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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">v8QGJbZZSzqN5pqPz58vk7S</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500109</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001400009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima em testes de exerc&#237;cio em esteira rolante e em cicloerg&#244;metro de membros inferiores</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Liane Mattos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Gama Filho</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>45</fpage>
      <lpage>50</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar, retrospectivamente, os valores de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (FCM) e o descenso da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no primeiro minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o (dFC), obtidos em teste de exerc&#237;cio (TE) realizados em dois erg&#244;metros e momentos distintos. M&#201;TODOS: Sessenta indiv&#237;duos (29 a 80 anos de idade), submetidos a TE cardiopulmonar em ciclo de membros inferiores (CMI) em nosso laborat&#243;rio e que possu&#237;am TE pr&#233;vio (at&#233; 36 meses) em esteira (EST) em outros laborat&#243;rios, nas condi&#231;&#245;es id&#234;nticas de medica&#231;&#245;es de a&#231;&#227;o cronotr&#243;pica negativa. RESULTADOS: FCM foi semelhante no CMI: 156&#177;3 e EST: 154&#177;2 bpm (p=0,125), enquanto o dFC foi maior em CMI: 33&#177;2, EST: 26&#177;3 bpm (m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia) (p&lt;0,001). Nas vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas estudadas, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e o duplo produto foram maiores no TE-CMI (p&lt;0,001). O eletrocardiograma (ECG) foi semelhante nos dois TEs, exceto por arritmias supraventriculares mais freq&#252;entes no CMI. CONCLUS&#195;O: a) &#201; poss&#237;vel, com empenho do examinador e conhecimento pr&#233;vio do resultado de FCM em um TE anterior, obter n&#237;veis altos de FCM em um TE-CMI; b) interromper o TE baseado em FCM prevista por equa&#231;&#245;es tende a levar a esfor&#231;os subm&#225;ximos; c) o dFC difere nas recupera&#231;&#245;es ativa e passiva; d) novas formas de analisar o comportamento da FC no exerc&#237;cio, que n&#227;o apenas o valor da FCM, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para caracterizar um TE como m&#225;ximo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima</kwd>
        <kwd>teste de exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>erg&#244;metro</kwd>
        <kwd>freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima em testes de exerc&#237;cio em esteira rolante e em cicloerg&#244;metro de membros inferiores </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo; Vivian Liane Mattos Pinto </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio - CLINIMEX e Universidade Gama Filho - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Comparar, retrospectivamente, os valores de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (FCM) e o descenso da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no primeiro minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o (dFC), obtidos em teste de exerc&#237;cio (TE) realizados em dois erg&#244;metros e momentos distintos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Sessenta indiv&#237;duos (29 a 80 anos de idade), submetidos a TE cardiopulmonar em ciclo de membros inferiores (CMI) em nosso laborat&#243;rio e que possu&#237;am TE pr&#233;vio (at&#233; 36 meses) em esteira (EST) em outros laborat&#243;rios, nas condi&#231;&#245;es id&#234;nticas de medica&#231;&#245;es de a&#231;&#227;o cronotr&#243;pica negativa. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>FCM foi semelhante no CMI: 156&#177;3 e EST: 154&#177;2 bpm (p=0,125), enquanto o dFC foi maior em CMI: 33&#177;2, EST: 26&#177;3 bpm (m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia) (p&lt;0,001). Nas vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas estudadas, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e o duplo produto foram maiores no TE-CMI (p&lt;0,001). O eletrocardiograma (ECG) foi semelhante nos dois TEs, exceto por arritmias supraventriculares mais freq&#252;entes no CMI. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>a) &#201; poss&#237;vel, com empenho do examinador e conhecimento pr&#233;vio do resultado de FCM em um TE anterior, obter n&#237;veis altos de FCM em um TE-CMI; b) interromper o TE baseado em FCM prevista por equa&#231;&#245;es tende a levar a esfor&#231;os subm&#225;ximos; c) o dFC difere nas recupera&#231;&#245;es ativa e passiva; d) novas formas de analisar o comportamento da FC no exerc&#237;cio, que n&#227;o apenas o valor da FCM, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para caracterizar um TE como m&#225;ximo. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima, teste de exerc&#237;cio, erg&#244;metro, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o</p>
    <p> A decis&#227;o de utilizar um teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo ou subm&#225;ximo depende, em grande parte, das raz&#245;es para a execu&#231;&#227;o do teste, do tipo de indiv&#237;duo a ser testado e da disponibilidade de equipamento e de recursos humanos apropriados. Para um melhor resultado cl&#237;nico, um teste de exerc&#237;cio (TE) dever&#225; ser preferencialmente m&#225;ximo, permitindo, assim, obter a maior quantidade de informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes<sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Existem diferentes protocolos e procedimentos para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um TE<sup>4-7</sup>, contudo, h&#225; sempre uma dificuldade pr&#225;tica e real em se determinar quando um indiv&#237;duo efetivamente alcan&#231;ou o seu m&#225;ximo. Provavelmente, por sua facilidade de mensura&#231;&#227;o, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) tem sido uma das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas mais freq&#252;entemente empregadas para caracterizar a obten&#231;&#227;o de um esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo no TE convencional (sem medida de gases expirados), a partir da compara&#231;&#227;o com valores m&#225;ximos previstos em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade, quando &#233; ent&#227;o denominada de FC m&#225;xima (FCM)<sup>8</sup>. A teoria estat&#237;stica nos informa que pelo menos 50% dos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis dever&#227;o alcan&#231;ar valores iguais ou superiores aos previstos por uma equa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o, tornando esse crit&#233;rio bastante limitado e, provavelmente, inv&#225;lido em muitas das situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas cotidianas. </p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, estudos provenientes da Cleveland Clinic apontaram para um importante significado cl&#237;nico progn&#243;stico para a FCM<sup>9,10</sup> e a para o descenso da FC no primeiro minuto de recupera&#231;&#227;o (dFC)<sup>11</sup>, tornando ainda mais importante que o TE seja levado a n&#237;veis verdadeiramente m&#225;ximos e n&#227;o interrompidos precocemente em valores teoricamente previstos de FCM. </p>
