<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pzpmrTy6wzsVJTmtLhM8ppp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001400005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores de risco cardiovascular e mortalidade: seguimento em longo prazo (at&#233; 20 anos) em programa preventivo realizado pela medicina ocupacional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ciorlia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>20</fpage>
      <lpage>25</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: A queda da mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) est&#225; sendo conseguida nos Estados Unidos e o mesmo decl&#237;nio est&#225; ocorrendo em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, gra&#231;as a mudan&#231;as favor&#225;veis alcan&#231;adas no estilo de vida e nos fatores de risco. Apesar dessa considera&#231;&#227;o, o volume de informa&#231;&#245;es de que se disp&#245;e sobre a distribui&#231;&#227;o e comportamento desse tipo de doen&#231;a e seus fatores de risco no Brasil ainda &#233; pequeno. M&#201;TODOS: Foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es do colesterol total (CT), n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (PA), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e tabagismo, al&#233;m da ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares fatais (F) e n&#227;o fatais (NF), sob interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica e comportamental e seguimento em longo prazo (at&#233; 20 anos) em um grupo fechado, composto por 621 eletricit&#225;rios de ambos os sexos, com idade m&#233;dia de 29,1&#177;7,1 anos, variando de 15 a 59 anos. Foram constru&#237;das curvas atuariais para analisar os eventos cardiovasculares F e NF. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia do CT apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa por efeito da orienta&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica. O h&#225;bito de fumar diminuiu significativamente com mudan&#231;as comportamentais. A m&#233;dia das PAs diminuiu significativamente com uma melhor detec&#231;&#227;o e medidas higi&#234;nicas, e a ades&#227;o dos hipertensos definitivos ao tratamento mostrou um &#237;ndice de 56,6%. Por outro lado, o IMC apresentou um aumento expressivo e gradativo. A probabilidade de os indiv&#237;duos continuarem livres de qualquer evento cardiovascular foi de 98,1%, enquanto que para os eventos fatais foi de 99,2%. CONCLUS&#195;O: Esses resultados comprovam que iniciativas voltadas para a preven&#231;&#227;o devem ser priorit&#225;rias, com a inten&#231;&#227;o de se modificar as taxas de morbimortalidade das DCV.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>risco cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>medicina preventiva</kwd>
        <kwd>medicina ocupacional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fatores de risco cardiovascular e mortalidade. Seguimento em longo prazo (at&#233; 20 anos) em programa preventivo realizado pela medicina ocupacional </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Alberto de Souza Ciorlia; Moacir Fernandes de Godoy </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>A queda da mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) est&#225; sendo conseguida nos Estados Unidos e o mesmo decl&#237;nio est&#225; ocorrendo em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, gra&#231;as a mudan&#231;as favor&#225;veis alcan&#231;adas no estilo de vida e nos fatores de risco. Apesar dessa considera&#231;&#227;o, o volume de informa&#231;&#245;es de que se disp&#245;e sobre a distribui&#231;&#227;o e comportamento desse tipo de doen&#231;a e seus fatores de risco no Brasil ainda &#233; pequeno. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es do colesterol total (CT), n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (PA), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e tabagismo, al&#233;m da ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares fatais (F) e n&#227;o fatais (NF), sob interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica e comportamental e seguimento em longo prazo (at&#233; 20 anos) em um grupo fechado, composto por 621 eletricit&#225;rios de ambos os sexos, com idade m&#233;dia de 29,1&#177;7,1 anos, variando de 15 a 59 anos. Foram constru&#237;das curvas atuariais para analisar os eventos cardiovasculares F e NF. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A m&#233;dia do CT apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa por efeito da orienta&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica. O h&#225;bito de fumar diminuiu significativamente com mudan&#231;as comportamentais. A m&#233;dia das PAs diminuiu significativamente com uma melhor detec&#231;&#227;o e medidas higi&#234;nicas, e a ades&#227;o dos hipertensos definitivos ao tratamento mostrou um &#237;ndice de 56,6%. Por outro lado, o IMC apresentou um aumento expressivo e gradativo. A probabilidade de os indiv&#237;duos continuarem livres de qualquer evento cardiovascular foi de 98,1%, enquanto que para os eventos fatais foi de 99,2%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Esses resultados comprovam que iniciativas voltadas para a preven&#231;&#227;o devem ser priorit&#225;rias, com a inten&#231;&#227;o de se modificar as taxas de morbimortalidade das DCV. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> risco cardiovascular, medicina preventiva, medicina ocupacional</p>
    <p> A queda da mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) est&#225; sendo conseguida nos Estados Unidos e o mesmo decl&#237;nio est&#225; ocorrendo em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento<sup>1-3</sup>. No Brasil tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido identificadas tend&#234;ncias ao decl&#237;nio, mormente para DAC e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCbV), de modo bem documentado para as regi&#245;es metropolitanas, notadamente Bel&#233;m, Salvador e S&#227;o Paulo, e, menos importante, para as capitais da Regi&#227;o Sul, onde as &#250;ltimas taxas mostram tend&#234;ncia &#224; estabilidade<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar dessa import&#226;ncia, o volume de informa&#231;&#245;es de que se disp&#245;e sobre a distribui&#231;&#227;o e comportamento deste tipo de doen&#231;as e seus fatores de risco no Brasil ainda &#233; pequeno: Costa<sup>5</sup> e Achutti &amp; Medeiros<sup>6</sup>, no Rio Grande do Sul, e os de Laurenti &amp; Fonseca<sup>7</sup>, Ribeiro<sup>8</sup> e Rego e cols.<sup>9</sup>, em S&#227;o Paulo, sobre a hipertens&#227;o arterial e DCV. </p>
    <p>Assim sendo, torna-se imperativo para as proje&#231;&#245;es de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de, que visem a diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade cardiovascular, ter em m&#227;os avalia&#231;&#245;es epidemiol&#243;gicas acerca desse par&#226;metro. Devido &#224; import&#226;ncia do tema, dada &#224; crescente participa&#231;&#227;o deste indicador de mortalidade na estat&#237;stica vital e a escassez de estudos pertinentes realizados no Brasil, foi proposto um estudo cl&#237;nico sobre os fatores de risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares arteroscler&#243;ticas, no seguimento em longo prazo (at&#233; 20 anos), em uma amostra populacional fechada da regi&#227;o de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (SP), com &#234;nfase no efeito de medidas preventivas como orienta&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica e comportamental. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi desenvolvido na regi&#227;o de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (noroeste do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo), com 621 empregados, de ambos os sexos, da Companhia Paulista de For&#231;a e Luz, que trabalhavam nas cidades de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, Mirassol, Barretos e Ara&#231;atuba, sendo a amostra socioeconomicamente semelhante. </p>
    <p>Esses empregados apresentavam estabilidade no emprego, obrigatoriedade na realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames m&#233;dicos peri&#243;dicos, anuais ou semestrais, e foram avaliados em um ambulat&#243;rio na cidade de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, contando com uma auxiliar de enfermagem e um m&#233;dico do trabalho, que os acompanharam durante o per&#237;odo de janeiro de 1977 a dezembro de 1996. Ali foram realizados os exames cl&#237;nicos, as medidas de peso e altura, as medidas de press&#227;o arterial e a pun&#231;&#227;o venosa para determinar o colesterol total e outros exames laboratoriais. </p>
    <p>A idade, no in&#237;cio do estudo, variava entre 15 e 59, com m&#233;dia de 29,1&#177;7,1 anos, sendo que 580 eram do sexo masculino com idade m&#233;dia de 29,4&#177;7,2 anos, e 41 do sexo feminino com idade m&#233;dia de 25,0&#177;5,2 anos. </p>
    <p>Todos os empregados participantes apresentam um prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico, onde foram anotadas todas as intercorr&#234;ncias de sa&#250;de ocorridas durante o per&#237;odo. </p>
    <p>As medidas de press&#227;o arterial foram realizadas segundo as t&#233;cnicas preconizadas pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de<sup>10</sup> (OMS - Comit&#234; de Expertos en Hypertension Arterial, Ginebra, 1978), tendo sido utilizados esfigman&#244;metros aner&#243;ides devidamente calibrados com aparelhos de coluna de merc&#250;rio e aferidos periodicamente. </p>
    <p>As medidas de peso e altura foram efetuadas em balan&#231;a Filizola (com capacidade para 150 kg e sensibilidade para 100 g), no in&#237;cio da consulta cl&#237;nica anual, com os empregados livres de sapatos e roupas pesadas, segundo t&#233;cnicas padronizadas<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foram realizados, em amostras de sangue colhidas ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas, os seguintes exames bioqu&#237;micos: hemograma completo, glicose, colesterol total, HDL colesterol, LDL colesterol, triglic&#233;rides e creatinina. O colesterol total foi dosado utilizando-se o m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico de Liebermaw-Burchard, no per&#237;odo de 1977 a 1988, o m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico de Huang modificado, no per&#237;odo de 1989 a 1993, e pelo sistema enzim&#225;tico em espectrofot&#244;metro CHOD-PAP, no per&#237;odo de 1994 a 1996. </p>
