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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">T5vgSXbqg8WvRKHfMKbYPnv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001400007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001400007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desmame da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica utilizando press&#227;o de suporte ou tubo T: compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes cardiopatas e n&#227;o cardiopatas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Doval da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rieder</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Regina Rios</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>32</fpage>
      <lpage>38</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar vari&#225;veis cardiorrespirat&#243;rias durante o desmame com as t&#233;cnicas tubo T e press&#227;o de suporte e compar&#225;-las em grupos de cardiopatas e n&#227;o cardiopatas. M&#201;TODOS: Avaliados 20 pacientes (57&#177;15 anos) quanto &#224;: oxigena&#231;&#227;o, elimina&#231;&#227;o de CO2, freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e card&#237;aca, volume corrente e volume minuto, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. Os dados foram registrados, em ambas as t&#233;cnicas, aos zero, 15 e 30 min, com intervalo de 30 min. Os pacientes foram divididos em cardiopatas (n=11) e n&#227;o cardiopatas (n=9) e comparados. RESULTADOS: Comparando-se press&#227;o de suporte com tubo T demonstraram-se: valores de oxigena&#231;&#227;o e elimina&#231;&#227;o de CO2 significativamente mais elevados e freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria reduzidos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; press&#227;o arterial e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Comparando-se cardiopatas versus n&#227;o cardiopatas, foram verificadas, respectivamente, altera&#231;&#245;es de segmento ST em 7 (64%) versus 2 (22%), arritmias em 3 (27%) versus 1 (11%) e menor ocorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia. CONCLUS&#195;O: Na compara&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o de suporte com tubo T uma melhor resposta foi observada nas medidas de par&#226;metros respirat&#243;rios e de oxigena&#231;&#227;o com o uso de press&#227;o de suporte, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as significativas nas medidas de par&#226;metros cardiovasculares. Houve menor ocorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia, maior ocorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es de segmento ST e tend&#234;ncia &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias nos cardiopatas, em ambos os modos de desmame.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>desmame</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desmame da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica utilizando press&#227;o de suporte ou tubo T. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes cardiopatas e n&#227;o cardiopatas </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alexandre Doval da Costa; Marcelo de Mello Rieder; Silvia Regina Rios Vieira </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, RS </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar vari&#225;veis cardiorrespirat&#243;rias durante o desmame com as t&#233;cnicas tubo T e press&#227;o de suporte e compar&#225;-las em grupos de cardiopatas e n&#227;o cardiopatas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Avaliados 20 pacientes (57&#177;15 anos) quanto &#224;: oxigena&#231;&#227;o, elimina&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub>, freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e card&#237;aca, volume corrente e volume minuto, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. Os dados foram registrados, em ambas as t&#233;cnicas, aos zero, 15 e 30 min, com intervalo de 30 min. Os pacientes foram divididos em cardiopatas (n=11) e n&#227;o cardiopatas (n=9) e comparados. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Comparando-se press&#227;o de suporte com tubo T demonstraram-se: valores de oxigena&#231;&#227;o e elimina&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2 </sub>significativamente mais elevados e freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria reduzidos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; press&#227;o arterial e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Comparando-se cardiopatas <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o cardiopatas, foram verificadas, respectivamente, altera&#231;&#245;es de segmento ST em 7 (64%) <italic>versus</italic> 2 (22%), arritmias em 3 (27%)<italic> versus</italic> 1 (11%) e menor ocorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Na compara&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o de suporte com tubo T uma melhor resposta foi observada nas medidas de par&#226;metros respirat&#243;rios e de oxigena&#231;&#227;o com o uso de press&#227;o de suporte, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as significativas nas medidas de par&#226;metros cardiovasculares. Houve menor ocorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia, maior ocorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es de segmento ST e tend&#234;ncia &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias nos cardiopatas, em ambos os modos de desmame. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, desmame</p>
    <p> A grande maioria dos pacientes, criticamente enfermos, internada em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), necessita de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Esta t&#233;cnica &#233; de alto custo, associada &#224; alta taxa de morbidade e mortalidade, devido &#224; pneumonia e &#224; les&#227;o pulmonar associadas &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica<sup>1,2</sup>. Portanto, as equipes devem estar atentas para que a libera&#231;&#227;o do paciente da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica possa ser realizada o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel, com planejamento adequado e seguro<sup>3</sup> e, uma vez o paciente tratado da causa que o levou &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, sua libera&#231;&#227;o do ventilador deve ser, tamb&#233;m, a mais r&#225;pida poss&#237;vel<sup>4</sup>. Para a libera&#231;&#227;o ou desmame, pode-se lan&#231;ar m&#227;o da prova de respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea ou da retirada progressiva<sup>5</sup>. Na primeira modalidade, o paciente &#233; colocado em respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea sem assist&#234;ncia (tubo T) ou com m&#237;nimo suporte ventilat&#243;rio atrav&#233;s da press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua na via a&#233;rea (CPAP) ou, ainda, sob um baixo n&#237;vel de press&#227;o de suporte. J&#225; a segunda constitui um processo mais gradual em que se diminui, progressivamente, o trabalho ventilat&#243;rio do paciente<sup>4</sup>. Essas t&#233;cnicas foram validadas em dois ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados<sup>6,7</sup> e observaram que, aproximadamente, 75% dos pacientes toleraram a prova de respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. A maioria dos pacientes que se recupera do epis&#243;dio de fal&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda suporta a prova de respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea<sup>5 </sup>mas, quando &#233; necess&#225;ria a retirada progressiva da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, o tempo gasto para o desmame &#233; substancial, chegando, aproximadamente, a 40% do per&#237;odo total de perman&#234;ncia na ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica<sup>8 </sup>ou a at&#233; 60% para pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios trabalhos v&#234;m estudando &#237;ndices de oxigena&#231;&#227;o e de mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria, como crit&#233;rios preditores de &#234;xito ou fracasso do desmame<sup>10,11</sup>. Uma an&#225;lise desses estudos mostra uma importante variabilidade nas popula&#231;&#245;es avaliadas, com diferentes par&#226;metros analisados e distintos crit&#233;rios de &#234;xito e fracasso do desmame, o que tem levado a uma consider&#225;vel confus&#227;o em torno desse tema, obtendo-se resultados d&#237;spares na aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pr&#225;tica desses par&#226;metros. Desta forma o desmame da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, de modo geral, &#233; guiado por crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar de v&#225;rios estudos sobre os processos de desmame, poucos compararam os modos press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T em seus par&#226;metros de oxigena&#231;&#227;o e de mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria<sup>13 </sup>e quanto a suas altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares<sup>14</sup>. S&#227;o escassos tamb&#233;m os trabalhos que compararam o comportamento dessas vari&#225;veis nos grupos cardiopatas e n&#227;o cardiopatas. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho prop&#245;e-se a comparar o desempenho dos &#237;ndices de oxigena&#231;&#227;o, mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria e par&#226;metros cardiovasculares, al&#233;m de identificar o comportamento de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica em pacientes submetidos aos modos de desmame press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T. Ser&#227;o analisados, ainda, os grupos cardiopatas e n&#227;o cardiopatas quanto ao comportamento das vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares e de tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico quando submetidos a esses mesmos processos de desmame. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados pacientes submetidos ao processo de desmame de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, internados em UTI de um hospital universit&#225;rio e inclu&#237;dos os que h&#225; mais de 48 h em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, encontravam-se nos crit&#233;rios tradicionalmente empregados na rotina da UTI para a melhora ou resolu&#231;&#227;o da causa que os levou &#224; insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (adequada troca gasosa indicada pela PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2 </sub><underline>&gt;</underline>200 ou PaO<sub>2 </sub>&gt; de 60 mmHg, SaO<sub>2 </sub><underline>&gt;</underline>90% a uma FiO<sub>2 </sub><underline>&lt;</underline>0,40, com uma PEEP <underline>&lt;</underline>5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; escala de coma Glasgow <underline>&gt;</underline>11; temperatura corporal <underline>&lt;</underline>38&#186; C; n&#237;vel de hemoglobina &gt;10 g/dl; medidas fisiol&#243;gicas de <italic>f</italic> <underline>&lt;</underline>35 mrpm, V<sub>T</sub> na respira&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o assistida &gt;5 ml/kg, for&#231;a inspirat&#243;ria negativa <underline>&lt;</underline> -20 a -25 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de drogas vasoativas - dopamina, dobutamina ou noradrenalina - e sem o emprego de agentes sedativos)<sup>6,7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes com hipotens&#227;o (PAS &lt;100 mmHg ou PAM &lt;70 mmHg), com doen&#231;a intracraniana grave, barotrauma, dreno de t&#243;rax e/ou traqueostomia e em uso de drogas vasoativas ou de drogas sedativas. </p>
    <p>Todos os respons&#225;veis pelos pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento informado. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Grupo de Pesquisa e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o do Hospital. </p>
    <p>Para a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da mec&#226;nica ventilat&#243;ria foi utilizado o Ventrak 1500 (<italic>Novametrix Medical Systems, Wallingford, CT, USA</italic>). Os par&#226;metros registrados no Ventrak que constitu&#237;ram objeto do estudo foram: freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (<italic>f</italic>=mrpm), volume de ar corrente (V<sub>T</sub>=ml) e volume minuto (V<sub>E</sub>=l/min). Para a mensura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva dos par&#226;metros cardiorrespirat&#243;rios e relacionadas ao interc&#226;mbio gasoso foi utilizado o monitor multiparam&#233;trico modular modelo 66S da HP (<italic>Hewlett-Packard USA</italic>). Os par&#226;metros registrados no monitor foram: freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (<italic>fc</italic>=bpm); press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS=mmHg); press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD=mmHg); press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM=mmHg); tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico; registro de segmento ST (supradesnivelamento ou infradesnivelamento); satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (SaO<sub>2</sub>=%); press&#227;o parcial de CO<sub>2 </sub>ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o (PetCO<sub>2</sub>=mmHg). </p>
    <p>Todos os tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;fico eram posteriormente revisados por dois cardiologistas, ambos cegados para o fator em estudo. Se houvesse discord&#226;ncia entre as interpreta&#231;&#245;es, um 3&#186; cardiologista seria chamado para dar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o final. Os tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram analisados, comparados com os realizados ao final do repouso e classificados pelos cardiologistas da seguinte forma: eleva&#231;&#227;o ou depress&#227;o do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline>1 mm; eleva&#231;&#227;o ou depress&#227;o do segmento ST &lt;1 mm; invers&#227;o de T; presen&#231;a de taquicardia ou bradicardia sinusal; presen&#231;a de arritmias (definindo qual o tipo); sem altera&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Por tratar-se de um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado cruzado, cada paciente deveria ser submetido aos dois modos de desmame: diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T. A escolha da seq&#252;&#234;ncia de implementa&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo era feita por sorteio, com envelopes fechados contendo o nome de cada m&#233;todo, o qual era realizado pelo m&#233;dico intensivista da rotina da UTI. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes que entraram no estudo estavam sendo ventilados no Servo 900C ou no Servo 300 (Siemens-Elema, Solna, Su&#233;cia) em press&#227;o de suporte, antes de serem submetidos ao protocolo, e registrados em formul&#225;rio padronizado todos os dados relativos &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es de estado cl&#237;nico: idade, sexo, Escala APACHE II (<italic>Acute Physiology and Cronic Health Evaluation II</italic>)<sup>15</sup>, tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, motivo da intera&#231;&#227;o na UTI, motivo da instala&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, doen&#231;as existentes, escala Glasgow<sup>16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica pr&#233;vios ao in&#237;cio do protocolo registrados inclu&#237;ram: modo ventilat&#243;rio, valor da PS, press&#227;o positiva expirat&#243;ria final (PEEP), FiO<sub>2</sub>, V<sub>T</sub>, <italic>f</italic> e press&#227;o de pico inspirat&#243;rio (PIP). A &#250;ltima gasometria arterial, realizada previamente ao in&#237;cio do protocolo, era registrada. </p>
    <p>As t&#233;cnicas de desmame consistiram: tubo T - &#233; realizada a desconex&#227;o do paciente da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, mantendo-se o tubo orotraqueal e, por seu interm&#233;dio, procede-se &#224; oxigena&#231;&#227;o por um tubo em T. O paciente realiza os esfor&#231;os inspirat&#243;rio e expirat&#243;rio sozinho. O fluxo de oxig&#234;nio a ser adicionado ao tubo T &#233; o necess&#225;rio para manter o equil&#237;brio da FiO<sub>2 </sub>iniciado geralmente a um fluxo de 5 l/min; press&#227;o de suporte - nesta modalidade o paciente respira de forma espont&#226;nea e, em cada ciclo respirat&#243;rio, o ventilador proporciona uma press&#227;o positiva pr&#233;-fixada sincronizada com o esfor&#231;o inspirat&#243;rio do paciente. O n&#237;vel da press&#227;o mant&#233;m-se at&#233; que o ventilador detecte uma queda no final do fluxo inspirat&#243;rio do paciente. Ao ser institu&#237;da, a press&#227;o de suporte era reduzida para 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, valor utilizado em todos os pacientes do protocolo. O n&#237;vel de PEEP era reduzido a 0 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, para serem observados apenas os efeitos da PS. </p>
    <p>Ao ser institu&#237;do o primeiro modo de desmame, registrou-se os par&#226;metros de mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria e cardiopulmonares. Em cada um dos momentos foram registrados: momento zero - o paciente passa dos par&#226;metros pr&#233;vios de ventila&#231;&#227;o para o modo de desmame escolhido pelo sorteio, com registros dos par&#226;metros realizados nos 2 primeiros minutos ap&#243;s a instala&#231;&#227;o do modo de desmame sorteado; momento 15 - ap&#243;s 15 min do t&#233;rmino das medidas do momento zero eram realizados os registros do momento 15; momento 30 - ap&#243;s 15 min do t&#233;rmino das medidas do momento 15 realizados os registros do momento 30; momento do repouso respirat&#243;rio - ao final dos 30 min do primeiro modo de desmame, o paciente deveria retornar ao ventilador mec&#226;nico por um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 30 min, no mesmo modo ventilat&#243;rio e com os mesmos padr&#245;es submetidos antes da institui&#231;&#227;o do protocolo. Esse momento tinha por objetivo proporcionar ao paciente um repouso respirat&#243;rio com a volta aos par&#226;metros pr&#233;vios registrados antes da institui&#231;&#227;o do 2&#186; modo de desmame para a continuidade dos registros dos par&#226;metros. </p>
    <p>O repouso respirat&#243;rio n&#227;o deveria necessariamente ocorrer apenas ao final do modo de desmame institu&#237;do, e sim a qualquer sinal de desconforto respirat&#243;rio, queda da SaO<sub>2 </sub>(&lt;88%), aumento da <italic>f</italic> (&gt;35 rpm) e <italic>fc</italic> (&gt;140 bpm), PAS &gt;180 mmHg ou &lt;90 mmHg, agita&#231;&#227;o, diaforese ou redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia<sup>6,7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram comparados como um todo quanto a press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T aos momentos zero, 15 e 30 com rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros <italic>f</italic>, <italic>fc</italic>, V<sub>E</sub>, V<sub>T</sub>, SaO<sub>2</sub>, PetCO<sub>2</sub>, PAS, PAD, PAM, registro num&#233;rico de segmento ST e tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. </p>
    <p>Num segundo momento foram subdivididos em cardiopatas, quando apresentassem hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ou de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e n&#227;o cardiopatas. Os grupos foram comparados entre si em press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T, aos tr&#234;s momentos do estudo, com rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros cardiovasculares (<italic>fc, </italic>PAS, PAD, PAM) e tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. </p>