    <p>Ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos, o nosso grupo de pesquisa tem procurado discutir v&#225;rios dos aspectos ligados a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e exerc&#237;cio<sup>12-15</sup>. Teoricamente, pode-se esperar que TE realizados com protocolos distintos e em diferentes erg&#244;metros possam mostrar resultados n&#227;o coincidentes de FCM. Por exemplo, Ara&#250;jo e cols.<sup>13</sup>, atrav&#233;s da execu&#231;&#227;o de nove diferentes protocolos de teste m&#225;ximo, procuraram identificar qual deles proporcionaria a maior FCM, tendo encontrado que isso ocorria no TE em esteira rolante (EST) em protocolos de incrementos progressivos e de natureza cont&#237;nua. Essa mesma tem&#225;tica foi tamb&#233;m analisada por Myers e cols.<sup>5</sup>, que compararam n&#227;o somente a FCM mas tamb&#233;m as respostas hemodin&#226;micas e trocas gasosas entre diferentes erg&#244;metros e distintos protocolos, a fim de estabelecer um protocolo que viesse a proporcionar melhor adequabilidade e acur&#225;cia das medidas. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a mensura&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o adequada do tipo de erg&#244;metro, embora alguns estudos<sup>16,17</sup> sugiram resultados semelhantes para a FCM e o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio na EST e no cicloerg&#244;metro de membros inferiores (CMI), a maioria dos trabalhos apontam valores maiores para essas vari&#225;veis na EST<sup>18-21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Atualmente, na realidade pr&#225;tica dos laborat&#243;rios cl&#237;nicos brasileiros de ergometria, percebe-se uma ampla prefer&#234;ncia pela execu&#231;&#227;o dos TEs m&#225;ximos em EST em detrimento do CMI, sendo uma das raz&#245;es alegadas a possibilidade de alcan&#231;ar uma FCM mais elevada ao final do esfor&#231;o. Considerando-se as diferen&#231;as hemodin&#226;micas e metab&#243;licas associadas &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de um exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo em EST e em CMI, seja pela posi&#231;&#227;o corporal ou pelos grupamentos musculares envolvidos, n&#227;o seria de se estranhar a exist&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as favor&#225;veis &#224; EST na FCM. Contudo, &#233; poss&#237;vel que outras raz&#245;es, que n&#227;o aquelas j&#225; apontadas, possam interferir nessa quest&#227;o. Por exemplo, o conhecimento pr&#233;vio do valor da FCM em um TE anterior e a motiva&#231;&#227;o do examinador em levar o indiv&#237;duo a um exerc&#237;cio relativamente m&#225;ximo podem ser t&#227;o ou mais importantes do que o tipo de erg&#244;metro no qual o TE &#233; realizado. </p>
    <p>Desta forma, nosso estudo procurou abordar essa quest&#227;o de uma forma original, procurando verificar se um examinador experiente e motivado conseguiria obter uma FCM em um TE, realizado em CMI, que fosse pelo menos igual a de um TE relativamente recente, feito em EST em outro laborat&#243;rio, cujo resultado era do seu conhecimento. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados retrospectivamente todos os TEs do nosso laborat&#243;rio, realizados por um &#250;nico m&#233;dico, entre janeiro de 2002 e agosto de 2003. Para a defini&#231;&#227;o da amostra os indiv&#237;duos deveriam ter: a) disponibilizado os resultados, laudos e tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de um TE m&#225;ximo, sem interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce por crit&#233;rio cl&#237;nico, em EST realizada nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s anos (50% deles nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses), b) realizado um teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo em CMI; c) serem adultos e se encontrarem em condi&#231;&#245;es id&#234;nticas de uso de medica&#231;&#245;es de a&#231;&#227;o cronotr&#243;pica negativa por ocasi&#227;o dos dois TE. Considerando esses crit&#233;rios, foi poss&#237;vel selecionar dados de 60 indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 29 e 80 anos (56&#177;10), sendo 43 homens. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>, podemos verificar, de forma mais detalhada, o perfil da amostra analisada de acordo com as suas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Assim, percebe-se que a maior parte da amostra &#233; composta por indiv&#237;duos portadores de fatores de risco, muitos deles j&#225; com eventos coronarianos. Dentre os 60 indiv&#237;duos, 25% fazia uso regular de b-bloqueadores. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0045-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ap&#243;s anamnese e exame cl&#237;nico, os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a um teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio, monitorizados por um eletrocardi&#243;grafo digital com <italic>software</italic> espec&#237;fico (ErgoPC Elite vers&#227;o 3.2.1.5, <italic>Micromed</italic>, Brasil), em protocolo individualizado de rampa, com uma dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia entre 8 a 12 minutos, possibilitando um aumento da carga de acordo com a condi&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo, em um CMI de frenagem eletromagn&#233;tica Ergociser EC 1600 (<italic>Cateye</italic>, Jap&#227;o). Para a medida e an&#225;lise dos gases expirados, foi utilizado um analisador metab&#243;lico VO<sub>2000</sub>, (<italic>MedGraphics,</italic> Estados Unidos). </p>
    <p>Todos os TEs em CMI foram realizados por um &#250;nico e experiente examinador que conhecia previamente a FCM obtida no TE em EST. Al&#233;m da FCM, foi tamb&#233;m analisado o dFC, ou seja, a FCM subtra&#237;da da FC no primeiro minuto p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o. As formas de recupera&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo diferiam nos dois TEs, sendo na EST, feita atrav&#233;s de uma recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa (caminhada em velocidades lentas entre 2,5 e 3,5 km/h sem inclina&#231;&#227;o), enquanto no TE em CMI, a medida foi realizada em recupera&#231;&#227;o passiva, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, que era adotada rapidamente ap&#243;s o procedimento (em geral, 20 a 40 segundos ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio). </p>
    <p>Em adendo as medidas de FC, outras vari&#225;veis tamb&#233;m foram analisadas e comparadas nos dois TEs. No aspecto hemodin&#226;mico, foram considerados os valores das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) e do duplo produto - PAS multiplicado pela FC - (DP) atingidos no &#250;ltimo minuto de exerc&#237;cio. Os tra&#231;ados de eletrocardiograma (ECG) foram examinados para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST, sendo registrada a presen&#231;a de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST inferior ou superior a 0,1 mV a 80 ms do ponto J e a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas, as quais foram simplificadamente classificadas em supraventriculares, ventriculares ou mistas. Finalmente, foi ainda anotado o tempo total de exerc&#237;cio no TE. Antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE em CMI, os indiv&#237;duos assinaram um termo de consentimento informado, no qual era especificamente autorizada a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados para pesquisa. O protocolo de estudo foi aprovado institucionalmente. </p>
