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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kHwRFqJbMR5gFXdd6ZchztM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500108</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001400008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica na transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gontijo Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Bayard</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fantini</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto de S. Thiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Sonia Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Heyden</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vrandecic</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rika</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vrandecic</surname>
            <given-names>Mario O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Biocor Instituto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>39</fpage>
      <lpage>44</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar o resultado cir&#250;rgico em portadores de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto, operados ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal. M&#201;TODOS: Entre janeiro de 1998 e mar&#231;o de 2004 foram atendidas 121 crian&#231;as com transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto, sendo 29 (24%) ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal. A sele&#231;&#227;o para tratamento cir&#250;rgico foi baseada na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica pelo c&#225;lculo da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da configura&#231;&#227;o do septo interventricular. Das 29 crian&#231;as, 12 foram selecionadas para corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria, 12 para corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios, ap&#243;s preparo cir&#250;rgico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e 5 submetidas a corre&#231;&#227;o atrial. RESULTADOS: No grupo submetido &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria houve 1 (8,3%) &#243;bito hospitalar por sepsis. No grupo de corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios, 5 pacientes foram submetidos ao preparo lento, com corre&#231;&#227;o 3-6 meses ap&#243;s o 1&#186; est&#225;gio, ocorrendo 4 &#243;bitos ap&#243;s o 1&#186; est&#225;gio. Este fato determinou mudan&#231;a no nosso protocolo, adotando-se a t&#233;cnica de preparo r&#225;pido nos outros 7 pacientes, tendo todos atingido o 2&#186; est&#225;gio. Das 8 crian&#231;as submetidas ao 2&#186; est&#225;gio houve 1 &#243;bito hospitalar e outro &#243;bito tardio. A evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tardia das crian&#231;as de ambos os grupos &#233; excelente. CONCLUS&#195;O: A sele&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica adequada da transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto quando abordada ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal, permitiu uma orienta&#231;&#227;o segura da escolha da melhor abordagem cir&#250;rgica nestes pacientes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>septo interventricular intacto</kwd>
        <kwd>corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>preparo ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica na transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Bayard Gontijo Filho; Fernando A. Fantini; Cristiane Martins; Roberto Max Lopes; Roberto de S. Thiago Pereira; Sonia Maria Rabelo; Eliana Heyden; &#201;rika Vrandecic; Mario O. Vrandecic </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Biocor Instituto - Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar o resultado cir&#250;rgico em portadores de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto, operados ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Entre janeiro de 1998 e mar&#231;o de 2004 foram atendidas 121 crian&#231;as com transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto, sendo 29 (24%) ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal. A sele&#231;&#227;o para tratamento cir&#250;rgico foi baseada na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica pelo c&#225;lculo da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da configura&#231;&#227;o do septo interventricular. Das 29 crian&#231;as, 12 foram selecionadas para corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria, 12 para corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios, ap&#243;s preparo cir&#250;rgico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e 5 submetidas a corre&#231;&#227;o atrial. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>No grupo submetido &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria houve 1 (8,3%) &#243;bito hospitalar por sepsis. No grupo de corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios, 5 pacientes foram submetidos ao preparo lento, com corre&#231;&#227;o 3-6 meses ap&#243;s o 1&#186; est&#225;gio, ocorrendo 4 &#243;bitos ap&#243;s o 1&#186; est&#225;gio. Este fato determinou mudan&#231;a no nosso protocolo, adotando-se a t&#233;cnica de preparo r&#225;pido nos outros 7 pacientes, tendo todos atingido o 2&#186; est&#225;gio. Das 8 crian&#231;as submetidas ao 2&#186; est&#225;gio houve 1 &#243;bito hospitalar e outro &#243;bito tardio. A evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tardia das crian&#231;as de ambos os grupos &#233; excelente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A sele&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica adequada da transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto quando abordada ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal, permitiu uma orienta&#231;&#227;o segura da escolha da melhor abordagem cir&#250;rgica nestes pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias, septo interventricular intacto, corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, preparo ventricular</p>
    <p> A corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica ou cirurgia de Jatene<sup>1</sup> no per&#237;odo neonatal &#233; a t&#233;cnica de escolha para tratamento cir&#250;rgico da transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (TGA) com septo interventricular intacto(SIVI). A opera&#231;&#227;o deve ser realizada at&#233; 15&#186; dia de vida, podendo este per&#237;odo ser estendido com certa seguran&#231;a at&#233; o final do 1&#186; m&#234;s<sup>2</sup>. Ap&#243;s essa data, a queda progressiva da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar recondiciona o desempenho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) a um circuito de baixa press&#227;o com diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva da sua massa muscular<sup>3</sup>. A corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica nesta circunst&#226;ncia pode precipitar uma descompensa&#231;&#227;o ventricular significativa no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato pela incapacidade do VE em assumir agudamente a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Determinar exatamente este momento &#233; muito importante, pois freq&#252;entemente, abordamos crian&#231;as que nos s&#227;o encaminhadas para corre&#231;&#227;o de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias ap&#243;s o 1&#186; m&#234;s de vida, que dever&#227;o ser selecionadas, atrav&#233;s de estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico para uma ainda poss&#237;vel corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria ou para um outro tipo de corre&#231;&#227;o (atrial ou anat&#244;mica em dois est&#225;gios) caso o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo n&#227;o esteja adequado para assumir a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Neste relato analisamos nossa experi&#234;ncia na abordagem de crian&#231;as portadoras de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto avaliadas ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O protocolo de corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria da transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto foi implantado em nosso servi&#231;o, de forma sistem&#225;tica, a partir de janeiro de 1998 e, dois anos depois, iniciamos o processo de corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica em dois est&#225;gios, ap&#243;s preparo ventricular, aceito pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica do Instituto em mar&#231;o de 1999. De janeiro de 1998 a mar&#231;o de 2004 foram atendidas 121 crian&#231;as portadoras de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto. Das 121 atendidas, 92 (76%) foram avaliadas ainda no 1&#186; m&#234;s de vida, todas submetidas &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria pela t&#233;cnica de Jatene. As outras 29 (24%) crian&#231;as foram encaminhadas, depois do 1&#186; m&#234;s de vida, devido a complica&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo neonatal ou mesmo pela demora de confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica foram selecionadas para tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Doze crian&#231;as, com idade m&#233;dia de 45,4 dias foram encaminhadas para corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria e outras 12, com idade m&#233;dia de 3,3 meses, para corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o do preparo ventricular. As outras cinco crian&#231;as, atendidas antes da corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios, foram submetidas &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o atrial pela t&#233;cnica de Senning. Nossa estrat&#233;gia inicial nos casos de corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios previa o preparo ventricular lento, segundo Yacoub e cols.