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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">qJ5gkTTKntyjXNFPjBmkbrG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001400004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Lipemia p&#243;s-prandial: influ&#234;ncia do envelhecimento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline Scholz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diament</surname>
            <given-names>Jayme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forti</surname>
            <given-names>Neusa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>15</fpage>
      <lpage>19</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Investigar o comportamento da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial, avaliada por meio de medidas repetidas de triglic&#233;rides, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis de 20 a 50 anos de idade, distribu&#237;dos em faixas et&#225;rias: GI - 20 a 30; GII - 31 a 40; GIII - 41 a 50 anos. M&#201;TODOS: Os triglic&#233;rides foram determinados em 3 condi&#231;&#245;es: ap&#243;s jejum de 12 h, 2 h e 6 h ap&#243;s refei&#231;&#227;o padronizada contendo 40 g de gordura. RESULTADOS: A an&#225;lise de medidas repetidas dos triglic&#233;rides demonstrou comportamento distinto dos grupos et&#225;rios ao longo das 6 h. Os participantes mais jovens (GI) apresentavam redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de triglic&#233;rides na 6&#170; hora; os da faixa et&#225;ria (GIII) mais idosa, valores ascendentes na 6&#170; hora, e os da faixa et&#225;ria intermedi&#225;ria (GII), manuten&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides, comparando a 2&#170; com a 6&#170; hora de coleta. As diferen&#231;as de comportamento foram significantes (p=0,01). CONCLUS&#195;O: Em amostra populacional adulta saud&#225;vel, o envelhecimento exerce influ&#234;ncia sobre o comportamento da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>lipemia p&#243;s-prandial</kwd>
        <kwd>envelhecimento</kwd>
        <kwd>metabolismo lip&#237;dico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Lipemia p&#243;s-prandial. Influ&#234;ncia do envelhecimento </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jaqueline Scholz Issa; Jayme Diament; Neusa Forti </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Investigar o comportamento da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial, avaliada por meio de medidas repetidas de triglic&#233;rides, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis de 20 a 50 anos de idade, distribu&#237;dos em faixas et&#225;rias: GI - 20 a 30; GII - 31 a 40; GIII - 41 a 50 anos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Os triglic&#233;rides foram determinados em 3 condi&#231;&#245;es: ap&#243;s jejum de 12 h, 2 h e 6 h ap&#243;s refei&#231;&#227;o padronizada contendo 40 g de gordura. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A an&#225;lise de medidas repetidas dos triglic&#233;rides demonstrou comportamento distinto dos grupos et&#225;rios ao longo das 6 h. Os participantes mais jovens (GI) apresentavam redu&#231;&#227;o dos valores de triglic&#233;rides na 6&#170; hora; os da faixa et&#225;ria (GIII) mais idosa, valores ascendentes na 6&#170; hora, e os da faixa et&#225;ria intermedi&#225;ria (GII), manuten&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides, comparando a 2&#170; com a 6&#170; hora de coleta. As diferen&#231;as de comportamento foram significantes (p=0,01). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Em amostra populacional adulta saud&#225;vel, o envelhecimento exerce influ&#234;ncia sobre o comportamento da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> lipemia p&#243;s-prandial, envelhecimento, metabolismo lip&#237;dico</p>
    <p> O termo lipemia p&#243;s-prandial se refere a uma s&#233;rie de eventos metab&#243;licos relacionados ao aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;nas (LP) ricas em triglic&#233;rides (TG) - quilom&#237;crons (Qm) e seus remanescentes, lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade (VLDL) e seus remanescentes - ocorrida ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de gorduras. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s refei&#231;&#227;o gordurosa, o pico de quilom&#237;crons &#233; alcan&#231;ado, habitualmente entre 3 e 6 h, e ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de 12 h essas part&#237;culas n&#227;o s&#227;o mais detect&#225;veis em pessoas normais<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Pesquisas indicam que os triglic&#233;rides n&#227;o s&#227;o componentes das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas, mas admite-se que haja participa&#231;&#227;o das lipoprote&#237;nas ricas em triglic&#233;rides na aterosclerose, de modo direto e/ou indireto, relacionada &#224; liga&#231;&#227;o de seu metabolismo com o das lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (LDL) e de alta densidade (HDL), estas, reconhecidamente, relacionadas ao processo ateroscler&#243;tico<sup>2,3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o direta dos quilom&#237;crons intactos no processo foi descartada pelo seu grande di&#226;metro, mas a participa&#231;&#227;o dos seus remanescentes, como sugerido de modo pioneiro por Zilversmit<sup>4</sup>, ganhou apoio de estudos experimentais, que evidenciaram ac&#250;mulo de remanescentes de quilom&#237;crons em aorta de coelhos<sup>5,6</sup>. A participa&#231;&#227;o indireta seria viabilizada pelo ac&#250;mulo de quilom&#237;crons e conseq&#252;ente excesso das VLDL, IDL (lipoprote&#237;na de densidade intermedi&#225;ria) e LDL. No estado p&#243;s-prandial, os quilom&#237;crons e as VLDL competem pela lipase lipoproteica (LLP), enzima que hidrolisa os triglic&#233;rides. Alguns estudos demonstram que os quilom&#237;crons s&#227;o o substrato preferencial da LLP, o que determinaria ac&#250;mulo de VLDL no estado p&#243;s-prandial<sup>7, 8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Relevante tamb&#233;m &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o existente entre envelhecimento e aterosclerose, cujo mecanismo, em parte, poderia ser explicado pela influ&#234;ncia da idade na lipemia p&#243;s-prandial. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial em indiv&#237;duos adultos. Para esta finalidade procurou-se mimetizar condi&#231;&#245;es habituais, como composi&#231;&#227;o alimentar e intervalo inter-refei&#231;&#245;es, em popula&#231;&#227;o clinicamente saud&#225;vel e relativamente jovem. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados, aleatoriamente, 64 pessoas saud&#225;veis (26 homens e 38 mulheres), com idade entre 20 e 50 anos, distribu&#237;dos por faixa et&#225;ria em 3 grupos: GI, 20 a 30 anos, 14 integrantes; GII, 31 a 40 anos, 25 integrantes e GIII, 41 a 50 anos, 25 integrantes. </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana alterada, diabetes mellitus, etilismo, hepatopatia, cardiopatia, insufici&#234;ncia renal, doen&#231;as auto-imunes e inflamat&#243;rias, ou qualquer outra doen&#231;a capaz de interferir na absor&#231;&#227;o e metabolismo das lipoprote&#237;nas; uso de medica&#231;&#227;o nos 90 dias precedentes, que alterasse o transporte e metabolismo lipoprote&#237;nas, incluindo p&#237;lulas anticoncepcionais; press&#227;o arterial <underline>&gt;</underline>140/90 mmHg; &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) <underline>&gt;</underline>40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; CT<underline>&gt;</underline>300 mg/dl; TG <underline>&gt;</underline>300 mg/dl; atividade f&#237;sica aer&#243;bia por per&#237;odo superior a 40 min, mais que 1 vez por semana. </p>
    <p>Os participantes foram orientados a permanecer em jejum ap&#243;s as 20 h da v&#233;spera da realiza&#231;&#227;o do experimento, permitindo-se somente a ingest&#227;o de &#225;gua ap&#243;s esse hor&#225;rio e todos chegaram ao laborat&#243;rio por volta das 7:30 h da manh&#227; e permaneceram em repouso, sem poder ingerir qualquer tipo de alimento, exceto a refei&#231;&#227;o padronizada e &#225;gua. A refei&#231;&#227;o foi ingerida em at&#233; 15 min e foi composta por p&#227;o de forma (2 fatias), queijo prato (40 g), presunto gordo (40 g), maionese (15 g) e achocolatado (400 ml). Continha 78 mg de colesterol e 882 kcal distribu&#237;das em 35 g de prote&#237;nas (16%), 40 g de gordura (42%), sendo 50% na forma de gordura saturada e 89 g de carbohidratos (42%). </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s anamnese, os participantes foram submetidos a exame f&#237;sico completo. Foram calculados o IMC e a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (SC). Determinou-se a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura pela rela&#231;&#227;o da medida da circunfer&#234;ncia do abdome (realizada na cicatriz umbilical) com a circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (realizada no trocanter maior do f&#234;mur), denominada RAQ. </p>
    <p>Foram realizadas tr&#234;s coletas laboratoriais: jejum, 2 h e 6 h ap&#243;s a refei&#231;&#227;o. Realizaram-se determina&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de triglic&#233;rides nas tr&#234;s coletas que foram denominadas TG-(t1), TG-(t2), TG(t3). Na amostra em jejum foram determinados ainda CT, HDL, glicemia,TSH, e genotipagem das isoformas de apolipoprotetina E. </p>