    <p>Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados sob a forma de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e de propor&#231;&#245;es para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os modos de desmame press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T foram realizadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, para amostras pareadas. Foi empregado o teste do qui quadrado (c<sup>2</sup>) para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para comparar as medidas obtidas em diferentes pontos no tempo (0, 15 e 30 min) dentro de cada t&#233;cnica, foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos 20 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. Eram pacientes intubados, que estavam sendo ventilados em press&#227;o de suporte e que, antes de serem submetidos ao protocolo, receberam ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica por um per&#237;odo de 2 a 54 dias. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0032-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p> As gasometrias arteriais realizadas na hora anterior ao in&#237;cio do protocolo apresentaram pH de 7,41&#177;0,1; PaCO<sub>2 </sub>de 39&#177;12 mmHg; HCO<sub>3 </sub>de 23&#177;6; PaO<sub>2 </sub>de 98&#177;29 mmHg e SaO<sub>2 </sub>de 97&#177;2%. </p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, antes do paciente ser submetido ao protocolo, apresentavam as caracter&#237;sticas: PS de 12&#177;3 cmH<sub>2</sub>O<sub>,</sub> PEEP de 5&#177;1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O<sub>,</sub> FiO<sub>2 </sub>de 36&#177;3, V<sub>T </sub>de 545&#177; 193 ml, <italic>f </italic>de 21&#177;6 rpm e PIP de 19&#177;4 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. </p>
    <p>Os valores totais de SaO<sub>2 </sub>foram significativamente mais elevados durante a press&#227;o de suporte em todos os tempos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nos valores intragrupos entre as t&#233;cnicas quando registrados nos tr&#234;s tempos diferentes. Os valores de PetCO<sub>2</sub> foram maiores em press&#227;o de suporte em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tubo T nos tr&#234;s tempos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nos valores intragrupos quando registrados nos tr&#234;s tempos diferentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0032-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois modos de desmame, os valores de <italic>f </italic>foram significativamente menores em press&#227;o de suporte no tempo zero e no tempo 15. Nas demais situa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o se registrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0032-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os valores de totais de V<sub>E </sub>e V<sub>T</sub> demonstraram aumento significativo quando submetidos a press&#227;o de suporte, nos tr&#234;s tempos, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as nas compara&#231;&#245;es intragrupos ao zero, 15 e 30 min. </p>
    <p>Os valores de totais de <italic>fc, </italic>na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as t&#233;cnicas tubo T e press&#227;o de suporte, n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). Comparando separadamente os grupos cardiopatas e n&#227;o cardiopatas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a07tab05">tab. V</xref>), os valores de <italic>fc</italic> f<italic>o</italic>ram significativamente menores em press&#227;o de suporte, no tempo 30 nos pacientes cardiopatas. Tanto em tubo T como em press&#227;o de suporte verificou-se que a <italic>fc</italic> era maior nos n&#227;o cardiopatas do que nos cardiopatas. Os valores de totais de PAM, PAD, PAS e o valor num&#233;rico do segmento ST na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as t&#233;cnicas press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). Comparando separadamente os grupos cardiopatas e n&#227;o cardiopatas em press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na PAS, PAM, PAD e no valor num&#233;rico do segmento ST (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a07tab05">tab. V</xref>). Na compara&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatas com n&#227;o cardiopatas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a07tab05">tab. V</xref>), quer em tubo T quer em press&#227;o de suporte, verificou-se <italic>fc </italic>mais elevada nos n&#227;o cardiopatas, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a07tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0032-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0032-00007-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os valores totais de ocorr&#234;ncias de altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST, na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as t&#233;cnicas press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T, n&#227;o demonstraram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. Entretanto, na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos cardiopatas <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o cardiopatas, ocorreram mais altera&#231;&#245;es de segmento ST em pacientes cardiopatas (64%) do que nos n&#227;o cardiopatas (22%) (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="a07tab06">tab. VI</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a07tab06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0032-00007-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores totais de ocorr&#234;ncias de arritmias, na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as t&#233;cnicas de desmame press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T, n&#227;o demonstraram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos cardiopatas <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o cardiopatas, a presen&#231;a de arritmias foi mais freq&#252;ente nos cardiopatas (27%) do que nos n&#227;o cardiopatas (11%), mas os valores n&#227;o foram significativos. </p>
    <p>Os valores totais de ocorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia sinusal, na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as duas t&#233;cnicas, n&#227;o demonstraram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. Entretanto, na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos cardiopatas <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o cardiopatas, a taquicardia sinusal ocorreu somente nos n&#227;o cardiopatas, de forma igual nos dois modos de desmame. Dos 9 pacientes n&#227;o cardiopatias, 5 (56%) apresentaram taquicardia sinusal, enquanto os cardiopatas n&#227;o a demonstraram. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho, que se propos a analisar os par&#226;metros de interc&#226;mbio gasoso, mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria e de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular durante o desmame da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, utilizando as t&#233;cnicas de press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T, demonstrou que, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; troca gasosa, ocorreu o aumento da PaO<sub>2</sub> e PetCO<sub>2 </sub>durante press&#227;o de suporte; quanto aos par&#226;metros funcionais respirat&#243;rios houve a diminui&#231;&#227;o da <italic>f </italic>e o aumento do V<sub>E</sub> e V<sub>T </sub>durante press&#227;o de suporte; finalmente, no que diz respeito, aos par&#226;metros cardiovasculares, analisados, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na compara&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T. </p>
    <p>Analisando separadamente os grupos cardiopatas e n&#227;o cardiopatas em seus par&#226;metros cardiovasculares, observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o da <italic>fc</italic> durante press&#227;o de suporte no tempo 30 para o grupo dos cardiopatas. Na compara&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatas com n&#227;o cardiopatas, quer em tubo T quer em press&#227;o de suporte, a <italic>fc</italic> mostrou-se mais elevada nos n&#227;o cardiopatas. Nos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, os pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es mais freq&#252;entes de segmento ST, bem como uma tend&#234;ncia a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias, sendo que a taquicardia sinusal ocorreu mais freq&#252;entemente nos n&#227;o cardiopatas. </p>
    <p>Os resultados aqui apresentados foram coincidentes com os de alguns estudos pr&#233;vios que demonstraram aumento da SaO<sub>2</sub> quando os pacientes s&#227;o submetidos a press&#227;o de suporte em compara&#231;&#227;o com a tubo T<sup>12</sup>.Tobin e cols.<sup>12 </sup>verificaram que a PaO<sub>2 </sub>foi inferior no grupo de pacientes submetidos &#224; respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea do que no de pacientes em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Chatila e cols.<sup>18 </sup>constataram que pacientes que falharam no desmame da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (utilizando tubo T), apresentaram uma queda na satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, evidenciando que a dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio pode dever-se mais &#224; fal&#234;ncia do desmame do que ser a causa dele. </p>