<sup>4</sup>, com corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica tardia, geralmente entre 2 a 6 meses ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Este procedimento foi empregado em 5 crian&#231;as. Posteriormente esta t&#225;tica foi substitu&#237;da pela t&#233;cnica de preparo r&#225;pido preconizada por Jonas<sup>5</sup> com corre&#231;&#227;o definitiva realizada no mesmo per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, e empregada nos outros 7 pacientes. Os principais dados demogr&#225;ficos observados no grupo da corre&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e no de corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>, sendo identificadas diferen&#231;as significativas apenas na idade m&#233;dia na &#233;poca do primeiro procedimento cir&#250;rgico e do peso m&#233;dio dos pacientes nesta ocasi&#227;o. Para descri&#231;&#227;o da anatomia coronariana foi utilizada a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Yacoub e cols.<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0039-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica realizada em crian&#231;as admitidas durante o per&#237;odo neonatal n&#227;o influenciou nossa conduta, j&#225; que em todos os casos indicamos a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria sistem&#225;tica. No grupo atendido ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal, o ecocardiograma foi o fator determinante principal na sele&#231;&#227;o para tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Na admiss&#227;o da crian&#231;a foi realizado um ecocardiograma bidimensional por um &#250;nico observador (aparelho marca ATL, modelo HDI-3500), sendo considerados os par&#226;metros: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE (DDF), espessura da parede posterior (PPVE) e do septo interventricular (SIV) atrav&#233;s dos quais calculamos a massa mioc&#225;rdica do VE pela f&#243;rmula preconizada pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>3</sup>, posteriormente corrigida para a superf&#237;cie corporal<sup>6</sup>. Os cortes para-esternal e subcostal foram utilizados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da configura&#231;&#227;o do SIV, classificado em 3 tipos: tipo 1= SIV abaulando para o VD, tipo 2= SIV retificado e tipo 3= SIV abaulando para o VE (<italic>banana-shape</italic>). Al&#233;m disto verificamos a presen&#231;a de fluxo pelo canal arterial e a exist&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#245;es na via de sa&#237;da do VE. Um &#237;ndice de massa ventricular de 35 g/m<sup>2</sup> foi considerado limite inferior para indica&#231;&#227;o da corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria, associando-se a este dado a configura&#231;&#227;o do septo interventricular (tipos I ou II). A massa ventricular esquerda m&#233;dia do grupo de corre&#231;&#227;o em 2 est&#225;gios foi de 31,3 +0,926 g/m<sup>2</sup> (mediana=31,2), sendo que 66,7% das crian&#231;as apresentavam septo do tipo III (<italic>banana shape</italic>) e as demais apresentavam septo do tipo II. Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do 1&#186; est&#225;gio para preparo ventricular, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica di&#225;ria e reanalisados os seguintes par&#226;metros: a massa ventricular, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, a configura&#231;&#227;o do SIV e a determina&#231;&#227;o do gradiente atrav&#233;s da cerclagem da art&#233;ria pulmonar (AP) A indica&#231;&#227;o para a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica (2&#186; est&#225;gio) foi confirmada ap&#243;s aquisi&#231;&#227;o de massa ventricular significativa e da retifica&#231;&#227;o completa do SIV. </p>
    <p>O primeiro est&#225;gio foi realizado atrav&#233;s de toracotomia p&#243;stero-lateral esquerda no 4&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal. Confeccionamos a anastomose sist&#234;mico-pulmonar com pr&#243;tese de PTFE de 5 mm, interposta entre a art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda e a AP, sendo esta anastomose realizada na por&#231;&#227;o intraperic&#225;rdica da AP, ap&#243;s sec&#231;&#227;o do ligamento arterioso e ressec&#231;&#227;o de sua base. Com esta deriva&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica, facilitamos a abordagem da pr&#243;tese no 2&#186; tempo cir&#250;rgico e evitamos distor&#231;&#245;es e ader&#234;ncias junto ao ramo esquerdo da AP que necessita ser amplamente mobilizado durante a corre&#231;&#227;o definitiva. Em seguida realizamos a cerclagem da AP com tira de PTFE sendo monitorizadas, simultaneamente, as press&#245;es sist&#243;licas da cavidade ventricular esquerda e sist&#234;mica, estabelecendo-se como par&#226;metro uma rela&#231;&#227;o press&#227;o sist&#243;lica VE/sist&#234;mica pr&#243;xima de 0,7. Estabelecemos o uso sistem&#225;tico de milrinona e epinefrina no per e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato fazendo-se a transi&#231;&#227;o para vasodilatador oral ap&#243;s 48 h. A evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, quase sempre &#233; complicada por s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito, hipoxemia e olig&#250;ria devido a um aumento s&#250;bito da p&#243;s-carga imposto ao VE. Este quadro dura aproximadamente 48 h, exigindo cuidados cr&#237;ticos neste per&#237;odo. Ap&#243;s esta fase, observamos uma melhora progressiva do desempenho ventricular, acompanhada diariamente pela avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica at&#233; se atingir os par&#226;metros necess&#225;rios para indica&#231;&#227;o do 2&#186; est&#225;gio. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, prim&#225;ria ou como 2&#186; est&#225;gio (cirurgia de Jatene)<sup>7</sup>, j&#225; foi citada. Basicamente utilizamos a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) com hipotermia moderada (28&#186; C), associando-se a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o com nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio em regime de normofluxo arterial. A prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi realizada com dose &#250;nica de cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea. Foi utilizada a manobra de Lecompte em todos os pacientes, procedendo-se em seguida a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neo-aorta. A transfer&#234;ncia coronariana foi realizada ap&#243;s identifica&#231;&#227;o do local do implante, determinada com a aorta distendida pelo fluxo arterial. Empregamos normalmente o reimplante em bot&#227;o, sendo os retalhos do tipo <italic>trap-door</italic> indicados na presen&#231;a de &#243;stio coronariano &#250;nico ou de coron&#225;rias com trajeto retro-pulmonar. A reconstru&#231;&#227;o da neopulmonar foi realizada com dois retalhos de peric&#225;rdio aut&#243;logo. O fechamento secund&#225;rio do esterno foi indicado em situa&#231;&#245;es de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou de sangramento aumentado. </p>