    <p>As determina&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de TG e CT foram realizadas por m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico no equipamento automatizado Cobas-Integra 700 (Roche. Diagnostics, Somerville, NJ, EUA); a de HDL-c foi obtida pelo mesmo m&#233;todo utilizado na determina&#231;&#227;o do CT, ap&#243;s precipita&#231;&#227;o das lipoprote&#237;nas que cont&#234;m apolipoprote&#237;na B com solu&#231;&#227;o composta de cloreto de magn&#233;sio e &#225;cido fosfotungstico.; a de glicose por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico com hexoquinase; a de TSH por ensaio imunom&#233;trico para medida quantitativa atrav&#233;s do analisador Immulite 2000. </p>
    <p>A genotipagem da apo E foi realizada conforme o m&#233;todo descrito por Hixson e Vernier<sup>9</sup>. O DNA gen&#244;mico foi amplificado pela rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em termociclador GeneAmp PCR System 2400 (Perkin Elmer Cetus). </p>
    <p>O experimento foi repetido em 6 participantes, escolhidos aleatoriamente, obedecendo aos mesmos procedimentos, sendo comparados dados cl&#237;nicos e de exame f&#237;sico pr&#233;vios. </p>
    <p>Realizou-se an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria dos dados por meio de medidas descritivas como freq&#252;&#234;ncia para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas (sexo, antecedente familiar para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, tabagismo, fen&#243;tipos de apo E), e m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (dp) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas: idade, IMC, RAQ, consumo proporcional de gordura pelo IMC. </p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos et&#225;rios em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi realizada atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA). Eventuais diferen&#231;as foram localizadas pelo teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi verificada pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou pelo teste exato de Fischer. O comportamento dos triglic&#233;rides foi estudado atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia das medidas repetidas de triglic&#233;rides entre os grupos et&#225;rios. Utilizou-se teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, para comparar os valores dos triglic&#233;rides obtidos nas duas oportunidades em que o protocolo foi realizado em 6 participantes. Adotou-se signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 (a=5%). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos et&#225;rios em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas (IMC, SC, RAQ) e ao consumo de gordura proporcional ao IMC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o ocorreram diferen&#231;as significativas entre grupos et&#225;rios em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas sexo, tabagismo e antecedente familiar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0015-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0015-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o foram verificadas diferen&#231;as significativas na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos fen&#243;tipos de apo E entre os grupos et&#225;rios (p=0,12). Os fen&#243;tipos mais freq&#252;entes foram respectivamente E3/E3 (n=40, 62,5% da amostra); E3/E4 (n=13, 20,3%); E2/E3 (n=8, 12,5%); E4/E4 (n=3, 4,7%). </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) evidenciou diferen&#231;as significativas nas m&#233;dias de CT, TG e glicemia entre os grupos et&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). Os participantes do grupo GIII (41 a 50 anos) apresentaram m&#233;dias mais elevadas de CT, TG e glicemia que os participantes dos grupos mais jovens (GII e GI). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0015-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de medidas repetidas dos triglic&#233;rides demostrou intera&#231;&#227;o grupo vs tempo, ou seja, os grupos apresentaram comportamentos distintos dos triglic&#233;rides nos tempos t1, t2 e t3 (p=0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). An&#225;lise de cada grupo et&#225;rio tempo a tempo revelou diferen&#231;as significantes nas m&#233;dias em quase todos os grupos, exceto no GII onde a m&#233;dia do TG(t2) n&#227;o diferiu significantemente da m&#233;dia do TG(t3) (p=0,87), indicando manuten&#231;&#227;o dos valores de TG neste momento. No GI observou-se decaimento significante da m&#233;dia do TG(t3) em compara&#231;&#227;o com TG(t2) (p=0,03), e no GIII a m&#233;dia de TG(t3) foi significantemente superior a m&#233;dia de TG(t2) (p=0,007), indicando