada: 74 pc (50%); Grupo II, CoAo e comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV): 41 pacientes (27,7%) e Grupo III, CoAo com malforma&#231;&#245;es complexas: 33 pc (22,3%). RESULTADOS: Mortalidade total foi 43 pc (29%): com menos de 30 dias, foi 53%, p=0,009, OR=4,5, entre 31 e 90 dias, foi 14,7%, p=0,69, e acima de 91 dias, 15%, p=0,004. A probabilidade de sobrevida atuarial de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 67% aos 5 e 10 anos. Trinta e seis pacientes (24,3%) recoartaram, dos quais 18 pacientes (50%) tinham menos de 30 dias, OR=6,35. A incid&#234;ncia de recoarta&#231;&#227;o foi com a t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen em 4 pacientes (10%) e com a t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica em 19 pacientes (26%) p=0.03, e a istmoplastia em 6 pacientes (37,5%). A probabilidade de sobrevida atuarial livre de recoarta&#231;&#227;o aos 5 e 10 anos foi de 69% com a t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen e 63% com a t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica. CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes com menos de 30 dias apresentaram risco aumentado de mortalidade e recoarta&#231;&#227;o. A t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen em pacientes com mais de 30 dias mostrou-se efetiva. A t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica mostrou n&#227;o ser uma boa op&#231;&#227;o em todas as faixas et&#225;rias, sendo imperativo executar variantes t&#233;cnicas como t&#233;rmino-terminal estendida.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>cirurgia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>coarta&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;as</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Coarta&#231;&#227;o de aorta em crian&#231;as at&#233; um ano. An&#225;lise de 20 anos de experi&#234;ncia </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gabriel Lorier; Orlando Wender; Renato A.K. Kalil; Javier Gonzalez; Gustavo Hoppen; Christiano Barcellos; Abud Homsi-Neto; Paulo R. Prates; Jo&#227;o R.M. Sant'Anna; Ivo A. Nesralla </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Revis&#227;o da experi&#234;ncia com diversas t&#233;cnicas de corre&#231;&#227;o empregadas, nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, em crian&#231;as menores de um ano de idade. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>No per&#237;odo de 1978 a 1998, foram operados 148 pacientes (pc) consecutivos com coarta&#231;&#227;o de aorta (CoAo) com at&#233; um ano de idade, com ou sem defeitos intracard&#237;acos associados. A idade apresentou mediana de 50 dias, 92 pc do sexo feminino (62,1%). O peso foi de 4.367&#177;1.897 gramas. O seguimento foi em m&#233;dia de 1.152&#177;1.462 dias. A popula&#231;&#227;o foi dividida em 3 grupos: Grupo I, CoAo isolada: 74 pc (50%); Grupo II, CoAo e comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV): 41 pacientes (27,7%) e Grupo III, CoAo com malforma&#231;&#245;es complexas: 33 pc (22,3%). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Mortalidade total foi 43 pc (29%): com menos de 30 dias, foi 53%, p=0,009, OR=4,5, entre 31 e 90 dias, foi 14,7%, p=0,69, e acima de 91 dias, 15%, p=0,004. A probabilidade de sobrevida atuarial de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 67% aos 5 e 10 anos. Trinta e seis pacientes (24,3%) recoartaram, dos quais 18 pacientes (50%) tinham menos de 30 dias, OR=6,35. A incid&#234;ncia de recoarta&#231;&#227;o foi com a t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen em 4 pacientes (10%) e com a t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica em 19 pacientes (26%) p=0.03, e a istmoplastia em 6 pacientes (37,5%). A probabilidade de sobrevida atuarial livre de recoarta&#231;&#227;o aos 5 e 10 anos foi de 69% com a t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen e 63% com a t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Pacientes com menos de 30 dias apresentaram risco aumentado de mortalidade e recoarta&#231;&#227;o. A t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen em pacientes com mais de 30 dias mostrou-se efetiva. A t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica mostrou n&#227;o ser uma boa op&#231;&#227;o em todas as faixas et&#225;rias, sendo imperativo executar variantes t&#233;cnicas como t&#233;rmino-terminal estendida. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>cirurgia card&#237;aca, coarta&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, crian&#231;as</p>
    <p> A coarta&#231;&#227;o de aorta apresenta uma incid&#234;ncia de 0,2 &#150; 0,6 por 1.000 nascidos vivos, representando de 5% a 8% de todas as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 1948, foi realizada a primeira bem sucedida corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da coarta&#231;&#227;o de aorta por Crafoord, em anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal. </p>
    <p>Em 1951, Schumacker<sup>2</sup> reportou, com sucesso, um reparo de longo segmento de coarta&#231;&#227;o com interposi&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via e anastomoses t&#233;rmino-terminais. </p>
    <p>Vosschuhte, em 1961, publicou a istmoplastia com enxerto<sup>3</sup>. Waldhausen e Nahrwold<sup>4</sup> modificaram a t&#233;cnica de Schumacher, introduzindo o "flap" de subcl&#225;via <sup>5</sup>. Desde 1961 foram publicados mais de onze diferentes variantes t&#233;cnicas, tornando inevit&#225;vel as controv&#233;rsias pelas compara&#231;&#245;es de resultados da durabilidade dos reparos<sup>6</sup>, mas o baixo n&#250;mero de pacientes das diferentes publica&#231;&#245;es torna muito dif&#237;cil conclus&#245;es generaliz&#225;veis. A verdadeira compara&#231;&#227;o adequada de t&#233;cnicas operat&#243;rias ainda n&#227;o tinha sido feita com rigorosidade cient&#237;fica<sup>7</sup>, at&#233; os in&#237;cios da d&#233;cada de noventa, quando os trabalhos de Van Heurn, Conte e Jahangiri<sup>8-11</sup> marcaram um ponto de inflex&#227;o para a an&#225;lise do tipo de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica nesta patologia. Paralelamente, aprofundou-se o conhecimento an&#225;tomo-patol&#243;gico do tecido an&#244;malo do canal arterial e suas rela&#231;&#245;es com o istmo e arco a&#243;rtico, assim como do substrato anat&#244;mico que permite o crescimento do arco a&#243;rtico hipopl&#225;sico <sup>11</sup>. Estes fatores influenciaram de forma direta na escolha da t&#233;cnica operat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; realizar uma revis&#227;o da nossa experi&#234;ncia com as diversas t&#233;cnicas de corre&#231;&#227;o da coarta&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, em crian&#231;as menores de um ano de idade. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Coorte retrospectiva de pacientes com coarta&#231;&#227;o de aorta at&#233; 1 ano de idade, onde os dados foram levantados atrav&#233;s de revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios, seguindo um protocolo de pesquisa previamente elaborado. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de coarta&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica foi feito por exame cl&#237;nico e ecocardiografia em todos os casos. </p>