    <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial utilizou-se o crit&#233;rio do <italic>Joint National Committee</italic> (1997)<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foi utilizado o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) ou &#237;ndice de Quetelet, representado pela divis&#227;o do peso (expresso em quilogramas) pelo quadrado da altura (expressa em metros)<sup>13</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao colesterol total (CT), os participantes foram divididos de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do III Consenso Brasileiro sobre Dislipidemias, recomendado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (Departamento de Aterosclerose)<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Considerou-se como fumantes os empregados que relataram fumar diariamente, qualquer quantidade de cigarros. </p>
    <p>Foram considerados fatores de risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares o colesterol s&#233;rico total, o tabagismo, a hipertens&#227;o arterial e a obesidade avaliada pelo IMC. </p>
    <p>Foram considerados eventos cardiovasculares as complica&#231;&#245;es definitivas da DAC, angina, morte s&#250;bita, claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, acidente vascular cerebral e isquemia transit&#243;ria. Estas doen&#231;as foram diagnosticadas em base cl&#237;nica, em exames complementares convencionais e, nos casos fatais, no atestado de &#243;bito. </p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a distribui&#231;&#227;o de idade e sexo do grupo estudado est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>, mostrando que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos encontrava-se na faixa et&#225;ria entre <underline>&gt;</underline>20 e &lt;40 anos no ano de 1977 (88%). O fato do grande predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino se deve ao tipo de atividade profissional dos indiv&#237;duos (eletricit&#225;rios da CPFL). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A finalidade da interven&#231;&#227;o foi a de modificar os "fatores de risco" que v&#234;m ganhando, j&#225; h&#225; algum tempo, import&#226;ncia crescente no campo das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o-transmiss&#237;veis. </p>
    <p>Desta maneira, orientou-se os empregados para a elimina&#231;&#227;o do h&#225;bito de fumar, a diminui&#231;&#227;o e o controle do peso e o controle da press&#227;o arterial em hipertensos. Este processo foi realizado individualmente na consulta peri&#243;dica anual e em grupo, com aux&#237;lio de palestras e v&#237;deos. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CT de n&#237;vel "lim&#237;trofe-alto e alto", foi institu&#237;da uma dieta padr&#227;o com a inten&#231;&#227;o de reduzir a ingest&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos de cadeia longa<sup>15,16</sup>. Anualmente ou semestralmente, durante todo o estudo, todos os indiv&#237;duos foram orientados pelo m&#233;dico do Ambulat&#243;rio de Medicina Ocupacional a substituir gorduras saturadas por &#225;cidos graxos poliinsaturados, al&#233;m do aumento na ingest&#227;o de hortali&#231;as e alimentos ricos em fibras. </p>
    <p>O <italic>feedback</italic> era sempre avaliado nos exames peri&#243;dicos anuais ou semestrais ou quando era necess&#225;rio, facilitado pelo comprometimento da CPFL com a Medicina Preventiva e por tratar-se de um grupo restrito de empregados. Nos casos em que o CT <underline>&gt;</underline>300 mg/dL foi prescrito medicamento estatina. </p>
    <p>O banco de dados dos empregados foi feito em excel (Microsoft) e as an&#225;lises pelo Software Solo Statistical System (Version 2.0), com o qual foram calculadas m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o e teste "t" pareado para cada uma das vari&#225;veis de estudo. As compara&#231;&#245;es de duas propor&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com Software Primer. </p>
    <p>Foram constru&#237;das curvas atuariais para analisar o aparecimento dos eventos cardiovasculares e dos &#243;bitos no per&#237;odo do estudo. O m&#233;todo atuarial, entre os m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise tardia de resultados, &#233; o mais adequado, pois re&#250;ne pacientes com diferentes tempos de seguimento, utiliza informa&#231;&#245;es de todos os pacientes, independente da distribui&#231;&#227;o do tempo, e pode ser usado para estimar "probabilidade de estarem livres" de v&#225;rios eventos, bem como permite a compara&#231;&#227;o de resultados com outras popula&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Foram considerados significativos valores de p&lt;0,05, sendo calculados os intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) 95%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As varia&#231;&#245;es trienais dos n&#237;veis m&#233;dios &#177; desvio padr&#227;o do colesterol total (CT) est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>, onde aparece uma eleva&#231;&#227;o no ano de 1983 e depois uma queda gradativa at&#233; o ano de 1995. Quando comparamos os valores encontrados em 1977 com 1995, houve uma queda de 1,5 mg/dL n&#227;o significativa (p=0,334). Se a compara&#231;&#227;o for de 1983 com 1995, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (p&lt;0,01 IC 95% 9,67 a 16,48) de 13,2 mg/dL (6,2%). Na compara&#231;&#227;o por sexo, encontramos resultados semelhantes. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quando avaliamos as varia&#231;&#245;es trienais do colesterol s&#233;rico de acordo com o III Consenso Brasileiro sobre Dislipidemias, encontramos o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;vel desej&#225;vel, aumentando significativamente de 295 (47,5%) para 348 (57,1%) (p&lt;0,01), os com n&#237;vel alto diminuindo tamb&#233;m significativamente de 127 (20,5%) para 83 (13,6%) (p&lt;0,01) e o grupo lim&#237;trofe-alto n&#227;o apresentando altera&#231;&#227;o significativa quando comparados os anos de 1977 e 1995 (p=0,335) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A modifica&#231;&#227;o na preval&#234;ncia do h&#225;bito de fumar, ap&#243;s 20 anos de acompanhamento, &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>, onde o n&#250;mero de fumantes diminuiu significativamente de 338 (54%) para 181 (30%) (p&lt;0,01). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p> A distribui&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia &#177; DP do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) encontra-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref>, verificando-se um aumento gradativo e significativo quando se compara 1977 a 1995 (p&lt;0,01), com a passagem de 23,3 &#177; 3,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup> para 27,3 &#177; 3,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica s&#227;o encontradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref>, onde s&#227;o comparados os anos de 1977 e 1996. Verifica-se diminui&#231;&#227;o de 125,8&#177;11,7 mmHg para 124,0&#177;12,0 mmHg na press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, significativa (p&lt;0,01) e aumento significativo de 76,9&#177;6,8 mmHg para 80,7&#177;7,0 mmHg (p&lt;0,01) na press&#227;o diast&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica dos hipertensos definitivos, com e sem tratamento, no final do estudo em 1996 est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela IV</xref>. Os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico foram significantemente menores naqueles indiv&#237;duos tratados (p&lt;0,01 IC 95% 14,1 a 22,8 e p&lt;0,01 IC 95% 9,6 a 14,4, respectivamente). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia dos eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais e de &#243;bitos n&#227;o relacionados &#224;s DCVs, para o per&#237;odo de 1977 a 1996, &#233; mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela V</xref>. Ocorreram 12 eventos, o que corresponde a uma incid&#234;ncia de 0,97 eventos por 1.000 indiv&#237;duos por ano. Para os 5 eventos fatais e os 7 eventos n&#227;o fatais, temos uma incid&#234;ncia de 0,40 e 0,56 eventos por 1.000 indiv&#237;duos por ano, respectivamente. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A probabilidade de estar livre de qualquer evento cardiovascular n&#227;o fatais e fatais, no per&#237;odo de 20 anos (1977 a 1996), segundo curva atuarial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>) foi de 98,1% e de 99,2%, respectivamente. </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dados anatomopatol&#243;gicos e de investiga&#231;&#245;es experimentais, cl&#237;nicas e epidemiol&#243;gicas, demonstraram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as dislipidemias, em particular a hipercolesterolemia, e a doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria. </p>
    <p>Resultados dessas investiga&#231;&#245;es permitiram verificar que a redu&#231;&#227;o da colesterolemia &#233; capaz de diminuir significativamente os eventos cl&#237;nicos e as mortes decorrentes de DAC, assim como a mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>17-27</sup>. </p>
    <p>At&#233; 20 anos de acompanhamento (1977-1996), foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar uma queda, n&#227;o significativa, de 1,5 mg/dL para o CT plasm&#225;tico de todo o grupo. As varia&#231;&#245;es trienais dos n&#237;veis de CT demonstraram eleva&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#233;dios no ano de 1983. A conduta para reduzir a hipercolesterolemia ocorrida nesse ano foi a modifica&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica para todos os indiv&#237;duos que apresentassem CT <underline>&gt;</underline>200 mg/dL e uso de estatina naqueles casos em que o CT <underline>&gt;</underline>300 mg/dL. Os resultados mostraram diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa dos valores de CT (13,2 mg/dL) quando comparados os anos de 1983 e 1995. </p>
    <p>Quando avaliadas as varia&#231;&#245;es trienais do CT s&#233;rico, de acordo com o III Consenso Brasileiro sobre Dislipidemias, encontrou-se um aumento significativo do n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis desej&#225;veis e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m significativa do n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis altos, quando comparados os anos de 1977 e 1995. </p>
    <p>Estes resultados s&#227;o semelhantes aos de numerosos estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria que empregaram diferentes modifica&#231;&#245;es alimentares, mas basicamente utilizaram a redu&#231;&#227;o da ingesta de alimentos ricos em colesterol e &#225;cidos graxos saturados e incremento daqueles com &#225;cidos graxos insaturados e hidratos de carbono complexo. </p>