    <p>Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dados obtidos nos dois TEs distintos foram utilizados o teste-<italic>t</italic> emparelhado para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste de qui-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre dados foi analisada atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o linear e de correla&#231;&#227;o, conforme apropriado. Posteriormente, a amostra foi subdividida em fun&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em aparentemente saud&#225;veis e em coronariopatas. Em todos os casos, adotou-se o limiar de 5% como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os TEs no CMI duraram entre 5 e 15 minutos, com uma mediana de 10 minutos, exatamente o tempo recomendado para protocolos de TE que objetivam alcan&#231;ar o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio. Apesar de uma tend&#234;ncia para uma FCM ligeiramente mais alta no CMI, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas para a FCM obtida nos TE em EST e no CMI, respectivamente, 154&#177;2 vs. 156&#177;3 bpm (m&#233;dia&#177;erro padr&#227;o) (p=0,125; IC95%=-5,48 a 1,45). Em 57% dos indiv&#237;duos, valores mais altos de FCM ocorreram no CMI. Conforme &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>, foi observada uma boa associa&#231;&#227;o entre a FCM medida nos dois TEs nos distintos erg&#244;metros (r=0,79; p&lt;0,001; IC95%=-4,25 a -1,11). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0045-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ao analisarmos o dFC, o TE realizado em CMI demonstrou uma queda mais acentuada da FC no primeiro minuto do p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o no CMI que na EST, respectivamente, 33&#177;1,4 vs. 26&#177;1,4 bpm (p&lt;0,001; IC95%=-9,43 a -3,83), com uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa, por&#233;m relativamente mais baixa entre as duas respostas (r=0,48; p&lt;0,01; IC95%=-7,35 a -2,66) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>). Ao mesmo tempo, a PAS tamb&#233;m registrou n&#237;veis mais elevados no CMI -204&#177;3 vs. 187&#177;4 mmHg (p&lt;0,001; IC95% =-24,2 a -9,69), enquanto a PAD apresentou comportamento similar no &#250;ltimo minuto de exerc&#237;cio nos dois TEs. Partindo de valores maiores de FC e, significativamente, mais elevados de PAS, &#233; natural que os valores de DP m&#225;ximos fossem tamb&#233;m, significativamente, mais altos no CMI -31496&#177;809, vs. 28814&#177;753 bpm.mmHg (p=0,001; IC95%=-4252 a -1112), conforme pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>. O tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o efetivo do exerc&#237;cio at&#233; que o m&#225;ximo fosse alcan&#231;ado foi bastante semelhante nos dois TEs - CMI: 9,9&#177;0,3 vs EST: 9,8&#177;0,4 min (p=0,087; IC95%=-0,76 a 0,65). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0045-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0045-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estratificada por condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mostrou, com exce&#231;&#227;o da PAD, uma tend&#234;ncia a valores mais altos nas vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas para os indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos. De interessante h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia a uma maior diferen&#231;a a favor da CMI na FCM em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos (EST: 163&#177;4 vs. CMI: 169&#177;4 bpm, p=0,348) que naqueles portadores de sinais de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (EST: 152&#177;3 vs CMI: 154&#177;7, p=0,737). Fen&#244;meno semelhante ocorreu em rela&#231;&#227;o ao dFC, com os indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos mostrando maior similaridade entre os dois erg&#244;metros (EST: 26&#177;3 vs. CMI: 33&#177;2, p=0,085; IC95%=-14,62 a 1,079), enquanto para os coronariopatas a velocidade de descenso da FC no p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o era bem maior no CMI que na EST (EST: 26&#177;1 vs. CMI: 33&#177;2 bpm, p=0,001; IC95%=-10,49 a 2,69). </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ECG de exerc&#237;cio, 33% dos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es de segmento ST (mesmo m&#237;nimas, i.e., ascendente r&#225;pido com 0,5 a 1 mm a 80 ms da origem) ou quaisquer arritmias card&#237;acas nos dois TEs. Contudo, analisando separadamente por procedimento, no CMI e na EST, exatamente 50% dos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o mostrava altera&#231;&#245;es de ECG. Sendo assim, t&#237;nhamos indiv&#237;duos que mostravam altera&#231;&#245;es em apenas um dos procedimentos. Havia uma tend&#234;ncia para que as altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST fossem mais freq&#252;entes nos TEs em EST (p=0,066), enquanto que as arritmias card&#237;acas foram mais comumente encontradas nos TEs em CMI (p=0,003), notadamente as supraventriculares (18 vs. 3 casos). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Inicialmente vamos discutir algumas caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas e potenciais limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo. Diferente dos outros estudos da literatura, os dois TEs n&#227;o foram realizados em ordem rand&#244;mica e com um intervalo m&#237;nimo de tempo, como por exemplo, dois ou tr&#234;s dias. Em adendo, os TEs em EST foram realizados em v&#225;rios laborat&#243;rios e por muitos examinadores distintos, enquanto os TEs no CMI foram realizados por um &#250;nico e experiente examinador, o qual conhecia previamente a FCM obtida no TE em EST, o que de certa forma, pode ter facilitado a obten&#231;&#227;o de uma FCM mais alta em alguns casos do TE em CMI. &#201; ainda poss&#237;vel que a obten&#231;&#227;o de medidas de gases expirados durante todos os TEs em CMI e em apenas cerca de 10% dos TEs em EST possa ter influenciado na obten&#231;&#227;o de um teste verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo, seja por um lado pelas dificuldades adicionais provocadas pelo bocal e, por outro lado, pela leitura das vari&#225;veis e &#237;ndices ventilat&#243;rios que favorecem a identifica&#231;&#227;o de um esfor&#231;o realmente m&#225;ximo. Postas essas considera&#231;&#245;es, ficam limitadas algumas das compara&#231;&#245;es efetuadas, notadamente as de ECG. No entanto, cabe ressaltar que este estudo envolveu uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de dados, n&#227;o havendo inten&#231;&#227;o de forma alguma em contribuir ou influenciar os resultados obtidos. &#201; uma situa&#231;&#227;o comum na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, quando o examinador recebe um indiv&#237;duo para submeter-se a um TE que j&#225; lhe traz os resultados de exames semelhantes, anteriormente realizados naquele ou em outro laborat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>Em teoria, pode-se pensar que o CMI apresenta-se como uma habilidade motora que nem todos os indiv&#237;duos possuem e que, por se restringir a uma massa muscular limitada, teria uma tend&#234;ncia a ser interrompido precocemente com grande componente de fadiga perif&#233;rica, sem que o m&#225;ximo de desempenho cardiovascular fosse alcan&#231;ado<sup>13,22</sup>, levando-nos a concluir que o indiv&#237;duo finalizaria o TE-CMI mais precocemente que o TE-EST, apresentando, assim, menores valores para FCM. Por&#233;m, apesar de todas essas dificuldades apresentadas e ao contr&#225;rio do que seria de se esperar teoricamente, os indiv&#237;duos do nosso estudo alcan&#231;aram uma FCM no CMI semelhante e at&#233; ligeiramente, por&#233;m sem significado estat&#237;stico, superiores &#224;s obtidas na EST. Na pr&#225;tica, foi mais comum obter valores maiores no TE-CMI &#150; 57% vs 43% &#150; que no TE-EST. </p>