    <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva ou hipertens&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram controlados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com medi&#231;&#245;es com ecocardiografia com Doppler, sendo considerada coarta&#231;&#227;o recorrente a presen&#231;a de gradiente instant&#226;neo m&#233;dio corrigido de mais de 30 mmHg na estadia hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria ou quando o dito gradiente foi detectado por ecocardiografia ap&#243;s alta hospitalar. </p>
    <p>Em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, normotensos com pulsos sim&#233;tricos, marcou-se nova consulta em um m&#234;s, onde foi realizado exame cl&#237;nico, radiografia de t&#243;rax, eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e eco cardiograma com Doppler. Se os resultados foram normais, marcou-se consulta cl&#237;nica a cada seis meses e ecocardiograma uma vez por ano. Se normais ap&#243;s dois anos, continuou-se com exames cl&#237;nicos uma vez por ano. Se o paciente ficou hipertenso ap&#243;s a cirurgia ou com d&#233;ficit de pulso, marcou-se consulta semanal com exame cl&#237;nico e ecocardiograma, se necess&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>Mortalidade precoce foi considerada quando ocorreu nos primeiros 30 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Mortalidade tardia ap&#243;s esse prazo. </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo entre junho de 1978 e dezembro de 1998, foram operados em nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o 148 pacientes consecutivos com coarta&#231;&#227;o de aorta com at&#233; um ano de idade, com ou sem defeitos intracard&#237;acos associados. </p>
    <p>A idade apresentou uma mediana de 50 dias, 55 pacientes (37,1%) tinham menos de 30 dias, 40 pacientes (27%) tinham entre 31 e 90 dias e 53 pacientes (35,8%) tinham mais de 91 dias. Cinq&#252;enta e seis pacientes eram do sexo masculino (37,8%), 92 do sexo feminino (62,1%). O peso foi em m&#233;dia de 4.367&#177; 1.729 gramas, sendo que 7,6% apresentaram menos de 2.500 gramas. O seguimento foi em m&#233;dia de 1.152&#177;1.462 dias. </p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes foi dividida em 3 grupos: Grupo I, pacientes com CoAO isolada: 74 pacientes (50%), Grupo II, pacientes com CoAo e comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV): 41 crian&#231;as (27,7%) e Grupo III, pacientes com CoAo e malforma&#231;&#245;es intracard&#237;acas complexas: 33 crian&#231;as (22,3%). </p>
    <p>As tr&#234;s mal-forma&#231;&#245;es mais freq&#252;entes, em ordem decrescente, foram: canal arterial patente em 95 pacientes (63,8%), comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular em 41 pacientes (27,7%) e v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide em 35 pacientes (23,6%). </p>
    <p>O arco a&#243;rtico normal esteve presente em 7 pacientes, dos quais 5 (71,4%) pertenciam ao Grupo I; a hipoplasia &#237;stmica apresentou-se em 103 pacientes (69,5%), dos quais 54 pertenciam ao Grupo I; a hipoplasia de arco a&#243;rtico esteve presente em 38 pacientes (25,6), dos quais 4 (42,9%) pertenciam ao Grupo III. O diagn&#243;stico de hipoplasia foi feito segundo o crit&#233;rio do ecocardiografista e valora&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do cirurgi&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva esteve presente em 52 pacientes (34,9%), a hipertens&#227;o arterial em 6 pacientes (4,3%), cianose em 25 pacientes (16,8%). As medica&#231;&#245;es em uso antes da cirurgia foram: digital, em 67 pacientes (45%), diur&#233;ticos, em 82 pacientes (55%), vasodilatador, em 10 pacientes (6,7%). </p>
    <p>A cirurgia foi feita de urg&#234;ncia em 36 pacientes (24,3%). </p>
    <p>Em 73 crian&#231;as (49,3%) foi empregada anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica, em 40 crian&#231;as (27,0%) a t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen, em 16 crian&#231;as (10,8%) istmoplastia, e em 19 crian&#231;as (12,8%) outros m&#233;todos (dos quais em 87% foi a t&#233;cnica de Mendon&#231;a<sup>12</sup>). Na execu&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal, foram realizadas anastomoses simples, n&#227;o as t&#233;rmino-terminais estendidas, nem radical estendida. </p>
    <p>A abordagem da coarta&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica foi feita por toracotomia l&#225;tero-posterior-esquerda no quarto espa&#231;o intercostal. </p>
    <p>Para analgesia no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, todos os pacientes fora do per&#237;odo neonatal, ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, foram infiltrados com marcaina 0,25% 2 mg/kg peso por espa&#231;o intercostal. </p>
    <p>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia foi realizada por pun&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria radial direita. </p>
    <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o descritas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o descritas em propor&#231;&#245;es. Foram feitas freq&#252;&#234;ncias simples para todas as vari&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>Os dados foram organizados em tabelas e gr&#225;ficos. As associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram testadas atrav&#233;s de teste do qui-quadrado e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com teste "t" de Student. </p>
    <p>Foram constru&#237;das curvas de sobrevida atuariais pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, foi feita regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, incluindo no modelo de todas as vari&#225;veis clinicamente significativas, em que tinham p&lt;0,15 na an&#225;lise bivariada. O p-a escolhido como de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi menor ou igual a 0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#211;bitos hospitalares totais ocorreram em 27 pacientes, 18,1% (27/148). A idade dos que foram para &#243;bito foi em m&#233;dia de 60,6&#177;15,4 dias (os pacientes que n&#227;o evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito tinham idade m&#233;dia de 103&#177;17,2 dias, p=0,2). O peso dos que foram para &#243;bito foi, em m&#233;dia, de 3.455&#177;786 g e dos que n&#227;o foram para &#243;bito foi de 4.549&#177;654 g (p=0,01). </p>
    <p>No Grupo I, a mortalidade precoce foi de 9 pacientes (12,1%) (Grupo I n= 74 pacientes), no Grupo II, foi de 10 pacientes (24,3%) (Grupo II: n=41 pacientes) e no Grupo III, 8 pacientes (24,2%) (Grupo III: n= 33 pacientes). Independente do grupo, os pacientes com hipoplasia de arco a&#243;rtico apresentaram maior mortalidade precoce, p=0,01. Sendo que em pacientes com hipoplasia de arco a&#243;rtico, nos quais foi empregada a t&#233;cnica de Teles<sup>13</sup> e istmoplastia, a mortalidade foi 100% e 60% respectivamente. </p>