    <p>O tabagismo &#233; um dos mais importantes fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular e tamb&#233;m neoplasias, bronquite cr&#244;nica e enfisema. Sua alta preval&#234;ncia faz in&#250;meras v&#237;timas, principalmente por doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica. &#201; considerado pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) e pelo Departamento de Sa&#250;de dos Estados Unidos como o mais importante fator de risco evit&#225;vel de morbidade e de mortalidade. Apesar das in&#250;meras evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas que apontam para os malef&#237;cios do tabagismo, aproximadamente um quinto da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial &#233; composta de fumantes. No Brasil, estima-se que seja respons&#225;vel por cerca de 100 mil mortes/ano. </p>
    <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o sobre o tabagismo como objetivo de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares permite importante redu&#231;&#227;o de morbimortalidade, determinando melhor e maior sobrevida nos indiv&#237;duos que param de fumar, em ambos os sexos e qualquer faixa et&#225;ria<sup>28-35</sup>. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, com aux&#237;lio de diferentes m&#233;todos de interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, tais como mudan&#231;as comportamentais (palestras, v&#237;deos, exames peri&#243;dicos), prepara&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas de nicotina, acupuntura etc, foi poss&#237;vel obter resultados satisfat&#243;rios, onde o n&#250;mero de fumantes diminuiu de 338 para 181 (24%) em todo o grupo. </p>
    <p>Os resultados conseguidos foram compar&#225;veis aos dos grandes estudos cl&#237;nicos internacionais de atua&#231;&#227;o sobre os principais fatores de risco<sup>36-40</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudo longitudinal, realizado na cidade de Framingham<sup>41</sup>, mostrava a associa&#231;&#227;o da obesidade com a morbimortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular em ambos os sexos e em diferentes faixas et&#225;rias. A coexist&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios como dislipidemia, diabete melito e hipertens&#227;o arterial, impossibilitou a identifica&#231;&#227;o da obesidade como fator de risco isolado para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Somente ap&#243;s 26 anos de avalia&#231;&#227;o e uma nova an&#225;lise &#233; que a obesidade foi definida como fator de risco independente para a doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>42</sup>, apesar desta rela&#231;&#227;o nem sempre ser confirmada<sup>43</sup>. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, o &#237;ndice de massa corporal aumentou gradativa e significativamente quando comparados os anos de 1977 com 1995, com valores de 23,3&#177;3,2 e 27,3&#177;3,4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente. Esse aumento tamb&#233;m foi constatado por Lotufo<sup>44</sup>. </p>
    <p>A constata&#231;&#227;o de que a obesidade estava aumentando indicou medidas preventivas para sua redu&#231;&#227;o durante o acompanhamento do grupo, com orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional e est&#237;mulo &#224; pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos regulares por um curto per&#237;odo (aproximadamente 1 ano), mas que n&#227;o surtiram o efeito desejado, apesar do empenho despendido. </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; dos mais importantes fatores de risco para as DCV, conforme apontam diversos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, mas &#233; tamb&#233;m, potencialmente, aquele de mais f&#225;cil abordagem, porque sua preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta &#233; de cerca de 20%, disp&#245;e-se de terap&#234;uticas farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas eficientes no seu controle, sua identifica&#231;&#227;o e tratamento inicial requerem poucos recursos tecnol&#243;gicos e proped&#234;uticos e, finalmente, os atuais esquemas de tratamento t&#234;m poucos efeitos colaterais, com boa tolerabilidade. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial para o per&#237;odo de 1977 a 1996 foi de aproximadamente 16%. Estima-se que nos Estados Unidos aproximadamente 1 em 5 adultos tenham hipertens&#227;o, ou seja, 20%<sup>45</sup>. No Brasil, v&#225;rios estudos demonstram que a hipertens&#227;o arterial tem preval&#234;ncia vari&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica neste estudo apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa de 125,8&#177;11,7 para 124,0&#177;12,0 mmHg, enquanto a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica apresentou um aumento tamb&#233;m significativo de 76,9&#177;6,8 para 80,7&#177;7,0 mmHg. A melhor detec&#231;&#227;o e o melhor controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial, com aux&#237;lio de exames peri&#243;dicos (anuais, semestrais), diminu&#237;ram o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica desses indiv&#237;duos e reduziram a sua preval&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Lolio e Laurenti<sup>46</sup>, em 1986, mostram resultados relativos ao decl&#237;nio de tend&#234;ncias da mortalidade por DAC a partir de 1976, no munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo. O mesmo foi observado para a doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, onde o decl&#237;nio j&#225; se percebia desde o in&#237;cio dos anos 70. Lolio e Laurenti<sup>46</sup>, Lotufo<sup>47</sup>, Lotufo e Lolio<sup>48</sup>, Lolio e cols.<sup>49,50</sup> mostraram que a mortalidade por DAC e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular est&#225; declinando no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo dos anos 1980-1989. Outras capitais brasileiras tamb&#233;m apresentam decl&#237;nio na mortalidade por DCV<sup>4</sup>. Os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico foram significantemente menores naqueles indiv&#237;duos tratados. A ader&#234;ncia ao uso de medicamentos foi consider&#225;vel, pois a empresa contribu&#237;a com 30% sobre o custo dos mesmos. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, durante o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o, foram a &#243;bito 12 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 5 concernentes &#224;s DCV e 7 n&#227;o relacionados, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significativa entre eles. Entre os provocados pelas DCV, 2 foram por eventos coronarianos e 3 por doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares. </p>
    <p>A probabilidade de ficarem livres de todos os eventos cardiovasculares, segundo a curva atuarial, foi de 98,1% e dos eventos fatais por DCV de 99,2%. </p>
    <p>Este trabalho p&#244;de ser realizado porque utilizamos os conhecimentos epidemiol&#243;gicos, que evolu&#237;ram ap&#243;s o postulado de Keys (1970)<sup>51</sup> e as li&#231;&#245;es que o estudo de Framingham nos tem fornecido nos diferentes est&#225;gios de suas publica&#231;&#245;es. No Brasil, existem dificuldades para compara&#231;&#245;es com outros estudos devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas desta pesquisa, amostra com mesmo padr&#227;o s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico, por tratar-se de um grupo fechado de empregados e, principalmente, pelo envolvimento da CPFL em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; import&#226;ncia da Medicina Preventiva. </p>
    <p>Destaca-se assim a import&#226;ncia dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de no local de trabalho, n&#227;o s&#243; para identificar grupos de risco, mas especialmente para execu&#231;&#227;o de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, que visem modificar h&#225;bitos ou estilos de vida que acarretam riscos a toda coletividade. </p>
    <p>Com a interven&#231;&#227;o (sobre os principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares) a longo prazo (20 anos) de um grupo fechado, composto por 621 eletricit&#225;rios, verificou-se: </p>
    <p>a) A m&#233;dia do colesterol s&#233;rico total apresentou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa por efeito da orienta&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica, principalmente a partir do ano de sexto ano de acompanhamento, aumentando o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;vel desej&#225;vel e diminuindo os com n&#237;vel alto. O h&#225;bito de fumar tamb&#233;m diminuiu significativamente, com mudan&#231;as comportamentais. A m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica diminuiu significativamente com uma melhor detec&#231;&#227;o e medidas higi&#234;nicas orientadas durante os exames peri&#243;dicos. O uso de medicamentos reduziu significantemente os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal apresentou um aumento significativo e gradativo. </p>
    <p>b) Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos eventos cardiovasculares, a probabilidade de estar livre de qualquer evento foi de 98,1% e a de estar livre de eventos fatais de 99,2%.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Alberto de Souza Ciorlia </p>
        <p> Rua Santo Agostinho, 281 </p>
        <p> 15025-220 - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ciorliampo@yahoo.com.br">ciorliampo@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 3/03/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 11/02/2005</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Havlik RJ, Feinleib M. (Ed.). Proceeding    of the conference on the decline in coronary heart disease mortality. Bethesda:    National Institute of Health; 1979 (NIH publ. 79-1610). </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Proceeding of the conference on the decline in coronary heart disease mortality</source>
          <date>
            <year>1979</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Havlik</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feinleib</surname>
              <given-names>M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Uemura K, Pisa Z. Trends in cardiovascular    disease mortality in industrialized countries since 1950. World Health Stat    Q 1988; 41: 155-78. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Trends in cardiovascular disease mortality in industrialized countries since 1950</article-title>
          <source>World Health Stat Q</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>155</fpage>
          <lpage>78</lpage>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Uemura</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pisa</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Lolio CA, Souza JMP, Laurenti R. Decline in    cardiovascular disease, mortality in the city of S. Paulo, Brazil, 1970 to 1983.    Rev Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica 1990; 20: 454-64. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Decline in cardiovascular disease, mortality in the city of S. Paulo, Brazil, 1970 to 1983</article-title>