    <p>O teste "T" de Student foi empregado para avaliar comparativamente os grupos quanto aos dados qualitativos. Os dados est&#227;o expressos na forma de mediana ou m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estabelecida para an&#225;lise foi de 5%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultado</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Das 12 crian&#231;as submetidas &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria, apenas uma faleceu, e a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 8,3%. Tratava-se de uma crian&#231;a de 34 dias de vida com anatomia coronariana do tipo IA (Yacoub) que apresentou instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica importante, acompanhada de bloqueio &#225;trioventricular total (BAVT) logo ap&#243;s a esternotomia exigindo a instala&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea em condi&#231;&#245;es desfavor&#225;veis. Ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o, foi mantida em protocolo de esternorrafia secund&#225;ria e evoluiu com s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito importante, necessitando altas doses de inotr&#243;picos. Ap&#243;s estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do quadro hemodin&#226;mico foi realizada a esternorrafia no 3&#186; dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (DPO) com boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, por&#233;m, sobrevindo quadro de infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, sepsis e &#243;bito no 8&#186; DPO. O tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia na terapia intensiva dos outros pacientes foi de 5,9 dias, sendo a estadia prolongada relacionada a problemas pulmonares ou a necessidade de ajustes farmacol&#243;gicos, como na transi&#231;&#227;o de aminas intravenosas para drogas vasodilatadoras orais. Houve um caso de reopera&#231;&#227;o para revis&#227;o de hemostasia. Em outro paciente, foi necess&#225;ria esternorrafia secund&#225;ria, com reaproxima&#231;&#227;o no 2&#186; DPO. A evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar n&#227;o apresentou intercorr&#234;ncias nos 11 sobreviventes, todos em &#243;tima condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>Entre os 5 pacientes submetidos ao preparo lento, houve 4 &#243;bitos ap&#243;s o 1&#186; est&#225;gio, antes de se completar a corre&#231;&#227;o definitiva, sendo 1 &#243;bito hospitalar e 3 ap&#243;s a alta. Esses &#243;bitos ocorreram durante a fase inicial; o 1&#186; ocorreu no primeiro paciente que evolu&#237;a bem e apresentou piora cl&#237;nica s&#250;bita e hipoxemia severa no 1&#186; DPO. Indicado estudo hemodin&#226;mico que demonstrou migra&#231;&#227;o da cerclagem da AP e obstru&#231;&#227;o do ramo direito da AP. A crian&#231;a foi reoperada em condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica vindo a falecer durante a reopera&#231;&#227;o. Dos 3 &#243;bitos ocorridos ap&#243;s alta hospitalar, dois ocorreram de forma s&#250;bita no 2&#186; e 3&#186; m&#234;s p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, respectivamente. A outra crian&#231;a foi reinternada com grave infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, no 2&#186; m&#234;s p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio vindo a falecer 48 h depois. Das 7 crian&#231;as submetidas ao preparo r&#225;pido todas completaram o protocolo, e efetuada a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica no mesmo per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares ocorreram em dois pacientes com boa resolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e uma outra crian&#231;a necessitou ser reoperada para revis&#227;o da anastomose sist&#234;mico-pulmonar, que apresentava trombose junto &#224; art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via. </p>
    <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de massa ventricular esquerda foi de aproximadamente 1,6 g/dia e este ganho n&#227;o ultrapassou 4,6 g/dia, com o pico m&#225;ximo da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica ocorrida em torno do 2&#186; DPO e prolongando-se at&#233; o final da 1&#186; semana (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). Nesse momento, a massa ventricular m&#233;dia foi 43,7+1,1 gm/m2 (mediana=44,2). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do VE que era de 63,5% +10,9% (mediana=66,5%) no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, apresentou queda significativa nos dois primeiros dias ap&#243;s o preparo, caindo para 37,0%+6,3% (mediana=39,2%), retornando gradativamente ao normal ao final de uma semana. O gradiente VE/TP m&#233;dio m&#225;ximo observado ao longo da 1&#186; semana foi de 55,7&#177;5,1 mmHg. A configura&#231;&#227;o do SIV j&#225; apresentava mudan&#231;as no 1&#186; DPO, e ap&#243;s o 5&#186; dia, 72,7% dos casos apresentavam SIV do tipo 2. Ao final de 1 semana 81,8% apresentavam SIV do tipo 1 e 18,2% do tipo 2, sempre acompanhado de ganho significativo de massa ventricular. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>). Em resumo, o preparo ventricular produziu altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e estruturais significativas no VE adequando-o &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica por volta do 10&#186; DPO. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0039-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0039-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O intervalo entre o 1&#186; e 2&#186; est&#225;gio no &#250;nico paciente que atingiu a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do grupo de preparo lento foi de 104 dias. Entre os 7 pacientes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica no mesmo per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, o intervalo entre os dois est&#225;gios variou de 14 a 36 dias (m&#233;dia=21,3 dias). O intervalo mais longo de 36 dias ocorreu em uma crian&#231;a que estava traqueostomisada antes do 1&#186; est&#225;gio e s&#243; foi submetida ao 2&#186; est&#225;gio ap&#243;s resolu&#231;&#227;o da traqueostomia. Em 4 pacientes, mesmo com um preparo adequado do VE j&#225; demonstrado pelo ecocardiograma, foi necess&#225;rio se estender o intervalo entre os procedimentos para resolu&#231;&#227;o de outros problemas cl&#237;nicos, na maioria das vezes de origem pulmonar. A mortalidade hospitalar nos 8 pacientes que atingiram o 2&#186; est&#225;gio foi de 1 (12,5%) paciente, ocorrida em crian&#231;a do grupo de preparo r&#225;pido com 18 dias de intervalo entre os dois procedimentos. Essa crian&#231;a apresentava anatomia coronariana de padr&#227;o cl&#225;ssico (tipo IA de Yacoub), e a cirurgia transcorreu sem complica&#231;&#245;es. J&#225; no CTI apresentou BAVT e insufici&#234;ncia ventricular aguda com importante repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, sugerindo problema coronariano. Foi submetida a reabertura esternal por&#233;m permanecendo com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular importante, falecendo no 2&#186; DPO. A perman&#234;ncia m&#233;dia no CTI entre os sobreviventes foi de 4,4 dias, e tamb&#233;m as causas pulmonares foram motivo de estadia prolongada. Foi observado ainda um &#243;bito ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar no 2&#186; m&#234;s de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em um caso que necessitou de tratamento antibacteriano prolongado sobrevindo infec&#231;&#227;o f&#250;ngica secund&#225;ria. As seis crian&#231;as que permanecem em controle cl&#237;nico n&#227;o apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica ou estenose na via de sa&#237;da do VD., estando todas em excelente condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>O resultado de toda s&#233;rie est&#225; resumido no fluxograma demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0039-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A corre&#231;&#227;o neonatal da transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto pela t&#233;cnica de Jatene tornou-se a principal forma de tratamento da doen&#231;a. Esta abordagem foi proposta inicialmente por Paul Ebert em 1980, tornando-se uma op&#231;&#227;o definitiva de tratamento ap&#243;s a publica&#231;&#227;o de Castaneda e cols. em 1984<sup>8</sup>, baseada na capacidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de assumir a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica durante esse per&#237;odo de vida, ap&#243;s o qual ele perde progressivamente a sua massa muscular tornando invi&#225;vel a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria. N&#227;o se pode definir exatamente quando o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo perde a capacidade de sustentar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. V&#225;rios fatores podem concorrer: a queda da resist&#234;ncia arteriolar pulmonar, a presen&#231;a de fluxo sangu&#237;neo pelo canal arterial, o tamanho da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial e a presen&#231;a de obstru&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do VE. Como um n&#250;mero significativo de crian&#231;as s&#227;o encaminhadas, tardiamente, para corre&#231;&#227;o da transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias, seja por dificuldades de diagn&#243;stico precoce ou por complica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas no per&#237;odo neonatal, &#233; fundamental que se determine a melhor conduta nesses pacientes. Esta avalia&#231;&#227;o deve definir se a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria &#233; ainda exeq&#252;&#237;vel ou se ser&#225; necess&#225;ria a corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios ou mesmo a corre&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;vel atrial. A import&#226;ncia deste fato pode ser atestada nesta nossa experi&#234;ncia, onde 24% das crian&#231;as portadoras de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto atendidas em pouco mais de 6 anos encontravam-se al&#233;m do per&#237;odo neonatal. Outros relatos da literatura apresentam percentuais que variam entre 3,1%<sup>9</sup> a 7,6%<sup>10</sup>, muito inferiores ao nosso. </p>