    <p>Poder&#237;amos especular tamb&#233;m sobre a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o serem semelhantes, ap&#243;s um a tr&#234;s anos do TE-EST, quando foi realizado o TE-CMI. No entanto, analisando de forma l&#243;gica, alguns fatores que poderiam influenciar nos resultados, como valor previsto de FCM e a presen&#231;a ou progress&#227;o de DAC, na verdade direcionam-se no sentido oposto, ou seja, prejudicando o resultado do TE-CMI realizado em nosso laborat&#243;rio, j&#225; que a FCM decresce linearmente com a idade<sup>23</sup>, entre 5 a 10 batimentos para cada d&#233;cada<sup>24,25</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos com o diagn&#243;stico de DAC tendem a apresentar um quadro progressivo da doen&#231;a ou, analisando de forma mais positiva, uma estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico, contribuindo para um TE em CMI com valores inferiores aos obtidos em TE na EST, o que n&#227;o foi encontrado em nossos resultados. </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo n&#227;o controlou de forma sistem&#225;tica o n&#237;vel de treinamento aer&#243;bico, muito embora saibamos que nenhum dos indiv&#237;duos testados em nosso laborat&#243;rio participava de programas de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado. Por&#233;m, isso n&#227;o parece ser relevante, a partir do fato que a FCM parece n&#227;o variar apreciavelmente com o n&#237;vel do treinamento f&#237;sico<sup>17,26,27</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nossos resultados, constatamos valores semelhantes para FCM para os dois TEs realizados em erg&#244;metros distintos, o que n&#227;o deveria ocorrer em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas preconizadas para um TE m&#225;ximo, onde valores mais altos deveriam ter sido encontrados para EST. Quando analisamos os resultados em fun&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, pudemos observar que os coronariopatas apresentaram menores valores para FCM em ambos erg&#244;metros, o que provavelmente se deve tanto a utiliza&#231;&#227;o regular de medica&#231;&#245;es de a&#231;&#227;o cronotr&#243;pica negativa, como tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, as quais tenderiam a comprometer a resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao exerc&#237;cio, o que tem mostrado acarretar um maior risco de mortalidade <sup>9,28,29</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao descenso da FC no in&#237;cio da recupera&#231;&#227;o, pudemos observar uma maior velocidade no TE em CMI. Contudo, isso muito provavelmente ocorreu pelo fato da recupera&#231;&#227;o no CMI ser realizada de modo passivo e na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e n&#227;o de forma ativa, na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, como tipicamente observada nos TEs realizados em EST. Recentemente, Gaibazzi e cols.<sup>30</sup> observaram uma queda mais r&#225;pida da FC no 1&#186; minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos testados em CMI e com forma similar de recupera&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, sugerindo que possa haver uma diferen&#231;a verdadeira entre os TEs realizados nos dois tipos de erg&#244;metros. Certamente, essa quest&#227;o merece estudos posteriores com metodologia cuidadosamente controlada para seu maior esclarecimento. </p>
    <p>Outro ponto a ser ressaltado foi a presen&#231;a de maiores n&#237;veis de PAS no CMI. Uma possibilidade te&#243;rica interessante &#233; que a diferen&#231;a nos valores seja devida apenas a uma maior facilidade, fun&#231;&#227;o da maior estabilidade da posi&#231;&#227;o do bra&#231;o do avaliado e do menor ru&#237;do do erg&#244;metro, e de uma maior precis&#227;o de leitura (de 2 em 2 mmHg) durante o TE em CMI, quando comparado a EST e n&#227;o a uma diferen&#231;a real. N&#227;o obstante, o achado de n&#237;veis sist&#243;licos mais elevados no esfor&#231;o em CMI &#233; suportado pelos dados de Wicks e cols.<sup>19</sup> e de Niederberger e cols.<sup>31</sup>. A maior eleva&#231;&#227;o da PAS contribuiu de forma expressiva para que os valores do DP fossem significativamente maiores no CMI, principalmente para os indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, quando comparados aos coronariopatas. J&#225; para a PAD, os resultados encontrados n&#227;o diferiram entre os erg&#244;metros e nem entre os subgrupos por condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados de ECG deve ser abordada com cautela. Na realidade, h&#225; possibilidades reais de que a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes n&#227;o fosse exatamente a mesma nos dois TEs, em fun&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de tempo decorrido entre eles e a n&#227;o randomiza&#231;&#227;o da seq&#252;&#234;ncia dos TEs. N&#227;o obstante essa ressalva, parece peculiar que uma tend&#234;ncia a maiores altera&#231;&#245;es de ST tenha ocorrido no TE em EST e que as arritmias fossem mais freq&#252;entes no TE em CMI realizado meses ou at&#233; alguns anos mais tarde. Ao nosso ver, considerando o n&#237;vel excelente de condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica e de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico dos nossos indiv&#237;duos, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica deles e, mais especificamente, a condi&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular tivessem sido otimizadas ap&#243;s eventuais altera&#231;&#245;es observadas no TE-EST, o que resultaria em menos isquemia mioc&#225;rdica eletrocardiograficamente identificada no TE feito posteriormente em CMI. J&#225; no que se refere &#224;s arritmias card&#237;acas, existem, ao nosso ver, duas explica&#231;&#245;es plaus&#237;veis. A primeira delas refere-se ao fato de que o t&#244;nus vagal card&#237;aco tende a diminuir com a idade<sup>32</sup> e, portanto, a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias tende a aumentar com o passar dos anos. A segunda possibilidade &#233; que os examinadores dos outros laborat&#243;rios n&#227;o tenham relatado ou valorizado nos seus laudos nem tenham registrado extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares isoladas e em baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia ao longo do TE. Como &#233; rotina do nosso laborat&#243;rio salvar digitalmente todos os tra&#231;ados de ritmo dos TEs, talvez tenhamos uma maior possibilidade de identificar essas arritmias. N&#227;o obstante esses coment&#225;rios, observamos tr&#234;s casos de taquicardia supraventricular, duas de curta dura&#231;&#227;o e uma sustentada por 65 segundos, nos TEs em CMI, em indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o possu&#237;am esse padr&#227;o de arritmias ao exerc&#237;cio (dois deles possu&#237;am raras e isoladas extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares e o outro n&#227;o apresentara qualquer arritmia no TE anterior em EST). De modo geral, h&#225; controv&#233;rsias na literatura sobre esse tema<sup>19-21</sup> que dever&#227;o ser contempladas em estudos futuros, j&#225; que o nosso estudo, pelo seu delineamento, n&#227;o permite responder. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, cabe tentar explicar a raz&#227;o pela qual obtivemos uma FCM relativamente t&#227;o alta no TE em CMI nos indiv&#237;duos estudados em nosso laborat&#243;rio. Talvez a explica&#231;&#227;o mais plaus&#237;vel seja a motiva&#231;&#227;o do examinador em obter um TE verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo, utilizando a FCM obtida anteriormente em um TE em EST como um referencial a ser ultrapassado e sem considerar eventuais valores previstos por equa&#231;&#245;es para a FCM, como crit&#233;rio para interrup&#231;&#227;o. Na pr&#225;tica, 30% dos nossos indiv&#237;duos (40% dos que n&#227;o faziam uso de &#223;-bloqueadores) excederam o valor de FCM previsto pela equa&#231;&#227;o mais comumente utilizada de 220 &#150; idade no TE em CMI. &#201; poss&#237;vel que outros laborat&#243;rios e examinadores n&#227;o possuam o mesmo empenho e motiva&#231;&#227;o, levando a TE eventualmente interrompidos em n&#237;veis subm&#225;ximos. Fica, nesse momento, sem resposta uma quest&#227;o provavelmente relevante, ser&#225; que os nossos indiv&#237;duos, com o mesmo examinador, teriam alcan&#231;ado valores mais altos de FCM no TE-EST? Em adendo, pode-se considerar a possibilidade de que os pacientes tenham se sentido mais seguros para alcan&#231;ar o seu m&#225;ximo verdadeiro, em um TE no qual eles possu&#237;am controle absoluto sobre o momento de t&#233;rmino, j&#225; que no CMI precisariam apenas parar de pedalar, enquanto na EST, eles provavelmente se sentiriam na depend&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico finalizar o exame e diminuir a velocidade. Finalmente, nossos dados sugerem que outras formas de an&#225;lise do comportamento da FC durante o exerc&#237;cio, que n&#227;o apenas a FCM obtida, devem ser pesquisadas, visando &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de um exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico ou TE como m&#225;ximo. </p>
    <p>Considerando os resultados obtidos, pode-se sugerir que: parece ser &#250;til o conhecimento pr&#233;vio da FCM obtida em um TE anterior para balizar a FCM a ser alcan&#231;ada em um novo TE; n&#227;o se deve utilizar a FCM prevista por equa&#231;&#245;es de regress&#227;o como crit&#233;rio para caracterizar um TE como verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo; com o devido empenho do examinador, pode se alcan&#231;ar valores de FCM adequados em TE realizados em CMI; o comportamento do dFC n&#227;o &#233; diretamente compar&#225;vel quando os TE s&#227;o realizados em CMI e EST com formas distintas de postura (em p&#233; versus deitado) e de estado (exerc&#237;cio leve versus repouso); valores de PAS e, conseq&#252;entemente, de DP, parecem ser maiores em TEs realizados no CMI; podem existir diferen&#231;as no comportamento do segmento ST e na ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias, notadamente supraventriculares, quando s&#227;o comparados resultados de TEs obtidos em CMI e EST.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo </p>
        <p> Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101 </p>
        <p> - 22031-070 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="cgil@cardiol.br">cgil@cardiol.br</email> e </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cgaraujo@iis.com.br">cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 13/07/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 20/01/2005</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Maximal heart rate in exercise tests on treadmill and in a cycloergometer of lower limbs</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare, retrospectively, the values of maximum heart rate (MHR) and the decrease of the heart rate at the first minute of recovery, which were obtained in an exercise test (ET) performed in two different ergometers and at different moments. METHODS: Sixty individuals (from 29 to 80 years old), submitted to cardiopulmonary ET in a cycle of lower limbs (CLL) in our laboratory and who had previous ET (up to 36 months) in a treadmill (TRM) in other laboratories, under identical conditions of medications of negative chronotropic action. RESULTS: MHR was similar in CLL: 156&#177;3 and TRM: 154&#177;2 bpm (p=0.125), whereas dHR was higher in CLL: 33&#177;2, EST: 26&#177;3 bpm (mean &#177; standard error of the mean) (p&lt;0.001). In hemodynamic variables studied, the systolic blood pressure and the double product were higher in the ET-CLL (p&lt;0.001). The electrocardiogram (ECG) was similar in both ETs, except due to more frequent supraventricular arrhythmias in CLL. CONCLUSION: a) With some diligence from the examiner and previous knowledge of MHR in a previous ET it is possible to obtain high levels of MHR in an ET-CLL; b) interrupting the MHR-based ET forecast through equations tends to lead to sub-maximum efforts; c) dHR differs in active and passive recoveries; d) new ways to analyze the HR behavior under exercise, which is not only the value of MHR, are necessary to characterize an ET as maximum.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>maximal heart rate</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise test</kwd>
        <kwd>ergometer</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate recovery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Maximal heart rate in exercise tests on treadmill and in a cycloergometer of lower limbs</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo; Vivian Liane Mattos Pinto </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio - CLINIMEX and Universidade Gama Filho - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To compare, retrospectively, the values of maximum heart rate (MHR) and the decrease of the heart rate at the first minute of recovery, which were obtained in an exercise test (ET) performed in two different ergometers and at different moments. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Sixty individuals (from 29 to 80 years old), submitted to cardiopulmonary ET in a cycle of lower limbs (CLL) in our laboratory and who had previous ET (up to 36 months) in a treadmill (TRM) in other laboratories, under identical conditions of medications of negative chronotropic action. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>MHR was similar in CLL: 156&#177;3 and TRM: 154&#177;2 bpm (p=0.125), whereas dHR was higher in CLL: 33&#177;2, EST: 26&#177;3 bpm (mean &#177; standard error of the mean) (p&lt;0.001). In hemodynamic variables studied, the systolic blood pressure and the double product were higher in the ET-CLL (p&lt;0.001). The electrocardiogram (ECG) was similar in both ETs, except due to more frequent supraventricular arrhythmias in CLL. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>a) With some diligence from the examiner and previous knowledge of MHR in a previous ET it is possible to obtain high levels of MHR in an ET-CLL; b) interrupting the MHR-based ET forecast through equations tends to lead to sub-maximum efforts; c) dHR differs in active and passive recoveries; d) new ways to analyze the HR behavior under exercise, which is not only the value of MHR, are necessary to characterize an ET as maximum. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>maximal heart rate, exercise test, ergometer, heart rate recovery</p>
      <p>The decision of using a maximum or sub-maximum exercise test depends greatly on the reasons to perform the test, the type of individual to be tested and the availability of equipment and proper human resources. For a better clinical result, an exercise test (ET) must be preferably maximum, thus allowing for obtaining a greater quantity of relevant information<sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