          <source>Rev Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>454</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lolio</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>JMP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laurenti</surname>
              <given-names>R.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Lolio CA. Mortalidade por doen&#231;a do    aparelho circulat&#243;rio em capitais de regi&#245;es metropolitanas do    Brasil, 1979-1989. S&#227;o Paulo: Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.    USP; 1994. 136 p. Tese (Livre Doc&#234;ncia em Medicina Preventiva) - Faculdade    de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, 1994. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <source>Mortalidade por doen&#231;a do aparelho circulat&#243;rio em capitais de regi&#245;es metropolitanas do Brasil, 1979-1989</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>136</fpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lolio</surname>
              <given-names>CA.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Costa E. A cross-seccional survey of blood    pressure in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Londres: University of London; 1981.    132 p. Tese (Doutoramento em Medicina) - University of London, 1981. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <source>A cross-seccional survey of blood pressure in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>132</fpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>E.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Achutti A, Medeiros AMB. Hipertens&#227;o    arterial no Rio Grande do Sul. Bol Sa&#250;de 1985; 12: 6-54. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o arterial no Rio Grande do Sul</article-title>
          <source>Bol Sa&#250;de</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>6</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Achutti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medeiros</surname>
              <given-names>AMB.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Laurenti R, Fonseca LAM. A mortalidade por    doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo em um    per&#237;odo de 30 anos (1940-1969). Arq Bras Cardiol 1976; 29: 85-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo em um per&#237;odo de 30 anos (1940-1969)</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1976</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>85</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laurenti</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>LAM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Ribeiro MB, Ribeiro AB, Neto CS, et al. Hypertension    and economic activities in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. Hypertension 1981; 3: II-233-II-71.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hypertension and economic activities in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>II</fpage>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neto</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Rego RA, Berardo FA, Rodrigues SS, et al.    Fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o-transmiss&#237;veis:    inqu&#233;rito domiciliar no munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo, SP (Brasil).    Metodologia e resultados preliminares. Rev Sa&#250;de P&#250;bl 1990; 24:    277-85. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o-transmiss&#237;veis: inqu&#233;rito domiciliar no munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo, SP (Brasil). Metodologia e resultados preliminares</article-title>
          <source>Rev Sa&#250;de P&#250;bl</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>277</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rego</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berardo</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de. Genebra: Comit&#234; de Expentos en Hypertension Arterial; 1978. Informe. S&#233;rie de Informes T&#233;cnicos, 628.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Informe: S&#233;rie de Informes T&#233;cnicos</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Rose GA. Metodos de encusta sobre enfermedades    cardiovasculares. 2. Ed. Ginebra: Organizacion Mundial de la Salud, 1982. (OMS    - S&#233;rie de Monografias, 56). </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Metodos de encusta sobre enfermedades cardiovasculares</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rose</surname>
              <given-names>GA.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Deteccion,    Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The sixth report of the Joint    National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of the    High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 2413-46. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Joint National Committee on Prevention, Deteccion, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of the High Blood Pressure</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2413</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <volume>157</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement. Health implications of obesity. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 1073-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Health implications of obesity</article-title>
          <source>Ann Intern Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1073</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>103</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia     Departamento de Aterosclerose. III Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemias    e Diretrizes de Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose. Arq Bras Cardiol 2001;    77(Supl III): 1-48. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Departamento de Aterosclerose: III Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemias e Diretrizes de Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
          <volume>77</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F. Prediction    of serum cholesterol responses of man to changes in fats in the diet. Lancet    1957; II: 959-66. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prediction of serum cholesterol responses of man to changes in fats in the diet</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1957</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>959</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
          <volume>II</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Keys</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grande</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F. Serum cholesterol    response to changes in the diet. IV. Particular satured fatty acids in the diet.    Metabolism 1985; 14: 776-86. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Serum cholesterol response to changes in the diet. IV</article-title>
          <source>Particular satured fatty acids in the diet. Metabolism</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>776</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Keys</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grande</surname>
              <given-names>F.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Dayton S, Pearce ML, Hashimoto S, et al.    A controlled clinical trial of a diet high in insatured fat in preventing complications    of atherosclerosis. Circulation 1969; 40(suppl II): 1-63. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A controlled clinical trial of a diet high in insatured fat in preventing complications of atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1969</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>suppl II</issue>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dayton</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pearce</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hashimoto</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Pekkarinen M. Dietary    prevention of coronary heart disease. The Finish Mental Hospital Study. Int    J Epidemiol 1979; 8: 99-118. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Finish Mental Hospital Study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1979</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>99</fpage>
          <lpage>118</lpage>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Turpeinen</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karvonen</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pekkarinen</surname>
              <given-names>M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Hjermann I, Velvebyre K, Holme I, et al.    Effect of diet and smoking intervention on the incidence of coronary heart disease:    report from the Oslo Study Group of a randomised trial in healthy men. Lancet    1981; 2: 1303-10. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of diet and smoking intervention on the incidence of coronary heart disease: report from the Oslo Study Group of a randomised trial in healthy men</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1303</fpage>
          <lpage>10</lpage>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hjermann</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Velvebyre</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holme</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Risk    Factors. Changes and mortality results. JAMA 1982; 248: 1465-77. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Factor Intervention Trial Risk Factors: Changes and mortality results</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1465</fpage>
          <lpage>77</lpage>
          <volume>248</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Multiple</surname>
              <given-names>Risk</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research    Group. Mortality after 10 &#189; years for hypertensive participants in the    Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Circulation 1990; 82: 1616-28. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Factor Intervention Trial Research Group: Mortality after 10 &#189; years for hypertensive participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1616</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Multiple</surname>
              <given-names>Risk</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Puska P, Salonen JT, Nissenen A, et al. Change    in risk factors for coronary heart disease during 10 years of a community intervention    programme (North Karelia Project). Br Med J 1983; 287: 1840-4. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Change in risk factors for coronary heart disease during 10 years of a community intervention programme (North Karelia Project)</article-title>