    <p>Contrariando alguns trabalhos apresentados<sup>19</sup>, nosso estudo demonstrou que a PetCO<sub>2 </sub>esteve discreta mas significativamente maior na press&#227;o de suporte, mas o aumento permaneceu dentro dos n&#237;veis de normalidade. Num grupo de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda, Pierce e cols.<sup>19</sup> demonstraram que a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o de suporte causou diminui&#231;&#227;o da <italic>f</italic>, da PetCO<sub>2 </sub>e do padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio ass&#237;ncrono. Pelo fato da capnografia ser um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo e cont&#237;nuo, seu uso para avaliar a adequada ventila&#231;&#227;o durante o desmame da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica &#233; atrativo, por&#233;m, at&#233; o presente momento, ainda n&#227;o esta definitivamente estabelecido. Para alguns autores, a PetCO<sub>2</sub> foi um importante preditor nas altera&#231;&#245;es da PaCO<sub>2</sub> que ocorrem durante o desmame da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica<sup>20</sup>. J&#225; num grupo de pacientes de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, a PetCO<sub>2 </sub>mostrou-se um par&#226;metro preditivo incorreto nas altera&#231;&#245;es da PaCO<sub>2</sub> em 30% dos casos durante o desmame<sup>21</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, Drew e cols.<sup>22</sup> observaram, em estudo piloto, que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da PetCO<sub>2 </sub>n&#227;o encurtou o tempo para realizar a extuba&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o diminuiu o n&#250;mero de gasometrias arteriais realizadas quando o paciente &#233; submetido ao desmame de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. </p>
    <p>Jubran e Tobin<sup>23</sup> demonstraram que os pacientes que falham em tentativas de desmame desenvolvem uma respira&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e superficial que, em conjun&#231;&#227;o com a sobrecarga mec&#226;nica, leva &#224; remo&#231;&#227;o deficiente do di&#243;xido de carbono, resultando em hipoventila&#231;&#227;o e troca gasosa ineficaz. Pelo mesmo mecanismo pode-se inferir que aumentos de volume minuto possam melhorar a elimina&#231;&#227;o do CO<sub>2</sub>. Nos pacientes ora avaliados, houve eleva&#231;&#227;o do volume minuto bem como discreto aumento do PetCO<sub>2</sub> durante press&#227;o de suporte. </p>
    <p>Os resultados demonstraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da <italic>f </italic>nos momentos zero e 15 e aumento do V<sub>T</sub> e V<sub>E</sub> ao longo de todo o protocolo, quando os pacientes foram submetidos a press&#227;o de suporte, dados favor&#225;veis a este m&#233;todo de desmame. Estes achados s&#227;o coincidentes com os de Jubran e cols.<sup>23</sup> que verificaram diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da <italic>f </italic>e aumento significativo do V<sub>T </sub>e V<sub>E</sub> quando os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o de suporte foram aumentados de 5 para 20 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria &#233; um &#237;ndice muito utilizado para predizer o desfecho do desmame, mas n&#227;o discrimina adequadamente o sucesso da extuba&#231;&#227;o. Tobin e cols.<sup>12</sup> observaram que pacientes que falharam no desmame mostraram diminui&#231;&#227;o do V<sub>T</sub> e aumento da <italic>f. </italic>J&#225; De Haven e cols.<sup>24</sup> encontraram que 105 de 509 pacientes extubados apresentavam, na pr&#233;-extuba&#231;&#227;o, uma <italic>f </italic>&gt;30 mrpm e 97 deles foram extubados com sucesso, indicando que taquipn&#233;ia foi um &#237;ndice sens&#237;vel mas n&#227;o suficientemente espec&#237;fico. </p>
    <p>Esteban e cols.<sup>25</sup> constataram que a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica durante as tentativas de respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea, avaliada em seus par&#226;metros de <italic>f </italic>e SaO<sub>2, </sub>foi completamente diferente entre pacientes que falharam na tentativa e pacientes que toleraram o teste de 2 h (tubo T ou press&#227;o de suporte) com sucesso. Imediatamente ap&#243;s a descontinua&#231;&#227;o do suporte ventilat&#243;rio, pacientes que falharam na prova de respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea mostraram <italic>f</italic> significativamente maior do que os que toleraram o per&#237;odo completo de 2 h de tubo T, tendo a SaO<sub>2 </sub>sido significativamente mais baixa. Embora esses par&#226;metros n&#227;o sejam preditivos de fal&#234;ncia de extuba&#231;&#227;o, &#233; poss&#237;vel que em uma an&#225;lise mais precisa do padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio, possam ser detectadas diferen&#231;as n&#227;o refletidas nas medidas realizadas a cada 15 min. </p>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos par&#226;metros cardiovasculares analisados (PAS, PAM, PAD, segmento ST e <italic>fc</italic>). Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos cardiopatas e n&#227;o cardiopatas, ocorreu diminui&#231;&#227;o da <italic>fc</italic> nos cardiopatas quando submetidos a press&#227;o de suporte no tempo 30. </p>
    <p>Esteban e cols.<sup>25</sup> demonstraram que, na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes submetidos &#224; prova de respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea, houve clara diferen&#231;a nos par&#226;metros de <italic>fc</italic> e PAS entre os que falharam na tentativa de respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea [<italic>fc</italic> 100 (85 &#150; 120 bpm); PAS 150 (125 a 180 mmHg)] e os que foram submetidos ao teste de 2 h (tubo T ou press&#227;o de suporte) com sucesso [<italic>fc</italic> 92 (85 a 105 bpm); PAS 135 (120 a 150 mmHg)]. Este estudo tamb&#233;m demonstrou que ambos, tubo T e press&#227;o de suporte, s&#227;o m&#233;todos igualmente eficazes na prova de respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea antes da extuba&#231;&#227;o em pacientes submetidos &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica com dificuldade de assumir a respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. Os atuais resultados v&#234;m ao encontro desse trabalho se se considerar que n&#227;o foram vistas altera&#231;&#245;es importantes de <italic>fc</italic> e press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica durante press&#227;o de suporte ou tubo T. J&#225; Lemaire e cols.<sup>26</sup> demonstraram que, em pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a cardiovascular, a passagem da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica para a tubo T resultava no aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, da <italic>fc </italic>e da press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, sendo necess&#225;rio o retorno &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Nossos resultados mostraram discreta e n&#227;o significativa tend&#234;ncia a aumento da <italic>fc</italic> nos dois m&#233;todos, sem alterar a press&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatas com n&#227;o cardiopatas em tubo T, observou-se que a <italic>fc </italic>era significativamente maior nos n&#227;o cardiopatas, o que pode ser explicado pelo fato de pelo menos 7 cardiopatas estarem submetidos a tratamento com drogas espec&#237;ficas, como propanolol, digoxina, captopril, isossorbida e amiodarona, o mesmo n&#227;o ocorrendo com o grupo dos n&#227;o cardiopatas. </p>
    <p>Nos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, as altera&#231;&#245;es de segmento ST foram significativamente mais freq&#252;entes nos cardiopatas, e a ocorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia sinusal foi maior nos n&#227;o cardiopatas, tanto em press&#227;o de suporte como em tubo T. </p>
    <p>O aumento da sobrecarga card&#237;aca quando da passagem da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica para a respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea pode provocar altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e isquemia<sup>18,27</sup>, levando ao sucesso no desmame. Rasanen e cols.<sup>27</sup> encontraram altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas indicativas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em 6 de 12 pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio complicado por insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e que necessitaram de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Hurford e Favorito<sup>28</sup> verificaram que 6 de 17 pacientes dependentes da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica que falharam no desmame exibiram altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas evidenciando isquemia. Abalos e cols.<sup>29</sup> observaram isquemia na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em 9% a 14% de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana quando em processo de desmame da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica ap&#243;s cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca. Chatila e cols.<sup>18</sup> tamb&#233;m evidenciaram a presen&#231;a de isquemia em 6% desses pacientes. Entretanto a isquemia foi detectada, mais freq&#252;entemente (10%), em pacientes com hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e associada &#224; fal&#234;ncia de desmame em 22% dos casos. Os trabalhos citados sugerem que a incid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica pode estar subestimada, devido aos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, relativamente insens&#237;veis, na detec&#231;&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>18,30</sup>, suspeitando-se que muitos pacientes estejam falhando quando submetidos ao desmame da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica em raz&#227;o de isquemias mioc&#225;rdicas ocultas ou n&#227;o bem detectadas nos tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. </p>