      <p>There are different protocols and procedures for the performance of an ET<sup>4-7</sup>. However, there are always some practical and real difficulties to determine when an individual has effectively reached his/her maximum. Probably due to its easiness of measurement, the heart rate (HR) has been one of the most frequently used clinical variables used to characterize the obtention of a maximum effort in a conventional ET (without the measurement of exhaled gases), from the comparison with maximum values forecast due to age, when it is called maximal HR (MHR)<sup>8</sup>. The statistic theory tells us that at least 50% from healthy individuals must reach values equal to or higher than those forecast through a regression equation, which makes this criterion very limited and probably not valid in many day-to-day clinical situations. </p>
      <p>More recently, studies from Cleveland Clinic have shown an important prognostic clinic meaning for MHR<sup>9,10</sup> and for the decrease of HR at the first minute of recovery (dHR)<sup>11</sup>, making even more important that ET is taken to real maximum levels and not early interrupted in theoretically forecast values of MHR. </p>
      <p>Along the last years our research group has been trying to discuss many of the aspects connected to heart rate and exercise<sup>12-15</sup>. Theoretically it is possible to expect that ETs performed with different protocols and in different ergometers can show non-coincident results of MHR. For instance, Ara&#250;jo et al.<sup>13</sup>, through the performance of nine different protocols of maximum test, tried to identify which one would provide the highest MHR, by having found that it would happen in a ET on a treadmill (TRM) in progressive increment and continuous nature protocols. That same theme was also analyzed by Myers et al.<sup>5</sup>, who not only compared the MHR but also the hemodynamic responses and gases exchanges among different ergometers and different protocols, with the aim of establish a protocol that would provide better suitability and accuracy of measurements. </p>
      <p>Concerning the measurement of physiologic variables and the proper use of the type of ergometer, although some studies<sup>16,17</sup> suggest similar results for MHR and the maximum consumption of oxygen in the TRM and in the cycloergometer of lower (CLL), most works point out to greater values for those variables in the TRM<sup>18-21</sup>. </p>
      <p>Currently, in the practical reality of Brazilian clinical laboratories of ergometry, a wide preference for the performance of maximum ETs in TRM to the detriment of CLL has been noticed, which is one of the reasons alleged to the possibility of reaching a higher MHR at the end of the exercise. By considering the hemodymamic and metabolic differences associated to the performance of a maximum exercise in TRM and in CLL, either by the body position or by the muscular groups involved, the differences favorable to TRM in MHR would not be strange. However, it is possible that other reasons, other than those already mentioned, could interfere in such matter. For example, the previous knowledge of the value of MHR in a previous ET and the motivation of the examiner in taking the individual to a relatively maximum exercise can be as or more important than the type of ergometer in which the ET is performed. </p>
      <p>So, our study tried to approach that matter in an original way, by trying to verify whether an experienced and motivated examiner could obtain an MHR in an ET, performed in CLL, that would be at least equal to one from a relatively recent ET, carried out on a TRM in another laboratory, whose result was known by him/her. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All ETs from our laboratory, performed by a single physician, between January 2002 and August 2003 were retrospectively analyzed. For sample definition, the individuals should have: a) made available the electrocardiographic results, reports and tracings of a maximum ET, without early interruption due to clinical criterion, in a TRM performed in the last three years (50% of them in the last 12 months), b) been submitted to a maximum exercise cardiopulmonary test in CLL; c) be adults and be under identical conditions of use of medications of negative chronotropic action at the time of the two ETs. By taking those criteria under consideration, it was possible to select data from 60 individuals with age ranging from 29 to 80 years old (56&#177;10), being 43 men. On <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref> we can see more detailed the profile of the sample analyzed in accordance to its clinical conditions. So, we can notice that most of the sample consists of individuals carriers of risk factors, and many of them with coronary events. Among those 60 individuals, 25% had a regular use of &#223;-blockers. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0045-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>After anamnesis and clinical examination, the individuals were submitted to an exercise cardiopulmonary test, monitored by a digital electrocardiograph with specific software (ErgoPC Elite version 3.2.1.5, <italic>Micromed</italic>, Brazil), in a ramp individualized protocol, with an average length between 8 to 12 minutes, which made possible an increase of load in accordance to the individual's condition, in a electromagnetic braking CLL Ergociser EC 1600 (<italic>Cateye</italic>, Japan). For the measurement and analysis of exhaled gases, a metabolic analyzer VO<sub>2000</sub>, (<italic>MedGraphics,</italic> United States) was used. </p>
      <p>All ETs in CLL were carried out by a single and experienced examiner, who previously knew the MHR obtained in ET on TRM. In addition to MHR, the dHR was also analyzed, which means the MHR subtracted from the HR at the first post-exercise minute. The ways of maximum exercise recovering differed in both ETs, and in the TRM, made through an active recovery (walking at slow speeds between 2.5 and 3.5 km/h without incline), whereas in the Et in CLL, the measurement was done under passive recovery, at supine position, which was quickly adopted after the procedure (generally, 20 to 40 seconds after the interruption of the exercise). </p>
      <p>In addition to HR measurements, other variables were also analyzed and compared in the two ETs. In the hemodynamic aspect, the values of the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and rate-pressure product (RPP) - SBP multiplied by HR - (RPP) reached at the last minute of exercise were taken into consideration. The tracings of electrocardiogram (ECG) were examined for the identification of the presence or absence of changes in the segment ST, being recorded the presence of infraunlevelling of the segment ST lower or higher than 0.1 mV at 80 ms from point J and the occurrence of heart arrhythmias, which were simply classified as supraventricular, ventricular or mixed. Finally, the total time of exercise in ET was also marked down. Before the ET in CLL, the individuals signed an informed consent term, in which the use of data for research was specifically authorized. The study protocol was institutionally approved. </p>