valores crescentes de TG neste momento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0015-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0015-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A repeti&#231;&#227;o do experimento obteve valores de correla&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides de 92% no tempo 1 (coleta em jejum), 93% no tempo 2 (2 h ap&#243;s refei&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o) e 92% no tempo 3 (6 h ap&#243;s refei&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos triglic&#233;rides permitiram observar que o comportamento da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial foi diferente nos grupos et&#225;rios. O grupo mais jovem GI apresentou decaimento mais r&#225;pido da trigliceridemia; o GII teve comportamento intermedi&#225;rio e o GIII, eleva&#231;&#227;o da trigliceridemia durante as 6h de observa&#231;&#227;o do estudo. </p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as encontradas poderiam ser atribu&#237;das ao tempo de esvaziamento g&#225;strico e/ou &#224; absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal. Alguns estudos demostraram que o esvaziamento g&#225;strico de alimentos l&#237;quidos e s&#243;lidos diminui com o envelhecimento<sup>10</sup> mas a motilidade intestinal n&#227;o &#233; alterada pela idade<sup>11</sup>. A secre&#231;&#227;o pancre&#225;tica decresce suavemente com o envelhecimento<sup>12</sup>. Entretanto, Arora e cols.<sup>13</sup> demostraram em 114 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis que a excre&#231;&#227;o fecal e, por conseguinte, a absor&#231;&#227;o de gordura, muda pouco com a idade, sugerindo que o decr&#233;scimo da secre&#231;&#227;o pancre&#225;tica n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para prejudicar o processo digestivo normal. </p>
    <p>Poder-se-ia imaginar que, pelo fato dos indiv&#237;duos mais idosos apresentarem tempo de esvaziamento g&#225;strico maior, a absor&#231;&#227;o de gorduras seria lentificada, justificando aumento tardio da trigliceridemia. No entanto, Krasinski e cols.<sup>14</sup> estudaram a lipemia p&#243;s-prandial em 86 homens e mulheres saud&#225;veis de 19 a 76 anos, com vitamina A oral e endovenosa, e descartaram a possibilidade das diferen&#231;as de comportamento da lipemia observadas nos indiv&#237;duos abaixo e acima de 50 anos fossem relacionadas a mudan&#231;as ocasionadas nos processos digestivos absortivos, pois o comportamento da lipemia foi semelhante tanto na infus&#227;o endovenosa da vitamina A, quanto na ingest&#227;o oral. O retinil-ester, metab&#243;lito da vitamina A que se incorpora ao quilom&#237;cron e, portanto, segue a via metab&#243;lica deste elemento, esteve elevado no grupo acima de 50 anos, qualquer que fosse a via de administra&#231;&#227;o da vitamina A. Portanto, o atraso na depura&#231;&#227;o da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial foi maior em indiv&#237;duos de maior faixa et&#225;ria independentemente do fator digestivo/absortivo. Krasinski e cols.<sup>14</sup> admitiram que o atraso na depura&#231;&#227;o do retinil-ester, nos indiv&#237;duos mais idosos, seria ocasionado pela lentifica&#231;&#227;o na depura&#231;&#227;o dos quilom&#237;crons, decorrente, entre outros fatores, pela menor atividade da lipase lipoproteica (LLP) com o envelhecimento. A atividade diminu&#237;da da LLP com o envelhecimento tamb&#233;m foi constatada por Huttunen e cols.<sup>15</sup>, em testes de estimula&#231;&#227;o com heparina, e por Weintraub e cols.<sup>16</sup> utilizando vitamina A (via oral) em 27 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis de 19 a 72 anos. </p>
    <p>Assim, presume-se que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade da LLP possa justificar a diferen&#231;a significativa no comportamento da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial entre as faixas et&#225;rias estudadas. </p>
    <p> Os TG e o CT em jejum foram significantemente maiores no grupo G III (41 a 50 anos) que nos demais grupos et&#225;rios, respectivamente p=0,02 e p&lt;0,01. Nestel<sup>17</sup> foi um dos pioneiros a relacionar valores elevados dos triglic&#233;rides em jejum com a taxa lenta de remo&#231;&#227;o dos quilom&#237;crons, indicando que esses poderiam ser preditores de lipemia p&#243;s-prandial lentificada. Sabe-se tamb&#233;m que n&#237;veis de CT aumentam com a idade, possivelmente pelo decr&#233;scimo do n&#250;mero de receptores B/E<sup>18</sup>. A glicemia em jejum tamb&#233;m foi significantemente mais elevada no GIII que nos demais (p&lt;0,01). </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o em conjunto dessas vari&#225;veis poderia