    <p>Nesses estudos n&#227;o foi realizada uma an&#225;lise comparativa entre a tubo T e press&#227;o de suporte. Os achados do presente estudo confirmam os citados, indicando o predom&#237;nio das altera&#231;&#245;es de segmento ST em pacientes cardiopatas e demonstrando que os m&#233;todos de desmame s&#227;o equivalentes, n&#227;o havendo vantagens de um sobre o outro. </p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de TS significativamente maior nos n&#227;o cardiopatas pode ser explicada pelo fato de os pacientes cardiopatas estarem submetido a tratamento com drogas espec&#237;ficas para o seu comprometimento cardiovascular, o mesmo n&#227;o ocorrendo com o outro grupo. </p>
    <p>Arritmias foram observadas nos dois m&#233;todos e com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia em cardiopatas, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a significativa. </p>
    <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados contidos neste estudo deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o certas limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas. O tamanho da amostra (n=20) foi aceito estatisticamente para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T, sem levar em conta a an&#225;lise em grupos. No entanto, ao subdividirem-se os pacientes em cardiopatas e n&#227;o cardiopatas, o n&#250;mero em cada grupo ficou reduzido, podendo interferir com o poder de detec&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as nos resultados o que pode ter sido a causa da n&#227;o detec&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as ao se comparar press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T nos grupos de pacientes cardiopatas (n=11) e n&#227;o cardiopatas (n=9). </p>
    <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o diz respeito &#224; an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares que inclu&#237;ram apenas par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos simples e avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiografia, o que tamb&#233;m pode ter deixado de detectar altera&#231;&#245;es de menor magnitude. </p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;ndo ficou evidenciado que 1) na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as t&#233;cnicas de desmame: a) no modo press&#227;o de suporte ocorreu melhora da oxigena&#231;&#227;o e dos par&#226;metros funcionais respirat&#243;rios, demonstrado pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria pelo menos durante os primeiros 15min e aumento do V<sub>T </sub>e V<sub>E</sub>; b) aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas; 2) na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos cardiopatas e n&#227;o cardiopatas, entre os primeiros se registrou: a) valores significativamente menores de <italic>fc</italic> nos 30 min de press&#227;o de suporte, quando comparados ao tubo T; b) maior incid&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es de ST, menor ocorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia e tend&#234;ncia a uma maior ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias. J&#225; nos n&#227;o card&#237;acos houve tend&#234;ncia a maior incid&#234;ncia de taquicardia. Finalmente a respeito da avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros cardiorrespirat&#243;rios em pacientes criticamente enfermos submetidos aos modos de desmame press&#227;o de suporte e tubo T, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos estudos, tipo com tamanho da amostra maior para permitir a forma&#231;&#227;o de grupos capazes de demonstrar poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as e metodologia de avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular mais sofisticada e com maior probabilidade de detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares de menor magnitude, incluindo avalia&#231;&#227;o com Holter, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica e ecocardiografia. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Alexandre Doval da Costa </p>
        <p> Av. Jo&#227;o Pessoa, 437/806 </p>
        <p> 90040-000 - Porto Alegre - RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="alexandre_doval@uol.com.br">alexandre_doval@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 15/03/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 16/06/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Weaning from mechanical ventilation by using pressure support or T-tube ventilation: comparison between patients with and without heart disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess cardiorespiratory variables during weaning from mechanical ventilation by using the T-tube and pressure support techniques, and to compare them in groups of patients with and without heart disease. METHODS: To assess the following parameters of 20 patients (57&#177;15 years) undergoing weaning from mechanical ventilation: oxygenation; CO2 elimination; respiratory and heart rates; tidal and minute volumes; blood pressure; and electrocardiographic alterations. Data were recorded by using both techniques at the following times: zero, 15, and 30 minutes, and after a 30-minute interval. The patients were divided into 2 groups, with heart disease (n=11) and without heart disease (n=9), and then compared. RESULTS: The pressure support ventilation showed significantly more elevated oxygenation and CO2 elimination values, and reduced respiratory rate as compared with those of the T-tube ventilation. No difference was found in regard to blood pressure and heart rate. More patients with heart disease had alterations in the ST segment [7 (64%) patients versus 2 (22%)] and arrhythmias [3 (27%) versus 1 (11%)], as compared with patients without heart disease. A lower frequency of tachycardia was observed in those with heart disease. CONCLUSION: When comparing pressure support ventilation with T-tube ventilation, a better response was observed in the measurements of the respiratory and oxygenation parameters when using pressure support ventilation. No significant difference was observed in the measurements of cardiovascular parameters. In both weaning techniques, patients with heart disease had tachycardia less frequently, more alterations in the ST segment, and a greater tendency towards the occurrence of arrhythmias.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>mechanical ventilation</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>weaning</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Weaning from mechanical ventilation by using pressure support or T-tube ventilation. Comparison between patients with and without heart disease</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Alexandre Doval da Costa; Marcelo de Mello Rieder; Silvia Regina Rios Vieira </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess cardiorespiratory variables during weaning from mechanical ventilation by using the T-tube and pressure support techniques, and to compare them in groups of patients with and without heart disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>To assess the following parameters of 20 patients (57&#177;15 years) undergoing weaning from mechanical ventilation: oxygenation; CO<sub>2 </sub>elimination; respiratory and heart rates; tidal and minute volumes; blood pressure; and electrocardiographic alterations. Data were recorded by using both techniques at the following times: zero, 15, and 30 minutes, and after a 30-minute interval. The patients were divided into 2 groups, with heart disease (n=11) and without heart disease (n=9), and then compared.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The pressure support ventilation showed significantly more elevated oxygenation and CO<sub>2 </sub>elimination values, and reduced respiratory rate as compared with those of the T-tube ventilation. No difference was found in regard to blood pressure and heart rate. More patients with heart disease had alterations in the ST segment [7 (64%) patients versus 2 (22%)] and arrhythmias [3 (27%) versus 1 (11%)], as compared with patients without heart disease. A lower frequency of tachycardia was observed in those with heart disease.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>When comparing pressure support ventilation with T-tube ventilation, a better response was observed in the measurements of the respiratory and oxygenation parameters when using pressure support ventilation. No significant difference was observed in the measurements of cardiovascular parameters. In both weaning techniques, patients with heart disease had tachycardia less frequently, more alterations in the ST segment, and a greater tendency towards the occurrence of arrhythmias. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> mechanical ventilation, myocardial ischemia, weaning</p>