    <p>Quando foi comparada a t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen com a t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica, na presen&#231;a de hipoplasia do arco a&#243;rtico, houve diferen&#231;a significativa quanto &#224; mortalidade precoce e total (p=0,05). </p>
    <p>A mortalidade total foi de 43 pacientes (29%). </p>
    <p>Crian&#231;as com menos de 30 dias aumentaram o risco de &#243;bito em 4,5 vezes (OR=4,5 IC 95% 1,4-14) p=0,009. Nas outras faixas et&#225;rias n&#227;o ocorreu aumento do risco de &#243;bito. </p>
    <p>A mortalidade global no primeiro trimestre de vida, relacionando as 3 t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas atualmente empregadas em nosso servi&#231;o, as t&#233;cnicas de Waldhausen e t&#233;rmino-terminal foram as que apresentaram os melhores resultados, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre si mesmas. </p>
    <p>As tr&#234;s primeiras malforma&#231;&#245;es intracard&#237;acas de maior mortalidade foram, por ordem decrescente: TGA (66,7%), anomalias da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide (60%) e obstru&#231;&#245;es do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (50%). </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de CIV e malforma&#231;&#245;es complexas aumentaram o risco de &#243;bito em 4,1 vezes (OR=4,1 IC 95% 1,3-12,6) p=0,01 e 3,9 vezes (OR=3,9 IC 95% 1,2-13,2) p=0,02, respectivamente. A presen&#231;a de hipoplasia de arco a&#243;rtico aumentou o risco de morte em 1,9 vezes (OR=1,9 IC 95% 0,7-5,4) p=0,19. </p>
    <p>A cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia aumentou o risco de morte em 1,96 vezes (IC 95% - 0,87-4,27), representando incid&#234;ncia de 32,3% dos &#243;bitos totais. </p>
    <p>A probabilidade atuarial de sobrevida de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 67% aos 5 e 10 anos. </p>
    <p>Quando a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes foi dividida em 2 grupos: sem e com patologias associadas, a probabilidades atuarial de sobrevida aos 5 anos foi de 81% e 65%, respectivamente, e aos 10 anos foi 81% e 62%, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> mostra a probabilidade atuarial de sobrevida por t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica. A t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen se associou a sobrevida de 69% aos 5 e 10 anos. Na t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica, a sobrevida foi de 63%,aos 5 e 10 anos, e na istmoplastia 56%,aos 5 anos. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0051-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A probabilidade atuarial de sobrevida no Grupo I foi de 82%, aos 5 e 10 anos, e 68% aos 15 anos, no Grupo II foi de 52%, aos 5 e 10 anos, e no grupo III 54%, aos 5 anos. </p>
    <p>Segundo a faixa et&#225;ria, a curva atuarial mostrou uma sobrevida aos 5 anos de 42% nas crian&#231;as com at&#233; 30 dias. Nas faixas de 31 at&#233; 90 dias e os de menos de 90 dias, foi 79% e 85%, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0051-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em 36 pacientes (24,3%) houve recoarta&#231;&#227;o, dos quais 18 (50%) tinham menos de 30 dias de vida por ocasi&#227;o da cirurgia. Foi feita nova corre&#231;&#227;o em 10 pacientes (6,8%), com uma mediana de tempo da primeira cirurgia de 53 dias; dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o foi feita em 12 pacientes (8,1%), com uma mediana de tempo da cirurgia de 482 dias. </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes que recoartaram foi de 63,4&#177; 12,1 dias e 106&#177;27,3 dias nos pacientes que n&#227;o recoartaram, p=0,01; o peso m&#233;dio dos pacientes que recoartaram foi 3.908 g e 4.520 g nos que n&#227;o recoartaram (p=0,06). </p>
    <p>As recoarta&#231;&#245;es ocorreram mais freq&#252;entes no sexo masculino, 66,7%. No sexo feminino foram de 33,3%. </p>
    <p>Os piores resultados ocorreram nos pacientes com hipoplasia de arco a&#243;rtico em que foi empregada anastomose t&#233;rmino-terminal, com uma incid&#234;ncia de recoarta&#231;&#227;o de 42%. </p>
    <p>As crian&#231;as com at&#233; 90 dias, nas quais foram empregadas a t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica, apresentaram um aumento do risco relativo de recoarta&#231;&#227;o 3,5 vezes (IC 0,8-13,8) em rela&#231;&#227;o da faixa et&#225;ria acima de 90 dias, p=0,07. As crian&#231;as com menos de 30 dias apresentam um aumento de 6,3 vezes do risco de recoarta&#231;&#227;o (p=0,01), e o arco a&#243;rtico normal apresenta-se com redu&#231;&#227;o de risco para recoarta&#231;&#227;o. A istmoplastia aumenta em 8 vezes o risco de recoarta&#231;&#227;o (p=0,0009). </p>
    <p>A cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia aumentou o risco de recoarta&#231;&#227;o em 1,8 vezes (IC 95% - 0,8-4,2), 33,3% dos pacientes que recoartaram tinham sido submetidos &#224; cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>A probabilidade atuarial livre de recoarta&#231;&#227;o de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o aos 5 e 10 anos foi de 69% e 40%, respectivamente. Quando analisado por faixa et&#225;ria, nas crian&#231;as com menos de 30 dias, foi de 60% aos 5 anos, entre 31 dias e 90 dias foi de 64%, aos 5 anos, e para crian&#231;as com mais de 91 dias foi de 83%, aos 5 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0051-00010-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na probabilidade de sobrevida atuarial livre de recoarta&#231;&#227;o segundo a t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, a t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen, mostrou melhores resultados, com 90% e 80% aos 5 e 10 anos, respectivamente. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0051-00010-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Analisando por grupo de malforma&#231;&#245;es associadas, os melhores resultados de probabilidade livre de recoarta&#231;&#227;o apresentou-se no Grupo I (CoAo isolada), 80% aos 5 anos, 48% aos 10 anos e 25% aos 15 anos. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de Teles foi empregada em 13 pacientes (8,8%), dos quais 92,3% apresentavam hipoplasia &#237;stmica. A incid&#234;ncia de recoarta&#231;&#227;o foi de 38,5% (5 pacientes). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossa coorte retrospectiva revelou que a t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen &#150; que iniciou-se em nosso servi&#231;o em junho de 1978<sup>14</sup> &#150; apresentou os melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos precoces e tardios. </p>