    <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica &#233; o principal m&#233;todo na defini&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal<sup>11</sup>. Com este exame, al&#233;m de se verificar o tamanho da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, a presen&#231;a e magnitude do fluxo pelo canal arterial e as obstru&#231;&#245;es na via de sa&#237;da do VE, podemos inferir a press&#227;o na cavidade ventricular esquerda e seu desenvolvimento muscular, que s&#227;o os par&#226;metros principais utilizados na nossa defini&#231;&#227;o. A presen&#231;a de abaulamento sist&#243;lico do septo interventricular em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; cavidade ventricular esquerda (septo tipo III ou <italic>banana shape</italic>) indica uma baixa press&#227;o no VE, refletindo o gradiente press&#243;rico significativo entre os 2 ventr&#237;culos. Apesar de ser um fator importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho ventricular, n&#227;o foi utilizado isoladamente j&#225; que v&#225;rias crian&#231;as, ainda dentro do per&#237;odo neonatal, podem apresentar o VE bastante comprimido e serem submetidas &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria sem problemas. </p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular foi outro dado fundamental no nosso julgamento pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Apesar de algumas limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao m&#233;todo, referentes &#224; forma do VE e que pode interferir no c&#225;lculo final da massa, este dado se mostrou eficaz na pr&#225;tica, n&#227;o s&#243; na indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica como tamb&#233;m na avalia&#231;&#227;o da matura&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o preparo. Utilizamos como limite inferior para indica&#231;&#227;o de corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica uma massa de 35 g/m<sup>2</sup>, sendo que tal par&#226;metro deve ser considerado juntamente com a configura&#231;&#227;o do septo interventricular. O achado de baixa massa muscular associado a um SIV do tipo II ou III nos pacientes fora do per&#237;odo neonatal &#233; para n&#243;s indicativo de corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios. J&#225; nos casos com SIV do tipo I ou II associado a um bom &#237;ndice de massa ventricular, &#233; indicada a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria. </p>
    <p>Por n&#227;o se conhecer exatamente quando o VE perde a capacidade de assumir a circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, torna-se dif&#237;cil determinar com precis&#227;o a idade limite para se efetuar a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica nos casos de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto. Existe consenso na literatura de que a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria deva ser realizada at&#233; os 15 dias de vida, podendo este per&#237;odo ser estendido ainda com seguran&#231;a at&#233; a 3&#170; ou 4&#170; semana de vida, segundo a maioria dos autores<sup>4,8,10</sup>. J&#225; a abordagem ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal &#233; controversa e as experi&#234;ncias publicadas apresentam geralmente um n&#250;mero pequeno de pacientes. Lacourt-Gayet e cols.<sup>12</sup> e Iyer e cols.<sup>11</sup> advogam a sele&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica para corre&#231;&#227;o em 1 ou 2 est&#225;gios nestes casos. Davis e cols.<sup>10</sup> e Ducan e cols.<sup>13</sup> indicam a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria em todos os pacientes at&#233; o 2&#186; m&#234;s de vida, baseados em uma terap&#234;utica vasodilatadora agressiva e uso ocasional de assist&#234;ncia ventricular no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Nossa conduta nos portadores de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto foi de indicar a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria sistem&#225;tica em todos os pacientes no per&#237;odo neonatal e promover a sele&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica para corre&#231;&#227;o em um ou dois est&#225;gios, nos casos atendidos ap&#243;s os 30 dias de vida. Desta forma foram realizadas 104 corre&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas prim&#225;rias, sendo 92 no per&#237;odo neonatal com uma mortalidade hospitalar de 6,5% e 12 ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal com uma mortalidade de 8,3%, resultado que n&#227;o apresenta signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p=0,59). Dos 12 pacientes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria fora do per&#237;odo neonatal, 11 encontravam-se na faixa et&#225;ria de 30 a 60 dias de vida e apenas 1 com mais de 60 dias de vida. Portanto nossa experi&#234;ncia confirma ser poss&#237;vel realizar a corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria, na maioria das crian&#231;as, at&#233; o 2&#186; m&#234;s de vida, com uma mortalidade semelhante &#224; observada no per&#237;odo neonatal. Apenas um paciente atendido nesta faixa et&#225;ria, que apresentava par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos desfavor&#225;veis, foi encaminhado para corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios, nossa op&#231;&#227;o nesta circunst&#226;ncia, uma vez que n&#227;o dispomos de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular prolongada, que podem ser necess&#225;rios no controle p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o para corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios ou para corre&#231;&#227;o atrial prevaleceu no grupo de crian&#231;as encaminhadas ap&#243;s 60 dias de vida, e apenas uma entre 16 atendidas neste per&#237;odo foi submetida &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Para corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios, nosso protocolo inicial previa uma corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica tardia, na qual o intervalo entre os dois est&#225;gios oscilava entre 2 a 6 meses. Com esta conduta n&#227;o obtivemos um resultado satisfat&#243;rio; houve um &#243;bito no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato por problemas t&#233;cnicos (migra&#231;&#227;o da cerclagem) e outros tr&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, dois de forma s&#250;bita e outro por infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Yacoub e cols.<sup>4</sup>, em 1980, relataram 20 casos submetidos a estadiamento tardio, com uma mortalidade imediata de 3 pacientes; 14 posteriormente submetidos ao 2&#186; est&#225;gio ocorrendo 4 &#243;bitos (29%). A principal vantagem do preparo lento estaria relacionada a um melhor condicionamento do VE que propiciaria melhores resultados a longo prazo, fato este que ainda necessita maiores observa&#231;&#245;es. Por outro lado, o intervalo longo entre os est&#225;gios pode ser fonte de problemas com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a da cerclagem, tais como distor&#231;&#245;es do tronco e ramos da art&#233;ria pulmonar e uma incid&#234;ncia aumentada de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica tardia<sup>8,9</sup>. Outra complica&#231;&#227;o descrita com o preparo lento foi o desenvolvimento de fibroelastose ventricular e que foi causa de mortalidade ap&#243;s o 2&#186; est&#225;gio<sup>14</sup>. Al&#233;m desses fatores, a dificuldade de controle apropriado ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar de alguns pacientes tamb&#233;m favorece a corre&#231;&#227;o precoce com preparo r&#225;pido. A mudan&#231;a para a estrat&#233;gia de preparo r&#225;pido com realiza&#231;&#227;o dos dois est&#225;gios em um &#250;nico per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o melhorou sensivelmente nossos resultados, e os 7 pacientes assim conduzidos atingiram o 2&#186; est&#225;gio. A evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica di&#225;ria nos permitiu acompanhar as altera&#231;&#245;es induzidas pelo preparo ventricular estabelecendo-se com seguran&#231;a o ponto de matura&#231;&#227;o ideal para a corre&#231;&#227;o definitiva. Os dados encontrados na nossa amostra coincidem com os dados de outras publica&#231;&#245;es que definem o per&#237;odo ideal para o 2&#186; est&#225;gio entre o 9&#186; e o 15&#186; dia ap&#243;s o preparo. Existem evid&#234;ncias que pacientes acima de um ano de idade possam requerer um intervalo de preparo mais prolongado para atingir o preparo ventricular adequado<sup>11,15</sup>. No nosso material, o paciente de maior idade tinha 225 dias de vida e foi submetido ao 2&#186; est&#225;gio no 19&#186; DPO, com &#243;timos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Temos seguido a orienta&#231;&#227;o de Ilbawi e cols.