          <source>Br Med J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1840</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>287</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Puska</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salonen</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nissenen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. World Health Organization European Collaborative    Group. European Collaborative Trial of multifactorial prevention of coronary    heart disease. Final report on the 6 years results. Lancet 1989; 2: 869-72.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>European Collaborative Trial of multifactorial prevention of coronary heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Final report on the 6 years results. Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>869</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>World</surname>
              <given-names>Health</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary    Prevention Trial. Results I: reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease.    JAMA 1984; 251: 351-64. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial: Results I: reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>351</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <volume>251</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary    Prevention Trial. Results II: the relationship of reduction in incidence of    coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA 1984; 251: 365-74. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial: Results II: the relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>365</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <volume>251</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Frick MH, Ello O, Haapa K, et al. Helsinki    Heart Study: primary prevention trial with Genfibrozil in middle-aged men with    dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1237-45. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Helsinki Heart Study: primary prevention trial with Genfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1237</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <volume>317</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Frick</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ello</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haapa</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Shepherd J. For the West of Scotland Coronary    Prevention Study Group. The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. A trial    of cholesterol reduction in Scottish men. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 113C-7C. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study</article-title>
          <source>A trial of cholesterol reduction in Scottish men. Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>113C</fpage>
          <lpage>7C</lpage>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shepherd</surname>
              <given-names>J.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Kannel WB, McGee DL, Castelli WP, et al.    Latest perspective on cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham    Study. J Cardiac Rehabil 1984; 4: 267-77. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Latest perspective on cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Study</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiac Rehabil</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>267</fpage>
          <lpage>77</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGee</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castelli</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Wilhelmsen L, Berglund G, Elmfeldt D, et    al. The multifactor primary prevention trial in Goteborg, Sweden. Eur Heart    J 1986; 7: 279-88. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The multifactor primary prevention trial in Goteborg, Sweden</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>279</fpage>
          <lpage>88</lpage>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilhelmsen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berglund</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elmfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, et al. Mortality    in relation to smoke: 40 years observations on male British Doctors. BMJ 1994;    309: 901-11. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mortality in relation to smoke: 40 years observations on male British Doctors</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>901</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <volume>309</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Doll</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wheatley</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Wihelmsson C, Vedin JA, Elmfeldt D, et al.    Smoking and myocardial infarction. Lancet 1975; 1: 415-20. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Smoking and myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>415</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wihelmsson</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vedin</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elmfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Aberg A, Bergstrand R, Johansson S, et al.    Cessation of smoking after myocardial infarction. Effects on mortality after    10 years. Br Heart J 1983; 49: 416-22. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cessation of smoking after myocardial infarction: Effects on mortality after 10 years</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>416</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aberg</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergstrand</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johansson</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Mulcahy R, Hickey N, Grahan I, et al. Factors    influencing long-term prognosis in male patients surviving a first coronary    attack. Br Heart J 1975; 37: 158-65. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Factors influencing long-term prognosis in male patients surviving a first coronary attack</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>158</fpage>
          <lpage>65</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mulcahy</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hickey</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grahan</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Salonen JT. Stopping smoking and long-term    mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1980; 43: 463-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Stopping smoking and long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>463</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salonen</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Hermanson B, Omenn G, Kronmal R, et al. Beneficial    six-year outcome of smoking cessation in older man and women with coronary artery    disease. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1365-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Beneficial six-year outcome of smoking cessation in older man and women with coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1365</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>319</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hermanson</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omenn</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kronmal</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Vartiainen E, Puska P, Jousilahti P, et al.    Twenty-year trends in coronary risk factors in North Karelia and in other areas    of Finland. Int J Epidemiol 1994; 23: 495-504. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Twenty-year trends in coronary risk factors in North Karelia and in other areas of Finland</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>495</fpage>
          <lpage>504</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vartiainen</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puska</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jousilahti</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Wilhelmsen L, Johansson S, Olvenstam G, et    al. CHD in Sweden: mortality incidence and risk factors over 20 years in Gothenburg.    Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18(suppl 1): S101-S8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>CHD in Sweden: mortality incidence and risk factors over 20 years in Gothenburg</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S101</fpage>
          <lpage>S8</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilhelmsen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johansson</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olvenstam</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>38. Ueshima HP, Tatara K, Asakura S. Declining    mortality from ischemic heart disease and changes in coronary risk factors in    Japan, 1956-1980. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 125: 62-72. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Declining mortality from ischemic heart disease and changes in coronary risk factors in Japan, 1956-1980</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>62</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ueshima</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tatara</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asakura</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <mixed-citation>39. D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Belanger AJ, et    al. Trends in CHD and risk factors at age 55-64 in the Framingham Study. Int    J Epidemiol 1989; 18(suppl 1): S67-S72. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Trends in CHD and risk factors at age 55-64 in the Framingham Study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S67</fpage>