    <p>Algumas publica&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m discutido as desvantagens da t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen como, por exemplo, a <bold>gangrena</bold> do membro, descrita em 1980<sup>13</sup>, n&#227;o sendo esta complica&#231;&#227;o posteriormente reportada na literatura, ou, ainda, claudica&#231;&#227;o e hipocrescimento<sup>8,9</sup>, s&#237;ndrome de Horner's<sup>8</sup>, forma&#231;&#227;o tardia de aneurismas, publicados 5 casos na literatura<sup>15</sup>, sendo a base histopatol&#243;gica para a sua forma&#231;&#227;o a exist&#234;ncia de m&#250;sculo liso de origem ductal que posteriormente fibrosa<sup>16</sup>. Em nossa s&#233;rie n&#227;o foram encontradas estas complica&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Nessa s&#233;rie, a mortalidade em crian&#231;as com menos de 1 ano com a t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen foi de 25%. No cons&#243;rcio americano de cuidados card&#237;acos pedi&#225;tricos foi de 7,9%, sendo resultado multic&#234;ntrico de fins da d&#233;cada dos 80<sup>17</sup>. Quando os pacientes apresentaram arco a&#243;rtico hipopl&#225;sico e hipoplasia &#237;stmica - e a t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen foi empregada -, a incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade total foi de 33,3% e 21,4%, respectivamente, sendo estes resultados muito elevados. Em crian&#231;as com mais de 30 dias, os resultados s&#227;o satisfat&#243;rios, comparados com resultados de outros centros<sup>8,17-27</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie, a incid&#234;ncia de recoarta&#231;&#227;o no primeiro m&#234;s de vida foi de 25%, sendo elevada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia internacional<sup>25-27</sup>. A prolifera&#231;&#227;o e constri&#231;&#227;o do tecido de canal residual, ainda ativo durante os primeiros 3 meses de vida<sup>18</sup>, pode apresentar crescimento ap&#243;s a ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e ser causa de recoarta&#231;&#227;o<sup>19</sup>. A incid&#234;ncia de recoarta&#231;&#227;o, em 8 diferentes trabalhos com um total de 406 pacientes com at&#233; um m&#234;s de vida, sendo a m&#233;dia de recoarta&#231;&#227;o de 13,3%. No entanto, na faixa et&#225;ria de at&#233; 3 meses, a incid&#234;ncia baixou para 15%, e, com menos de 1 ano, foi de 10%, resultados estes similares aos encontrados na literatura<sup>8,19</sup>. Acreditamos, como fator causal, na ressec&#231;&#227;o insuficiente do anel do tecido an&#244;malo do canal associada a outras s&#233;ries de fatores. A nossa sobrevida atuarial livre de recoarta&#231;&#227;o, aos 5 anos, foi de 89%. Van Heurn<sup>8</sup> relata 57%, com a t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
    <p>Quando analisamos nossos resultados com a t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica e os comparamos com a t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen, encontramos resultados inferiores em todas as faixas et&#225;rias, quanto &#224; mortalidade e recoarta&#231;&#227;o na t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica, sendo estes resultados similares aos de outras publica&#231;&#245;es<sup>6,27</sup>. A mortalidade total com a t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica foi de 29,2%. Na literatura, os resultados variam de 10% at&#233; 43%<sup>8,18</sup> e s&#227;o considerados insatisfat&#243;rios, recomendando-se a execu&#231;&#227;o de variantes mais agressivas da t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal, como as descritas originalmente por Amato, em 1991. Na hipoplasia de arco a&#243;rtico, a mortalidade foi de 63,2%, mostrando ser imperativo uma reconstru&#231;&#227;o mais adequada do arco a&#243;rtico com t&#233;cnicas t&#233;rmino-terminal estendida e radical estendida para melhorar estes resultados<sup>8</sup>. Em pacientes com hipoplasia de arco a&#243;rtico e hipoplasia &#237;stmica, a nossa incid&#234;ncia de recoarta&#231;&#227;o foi de 42,1% e 22%, respectivamente, indo ao encontro dos conceitos atuais de que a t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica n&#227;o deve ser empregada nestas variantes anat&#244;micas<sup>18</sup>. Na faixa et&#225;ria at&#233; 30 dias, ocorreu 34,6% de recoarta&#231;&#227;o. Do mesmo modo, na faixa et&#225;ria de 31 e 90 dias, a incid&#234;ncia de recoarta&#231;&#227;o de 32%, embora elevada, &#233; similar a outras publica&#231;&#245;es<sup>8,19,23</sup>. </p>
    <p>Atualmente, enfatiza-se que a t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica mais eficaz para aliviar a obstru&#231;&#227;o &#233; a t&#233;rmino-terminal estendida<sup>7-9,28-33</sup>. Este procedimento n&#227;o tem as desvantagens de outras t&#233;cnicas de reparo como a t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica<sup>32</sup>, Waldhausen<sup>20</sup> ou istmoplastia com enxerto<sup>33</sup>. Tanto a t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica como Waldhausen ou istmoplastia com enxerto t&#234;m apresentado alta incid&#234;ncia de recoarta&#231;&#227;o. Na nossa s&#233;rie, confirmam-se estas afirma&#231;&#245;es. Alguns autores<sup>25,34</sup> reservam a t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal estendida para quando o arco a&#243;rtico transverso apresenta um &#237;ndice menor que 0,25 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; aorta ascendente, ou seja, menor de 3 mm. </p>
    <p>Os resultados publicados na literatura com a t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal estendida, em um total de 648 pacientes com at&#233; 3 meses, em 6 diferentes trabalhos<sup>8,9,28,30,35,36</sup>, mostram recoarta&#231;&#227;o em 9,1%. Desses pacientes, 332 tinham menos de um m&#234;s, com uma incid&#234;ncia de recoarta&#231;&#227;o de 9,3%. No per&#237;odo neonatal, sempre algum grau de hipoplasia de arco a&#243;rtico &#233; encontrado em pacientes com coarta&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica<sup>18</sup>. No trabalho de Conte<sup>9</sup> esteve presente em 81% dos pacientes, Van Heurn<sup>8</sup> reportou 25% e 33% de hipoplasia de &#237;stmo e arco transverso, respectivamente, Van Son e Zanini reportaram 44% e 100%<sup>3,29</sup>, respectivamente, de hipoplasia de arco a&#243;rtico em crian&#231;as at&#233; tr&#234;s meses. Portanto, reconstru&#231;&#227;o de arco a&#243;rtico em per&#237;odo neonatal parece ser primordial, reduzindo a mortalidade e a recoarta&#231;&#227;o<sup>34</sup>. </p>
    <p>A istmosubclavioplastia ou t&#233;cnica de Teles foi descrita em 1985<sup>12</sup>, M&#233;ier, em 1986<sup>37</sup>, reportou 28 casos com bons resultados, em apenas dois pacientes em menos de 3 meses. Amato<sup>24</sup>, empregando t&#233;cnica em 3 neonatos (9,10 e 14 dias), apresentou 100% de recoarta&#231;&#227;o, Messmer, em 1991<sup>23</sup>, apresentou 43% de recoarta&#231;&#227;o (3 pacientes) com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 2,3 meses. Outros autores apresentaram altos &#237;ndices de recoarta&#231;&#227;o<sup>38</sup>. Na nossa s&#233;rie, foi empregada em 13 pacientes: 12 com hipoplasia &#237;stmica, apresentando 16,6% de mortalidade precoce (2 pacientes) e 38,5% (5 pacientes) de recoarta&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de 1 paciente com hipoplasia de arco a&#243;rtico que evoluiu para &#243;bito precoce. Atualmente esta t&#233;cnica n&#227;o &#233; empregada como rotina em nosso servi&#231;o. </p>