<sup>16</sup>, evitando-se uma cerclagem muito apertada da art&#233;ria pulmonar, o que pode induzir isquemia subendoc&#225;rdica. Este detalhe facilita sensivelmente a manipula&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio sem influenciar negativamente no preparo do VE. A possibilidade de se realizar a cerclagem ajust&#225;vel da AP tem sido investigada e poder&#225; ter boa aplicabilidade principalmente nos casos abordados tardiamente<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar da maioria dos trabalhos apresentar uma boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em crian&#231;as submetidas &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o preparo r&#225;pido VE, n&#227;o se pode afirmar se a qualidade do mioc&#225;rdio gerado &#233; semelhante ou n&#227;o ao nativo. Como depois de algumas semanas de vida o mi&#243;cito perde a capacidade de mitose, a adapta&#231;&#227;o do VE ap&#243;s o preparo se d&#225; exclusivamente por hipertrofia sem a prolifera&#231;&#227;o coronariana correspondente, este fato poder&#225; limitar o resultado a longo prazo<sup>15</sup>. De qualquer maneira, parece claro que o preparo ventricular, quando realizado mais precocemente, &#233; mais efetivo no remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Em crian&#231;as maiores de 6 meses de idade os resultados obtidos com o preparo r&#225;pido n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#227;o consistentes quanto aqueles realizados precocemente. Poucos ser&#227;o os pacientes abordados acima de 1 ano de vida e neste caso o procedimento de escolha ainda n&#227;o est&#225; definido. O preparo lento com cerclagem ajust&#225;vel dever&#225; ser a t&#233;cnica mais indicada nesta situa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nossa experi&#234;ncia demonstra a import&#226;ncia de se estabelecer uma conduta cir&#250;rgica segura para as crian&#231;as portadoras de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto, quando atendidas ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo neonatal. O ecocardiograma atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o do septo interventricular e do c&#225;lculo da massa do VE &#233; o principal m&#233;todo para sele&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Neste grupo expressivo de pacientes, que em nosso material correspondeu a 24% de todo o grupo de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias com septo interventricular intacto, atendido em um per&#237;odo de pouco mais de 6 anos, foi poss&#237;vel a corre&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria na grande maioria dos pacientes, quando atendidos at&#233; 60 dias de vida. A partir desta idade a maioria dos pacientes apresenta par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos desfavor&#225;veis para corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica prim&#225;ria. Nesta circunst&#226;ncia os pacientes devem ser encaminhados ou para corre&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel atrial ou para corre&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica em dois est&#225;gios. Na corre&#231;&#227;o em dois est&#225;gios, a t&#233;cnica de preparo r&#225;pido apresentou melhores resultados quando comparada ao preparo lento, tornando-se nossa op&#231;&#227;o atual para esses pacientes. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Bayard Gontijo Filho - Rua Felipe dos Santos, 319/1201 </p>
        <p> 30180-160 - Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="bgontijo@cardiol.br">bgontijo@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 29/06/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 23/11/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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            <year>1988</year>
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          <fpage>354</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <volume>96</volume>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Surgical strategy for transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum after the neonatal period</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the surgical results in patients with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum undergoing surgery after the neonatal period. METHODS: From January 1998 to March 2004, 121 children with transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum were treated, 29 (24%) of whom after the neonatal period. Selection for surgical treatment was based on echocardiographic assessment by use of the calculation of left ventricular mass and configuration of the ventricular septum. Of the 29 children, 12 were selected for primary anatomic correction, 12 for 2-stage correction after surgical preparation of the left ventricle, and 5 underwent atrial correction. RESULTS: In the group undergoing primary anatomic correction, one (8.3%) patient died at the hospital due to sepsis. In the group undergoing 2-stage correction, 5 patients underwent slow preparation with correction 3-6 months after the first stage, 4 of whom died after the first stage. This fact caused a change in our protocol, with adoption of the rapid preparation technique in the other 7 patients, of whom all achieved the second stage. Of the 8 children undergoing the second stage, one died at the hospital and another died later. Late clinical evolution of the children in both groups is excellent. CONCLUSION: The echocardiographic selection allowed a safe choice of the best surgical approach for patients with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum after the neonatal period.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>transposition of the great arteries</kwd>
        <kwd>intact ventricular septum</kwd>
        <kwd>anatomic correction</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular preparation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Surgical strategy for transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum after the neonatal period</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Bayard Gontijo Filho; Fernando A. Fantini; Cristiane Martins; Roberto Max Lopes; Roberto de S. Thiago Pereira; Sonia Maria Rabelo; Eliana Heyden; &#201;rika Vrandecic; Mario O. Vrandecic </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Biocor Instituto - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the surgical results in patients with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum undergoing surgery after the neonatal period. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>From January 1998 to March 2004, 121 children with transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum were treated, 29 (24%) of whom after the neonatal period. Selection for surgical treatment was based on echocardiographic assessment by use of the calculation of left ventricular mass and configuration of the ventricular septum. Of the 29 children, 12 were selected for primary anatomic correction, 12 for 2-stage correction after surgical preparation of the left ventricle, and 5 underwent atrial correction. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>In the group undergoing primary anatomic correction, one (8.3%) patient died at the hospital due to sepsis. In the group undergoing 2-stage correction, 5 patients underwent slow preparation with correction 3-6 months after the first stage, 4 of whom died after the first stage. This fact caused a change in our protocol, with adoption of the rapid preparation technique in the other 7 patients, of whom all achieved the second stage. Of the 8 children undergoing the second stage, one died at the hospital and another died later. Late clinical evolution of the children in both groups is excellent. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The echocardiographic selection allowed a safe choice of the best surgical approach for patients with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum after the neonatal period. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>transposition of the great arteries, intact ventricular septum, anatomic correction, ventricular preparation</p>