          <lpage>S72</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D'Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belanger</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <mixed-citation>40. Sytrowski PA, Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB. Changes    in risk factors and the decline in mortality from cardiovascular disease. The    Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1635-41. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Changes in risk factors and the decline in mortality from cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1635</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <volume>322</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sytrowski</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <mixed-citation>41. Kannel WB, LeBaver EJ, Dawmber TR, et al.    Relation of body wright to development of coronary heart disease: Framingham    Study. Circulation 1967; 35: 734-44. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relation of body wright to development of coronary heart disease: Framingham Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1967</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>734</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>LeBaver</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dawmber</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <mixed-citation>42. Hubert HB, Feinleib M, Mcnamara P, et al.    Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year    follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1983; 67:    968-77. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>968</fpage>
          <lpage>77</lpage>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hubert</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feinleib</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mcnamara</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <mixed-citation>43. Pekka J, Tuomilehto J, Vartiainen E, et al.    Body weight, cardiovascular risk factors and coronary mortality: 15 years follow-up    of middle-aged men and women in Eastern Finland. Circulation 1996; 93: 1372-9.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Body weight, cardiovascular risk factors and coronary mortality: 15 years follow-up of middle-aged men and women in Eastern Finland</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1372</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pekka</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuomilehto</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vartiainen</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <mixed-citation>44. Lotufo PA. Increasing obesity in Brazil:    predicting a new peak of cardiovascular mortality. S&#227;o Paulo Med J 2000;    118: 161-2. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Increasing obesity in Brazil: predicting a new peak of cardiovascular mortality</article-title>
          <source>S&#227;o Paulo Med J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>161</fpage>
          <lpage>2</lpage>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <mixed-citation>45. Joffres MR, Hamet P, MacLean DR, L'italien    GJ, Fodor G. Distribution of blood pressure and hypertension in Canada and the    United States. Am J Hypertens 2001;14: 1099-105. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Distribution of blood pressure and hypertension in Canada and the United States</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1099</fpage>
          <lpage>105</lpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Joffres</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamet</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacLean</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L'italien</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fodor</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <mixed-citation>46. Lolio CA, Laurenti R. Evolu&#231;&#227;o    da mortalidade por doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o no    munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo. Evolu&#231;&#227;o de 1950 a 1981    e mudan&#231;as recentes na tend&#234;ncia. Arq Bras Cardiol 1986; 46: 153-6.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o de 1950 a 1981 e mudan&#231;as recentes na tend&#234;ncia</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>153</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lolio</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laurenti</surname>
              <given-names>R.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <mixed-citation>47. Lotufo PA. As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares    no Brasil: estudo de caso da tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade no Estado de S&#227;o    Paulo 1970-1989. S&#227;o Paulo: Faculdade de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.    USP; 1993. Disserta&#231;&#227;o (Mestrado em Medicina Preventiva) - Faculdade    de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, 1993. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <source>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no Brasil: estudo de caso da tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo 1970-1989</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <mixed-citation>48. Lotufo PA, Lolio CA. Tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade    por doen&#231;a cerebrovascular no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo: 1970 a 1989.    Arq Bras Cardiol 1993; 51: 441-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Tend&#234;ncia da mortalidade por doen&#231;a cerebrovascular no Estado de S&#227;o Paulo: 1970 a 1989</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lolio</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B49">
        <mixed-citation>49. Lolio CA, Laurenti R, Buchala CM, Santo AH,    Jorge MH. Mortality of women in reproductive age in the municipality of S&#227;o    Paulo (Brazil), 1986. III. Death by different causes: cardiovascular diseases.    Rev Saude Publica 1991; 25: 37-40. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mortality of women in reproductive age in the municipality of S&#227;o Paulo (Brazil), 1986. III. Death by different causes: cardiovascular diseases</article-title>
          <source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lolio</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laurenti</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buchala</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santo</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jorge</surname>
              <given-names>MH.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <mixed-citation>50. Lolio CA, Lotufo PA, Lira AC, Zanetta DM,    Massad E. Mortality trends due to myocardial ischemia in capital cities of the    metropolitan areas of Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol 1995; 64: 213-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mortality trends due to myocardial ischemia in capital cities of the metropolitan areas of Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>213</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lolio</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zanetta</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massad</surname>
              <given-names>E.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B51">
        <mixed-citation>51. Keys A. Coronary heart disease in seven countries.    Circulation 1970; 41(suppl I): 1-211.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary heart disease in seven countries</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1970</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>211</lpage>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Keys</surname>
              <given-names>A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular risk factors and mortality: long-term follow-up (up to 20 years) in a preventive program carried out by occupational medicine</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: The decrease in mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been achieved in the United States and the same decrease has been happening in developing countries, thanks to favorable changes in lifestyle and risk factors. Despite such consideration, the volume of information available on the distribution and behavior of that type of disease and its risk factors in Brazil is still little. METHODS: The assessment of changes in total cholesterol (TC), levels of blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI) and smoking was carried out, besides the occurrence of fatal (F) and non-fatal (NF) cardiovascular events, under dietary and behavioral intervention and long-term follow-up (up to 20 years) in a closed group, consisting of 621 electric power company workers of both sexes, with average age of 29.1&#177;7.1 years old, varying from 15 to 59 years old. Actuarial curves were obtained to analyze the F and NF cardiovascular events. RESULTS: The TC mean showed significant reduction due to dietary guidance. The smoking habit decreased significantly with behavioral changes. The mean of the BPs decreased significantly with a better detection and hygienic measures, and the adhesion by definite hypertensive people to the treatment showed an index of 56.6%. On the other hand, the BMI showed an expressive and gradual increase. The probability for the individuals to remain free of any cardiovascular event was of 98.1%, whereas for the fatal events, it was 99.2%. CONCLUSION: Those results prove that initiatives directed towards the prevention must be priorities, aiming at modifying the morbimortatility rates of CVD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>cardiovascular risk</kwd>
        <kwd>preventive medicine</kwd>
        <kwd>occupational medicine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular risk factors and mortality. Long-term follow-up (up to 20 years) in a preventive program carried out by occupational medicine</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Alberto de Souza Ciorlia; Moacir Fernandes de Godoy </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>The decrease in mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been achieved in the United States and the same decrease has been happening in developing countries, thanks to favorable changes in lifestyle and risk factors. Despite such consideration, the volume of information available on the distribution and behavior of that type of disease and its risk factors in Brazil is still little.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The assessment of changes in total cholesterol (TC), levels of blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI) and smoking was carried out, besides the occurrence of fatal (F) and non-fatal (NF) cardiovascular events, under dietary and behavioral intervention and long-term follow-up (up to 20 years) in a closed group, consisting of 621 electric power company workers of both sexes, with average age of 29.1&#177;7.1 years old, varying from 15 to 59 years old. Actuarial curves were obtained to analyze the F and NF cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The TC mean showed significant reduction due to dietary guidance. The smoking habit decreased significantly with behavioral changes. The mean of the BPs decreased significantly with a better detection and hygienic measures, and the adhesion by definite hypertensive people to the treatment showed an index of 56.6%. On the other hand, the BMI showed an expressive and gradual increase. The probability for the individuals to remain free of any cardiovascular event was of 98.1%, whereas for the fatal events, it was 99.2%.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Those results prove that initiatives directed towards the prevention must be priorities, aiming at modifying the morbimortatility rates of CVD. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> cardiovascular risk, preventive medicine, occupational medicine</p>