    <p>Baseados nestes resultados, pode-se inferir que pacientes com menos de 30 dias e os que t&#234;m hipoplasia de arco a&#243;rtico apresentam risco aumentado de mortalidade e recoarta&#231;&#227;o, independente da t&#233;cnica empregada. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica mostrou-se, em termos gerais, n&#227;o ser uma boa op&#231;&#227;o para aliviar a obstru&#231;&#227;o em todas as faixas et&#225;rias e em todas as variantes anat&#244;micas do arco a&#243;rtico, sendo imperativo executar outras variantes t&#233;cnicas mais radicais, como a t&#233;rmino-terminal estendida ou radical estendida. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica t&#233;rmino-terminal cl&#225;ssica e a istmoplastia apresentaram duas vezes mais risco de morte que a t&#233;cnica de Waldhausen. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de Teles e a istmoplastia apresentaram resultados pobres, principalmente na hipoplasia de arco a&#243;rtico. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de Walhausen apresentou resultados insatisfat&#243;rios no primeiro m&#234;s de vida com hipoplasia &#237;stmica e de arco a&#243;rtico. Nas crian&#231;as com mais de um m&#234;s de vida, com hipoplasia &#237;stmica e de arco a&#243;rtico, mostrou-se efetiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Gabriel Lorier - IC/FUC - Unidade de Pesquisa </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 </p>
        <p> 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br">editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 08/05/2003 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 11/02/2005</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Coarctation of the aorta in infants under one year of age: an analysis of 20 years of experience</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: A review of experience with techniques of correction used, in the last 20 years, in children younger than one year old. METHODS: In the period from 1978 to 1998, 148 patients (pt) with coarctation of the aorta (CoAo), under one year of age, with or without associated intracardiac defects, were submitted to surgery. Median age 50 days, 92 female pt (62.1%). The average weight was 4,367&#177; 1,897 gr. The average follow-up was 1,152&#177;1,462 days. The population was divided in 3 groups: Group I, isolated CoAo: 74 pt (50%); Group II, CoAo and interventricular communication (IVC): 41 pt (27.7%) and Group III, CoAo with complex intracardiac malformations: 33 pt (22.3%). RESULTS: The total mortality was of 43 patients (29%). In patients younger than 30 days, the mortality was 53%, p=0.009, DR=4.5, between 31 and 90 days, 14.7%, p=0.69, and over 91 days, 15%, p=0.004. The probability of actuarial survival of the whole population was 67% at 5 and 10 years. Thirty-six patients (24.3%) had recoarctation, from which 18 patients (50%) were younger than 30 days, DR=6.,35. The incidence of recoarctation was with Waldhausen technique in 4 patients (10%) and with the classic termino-terminal technique in 19 patients (26%) p=0.03, and isthmusplastic operation in 6 patients (37.5%). The patients younger than 30 days showed a relative risk for recoarctation de DR=6.35. The probability of actuarial survival, free of coarctation repair, at 5 and 10 years was of 69% with Waldhausen's technique and 63% with the classic termino-terminal technique. CONCLUSION: Patients younger than 30 days showed increased mortality and recoarctation risk. Waldhausen's technique in patients older than 30 days showed effective. The classic termino-terminal technique did not show to be a good option in all age ranges, being imperative to carry out more radical technical variations, such as the extended termino-terminal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>heart surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>aortic coarctation</kwd>
        <kwd>children</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Coarctation of the aorta in infants under one year of age. An analysis of 20 years of experience</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Gabriel Lorier; Orlando Wender; Renato A.K. Kali; Javier Gonzalez; Gustavo Hoppen; Christiano Barcellos; Abud Homsi-Neto; Paulo R. Prates; Jo&#227;o R.M. Sant'Anna; Ivo A. Nesralla </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>A review of experience with techniques of correction used, in the last 20 years, in children younger than one year old.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>In the period from 1978 to 1998, 148 patients (pt) with coarctation of the aorta (CoAo), under one year of age, with or without associated intracardiac defects, were submitted to surgery. Median age 50 days, 92 female pt (62.1%). The average weight was 4,367&#177; 1,897 gr. The average follow-up was 1,152&#177;1,462 days. The population was divided in 3 groups: Group I, isolated CoAo: 74 pt (50%); Group II, CoAo and interventricular communication (IVC): 41 pt (27.7%) and Group III, CoAo with complex intracardiac malformations: 33 pt (22.3%).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The total mortality was of 43 patients (29%). In patients younger than 30 days, the mortality was 53%, p=0.009, DR=4.5, between 31 and 90 days, 14.7%, p=0.69, and over 91 days, 15%, p=0.004. The probability of actuarial survival of the whole population was 67% at 5 and 10 years. Thirty-six patients (24.3%) had recoarctation, from which 18 patients (50%) were younger than 30 days, DR=6.,35. The incidence of recoarctation was with Waldhausen technique in 4 patients (10%) and with the classic termino-terminal technique in 19 patients (26%) p=0.03, and isthmusplastic operation in 6 patients (37.5%). The patients younger than 30 days showed a relative risk for recoarctation de DR=6.35. The probability of actuarial survival, free of coarctation repair, at 5 and 10 years was of 69% with Waldhausen's technique and 63% with the classic termino-terminal technique.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Patients younger than 30 days showed increased mortality and recoarctation risk. Waldhausen's technique in patients older than 30 days showed effective. The classic termino-terminal technique did not show to be a good option in all age ranges, being imperative to carry out more radical technical variations, such as the extended termino-terminal. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> heart surgery, aortic coarctation, children</p>
      <p> The coarctation of the aorta shows an incidence of 0.2 &#150; 0.6 per 1.000 neonates, representing 5% to 8% of all congenital heart diseases<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>In 1948, the first successful surgical correction of coarctation of the aorta was performed by Crafoord, in termino-terminal anastomosis. </p>