      <p> Most critically ill patients at intensive care units (ICU) require mechanical ventilation. That technique is expensive and has a high rate of morbidity and mortality due to the association of pneumonia and pulmonary lesions<sup>1,2</sup>. Therefore, the professional teams in charge should make sure that liberation of patients from mechanical ventilation occurs properly and safely as soon as possible<sup>3</sup>. Once the patients are treated for the cause that led them to mechanical ventilation, their withdrawal from the ventilator should also be performed as soon as possible<sup>4</sup>. For release or weaning from ventilator, spontaneous breathing and progressive withdrawal trials are performed<sup>5</sup>. In the first modality, the patient is placed in spontaneous breathing without support (T tube), or with a minimum ventilatory support through continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), or, yet, under a low level of pressure support. On the other hand, the progressive withdrawal technique is more gradual and progressively reduces the patient's ventilatory work<sup>4</sup>. These techniques have been validated in 2 randomized clinical trials<sup>6,7</sup>, which reported that approximately 75% of the patients tolerated the spontaneous breathing trial. Most patients recovering from an episode of acute respiratory failure tolerate the spontaneous breathing trial<sup>5</sup>, but when progressive withdrawal from mechanical ventilation is required, the time spent with weaning is substantial, and may reach approximately 40% of the total duration of mechanical ventilation<sup>8</sup>, or even 60% for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Several studies have assessed the indices of oxygenation and breathing mechanics as predictive criteria for success or failure to wean from mechanical ventilation<sup>10,11</sup>. An analysis of such studies has shown a significant variability in the populations evaluated, with use of different parameters and distinct criteria of success and failure to wean. This has led to a considerable confusion about that topic and controversial results in the practical clinical application of those parameters. Therefore, weaning from mechanical ventilation is usually guided by clinical criteria<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Despite the existence of several studies about the weaning processes, only a few have compared the pressure support and T-tube ventilation techniques in regard to their oxygenation and breathing mechanics parameters<sup>13</sup>, and in regard to their cardiovascular alterations<sup>14</sup>. Studies comparing the behavior of such variables in the groups of patients with and without heart diseases are also scarce. Thus, the present study aimed at comparing the performance of the indices of oxygenation and breathing mechanics, and the cardiovascular parameters, in addition to identifying the behavior of electrocardiographic monitoring in patients undergoing the pressure support and T-tube weaning techniques. The groups with heart disease and without heart disease were also analyzed in regard to the behavior of the cardiovascular variables and electrocardiographic tracings when undergoing those same techniques of weaning from ventilation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients undergoing weaning from mechanical ventilation at the intensive care unit (ICU) of a university-affiliated hospital were analyzed. This study comprised those who were on mechanical ventilation for over 48 hours and met the following criteria traditionally used in the ICU routine for improvement or resolution of the cause of respiratory failure: adequate gas exchange indicated by PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2 </sub><underline>&gt;</underline>200 or PaO<sub>2 </sub>&gt;60 mmHg, SaO<sub>2 </sub><underline>&gt;</underline>90% at a FiO<sub>2 </sub><underline>&lt;</underline>0.40, with a PEEP <underline>&lt;</underline>5 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; Glasgow Coma Scale <underline>&gt;</underline>11; body temperature <underline>&lt;</underline>38&#186; C; hemoglobin level &gt;10 g/dL; physiological measures of respiratory rate <underline>&lt;</underline>35 bpm, tidal volume in spontaneous breathing &gt;5 mL/kg, negative inspiratory force <underline>&lt;</underline> &#150;20 to &#150;25 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; hemodynamic stability with no vasoactive drugs (dopamine, dobutamine or noradrenaline) and no sedative agents<sup>6,7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Patients with the following characteristics were excluded from the study: hypotension (SBP &lt;100 mmHg or MBP &lt;70 mmHg); severe intracranial disease; barotraumas; thoracic drain or tracheostomy, or both; and use of vasoactive or sedative drugs. </p>
      <p>All patients' guardians signed an informed written consent. The study was approved by the committee on ethics of the research and postgraduation group of the hospital. </p>
      <p>For mechanical ventilation monitoring, the Ventrak 1500 (Novametrix Medical Systems, Wallingford, CT, USA) was used. The following parameters recorded in the Ventrak were the object of this study: respiratory rate (<italic>f</italic>=bpm); tidal volume (V<sub>T</sub>=mL); and respiratory minute volume (V<sub>E</sub>=L/min). For noninvasive measurement of the cardiorespiratory parameters related to gas exchange, a HP modular multiparametric monitor, 66S model, (Hewlett-Packard USA) was used. The parameters recorded in the monitor were as follows: heart rate (HR=bpm); systolic blood pressure (SBP=mmHg); diastolic blood pressure (DBP=mmHg); mean blood pressure (MBP=mmHg); electrocardiographic tracing; ST segment recording (elevation or depression); peripheral oxygen saturation (SaO<sub>2</sub>=%); and extrapolated end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO<sub>2</sub>=mmHg). </p>
      <p>All electrocardiographic tracings were later revised by 2 cardiologists, both blind to the factor studied. If discordance occurred in any case, a third cardiologist was called for the final interpretation. The electrocardiographic tracings were analyzed, compared with those performed at the end of the resting period, and classified by the cardiologists as follows: elevation or depression in the ST segment <underline>&gt;</underline>1 mm; elevation or depression in the ST segment &lt;1 mm; T-wave inversion; presence of sinus tachycardia or bradycardia; presence of arrhythmias (defining the type); and no alterations. </p>
      <p>Because this was a randomized crossed clinical trial, each patient should undergo both weaning methods, the reduction in the pressure support and T tube. The sequence of the implementation of the method was randomly drawn with sealed envelopes containing the name of each method, which was performed by the intensive care physician in charge. </p>
      <p>All patients in the study were being ventilated with the Servo 900C or Servo 300 devices (Siemens-Elema, Solna, Sweden) with support pressure before undergoing the protocol. All the following patients' data regarding their clinical status were registered in a standard form: age; sex; APACHE II scale (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II)<sup>15</sup>; mechanical ventilation duration; cause of admission to the ICU; cause of mechanical ventilation installation; existing diseases; and Glasgow Coma Scale<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>The parameters of mechanical ventilation recorded before the beginning of the protocol were as follows: ventilatory mode; SBP value; positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP); FiO<sub>2</sub>; V<sub>T</sub>; <italic>f</italic>; and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP). The last arterial gas analysis performed before the beginning of the protocol was recorded. </p>
      <p>The techniques of weaning from mechanical ventilation were the T-tube ventilation and the pressure support ventilation. In the T-tube technique, the patient is released from the mechanical ventilation with maintenance of the orotracheal tube, through which oxygenation is performed with a T tube. The patient inspires and expires alone. The oxygen flow to be added to the T tube is that necessary for maintaining the FiO<sub>2 </sub>balance usually initiated at a 5 L/min flow. In the pressure support ventilation technique, the patient breaths spontaneously, and at each respiratory cycle, the ventilator causes a prefixed positive pressure synchronized with the inspiratory effort of the patient. The pressure level is maintained until the ventilator detects a drop at the end of the patient's inspiratory flow. When established, the pressure support was reduced to 10 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, a value used in all patients of the protocol. The PEEP level was reduced to 0 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, so that only the effects of support pressure could be observed. </p>
      <p>When the first weaning technique was established, the cardiopulmonary and respiratory mechanics parameters were recorded at the following times: 1) time zero - the patient passes from the previous parameters of ventilation to the weaning mode chosen at random, and the parameters are recorded in the first 2 minutes after installation of the randomly chosen weaning mode; 2) time 15 &#150; 15 minutes after finishing the time zero measurements, the time 15 measurements were recorded; 3) time 30 &#150; 15 minutes after finishing the time 15 measurements, the time 30 measurements were recorded; 4) time of respiratory rest &#150; after 30 minutes in the first weaning mode, the patient should return to the mechanical ventilator for at least 30 minutes, in the same ventilatory mode and with the same patterns used before beginning the protocol. This period was aimed at providing a respiratory rest for the patient, and the return to the previous parameters was recorded before the second weaning mode was initiated for continuing the recording of the parameters. </p>
      <p>The respiratory rest should not necessarily occur only in the end of the weaning mode instituted, but at any sign of respiratory discomfort, drop in SaO<sub>2 </sub>(&lt;88%), an increase in the <italic>f</italic> (&gt;35 bpm) and HR (&gt;140 bpm), SBP &gt;180 mmHg or &lt;90 mmHg, agitation, diaphoresis, or reduction in the consciousness level<sup>6,7</sup>. </p>
      <p>The patients were compared as a whole in regard to pressure support and T tube in the times zero, 15, and 30, considering the following parameters: <italic>f</italic>, HR, V<sub>E</sub>, V<sub>T</sub>, SaO<sub>2</sub>, PetCO<sub>2</sub>, SBP, DBP, MBP, numerical recording of the ST segment, and electrocardiographic tracing. </p>