      <p> The decrease of mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been achieved in the United States and the same decrease has been happening in developing countries<sup>1-3</sup>. In Brazil, tendencies to the fall have also been identified, especially for CAD and cerebrovascular diseases (CbVD), in a well-documented manner for the metropolitan regions, notably Bel&#233;m, Salvador and S&#227;o Paulo, and, not so importantly, for the capitals of South Region, where the last rates have shown a tendency to stability<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>Despite such importance, the information available on the distribution and behavior of that kind of diseases and their risk factors in Brazil is still little: works by Costa<sup>5</sup> and Achutti &amp; Medeiros<sup>6</sup>, in Rio Grande do Sul, and those by Laurenti &amp; Fonseca<sup>7</sup>, Ribeiro<sup>8</sup> and Rego et al.<sup>9</sup>, in S&#227;o Paulo, on hypertension and CVD. </p>
      <p>So, having epidemiological assessments on such parameter at hand becomes imperative for the projections aiming at the decrease of cardiovascular mortality. Due to the importance of the theme, given to the growing participation of that mortality index in vital statistic and the scarcity of relevant studies carried out in Brazil, a clinical study on the risk factors of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular diseases was proposed, in the long-term follow-up (up to 20 years), in a closed population sample from the region of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (SP), with emphasis on the effect of preventive measures as dietary and behavioral guidance. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was developed in the region of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (northwest of the State of S&#227;o Paulo), with 621 employees, of both sexes, of Companhia Paulista de For&#231;a e Luz, who worked in the cities of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, Mirassol, Barretos and Ara&#231;atuba, being the sample socioeconomically similar. </p>
      <p>Those employees showed job stability, obligatoriness in being submitted to periodic, yearly or semestral medical examinations, and they were assessed in an ambulatory in the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, counting on a nursing assistant and a labor physician, who followed them up from January 1977 to December 1996. There the clinical examinations, measurements of weight, height and blood pressure, and venopuncture to determine total cholesterol, and other laboratorial exams were performed. </p>
      <p>The age, at the beginning of the study, varied from 15 to 59 years old, with an average of 29.1&#177;7.1 years old, 580 were male, with average age of 29.4&#177;7.2 years old and 41 were female, with average age of 25.0&#177;5.2 years. </p>
      <p>All participating employees showed a medical record, in which all health events occurred during the period were marked down. </p>
      <p> The blood pressure measurements were taken in accordance to the techniques recommended by the World Health Organization<sup>10</sup> (WHO &#150; Hypertension Expert Committee, Geneva, 1978), with the use of aneroid sphygmanometers duly calibrated with column of mercury equipment and periodically gauged. </p>
      <p>The weight and height measurements were taken on a Filizola scale (with capacity for 150 kg and sensitivity of 100g), at the beginning of the yearly clinical appointment, with the employees free of heavy shoes and clothes, according to standardized techniques<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>In blood samples collected after 12-hour feast the following biochemical exams were carried out: complete blood count, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and creatinine. Total cholesterol was dosed using the colorimetric method of Liebermann-Burchard, in the period from 1977 to 1988, the modified colorimetric method of Huang, in the period between 1989 to 1993, and through the enzymatic system in a CHOD-PAP spectrophotometer, from 1994 to 1996. </p>
      <p>The criterion of <italic>Joint National Committee</italic> (1997)<sup>12</sup> was used for the diagnosis of hypertension. </p>
      <p>The body mass index (BMI) or Quetelet index, which is represented by the division of the weight (in kilograms) by the square of the height (in meters)<sup>13</sup> was used. Concerning the total cholesterol (TC), the participants were divided in accordance to the criteria of III Consenso Brasileiro sobre Dyslipidemias &#150; 3<sup>rd</sup> Brazilian Consensus on Dyslepidemias -, recommended by Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - Brazilian Society of Cardiology - (Department of Atherosclerosis)<sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The employees who reported smoking daily, any number of cigarettes, were regarded as smokers. </p>
      <p>Serum cholesterol, smoking, hypertension and BMI-assessed obesity were considered as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. </p>
      <p>Definite complications from CAD, sudden death, intermittent claudication, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident and transitory ischemia were considered as cardiovascular events. Those diseases were diagnosed on clinical base, in conventional supplementary exams and, in fatal cases, in death certificate. </p>
      <p>Information on the distribution of age and sex of the studied group is shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>, showing that most of individuals were within the age range between <underline>&gt;</underline>20 and &lt;40 years old in the year 1977 (88%). The fact of the great prevalence of male sex is due to the type of professional activity of the individuals (electric power company workers of CPFL). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The aim of the intervention was of modifying the "risk factors" that, for some time, have been increasing their importance in the field of non-transmitted chronic diseases. </p>
      <p>So, the employees were guided towards the elimination of smoking habit, decrease and control of weight and the control of blood pressure in hypertensive. That process was carried out individually in the yearly periodic appointment and in group, with the help of talks and videos. </p>
      <p>Concerning the borderline-high and high level TC, a standard diet was instituted aiming at reducing the ingestion of long chain fatty acids<sup>15,16</sup>. Yearly or semi-annually, during the whole study, all individuals were guided by the physician of Occupational Medicine Ambulatory to replace saturated fats for polyunsaturated fatty acids, in addition to the increase of ingestion of vegetables and fiber-rich foods. </p>
      <p>The feedback was always assessed in the yearly or semestral periodical exams or when necessary, which was facilitated by the commitment from CPFL with Preventive Medicine for being about a restricted group of employees. Astatine was prescribed in the cases that the TC <underline>&gt;</underline>300 mg/dL. </p>
      <p>The employee's database was done in MSExcel and the analyses through Solo Statistical System (Version 2.0) software, with which the means and standard deviation and the matching t-test were calculated for each variable in the study. The comparisons of two proportions were carried out with Primer Software. </p>
      <p>Actuarial curves were obtained to analyze the appearance of cardiovascular events and deaths in the time of the study. The actuarial method, among the methods of tardive analysis of results, is the most suitable as it gathers patients with different follow-up times, uses information from all patients, regardless of time distribution, and it can be used to estimate the "probability of being free" of many events, as well as allows for the comparison of results from other populations. </p>
      <p>Significant values of p&lt;0.05 were considered and the confidence intervals (CI) 95% were calculated. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The three-year variations of average levels &#177; standard deviation of total cholesterol (TC) are shown on <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>, in which there is an increase in year 1983 and then a gradual decrease until year 1995. When we compared the values found in 1977 with those found in 1995, there was a non-significant decrease of 1.5 mg/dL (p=0.334). If the comparison is of 1983 with 1995, there was a significant reduction (p&lt;0.01 CI 95% 9.67 to 16.48) of 13.2 mg/dL (6.2%). In the comparison regarding sex, we found similar results. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>When we assess the three-year variations of serum cholesterol in accordance to the 3<sup>rd</sup> Brazilian Consensus on Dyslipidemias, we find the number of individuals with desirable level, significantly increasing from 295 (47.5%) to 348 (57.1%) (P&lt;0.01), with those with high level also decreasing significantly from 127 (20.5%) to 83 (13.6%) (P&lt;0.01) and the borderline-high group not showing significant changes when the years 1977 and 1995 (p=0.335) are compared (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The changes in the prevalence of smoking habit, after a 20-year follow-up, is shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>, in which the number of smokers significantly decreased from 338 (54%) to 181 (30%) (p&lt;0.01). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The distribution of mean &#177; SD of body mass index (BMI) is in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">figure 3</xref>, which verifies a gradual and significant increase when comparing 1977 to 1995 p&lt;0.01), with the passage from 23.3&#177; 3.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup> to 27.3&#177;3.