      <p>In 1951, Schumacher<sup>2</sup> successfully reported a repair of a long segment of coarctation with interposition of subclavian artery and termino-terminal anastomosis. </p>
      <p>Vosschuhte, in 1961, published the isthmusplasty operation with graft<sup>3</sup>. Waldhausen and Nahrwold<sup>4</sup> modified Shumacher's technique, by introducing the subclavial flap<sup>5</sup>. Since 1961 more than eleven different technical variations have been published. That made inevitable the controversies due to the comparisons of results from the durability of the repairs<sup>6</sup>, but the low number of patients from different publications makes generalized conclusions very difficult. The real proper comparison of operative techniques had not been made yet with scientific strictness<sup>7</sup>, until the early 1990s, when the works by Van Heurn, Conte and Jahangiri<sup>8-11</sup> made a turning point for the analysis for the type of surgical correction in that pathology. At the same time, the anatomicopathological knowledge on the anomalous tissue of the arterial canal and its relations with the aortic isthmus and arch was deepened, as well as the anatomic substract that allows for the growth of the hypoplastic aortic arch<sup>11</sup>. Those factors have directly influenced in the choice of the operative technique. </p>
      <p>The objective of this paper is to perform a review of our experiences with many aortic coarctation correction techniques, in the last 20 years, in infants under one year of age. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Retrospective cohort of patients with coarctation of the aorta under one year of age, in which the data were surveyed through a review of clinical records, by following a previously elaborated research protocol. </p>
      <p>The aortic coarctation diagnosis was made through clinical examination and echocardiography in all cases. </p>
      <p>The surgical indication was due to congestive heart failure or hypertension. </p>
      <p>All patients were followed with measurements through Doppler echocardiography, being considered as recurrent coarctation the presence of corrected medium instantaneous gradient of more than 30 mmHg in post-operative in-hospital stay and when such gradient was detected after discharge. </p>
      <p> In asymptomatic, normotensive and symmetric pulse patients, a new appointment was scheduled in a month, in which clinical exams, thorax radiography, 12-derivation electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiogram were carried out. If the results were normal, a clinical appointment was scheduled every six months and echocardiogram once a year. IF they were normal after two years, the clinical exams were carried out once a year. If the patient was hypertensive after the surgery or with a pulse deficit, a weekly appointment with clinical exam and echocardiogram, if necessary, was scheduled. </p>
      <p>Early mortality was considered when it took place within the first 30 post-operative days. Late mortality was considered after that term. </p>
      <p>In the period between June 1978 and December 1998, 148 consecutive patients with coarctation of the aorta, under one year of age, with or without associated intercardial defects, were operated in our Institution. </p>
      <p>Age showed a median of 50 days, 55 patients (37.1%) were younger than 30 days, 40 patients (27%) were between 31 and 90 days and 53 patients (35.8%) were over 91 days. Fifty-six patients were male (37.8%), 92 female (62.1%). The average weight was 4,367&#177;1,729 grams, and 7.6% weighed less than 2,500 grams. The average follow-up was of 1,152&#177;1,462 days. </p>
      <p>The population of patients was divided in three groups: Group I, patients with isolated CoAo: 74 patients (50%), Group II, patients with CoAo and interventricular communication (IVC): 41 infants (27.7%) and Group III, patients with CoAo complex intracardial malformations: 33 infants (22.3%). </p>
      <p>The three most frequent malformations, in decreasing order, were as follows: patent ductus arteriosus in 95 patients (63.8%), interventricular communication in 41 patients (27.7%) and bicuspid aortic valve in 35 patients (23.6%). </p>
      <p>The normal aortic arch was present in 7 patients, from which 5 (71.4%) belonged to Group I; isthmic hypoplasia was present in 103 patients (69.5%), from which 54 belonged to Group I; aortic arch hypoplasia was present in 38 patients (25.6), 4 (42.9%) of them belonged to Group III. The hypoplasia diagnosis was made in accordance to the echocardiogram operator's criterion and subjective valuation of the surgeon. </p>
      <p>Congestive heart failure was present in 52 patients (34.9%), hypertension in 6 patients (4.3%), cyanosis in 25 patients (16.8%). The medications in use before surgery were as follows: digital, in 67 patients (45%), diuretics, in 82 patients (55%), vasodilator, in 10 patients (6,7%). </p>
      <p>Urgent surgery was performed in 36 patients (24.3%). </p>
      <p>In 73 infants (49.3%) classic termino-terminal anastomosis was applied, in 40 infants (27.0%) Waldhausen's technique, in 16 infants (10.8%) isthmoplasty, and in 19 infants (12.8%) other methods (from which, in 87% was Teles de Mendon&#231;a's technique<sup>12</sup>). For the performance of termino-terminal technique, simple anastomoses were carried out, and not extended termino-terminal, nor extended radical termino-terminal technique. </p>
      <p>The approach of aortic coarctation was done through left-lateroposterior thoracotomy in the fourth intercostal space. </p>
      <p>For analgesia at immediate post-operative, all patients out of neonatal period, after surgical correction, were infiltrated with marcaine 0.25% 2 Mg/Kg weight per intercostal space. </p>
      <p>The monitoring of average blood pressure was carried out through puncture of the right radial artery. </p>
      <p>All continuous variables are described as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical variables are described in proportions. Simple frequencies were done for all variables. </p>
      <p>Data were organized in tables and charts. The associations among categorical variables were tested through the chi-square test, and the continuous variables were tested with Student's t test. </p>
      <p>Actuarial survival curves were obtained through the method of Kaplan-Meier. </p>
      <p>Finally, logistic regression was carried out, including in the model of all clinically significant variables, in which they had p&lt;0.15 in two-variable analysis. The p-a chosen as statistically significant was equal or less than 0.05. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Total in-hospital deaths ocurred in 27 patients, 18.1% (27/148). The average age of those who died was 60.6&#177;15.4 days (the patients who did not evolved to death had an average age of 103&#177;17.2 days, p=0.2). The average weight of those who died was 3,455&#177;786 g and of those who did not die was 4,549&#177;654 g (p=0.01). </p>