      <p>In a second phase, the patients were subdivided into 2 groups as follows: patients with heart disease, when they had a history of coronary artery disease or heart failure; and patients without heart disease. The groups were compared with each other regarding pressure support and T tube in the 3 times of the study, considering the cardiovascular parameters (HR, SBP, DBP, MBP) and electrocardiographic tracing. </p>
      <p>The results are shown as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) for the continuous variables with a normal distribution, and as proportions for the categorical variables. The comparisons between the pressure support and T-tube weaning modes were performed by use of the Student <italic>t</italic> test for paired samples. The chi-square (c<sup>2</sup>)test was used to compare the categorical variables. For comparing the measures obtained in different points in time (0, 15, and 30 minutes) in each technique, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for repeated measures. The significance level adopted was P&lt;0.05. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical characteristics of the 20 patients studied are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. These patients were in the ICU, intubated and on pressure support ventilation, and, before undergoing the study protocol, had been on mechanical ventilation for 2 to 54 days. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0032-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The arterial gas analyses performed in the hour preceding the protocol was as follows: pH, 7.41&#177;0.1; PaCO<sub>2</sub>, 39&#177;12 mmHg; HCO<sub>3</sub>, 23&#177;6; PaO<sub>2</sub>, 98&#177;29 mmHg; and SaO<sub>2</sub>, 97&#177;2%. </p>
      <p>The patients' parameters of mechanical ventilation before initiating the protocol were as follows: SBP, 12&#177;3 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; PEEP, 5&#177;1 cmH<sub>2</sub>O; FiO<sub>2</sub>, 36&#177;3; V<sub>T</sub>, 545&#177;193 mL; <italic>f</italic>, 21&#177;6 bpm; and PIP, 19&#177;4 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. </p>
      <p>The total SaO<sub>2 </sub>values were significantly more elevated during pressure support in all times. No difference in the intragroup values was observed between the techniques when recorded in the 3 different times. The PetCO<sub>2</sub> values were greater in the pressure support as compared with those in the T tube in the 3 times. No difference in the intragroup values was observed in the 3 different times (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0032-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When comparing the 2 weaning modes, the <italic>f </italic>values were significantly lower in the pressure support in time zero and time 15. In the other situations, no statistically significant difference was observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0032-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The total V<sub>E </sub>and V<sub>T</sub> values showed a significant increase in the presence of pressure support in the 3 times, and no differences were observed in the intragroup comparisons in the times zero, 15, and 30 minutes. </p>
      <p>When comparing the T-tube and pressure support techniques, the total HR values showed no significant differences between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>). Comparing the groups with and without heart disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a07tab05-body2">tab. V</xref>), the HR values were significantly smaller in pressure support ventilation in the time 30 in patients with heart disease. Both in the T-tube and pressure support ventilation, HR was greater in the patients without heart disease than that in patients with heart disease. The total values of MBP, DBP, and SBP, and the numerical value of the ST segment in the comparison between the pressure support and T-tube techniques showed no significant differences between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>). When comparing separately the groups with and without heart disease in pressure support and T tube, no significant differences were observed in SBP, MBP, DBP, and in the numerical value of the ST segment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a07tab05-body2">tab. V</xref>). When comparing patients with and without heart disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a07tab05-body2">tab. V</xref>), both in the T tube and pressure support, HR was greater in patients without heart disease, with statistical significance. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a07tab05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0032-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0032-00007-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No significant alterations in the ST segment were observed when comparing the pressure support and T-tube techniques. However, when comparing the groups with and without heart disease, alterations in the ST segment were more frequent in patients with heart disease (64%) than in those without heart disease (22%) (P&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a07tab06-body2">tab. VI</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a07tab06-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0032-00007-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The occurrence of arrhythmias did not significantly differ when comparing the pressure support and T-tube weaning techniques. When comparing the groups with and without heart disease, arrhythmias were more frequent in patients with heart disease (27%) than in those without it (11%), but the values were not significant. </p>
      <p> No significant alterations were observed in the occurrence of sinus tachycardia when comparing the 2 techniques. However, when comparing the groups with and without heart disease, sinus tachycardia occurred only in those without heart disease, equally in both weaning techniques. Of the 9 patients without heart disease, 5 (56%) had sinus tachycardia, and, of those with heart disease, none had that arrhythmia. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study, which aimed at assessing the parameters of gas exchange, respiratory mechanics and cardiovascular monitoring during weaning from mechanical ventilation, by use of the pressure support and T-tube techniques, showed that, in regard to gas exchange, an increase in PaO<sub>2</sub> and PetCO<sub>2 </sub>occurred during pressure support. In regard to the respiratory functional parameters, a decrease in <italic>f </italic>and an increase in V<sub>E</sub> and V<sub>T </sub>occurred during pressure support. And, finally, in regard to the cardiovascular parameters analyzed, no significant alterations occurred when comparing the pressure support and T-tube techniques. </p>
      <p>When analyzing separately the groups with and without heart disease in regard to their cardiovascular parameters, a decrease in HR was observed during the pressure support technique in the time 30 for the group with heart disease. When comparing patients with and without heart disease, both in pressure support and T-tube ventilation techniques, HR was greater in those without heart disease. Regarding the electrocardiographic parameters, patients with heart disease had more frequent alterations in the ST segment, as well as a trend towards a greater occurrence of arrhythmias. Sinus tachycardia was more frequent in those without heart disease. </p>
      <p>Our results agreed with those of some previous studies that reported an increase in SaO<sub>2</sub> in patients undergoing pressure support ventilation as compared with those undergoing T-tube ventilation<sup>12</sup>. Tobin et al<sup>12 </sup>reported that PaO<sub>2 </sub>was lower in the group of patients undergoing spontaneous breathing than that in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Chatila et al<sup>18 </sup>reported that patients, who failed to wean from mechanical ventilation (using a T tube), had a drop in oxygen saturation, showing that oxygen desaturation may be rather due to failure to wean than be its cause. </p>
      <p>Contrary to some studies<sup>19</sup>, ours showed that PetCO<sub>2 </sub>was mildly, but significantly greater in the pressure support ventilation technique, but the increase remained within normal levels. In a group of patients with acute respiratory failure, Pierce et al<sup>19</sup> showed that the elevation in the levels of pressure support caused a decrease in <italic>f</italic>, in PetCO<sub>2</sub>, and in the asynchronous respiratory pattern. Because capnography is a noninvasive and continuous method, its use to assess the adequacy of ventilation during weaning from mechanical ventilation is attractive; however, until the present time, it has not yet been definitively established. For some authors, PetCO<sub>2</sub> was an important predictor of the alterations in PaCO<sub>2</sub> that occurred during weaning from mechanical ventilation<sup>20</sup>. On the other hand, in a group of patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery, PetCO<sub>2 </sub>proved to be an incorrect predictive parameter of the alterations in PaCO<sub>2</sub> during weaning in 30% of the cases<sup>21</sup>. In addition, in a pilot study, Drew et al<sup>22</sup> reported that the use of PetCO<sub>2 </sub>did not shorten the time required for extubation, and did not reduce the number of arterial gas analyses performed when the patient underwent weaning from mechanical ventilation. </p>