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The mean and standard deviation of systolic and diastolic blood pressures are shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>, in which the years 1977 and 1996 are compared. A significant decrease from 125.8&#177;11.7 mmHg to 124.0&#177;12.0 mmHg in systolic pressure (p&lt;0.01) is verified, as well as a significant increase from 76.9&#177;6.8 mmHg to 80.7&#177;7.0 mmHg (p&lt;0.01) in the diastolic pressure (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The mean and standard deviation of systolic and diastolic pressures of definite hypertensive individuals, with and without treatment, at the end of the study in 1996 are on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">table IV</xref>. The systolic and diastolic pressure levels were significantly lower in those treated individuals (p &lt; 0.01 CI 95% 14.1 to 22.8 and p &lt; 0.01 CI 95% 9.6 to 14.4, respectively). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The occurrence of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events and of deaths non-related to CVDs, for the period from 1977 to 1996, is shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">table V</xref>. Twelve events occurred, which correspond to an incidence of 0.97 event per 1,000 individuals per year. For the 5 fatal and 7 non-fatal events, we have an incidence of 0.40 and 0.56 events per 1,000 individuals per year, respectively. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The probability of being free of any non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular event, in the period of 20 years (1977 to 1996), according to actuarial curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>) was 98.1% and 99.2%, respectively. </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0020-00005-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Anatomopathological data and data from experimental, clinical and epidemiological investigations show the relation among dyslepidemias, especially the hypercholesterolemia, and the coronary artery disease. </p>
      <p>Results from those investigations allowed for verifying that the reduction of cholesterolemia is able to decrease significantly the clinical events and the deaths resulting from CAD, as well as cardiovascular mortality<sup>17-27</sup>. </p>
      <p>Up to 20 years of follow-up (1977-1996), it was possible to demonstrate a non-significant decrease of 1.5 mg/dL for the plasmatic TC of the whole group. The three-year variations of TC levels showed an increase of the average values in the year 1983. The management to reduce hypercholesterolemia occurred that year was the dietary change to all individuals who showed TC <underline>&gt;</underline>200 mg/dL and use of astatine in those cases that TC <underline>&gt;</underline>300 mg/dL. The results showed a significant decrease of the values of TC (13.2 mg/dL) when compared to those in the years 1983 and 1995. </p>
      <p>When the three-year variations of serum TC were assessed, according to the 3<sup>rd</sup> Brazilian Consensus on Dyslipidemias, a significant increase of the number of individuals with desired levels was found and also a significant decrease of the number of individuals with high levels, when the years of 1977 and 1995 are compared. </p>
      <p>Those results are similar to those from several studies on primary intervention that used different alimentary changes, but basically used the reduction of ingestion of foods rich in cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, and an increase of those with unsaturated fatty acids and complex carbon hydrates. </p>
      <p>Smoking is one of the most important risk factors cardiovascular diseases and also neoplasias, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Its high prevalence victimizes many individuals, especially due to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It is regarded by the World Health Organization (WHO) and by the Department of Health of the United States as the most important avoidable risk factor of morbidity and mortality. Despite many scientific evidences pointing out to smoking malignancies, approximately a fifth of the world population consist of smokers. In Brazil, it is estimated that smoking is responsible for about 100 thousand deaths per year. </p>
      <p>Intervention on smoking as objective of primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases allow for an important reduction of morbimortality, determining a better and greater survival in individuals who stop smoking, of both sexes and in any age range<sup>28-35</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the present study, with the help of different methods of smoking interruption, such as behavioral changes (talks, videos, periodical exams), pharmacological preparations of nicotine, acupuncture, etc., it was possible to obtain satisfactory results, in which the number of smokers decreased from 338 to 181 (24%) in the whole group. </p>
      <p>The results reached were comparable to those in the great international clinical studies of actuation on main risk factors<sup>36-40</sup>. </p>
      <p>A longitudinal study, performed in the city of Framingham<sup>41</sup>, showed the association of obesity with morbimortality due to cardiovascular disease in both sexes and different age ranges. The coexistence of disorders as dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, made impossible to identify the obesity as an isolated risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Only after 26 years of assessment and a new analysis is that obesity was defined as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease<sup>42</sup>, despite that relation has not always been confirmed<sup>43</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the present study, the body mass index increased gradually and significantly when the years 1977 and 1995 are compared, with values of 23.3&#177;3.2 and 27.3&#177;3.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. That number was also certified by Lotufo<sup>44</sup>. </p>
      <p>The certification that obesity was increasing assigned preventive measures for its reduction during the follow-up of the group, with nutritional guidance and incentive to regular physical exercises for a short period (approximately 1 year), but that did not have the desired effect, despite the efforts. </p>
      <p>Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for CVDs, as many epidemiological studies show but it is also, potentially, the one with the easiest approach, because its prevalence among adults is about 20%, there are efficient pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutics in its control, its initial identification and treatment require few technological and work-up resources, and finally the current treatment schemes have few side effects, with good tolerability. </p>
      <p>The prevalence of hypertension for the period between 1977 and 1996 was approximately 16%. It has been estimated that approximately 1 out of 5 adults have hypertension in the United States, which means, 20%<sup>45</sup>. In Brazil, many studies demonstrate that hypertension has variable prevalence. </p>
      <p>The mean and the standard deviation of systolic pressure in this study showed a significant decrease from 125.8&#177;11.7 to 124.0&#177;12.0 mmHg, whereas the diastolic pressure showed a significant increase from 76.9&#177;6.8 to 80.7&#177;7.0 mmHg. A better detection and a better control of hypertension, with the help from periodical (yearly, semestral) exams, decreased the average level of systolic pressure of those individuals and reduced its prevalence. </p>
      <p>Lolio and Laurenti<sup>46</sup>, in 1986, showed results from the decrease of tendencies of mortality due to CAD from 1976, in the city of S&#227;o Paulo. The same was observed for the cerebrovascular disease, in which the decrease was already noticed since the early 1970s. Lolio and Laurenti<sup>46</sup>, Lotufo<sup>47</sup>, Lotufo and Lolio<sup>48</sup>, Lolio et al.<sup>49,50</sup> showed that the mortality due to CAD and cerebrovascular disease is decreasing in the State of S&#227;o Paulo in years 1980-1989. Other Brazilian capitals also showed a decrease in mortality due to CVD<sup>4</sup>. The systolic and diastolic pressure levels were significantly lower in those treated individuals. The adherence to the use of medications was considerable, as the company contributed with 30% from their cost. </p>
      <p>In our study, during the observation period, 12 individuals died, being 5 of them concerning to CVDs and 7 non-related to, without having significant difference among them. Among the ones due to CVDs, 2 were due to coronary events and 3 due to cerebrovascular diseases.. </p>
      <p>The probability of being free of all cardiovascular events, according to the actuarial curve, was 98.1% and the fatal events due to CVD, was 99.2%. </p>
      <p>This work could be achieved because we used epidemiological knowledge that evolved after the postulate of (1970)<sup>51</sup> and the lessons the study of Framingham have supplied us with in the different stages of its publishing. In Brazil there are difficulties for comparisons with other studies due to the characteristics of this research, sample with same socioeconomic standard, for being about a closed group of employees and especially for the involvement from CPFL in relation to the importance of Preventive Medicine. </p>
      <p>So, the importance of heath services in the workplace is highlighted, not only to identify risk groups, but especially for the performance of activities of education on heath that aim at modifying life habits or styles that give rise to the whole community. </p>
      <p>With the long-term (20 years) intervention (on the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases) of a closed group consisted of 621 electric power company workers, we verify as follows: a) The average of total serum cholesterol showed a significant decrease by the effect of dietary guidance, especially from the year of the sixth year of follow-up, increasing the number of individuals with desirable level and decreasing the number of those with high level. Smoking also decreased significantly, with behavioral changes. The average of systolic blood pressure significantly decreased with a better detection and hygienic measured taken during the periodical exams. The use of medications reduced significantly the systolic and diastolic pressure levels. The body mass index showed a significant and gradual increase. b) Regarding the cardiovascular events, the probability of being free of any event was 98.1% and the probability of being free of fatal events was 99.2%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz Alberto de Souza Ciorlia </p>
          <p> Rua Santo Agostinho, 281 </p>
          <p> 15025-220 - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#150; Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ciorliampo@yahoo.com.br">ciorliampo@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publishing on 03/03/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on 02/11/2005 </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