      <p>In Group I, early mortality took place in 9 patients (12.1%) (Group I n=74 patients), in Group II, it was in 10 patients (24.3%) (Group II: n=41 patients) and in Group III, 8 patients (24.2%) (Group III: n=33 patients). Regardless of the group, the patients with aortic arch hypoplasia showed a greater early mortality, p=0.01. In patients with aortic arch hypoplasia, in which Teles de Mendon&#231;a's technique<sup>13</sup> and isthmusplasty operation was applied, the mortality was 100% and 60%, respectively. </p>
      <p>When Waldhausen's technique was compared with the classic termino-terminal technique, in the presence of aortic arch hypoplasia, there was a significant difference concerning early and total mortality (p=0.05). </p>
      <p>Total mortality was present in 43 patients (29%). </p>
      <p>Infants under 30 days of age increased in 4.5 times the death risk (DR=4.5 CI 95% 1.4-14) p=0.009. There was no increase of death risk in other age ranges. </p>
      <p>The global mortality in the first quarter of life, relating the 3 surgical techniques currently used in our service, Waldhausen's and termino-terminal techniques were the ones that showed the best results, without significant difference between each other. </p>
      <p>The first three intracardiac malformations of greater mortality were, in decreasing order: TGV (66.7%), tricuspid valve anomalies (60%) and left ventricular outflow tract obstructions (50%). </p>
      <p>The presence of IVC and complex malformations increased the death risk in 4.1 times (DR=4.1 CI 95% 1.3-12.6) p=0.01 and 3.9 times (DR=3.9 CI 95% 1.2-13.2) p=0.02, respectively. The presence of aortic arch hypoplasia increased the death risk in 1.9 times (DR=1.9 CI 95% 0.7-5.4) p=0.19. </p>
      <p>Urgent surgery increased 1.96 times the death risk (CI 95% - 0.87-4.27), which represented an incidence of 32.3% from total deaths. </p>
      <p>The actuarial survival probability of the whole population was 67% in 5 and 10 years. </p>
      <p>When the population of patients was divided in 2 groups, without and with associated pathologies, the actuarial survival probabilities at 5 years were 81% and 65%, respectively, and at 10 years, they were 81% and 62%, respectively. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the actuarial survival probability per surgical technique. In Waldhausen's technique, the survival was 69% at 5 and 10 years. In classic termino-terminal technique, the survival was 63%, at 5 and 10 years, and in isthmusplasty was 56%, at 5 years. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0051-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The actuarial probability of survival in Group I was 82%, at 5 and 10 years, and 68% at 15 years, in Group II it was 52%, at 5 and 10 years, and in group III, 54%, in 5 years. </p>
      <p>Regarding the age range, the actuarial curve showed a survival at 5 years of 42% in infants up to 30 days of age. In the ranges of 31 to 90 days and those under 90 days, it was 79% and 85%, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0051-00010-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In 36 patients (24.3%) there was a recoarctation, from which 18 (50%) were under 30 days of age at the moment of the surgery. A new correction was performed in 10 patients (6.8%), with a time median from the first surgery of 53 days; dilation with balloon was carried out in 12 patients (8.1%), with a time median from the surgery of 482 days. </p>
      <p>The average age of recoarcted patients was 63.4&#177;12.1 days and 106&#177;27.3 days in patients who were recoarcted, p=0.01. The average weight of the recoarcted patients was 3,908 g and 4,520 g of those who were not recoarcted (p=0.06). </p>
      <p>Recoarctations were more frequent in males, 66.7%. Among the females they were 33.3%. </p>
      <p>The worst results took place in patients with aortic arch hypoplasia, in which termino-terminal anastomosis was applied, with an incidence of recoarctation of 42%. </p>
      <p>Infants up to 90 days, in which the classic termino-terminal technique was applied, showed an increase of relative risk of recoarctation of 3.5 times (CI 0.8-13.8) in relation to those within the age range over 90 days, p=0.07. Infants under 30 days showed an increase of 6.3 times of the risk of recoarctation (p=0.01), and the normal aortic arch is shown with reduction of risk for recoarctation. Isthmusplasty increases in 8 times the risk of recoarctation (p=0.0009). </p>
      <p>Urgent surgery increased the risk of recoarctation in 1.8 times (CI 95% - 0.8-4.2), 33.3% of the patients who recoarctation had been submitted to urgent surgery. </p>
      <p>The actuarial probability free of recoarctation of the whole population at 5 and 10 years was 69% and 40%, respectively. When analyzed regarding the age range, in infants under 30 days it was 60% at 5 years; between 31 and 90 days, it was 64%, at 5 years, and for infants over 91 days, it was 83%, at 5 years (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0051-00010-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the actuarial survival probability free of recoarctation, according to the surgical technique, Waldhausen's technique showed the best results, with 90% and 80% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0051-00010-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Analyzing per group of associated malformations, the best results from probability free of recoarctation were shown in Group I (isolated CoAo), 80% at 5 years, 48% at 10 years and 25% at 15 years. </p>
      <p>Teles de Mendon&#231;a's technique was employed in 13 patients (8.8%), from which 92.3% showed isthmic hypoplasia. The incidence of recoarctation was 38.5% (5 patients). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our retrospective cohort showed that Waldhausen's technique &#150; which started in our institution in June 1978<sup>14</sup> &#150; showed the best early and late clinical results. </p>
      <p>Some publications have discussed the disadvantages of Waldhausen's technique, such as, for example, the gangrene of the limb, described in 1980<sup>13</sup>, with such complication not being further reported in the literature, or even claudication and hypogrowth<sup>8,9</sup>, Horner's syndrome<sup>8</sup>, late formation of aneurysms, published 5 cases in the literature<sup>15</sup>, being the histopathologic base for its formation the existence of a ductal origin flat muscle that further becomes fibrous<sup>16</sup>. Those complications were not found in our series. </p>