      <p>The Jatene's anatomic or surgical correction<sup>1</sup> in the neonatal period is the surgical technique of choice for the treatment of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with intact ventricular septum (IVS). The operation should be performed until the 15th day of life, and this period may be extended with relative safety until the end of the first month<sup>2</sup>. After that period, the progressive drop in pulmonary vascular resistance reconditions the performance of the left ventricle (LV) to a low-pressure circuit with progressive reduction in its muscle mass<sup>3</sup>. Surgical correction in such circumstance may precipitate a significant ventricular decompensation in the immediate postoperative period because of the incapacity of the LV to acutely assume systemic circulation. The exact determination of that moment is very important, because, we often approach children referred for correction of transposition of the great arteries after the first month of life. Such patients should be selected through an echocardiographic study for a still possible primary anatomic correction or for another type of correction (atrial or 2-stage anatomic), if the left ventricle is not adequate to assume the systemic function. </p>
      <p>In this study, we analyzed our experience in approaching children with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum after the neonatal period. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The protocol of primary anatomic correction for transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum was systematically implanted in our service from January 1998 onwards. Two years later, we initiated the process of 2-stage anatomic correction after ventricular preparation, accepted by the committee on ethics of the Biocor Institute in March 1999. From January 1998 to March 2004, 121 children with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum were treated. Of the 121 children, 92 (76%) were assessed still in their first month of life, and all of them underwent Jatene's primary correction. The other 29 (24%) children were referred to our service after their first month of life due to complications in the neonatal period or even a delay in their diagnosis. After clinical and echocardiographic evaluation, they were selected for surgical treatment. Twelve children with a mean age of 45.4 days were referred for primary anatomic correction, and 12 others with a mean age of 3.3 months were referred for 2-stage correction after ventricular preparation. The other five children, who were treated before the introduction of the 2-stage correction, underwent atrial correction according to the Senning's technique. Our initial strategy in cases of 2-stage correction included slow ventricular preparation, according to Yacoub et al<sup>4</sup>, with late anatomic correction, usually between 2 and 6 months after hospital discharge. This procedure was used in 5 children. Later this technique was replaced by that of rapid preparation recommended by Jonas<sup>5</sup> with definitive correction performed during the same period of hospitalization, and was used in our other 7 patients. The major demographic data observed in the primary correction group and in the 2-stage correction group are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. Significant differences were only identified in the mean age at the time of the first surgical procedure and in the mean weight of patients at that occasion. The classification by Yacoub et al<sup>4 </sup>was used for describing the coronary anatomy. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0039-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The echocardiographic assessment performed in children admitted during the neonatal period did not influence our management, because in all such cases we recommended systematic primary anatomic correction. However, in the group treated after the neonatal period, the echocardiogram was the major factor determining the surgical treatment. On hospital admission, 2-dimensional echocardiography was performed by a single observer (ATL device, HDI-3500 model), and the following parameters were considered: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (EDD); LV posterior wall thickness (LVPW); and ventricular septum thickness (VS). Left ventricular myocardial mass was calculated by using the parameters just cited and the formula recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>3</sup>, and was later corrected for body surface<sup>6</sup>. The parasternal and subcostal views were used for assessing the configuration of the VS, which was classified into the following 3 types: type I = VS bulging into the RV; type II = straightened VS; and type III = VS bulging into the LV (banana-shape). In addition, we observed the presence of blood flow in the ductus arteriosus and obstructions in the LV outflow tract. A ventricular mass index of 35 g/m<sup>2</sup> was considered the lower limit for indicating primary anatomic correction, in association with the configuration of the ventricular septum (types I or II). In the 2-stage correction group, the mean left ventricular mass was 31.3+0.926 g/m<sup>2</sup> (median=31.2), 66.7% of the children had type III septum (banana shape), and the remaining had type II septum. After undergoing the first stage of ventricular preparation, the patients underwent daily echocardiographic evaluation and the following parameters were reanalyzed: ventricular mass, LV systolic function, configuration of the VS, and determination of the gradient through pulmonary artery (PA) banding. Indication for anatomic correction (second stage) was confirmed after acquisition of a significant ventricular mass and complete straightening of the VS. </p>
      <p>The first stage was performed through left posterolateral thoracotomy in the fourth intercostal space. The systemic-pulmonary anastomosis was performed with a 5 mm PTFE prosthesis interposed between the left subclavian artery and the PA, and this anastomosis was performed in the intrapericardial portion of the PA, after sectioning the ligamentum arteriosum and resecting its base. With this technical diversion, we facilitated the approach of the prosthesis on the second surgical time and avoided distortions and adherences close to the left branch of the PA, which requires wide mobilization during the definitive correction. Then PA banding was performed with a PTFE band, the systemic and left ventricular systolic pressures were simultaneously monitored, and a LV systolic pressure/systemic pressure ratio close to 0.7 was established as a parameter. The systematic use of milrinone and epinephrine was established during the peri- and immediate postoperative periods, and transition to oral vasodilator occurred after 48 hours. The postoperative evolution is almost always complicated by low-output syndrome, hypoxemia, and oliguria due to a sudden increase in the afterload imposed to the LV. This lasts approximately 48 hours and requires critical care during that period. After that phase, a progressive improvement in ventricular performance is observed and should be daily followed up with echocardiographic assessment until the parameters required for indication of the second stage are achieved. </p>
      <p>The technique of anatomic correction, primary or second stage (Jatene's surgery)<sup>7</sup>, has already been cited. Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) with moderate hypothermia (28&#186; C) was basically used in association with vasodilation with sodium nitroprusside in a regimen of arterial normal flow. Myocardial protection was performed with a single dose of blood cardioplegia. The Lecompte maneuver was used in all patients, and then the neoaorta was reconstructed. Coronary transference was performed after identifying the site of implantation, determined with the aorta distended by the arterial flow. Button reimplantation is usually used, and trapdoor flaps are indicated in the presence of single coronary ostium or of coronary arteries with retropulmonary trajectory. The neopulmonary artery was reconstructed with 2 flaps of autologous pericardium. The secondary closure of the sternum was indicated in situations of ventricular dysfunction or increased bleeding. </p>