      <p> Jubran and Tobin<sup>23</sup> have shown that the patients who fail the weaning trials develop rapid and superficial breathing, which, along with the mechanical overload, leads to the deficient elimination of carbon dioxide, resulting in hypoventilation and ineffective gas exchange. According to the same mechanism, one may infer that an increase in the minute volume may improve CO<sub>2 </sub>elimination. In our study, an increase in the minute volume occurred, as well as a slight increase in PetCO<sub>2</sub> during pressure support. </p>
      <p>The results showed a decrease in <italic>f </italic>in the times zero and 15, and an increase in V<sub>T</sub> and V<sub>E</sub> throughout the entire protocol, when the patients underwent pressure support, and these data are favorable to that weaning method. These findings are in accordance with those reported by Jubran et al<sup>23</sup>, who showed a significant decrease in <italic>f </italic>and a significant increase in V<sub>T </sub>and V<sub>E</sub>, when the pressure support levels increased from 5 to 20 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. </p>
      <p>The respiratory rate is a frequently used index to predict the outcome of weaning, but it does not adequately discriminate the success of extubation. Tobin et al<sup>12</sup> reported that patients who failed to wean from the mechanical ventilation had a decrease in V<sub>T</sub> and an increase in <italic>f. </italic>On the other hand, De Haven et al<sup>24</sup> reported that 105 of 509 extubated patients had a <italic>f </italic>&gt;30 bpm prior to extubation, and 97 were successfully extubated, indicating that tachypnea was a sensitive, although not sufficiently specific, index. </p>
      <p>Esteban et al<sup>25</sup> reported that the clinical evolution during the spontaneous breathing trials, assessed by use of <italic>f </italic>and SaO<sub>2</sub> parameters, was completely different for the patients who failed the trial and those who succeeded in the 2-hour trial (T tube or pressure support). Immediately after discontinuation of the ventilatory support, the patients who failed the spontaneous breathing trial had a significantly greater <italic>f</italic> than those who tolerated the complete 2-hour T-tube trial, and SaO<sub>2 </sub>was significantly lower. Although these parameters do not predict failure in extubation, a more accurate analysis of the breathing pattern may detect differences that do not reflect on the measurements taken every 15 minutes. </p>
      <p>When comparing pressure support and T tube, no significant alterations were found in the cardiovascular parameters analyzed (SBP, MBP, DBP, ST segment, and HR). When comparing patients with and without heart disease, a decrease in HR was observed in those with heart disease when undergoing pressure support in time 30. </p>
      <p>Esteban et al <sup>25</sup> reported that in the clinical evolution of patients undergoing the spontaneous breathing trial, a clear difference was observed in the HR and SBP parameters of those who failed the spontaneous breathing trial [HR 100 (85 &#150; 120 bpm); SBP 150 (125 - 180 mmHg)] and those who succeeded in the 2-hour trial (T tube or pressure support) [HR 92 (85 &#150; 105 bpm); SBP 135 (120 - 150 mmHg)]. That study also showed that both techniques, T tube and pressure support, are equally effective in the spontaneous breathing trial before extubation in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation who have difficulty in resuming spontaneous breathing. Our results are in accordance with those of that study, considering that significant alterations in HR and systemic blood pressure were not observed during pressure support or T-tube ventilation. Lemaire et al<sup>26</sup> reported that, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease, the transition from mechanical ventilation to T tube resulted in an increase in systemic blood pressure, in HR, and in pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, which required the return to mechanical ventilation. Our results showed a mild and nonsignificant tendency towards an increase in HR in the 2 methods, without altering blood pressure. </p>
      <p>When comparing patients with and without heart disease using the T tube, HR was observed to be significantly greater in those without heart disease, which may be explained by the fact that at least 7 patients with heart disease were being treated with specific drugs, such as propranolol, digoxin, captopril, isosorbide, and amiodarone. Patients without heart disease were not receiving such drugs. </p>
      <p>Regarding the electrocardiographic parameters, the alterations in the ST segment were significantly more frequent in patients with heart disease, and the occurrence of sinus tachycardia was greater in patients without heart disease, both in pressure support and T-tube ventilation. </p>
      <p>The increase in the cardiac overload, when changing from mechanical ventilation to spontaneous breathing, can cause alterations in myocardial perfusion and ischemia<sup>18,27</sup>, leading to a successful weaning. Rasanen et al<sup>27</sup> reported the occurrence of electrocardiographic alterations indicating myocardial ischemia in 6 out of 12 patients with myocardial infarction complicated with respiratory failure, requiring mechanical ventilation. Hurford and Favorito<sup>28</sup> reported that 6 of 17 patients depending on mechanical ventilation who failed to wean from mechanical ventilation had electrocardiographic alterations evidencing ischemia. Abalos et al<sup>29</sup> reported ischemia in monitoring the ST segment in 9% to 14% of patients with coronary artery disease when undergoing weaning from mechanical ventilation after noncardiac surgery. Chatila et al<sup>18</sup> have also reported the presence of ischemia in 6% of those patients. However, ischemia was more frequently detected (10%) in patients with history of coronary artery disease associated with failure to wean in 22% of the cases. The studies cited suggested that the incidence of myocardial ischemia may be overestimated due to electrocardiographic criteria relatively insensitive to detect myocardial ischemia<sup>18,30</sup>. Many patients are suspected to fail to wean from mechanical ventilation, due to occult myocardial ischemia or myocardial ischemia not well-detected on electrocardiographic tracings. </p>
      <p>Those studies have not performed a comparative analysis between T-tube and pressure support ventilation. Our findings confirm those cited, with a predominance of alterations in the ST segment in patients with heart disease, and showed that the weaning methods are equivalent, without advantages of one over the other. </p>
      <p>The significantly greater occurrence of sinus tachycardia in patients without heart disease may be explained by the fact that patients with heart disease are usually treated with drugs specific for their cardiovascular impairment, which is not the case of patients without heart disease. </p>
      <p>Arrhythmias were observed with both methods and more frequently in patients with heart disease, although without a significant difference. </p>
      <p>The interpretation of our results should consider certain methodological limitations. The size of the sample (n=20) was statistically accepted for comparing pressure support and T-tube ventilation, without considering the analysis into groups. However, when subdividing the patients into with and without heart disease groups, the number of patients in each group was reduced, which may have interfered with the power to detect differences in the results. This may have been the reason for not detecting the differences when comparing pressure support and T-tube ventilation in patients with (n=11) and without (n=9) heart disease. </p>
      <p>Another limitation relates to the analysis of cardiovascular variables, which included only simple clinical parameters and electrocardiographic evaluation, which may not have detected smaller magnitude alterations. </p>
      <p>Our conclusions were as follows: 1) when comparing the weaning techniques: a) an improvement in oxygenation and in the respiratory functional parameters occurred in the pressure support ventilation technique, which was shown by the reduction in the respiratory rate at least during the first 15 minutes and by the increase in V<sub>T </sub>and V<sub>E</sub>; b) no difference was observed in the cardiovascular and electrocardiographic variables; 2) when comparing the groups with and without heart disease, the former had the following: a) significantly smaller HR values in the 30 minutes with pressure support, as compared with those with T tube; b) a greater incidence of ST alterations, smaller occurrence of tachycardia, and a tendency towards a greater occurrence of arrhythmias. On the other hand, patients without heart disease had a tendency towards a greater incidence of tachycardia. Finally, regarding the evaluation of the cardiorespiratory parameters in critically ill patients undergoing the pressure support and T-tube ventilation weaning techniques, new studies are required. Such studies should have larger samples to show the differences that may exist. They also should have a more sophisticated methodology for cardiovascular assessment, such as Holter monitoring, myocardial scintigraphy, and echocardiography, increasing the probability to detect milder cardiovascular alterations. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Alexandre Doval da Costa </p>
          <p> Av. Jo&#227;o Pessoa, 437/806 </p>
          <p> 90040-000 - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="alexandre_doval@uol.com.br">alexandre_doval@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publication: 03/15/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 06/16/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