      <p>In this series, the mortality in infants under 1 year of age with Waldhausen's technique was 25%. In American Consortium of Pediatric Heart Care it was 7.9%, being a multicentric result in the late 1980s<sup>17</sup>. When the patients showed hypoplastic aortic arch and isthmic hypoplasia &#150; and the technique of Waldhausen was employed -, the incidence of total mortality was 33.3% and 21.4%, respectively, being such results very high. In infants over 30 days, the results are satisfactory, compared with results from other centers<sup>8,17-27</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our series, the incidence of recoarctation in the first month of life was 25%, regarded as high when compared with the international average<sup>25-27</sup>. The proliferation and constriction of residual canal tissue, still active during the first three months of life<sup>18</sup>, can show growth after surgical and be the cause of recoarctation<sup>19</sup>. The incidence of recoarctation, in 8 different papers with a total of 406 patients with up to a month of life, showed the average of recoarctation of 13,3%. However, in the age range of up to 3 months, the incidence lowered to 15%, and, under than 1 year of age, it was 10%, similar results to those found in the literature<sup>8,19</sup>. We believe, as a cause factor, in the insufficient resection of the ring of the anomalous tissue of the canal, associated to other series of factors. Our actuarial survival free of recoarctation, at 5 years, was 89%. Van Heurn<sup>8</sup> reports 57%, with Waldhausen's technique (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
      <p>When we analyze our results with classic termino-terminal technique and compare them with Waldhausen's, we find lower results in all age ranges, concerning the mortality and recoarctation in classic termino-terminal technique, and with those results being similar to those from other publications<sup>6,27</sup>. The total mortality with classic termino-terminal technique was 29.2%. In the literature, the results varied from 10% to 43%<sup>8,18</sup> and are considered as unsatisfactory, which recommends for the performance of more aggressive variations of termino-terminal technique, such as those originally described by Amato, in 1991. In the aortic arch hypoplasia, the mortality was 63.2%, showing to be imperative a more suitable reconstruction of aortic arch with extended and extended radical termino-terminal techniques to improve such results<sup>8</sup>. In patients with aortic arch hypoplasia and isthmic hypoplasia, our incidence of recoarctation was 42.1% and 22%, respectively, conflicting with current concepts that termino-terminal technique should not be employed in such anatomic variants<sup>18</sup>. In the age range of up to 30 days, 34.6% of recoarctation took place. In the same way, in the age range between 31 and 90 days, the incidence of recoarctation of 32%, although high, is similar to those found in other publications<sup>8,19,23</sup>. </p>
      <p>Currently it has been emphasized that the most efficient surgical technique to relieve the obstruction is the extended termino-terminal<sup>7-9, 28-33</sup>. Such procedure does not have the disadvantages of other repair techniques, such as classic termino-terminal<sup>32</sup>, Waldhausen<sup>20</sup> or isthmusplasty operation with graft<sup>33</sup>. Either the classic termino-terminal or Waldhausen's or isthmusplasty operation with graft has shown high incidence recoarctation. Such assertions were confirmed in our series. Some authors<sup>25,34</sup> use the extended termino-terminal technique when the transverse aortic arch shows an index lower than 0.25 in relation to the descending aorta, which means smaller than 3 mm. </p>
      <p>The results published in the literature with the extended termino-terminal technique, in a total of 648 patients less than 3 months, in 6 different papers<sup>8,9,28,30,35,36</sup>, show an incidence of 9.1% of recoarctation. From those, 332 were under a month of age, with an incidence of recoarctation of 9.3%. In neonatal period, always some level of aortic arch hypoplasia is found in patients with aortic coarctation<sup>18</sup>. In the paper by Conte<sup>9</sup> it was resent in 81% of the patients. Van Heurn<sup>8</sup> reported 25% and 33% of isthmus and transverse arch hypoplasia, respectively. Van Son and Zanini reported 44% and 100%<sup>3,29</sup>, respectively, of aortic arch hypoplasia in children up to three months of age. Therefore, aortic arch reconstruction in neonatal period seems to be primordial, which reduces the mortality and recoarctation<sup>34</sup>. </p>
      <p>Isthmosubclaviplasty or Teles de Mendon&#231;a's technique was described in 1985<sup>12</sup>, M&#233;ier, in 1986<sup>37</sup>, reported 28 cases with good results, in only two patients less than 3 months. Amato<sup>24</sup>, using the technique in 3 neonates (9, 10 and 14 days), showed 100% of recoarctation, Messmer, in 1991<sup>23</sup>, showed 43% of recoarctation (3 patients) with an average age of 2.3 months. Other authors showed high levels of recoarctation<sup>38</sup>. In our series it was employed in 13 patients: 12 with isthmic hypoplasia, showing 16.6% of early mortality (2 patients) and 38.5% (5 patients) of recoarctation, in addition to 1 patient with aortic arch hypoplasia that evolved to early death. Currently, such technique is not routinely employed in our service. </p>
      <p>Based on those results, it is possible to infer that patients under 30 days of age and those who have aortic arch hypoplasia show increased risk of mortality and recoarctation, regardless of the technique used. </p>
      <p>The classic termino-terminal technique showed, in general terms, not being a good option to relieve the obstruction in all age ranges and in all anatomic variations of aortic arch, which makes imperative to perform other more radical technical variations, such as the extended or extended radical termino-terminal technique. </p>
      <p>The classic termino-terminal technique and the isthmusplasty showed twice as much death risk than Waldhausen's technique. </p>
      <p>Teles de Mendon&#231;a's technique and isthmusplasty operation showed poor results, especially in aortic arch hypoplasia. </p>
      <p>Walhausen's technique showed unsatisfactory results in the first month of life, with isthmic and aortic arch hypoplasia. In infants over one month of life, with isthmic and aortic arch hypoplasia, it showed effectiveness.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>38. Nawa A, Nakayama Y, Teramoto S, Mori K, Dohi T. Coarctation restenosis after isthmosubclavioplasty. A consideration on operative procedure and intraluminal balloon angioplasty. Chest. 1989; 95:247-50.       </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Gabriel Lorier </p>
          <p> IC/FUC - Unidade de Pesquisa </p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 - 90620-001 - Porto Alegre, RS </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br">editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publishing on 05/08/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted on 02/11/2005</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