      <p>The Student <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare the groups in regard to qualitative data. Data were expressed as median or mean &#177; standard deviation. The significance level adopted for analysis was 5%. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 12 children undergoing primary anatomic correction, only one died, and in-hospital mortality was 8.3%. That child was 34 days old and had type IA coronary anatomy (Yacoub). The child had significant hemodynamic instability accompanied by total atrioventricular block (TAVB) right after sternotomy, which required the installation of extracorporeal circulation under unfavorable conditions. After correction, the child was kept in the protocol of secondary sternorhaphy and evolved with a significant low-output syndrome, requiring high doses of inotropic agents. After hemodynamic stabilization, sternorhaphy was performed on the third postoperative day (POD), and the cardiovascular evolution was good. However, pulmonary infection occurred, being followed by sepsis and death on the eighth POD. </p>
      <p>The mean intensive care unit length of stay (ICULOS) of the other patients was 5.9 days, and a prolonged ICULOS was related to pulmonary problems or the need for pharmacological adjustments, such as the transition from intravenous amines to oral vasodilating drugs. One patient required reoperation for hemostasia revision. Another patient required secondary sternorhaphy, with re-approximation on the second POD. After hospital discharge, all 11 survivors had an uneventful evolution, being in excellent clinical conditions. </p>
      <p>Of the 5 patients undergoing slow preparation, 4 died after the first stage, before completing the definitive correction. One of those deaths occurred during the in-hospital phase and 3 after discharge. Those deaths occurred during the initial phase. The first patient who died was evolving well, but had a sudden clinical worsening and severe hypoxemia on the first POD. The patient underwent hemodynamic study that showed migration of the PA band and obstruction of the right branch of the PA. Reoperation was performed under critical conditions, and the child died during reoperation. Of the 3 deaths occurring after hospital discharge, 2 occurred suddenly in the second and third postoperative months. The other child was readmitted to the hospital with severe pulmonary infection in the second postoperative month, and died after 48 hours. Of the 7 children undergoing rapid preparation, all completed the protocol, and anatomic correction was performed during the same period of hospitalization. Pulmonary complications were observed in 2 patients, but a good clinical resolution occurred. Another child required reoperation for revising the systemic-pulmonary anastomosis, which had a thrombus close to the subclavian artery. </p>
      <p>Left ventricular mass acquisition was approximately 1.6 g/day, and such gain did not exceed 4.6 g/day, with a maximum peak of myocardial hypertrophy occurring around the second POD and prolonging until the end of the first week (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). At that time, mean ventricular mass was 43.7+1.1 gm/m<sup> 2</sup> (median= 44.2). The mean LV ejection fraction, which was 63.5%+10.9% (median=66.5%) in the preoperative period, had a significant drop in the first 2 days after preparation, decreased to 37.0%+ 6.3% (median=39.2%), and gradually returned to normal values at the end of one week. The mean maximum LV/PT gradient observed throughout the first week was 55.7&#177;5.1 mmHg. The configuration of the VS already showed changes on the first POD, and, after the fifth day, 72.7% of the cases showed type II VS. At the end of one week, 81.8% had type I VS, and 18.2% had type II VS, always accompanied by a significant gain in ventricular mass (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). Briefly, ventricular preparation caused significant hemodynamic and structural alterations in the LV, which was adequate to anatomic correction around the tenth POD. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0039-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0039-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The interval between the first and second stages in the only patient who achieved anatomic correction in the slow preparation group was 104 days. In the 7 patients undergoing anatomic correction during the same period of hospitalization, the interval between the 2 stages ranged from 14 to 36 days (mean=21.3 days). The longest 36-day interval occurred in a child who had undergone tracheostomy before the first stage, and only underwent the second stage after resolution of the tracheostomy. Four patients, even with an adequate LV preparation already demonstrated on echocardiography, required an extension of the interval between the procedures for resolving other clinical problems, most of them of pulmonary origin. In regard to in-hospital mortality, of the 8 patients reaching the second stage, one (12.5%), who belonged to the rapid preparation group, died. This child had a classic pattern coronary anatomy (type IA of Yacoub), the interval between the 2 procedures was 18 days, and the surgery was uneventful. However, at the ICU, the child had TAVB and acute ventricular failure with a significant hemodynamic repercussion, which suggested a coronary problem. Sternal reopening was performed, but the child remained with a significant ventricular dysfunction and died on the second POD. The mean ICU length of stay among the survivors was 4.4 days, and the prolonged ICULOS was also due to pulmonary problems. One patient died after hospital discharge in the second postoperative month, after requiring prolonged antibacterial treatment and experiencing secondary fungal infection. The 6 children who remain under clinical control have no echocardiographic alterations regarding ventricular function, aortic regurgitation, or stenosis of the RV outflow tract. All of them are in excellent clinical conditions. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the results of the entire case series. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0039-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Neonatal correction of transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum according to the Jatene's technique became the main treatment for the condition. That approach was initially proposed by Paul Ebert in 1980 and became a definitive option of treatment after the report by Castaneda et al<sup>8 </sup>in 1984. The latter was based on the left ventricular capacity of assuming the systemic circulation during that period of life, after which, the LV progressively looses its muscle mass, which makes primary anatomic correction unfeasible. Exactly when the left ventricle looses its capacity to sustain the systemic function cannot be defined, but the following factors may influence it: the drop in pulmonary arteriolar resistance; the presence of blood flow in the ductus arteriosus; the size of the atrial septal defect; and the presence of obstruction in the LV outflow tract. Because a significant number of children are referred for correction of transposition of the great arteries in a late phase, due to both difficulties in the early diagnosis and complications in the neonatal period, the best management for such patients must be determined. This assessment should define whether the primary anatomic correction is still feasible, or whether the 2-stage correction, or even the atrial correction, will be required. The importance of such fact could be confirmed in our study, carried out for more than 6 years, because 24% of the children with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum were beyond the neonatal period. Other studies have reported percentages ranging from 3.1%<sup>9</sup> to 7.6%<sup>10</sup>, which are much lower than ours. </p>
      <p>Echocardiographic selection is the major method for defining the surgical treatment after the neonatal period<sup>11</sup>. With that examination, in addition to assessing the size of the atrial septal defect, the presence and magnitude of the blood flow through the ductus arteriosus, and the obstructions in the LV outflow tract, one may infer the pressure in the left ventricular cavity and its muscular development, which are the major parameters used in our definition. The presence of systolic bulging of the ventricular septum towards the left ventricular cavity (type III or banana-shape septum) indicates a low LV pressure, reflecting the significant pressure gradient between the 2 ventricles. Although that is an important factor in assessing ventricular performance, it has not been used in isolation, because several children within the neonatal period may have a very compressed LV, and may undergo uneventful primary correction. </p>