      <p>For the comparison between the data from the two different both ETs, the matching t-test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for dichotomous variables. The association between data was assessed through linear and regression correlation, as suitable. Afterwards, the sample was subdivided in terms of clinical condition in apparently healthy and coronary artery disease carriers. In all cases, the threshold of 5% as significance level and the confidence interval of 95% were adopted. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The ETs in the CLL lasted between 5 and 15 minutes, with a median of 10 minutes, which is exactly the time recommended for ET protocols aiming at reaching the maximum consumption of oxygen. Despite a slightly higher tendency for MHR in CLL, there were no significant differences for the MHR obtained in ETs in TRM and in CLL, respectively, 154&#177;2 vs. 156&#177;3 bpm (mean&#177;standard error) (p=0.125; CI95%=-5.48 to 1.45). In 57% of individuals, higher values of MHR happened in CLL. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>, a good association between MHR measured in the two ETs in the different ergometers (r=0.79; p&lt;0.001; IC95%=-4.25 to -1.11) was observed. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0045-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>When we analyzed the dHR, the ET performed in CLL showed a sharper decrease of HR at the first minute post-exercise in CLL than in TRM, respectively, 33&#177;1.4 vs. 26&#177;1.4 bpm (p&lt;0.001; CI95%=-9.43 to -3.83), with a significant association, but relatively lower between the two responses (r=0.48; p&lt;0.01; CI95%=-7.35 to -2.66) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figure 2</xref>). At the same time, the SBP also recorded higher levels in CLL -204&#177;3 vs. 187&#177;4 mmHg (p&lt;0.001; CI95%=-24.2 to -9.69), whereas DBP showed a similar behavior at the last minute of exercise in both ETs. Starting from higher values of HR and, significantly higher ones of SBP, it is natural that the maximum values of RPP were also significantly higher in CLL -31496&#177;809, vs. 28814&#177;753 bpm. mmHg (p=0.001; CI95%=-4252 to -1112), as can be observed on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. The effective length of time of exercise for the maximum to be reached was very similar in the two ETs - CLL: 9.9&#177;0.3 vs. TRM: 9.8&#177;0.4 min (p=0.087; CI95%=-0.76 to 0.65). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0045-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0045-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The clinical condition-stratified analysis showed, except for DBP, a trend to higher values in hemodynamic variables for asymptomatic individuals. There is a very interesting tendency to a greater difference in favor of CLL in MHR in asymptomatic individuals (TRM: 163&#177;4 vs. CLL: 169&#177;4 bpm, p=0.348) than in those carriers of signs of cardiovascular disease (TRM: 152&#177;3 vs. CLL: 154&#177;7, p=0.737). A similar phenomenon took place in relation to dHR, with asymptomatic individuals showing greater similarity between the two ergometers (TRM: 26&#177;3 vs. CLL: 33&#177;2, p=0.085; CI95%=-14.62 to 1.079), whereas for the coronary artery disease carriers the decrease speed of post-exercise HR was much higher in CLL than in TRM (TRM: 26&#177;1 vs. CLL: 33&#177;2 bpm, p=0.001; CI95%=-10.49 to 2.69). </p>
      <p>Regarding exercise ECG, 33% of individuals did not show changes in the segment ST (even minimal, i.e., fast ascendant with 0.5 to 1 mm at 80 ms from the origin) or any cardiac arrhythmias in the two ETs. However, by analyzing separately per procedure, in CLL and in TRM, 50% of individuals did not show changes of ECG. So, we had individuals who showed changes in only one procedure. There was a trend so that the changes in segment ST were more frequent in ETs in TRM (p=0.066), whereas cardiac arrhythmias were more usually found in ETs in CLL (p=0.003), notably the supraventricular (18 vs. 3 cases). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Initially we are going to discuss some specific characteristics and potential limitations in the present study. Different from other studies in the literature, the two ETs were not performed in random order and with a minimum time interval, as for example, two or three days. Besides, the ETs in TRM were carried out in many laboratories and by many different examiners, whereas the ETs in CLL were performed by a single and experienced examiner, who previously knew the MHR obtained in the ET in TRM, which somehow could have facilitated the obtainment of a higher MHR in some cases of ET in CLL. It is also possible that the obtainment of measurements of exhaled gases during all ETs in CLL and in only 10% of ETs in TRM can be influenced in the obtainment of a truly maximum test, either due to additional difficulties caused by the mouthpiece or for the reading of ventilation variables and indexes that favor the identification of a truly maximum exercise. With those considerations shown, some of the comparisons made, notably those of ECG, were limited. However, it is important to mention that this study involved a retrospective data analysis, without any intention in contributing or influencing the results obtained. When the examiner has an individual to be submitted to an ET, who brings the results from similar examinations, previously performed in that or another laboratory, is a common situation in medical practice. </p>
      <p>Theoretically it is possible to think that CLL is shown with physical coordination that not all individuals have and that for being restricted to a limited muscular mass, it would have a tendency to be early interrupted with a great component of peripheral fatigue, without the maximum cardiovascular performance being reached<sup>13,22</sup>, which leads us to conclude that the individual would finish the ET-CLL earlier than the ET-TRM, thus showing lower values for MHR. However, despite all these difficulties shown and as opposed to would be theoretically expected, the individuals in our study reached an MHR in CLL similar and even slightly, though without statistic meaning, higher than those obtained in TRM. In practice, it was more usual to obtain higher values in ET-CLL &#150; 57% vs. 43% &#150; than in ET-TRM. </p>
      <p>We could also speculate on the clinical condition of the individuals not being similar, after one to three years from ET-TRM, when the ET-CLL was performed. However, by analyzing logically, some factors that could influence the results, as the forecast value of MHR and the presence or progression of CAD, in fact they direct in the opposite way, which means, impairing the result from ET-CLL carried out in our laboratory, as the MHR decreases linearly with the age<sup>23</sup>, between 5 to 10 heartbeats for each decade<sup>24,25</sup>. Besides, individuals with CAD diagnosis tend to show a progressive record of the disease or, analyzing positively, a stabilization of the clinical features, contributing for a ET in CLL with lower values than those obtained in ET in TRM, which was not found in our results. </p>
      <p>Our study did not control systematically the level of aerobic training, although we know that none of the individuals tested in our laboratory participated in supervised exercise programs. However, that does not seem to be relevant, from the fact that MHR does not seem to vary appreciably in accordance to the level of physical training<sup>17,26,27</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our results, we verified similar values for MHR for the two ETs carried out in different ergometers, which should not happen under physiological conditions recommended for a maximum ET, in which higher values should have been found for TRM. When we analyze the results in terms of clinical condition, we could note that the coronary artery disease carriers showed lower values for MHR in both ergometers, which probably is due to the regular use of medications of negative chronotropic action, as well as the presence of cardiovascular diseases, which tend to compromise the chronotropic response to exercise, which has been showing to bring about a greater mortality risk<sup>9,28,29</sup>. </p>
      <p>Regarding the decrease of HR in the beginning of recovery, we were able to notice a higher speed in ET in CLL. However, that probably happened due to the fact that the recovery in CLL being performed passively and in supine position, and not in active way, in orthostatic position, as typically observed in ETs carried out in TRM. Recently, Gaibazzi et al.<sup>30</sup> observed a faster decrease of HR at the 1<sup>st</sup> minute of recovery in individuals tested in CLL and with a similar way of post-exercise recovery, which suggests that may be a real difference between the two ETs performed in the two types of ergometers. That matter surely deserves further studies with a thoroughly controlled methodology for its better clarifying. </p>
      <p>Another point to be emphasized was the presence of higher levels of SBP in CLL. An interesting theoretical possibility is that the difference in the values is due only to a greater facility, in terms of greater stability of the arm position of the assessed individual and the lower noise from the ergometer, and a better accuracy of reading (every 2 mmHg) during the ET in CLL, when compared to TRM, and not due to a real difference. Notwithstanding, the finding of higher systolic levels due to exercise in CLL is corroborated by the data of Wicks et al.<sup>19</sup> and of Niederberger et al.<sup>31</sup>. The greatest rise of SBP contributed expressively for the values of DP were significantly higher in CLL, especially for asymptomatic individuals, when compared to coronary artery disease carriers. For the DBP, the results found did not differ between the ergometers and between the subgroups per clinical condition either. </p>
      <p>The interpretation of ECG results must be carefully approached. In fact, there are real possibilities that the clinical condition of the patients was not exactly the same in both ETs, in terms of the period of time elapsed between them and the non-randomization of the sequence of ETs. Nevertheless, it seem peculiar that a tendency to greater changes in ST had happened in ET in TRM and that the arrhythmias were more frequent in ET in CLL carried out months or even some years later. From our point of view, considering the excellent level of socioeconomic condition and clinical follow-up of our individuals, it is possible that their clinical condition and, more specifically, the cardiovascular condition had been optimized after casual changes observed in the ET-TRM, which would result in less myocardial ischemia electrocardiographically identified in the ET carried out afterwards in CLL. In our opinion, concerning cardiac arrhythmias, there are two plausible explanations. The first refers to the fact that the cardiac vagal tonus tends to diminish with the age<sup>32</sup> and, therefore, the incidence of arrhythmias tends to increase along the years. The second possibility is that the examiners from other laboratories have not reported or valued in their reports and have not either recorded isolated and low frequency supraventricular extrasystoles along the ET. As saving digitally all rhythm tracings of ETs is a routine in our laboratory, we maybe have a greater possibility of identifying such arrhythmias. Notwithstanding such comments, we observed three cases of supraventricular tachycardia, two of short duration and one sustained for 65 seconds, in ETs in CLL, in individuals who did not have that pattern of arrhythmias due to exercise (two of them had rare and isolated supraventricular extrasystoles and the other did not show any arrhythmia in the previous ET in TRM). Generally, there are controversies in literature on this theme<sup>19-21</sup> that should be observed in future studies, as our study, due to its delineation, does not allow for answering. </p>
      <p>Finally, it is worthy trying to explain the reasons for which we had a relatively high MHR in ET in CLL in individuals studied in our laboratory. Maybe the most plausible explanation is the motivation of the examiner in obtaining a truly maximum ET, by using the MHR previously obtained in an ET in TRM as reference to be overcome and without considering casual values forecast through equations for MHR, as a criterion for interruption. In practice, 30% of our individuals (40% of those who did not use &#223;-blockers) exceeded the value of MHR forecast by the most commonly used equation of 220 &#150; age in the ET in CLL. It is possible that other laboratories and examiners did not have the same diligence and motivation, leading to ETs casually interrupted in submaximum levels. In this moment, a probably relevant mater stays without answer, would our individuals, with the same examiner, have reached higher levels of MHR in ET-TRM? Besides, it is possible to consider the possibility that the patients could have felt safer to reach their true maximum, in a Et in which they had total control over the moment of end, as in the CLL they would only need to stop pedaling, whereas in the TRM, they would probably feel depending on the physician to finish the exam and decrease the speed. Finally, our data suggest that other ways of analysis of behavior of HR during exercise, that not only the MHR obtained, must be researched, aiming at the clinical application for the characterization of a new physical exercise or ET as maximum. </p>
      <p>Considering the results obtained, it is possible to suggest that: the previous knowledge of the MHR obtained in a prior ET to distinguish from the MHR to be reached in a new ET seems to be useful; we should not use the MHR forecast through regression equations as a criterion to characterize an ET as truly maximum; with the duly diligence from the examiner it is possible to reach suitable MHR values in ETs carried out in CLL; the behavior of dHR is not directly comparable when the ETs are performed in CLL and TRM with different forms of posture (standing versus laying down) and of status (light exercise versus rest); values of SBP and, consequently, of RPP, seem to be higher in ETs performed in CLL; there can be differences in the behavior of the segment ST and the occurrence of arrhythmias, notably supraventricular, when the results from ETs obtained in CLL and TRM are compared. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo </p>
          <p> Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101 </p>
          <p> 22031-070 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mails: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="cgil@cardiol.br">cgil@cardiol.br</email> and </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="cgaraujo@iis.com.br">cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publishing on 07/13/2004 </p>
      <p> Accepted on 01/20/2005</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