      <p>Determination of ventricular mass was another fundamental point in our preoperative assessment. Despite some limitations related to the method and referring to the LV shape, which may interfere with the final calculation of ventricular mass, that information proved to be effective in practice, not only for surgical indication, but also for ventricular maturation assessment after preparation. A mass of 35 g/m<sup>2</sup> was used as the lowest limit for indicating anatomical correction, and that parameter should be considered with the configuration of the ventricular septum. The finding of a small muscular mass in association with a type II or III VS in patients beyond the neonatal period is for us an indicator of 2-stage correction. However, in patients with type I or II VS in association with a good ventricular mass index, primary anatomic correction is indicated. </p>
      <p>Because we do not know exactly when the LV looses its capacity to assume the systemic circulation, it is difficult to accurately determine the borderline age to perform anatomic correction in cases of transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum. Consensus exists in the literature that primary anatomic correction should be performed until the 15th day of life, and that period may be even safely extended up to the third or fourth week of life, according to most authors<sup>4,8,10</sup>. However, the approach after the neonatal period is controversial, and only experiences with a small number of patients have been usually reported. Lacourt-Gayet et al<sup>12</sup> and Iyer et al<sup>11</sup> have proposed clinical and echocardiographic selection for one- or 2-stage corrections in such cases. Davis et al<sup>10</sup> and Ducan et al<sup>13</sup> have recommended primary anatomic correction in all patients until the second month of life, based on an aggressive vasodilating therapy and the occasional use of ventricular support in the postoperative period. Our management for patients with transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum was to indicate systematic primary anatomic correction in all patients in the neonatal period and to promote the echocardiographic selection for one- or 2-stage correction in patients treated after the 30th day of life. Therefore, 104 primary anatomic corrections were performed, 92 in the neonatal period, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 6.5%, and 12 after the neonatal period, with a mortality rate of 8.3%; the result has no statistical significance (P=0.59). Of the 12 patients undergoing primary anatomic correction beyond the neonatal period, 11 were in the age group between 30 and 60 days of life, and only one was older than 60 days. Therefore, our experience confirms that primary anatomic correction may be performed in most children until the second month of life, with a mortality rate similar to that observed in the neonatal period. Only one patient in that age group, who had unfavorable echocardiographic parameters, was referred for 2-stage correction, our option in that circumstance, because we do not have devices for prolonged ventricular support, which may be required for postoperative control. </p>
      <p>The indication for 2-stage correction or for atrial correction prevailed in the group of children referred after the 60th day of life, and only one out of 16 children treated during that period underwent primary correction. For 2-stage correction, our initial protocol predicted a late anatomic correction, in which the interval between the 2 stages ranged from 2 to 6 months. Our result with this management was not satisfactory; one patient died in the immediate postoperative period due to technical problems (migration of the PA band), and 3 others died after hospital discharge, 2 of whom suddenly and the third patient due to pulmonary infection. In 1980, Yacoub et al<sup>4</sup> reported the cases of 20 patients undergoing late staging, with an immediate mortality of 3 patients; later, 14 patients underwent the second stage, with 4 deaths (29%). The major advantage of slow preparation can be related to better conditioning of the LV, which provides better results in the long run, a fact that still requires further observation. On the other hand, the long interval between the stages may be the source of problems related to the presence of PA banding, such as distortions in the pulmonary trunk and branches, and a greater incidence of late aortic insufficiency<sup>8,9</sup>. Another complication reported in the slow preparation was the development of ventricular fibroelastosis, a cause of mortality after the second stage<sup>14</sup>. In addition to those factors, the difficulty in the appropriate control of some patients after hospital discharge also favors the early correction in rapid preparation. Change to the rapid preparation strategy with the 2 stages being performed in the same hospitalization period significantly improved our results, and the 7 patients treated in such way achieved the second stage. Daily echocardiographic evolution allowed us to accompany the alterations induced by ventricular preparation, safely establishing the ideal point of maturation for definitive correction. The data found in our sample coincide with those of other publications that define the ideal period for the second stage as between the ninth and fifteenth days after preparation. Evidence exists that patients above the age of one year may require a more prolonged interval of preparation to achieve adequate ventricularpreparation<sup>11,15</sup>. In our sample, the oldest patient was 225 days old and underwent the second stage on the 19<sup>th</sup> POD with excellent echocardiographic parameters. We have followed the recommendation of Ilbawi et al<sup>16</sup>, avoiding a very tight pulmonary artery band, which may induce subendocardial ischemia. This detail significantly facilitates manipulation in the postoperative period without negative influence on LV preparation. The possibility of performing adjustable PA banding has been investigated, and may have good applicability, mainly in patients approached later<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although most studies have reported a good clinical evolution in children undergoing correction after rapid LV preparation, it cannot be stated if the quality of the myocardium generated is similar to that of the native. Because after some weeks of life the myocyte looses its mitotic capacity and LV adaptation after preparation results exclusively from hypertrophy without the corresponding coronary proliferation, this fact can limit the long-term result<sup>15</sup>. Nevertheless, it seems clear that ventricular preparation, when performed earlier, is more effective in left ventricular remodeling. In children older than 6 months of age, the results obtained with rapid preparation have not been as consistent as those performed earlier. Few patients older than one year will be approached, and, for them, the best procedure has not yet been defined. Slow preparation with adjustable PA banding should be the most indicated technique in such situation. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, our experience shows the importance of establishing a safe surgical approach for children with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum treated after the neonatal period. Assessment of the ventricular septum and calculation of the LV mass by use of echocardiography is the major method for selecting surgical treatment. In that significant group of patients, which in our sample corresponded to 24% of the entire group of transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum treated for a period longer than 6 years, primary correction could be performed in the great majority of the patients, when treated until the 60th day of life. From that age onwards, most patients have unfavorable echocardiographic parameters for primary anatomic correction. In such circumstance, the patients should be referred for either atrial or 2-stage anatomic correction. In the 2-stage correction, the rapid preparation technique provided better results when compared with those of slow preparation, and is our current option for such patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Bayard Gontijo Filho </p>
          <p> Rua Felipe dos Santos, 319/1201 </p>
          <p> 30180-160 - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="bgontijo@cardiol.br">bgontijo@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publication: 06/29/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 11/23/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