evidenciar mecanismos metab&#243;licos interrelacionados, tendo como elo a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina<sup>19</sup>. A inabilidade das c&#233;lulas adiposas em armazenar os triglic&#233;rides, provocada pela resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, poderia ser passo inicial deste circuito metab&#243;lico. A maior libera&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos livres e diminui&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos pelos adip&#243;citos determinaria influxo de &#225;cidos graxos do tecido adiposo para o f&#237;gado, promovendo a neoglicog&#234;nese e aumento na produ&#231;&#227;o de VLDL e por conseguinte de LDL. A resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina tamb&#233;m promoveria a oxida&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;cidos graxos no tecido muscular, proporcionando maior ac&#250;mulo de glicose, e consequentemente maior est&#237;mulo &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de insulina, perpetuando este c&#237;rculo<sup>20, 21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados n&#227;o sofreram influ&#234;ncia da atividade f&#237;sica, pois foi considerada crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o na sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra. Entretanto, deve-se ressaltar que a pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica possivelmente retarde o aparecimento dessas modifica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas. Cohen e cols.<sup>22</sup> avaliaram a influ&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico no comportamento da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial em atletas e sedent&#225;rios e observaram que em atletas a remo&#231;&#227;o da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial &#233; mais r&#225;pida que nos sedent&#225;rios. Ericsson e cols.<sup>23</sup>, ao estudar a depura&#231;&#227;o de emuls&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, observaram que em atletas a velocidade de remo&#231;&#227;o das gorduras foi mais r&#225;pida. </p>
    <p>O estudo dos fen&#243;tipos de apo E nesta amostra n&#227;o influenciou os resultados obtidos, embora Weintraub e cols.<sup>16</sup> tenham observado lipemia p&#243;s-prandial mais prolongada nos indiv&#237;duos com alelo E2, fen&#243;tipos E2/E2 e E3/E2. </p>
    <p>Destacam-se dois aspectos na avalia&#231;&#227;o deste experimento: comportamento diferenciado da lipemia p&#243;s-prandial entre intervalos de faixas et&#225;rias estreitos e precoces (20 a 30 anos; 31 a 40 anos; 41 a 50 anos). As altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas foram provocadas por dieta teste com teor de gordura relativamente baixo (40 g sendo 50% de gordura saturada), se comparado a estudos que avaliam lipemia p&#243;s-prandial utilizando dieta teste com sobrecarga de gordura (70 g). Esses achados refor&#231;am a necessidade de ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas preventivas em faixas et&#225;rias mais precoces, com a restri&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de gorduras a no m&#225;ximo 30% do valor cal&#243;rico total, sendo restrito o consumo de gordura saturada a 7% deste valor, tal como recomendado por diretrizes atuais de preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>24, 25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;-se que o envelhecimento exerce efeito significativo sobre a lipemia p&#243;s-prandial em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e jovens. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jaqueline Scholz Issa </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Bl. II - 1&#186; Andar </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jissa@cardiol.br">jissa@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 20/01/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 1/12/2004 </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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            <name>
              <surname>Ericsson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
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              <surname>Tollin</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Postprandial lipemia: influence of aging</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To investigate the behavior of postprandial lipemia assessed by means of repeated measurements of triglyceride levels in healthy individuals aged from 20 to 50 years, divided into the following 3 age groups: GI - from 20 to 30 years; GII - from 31 to 40 years; and GIII - from 41 to 50 years. METHODS: Triglyceride levels were measured in 3 conditions: after a 12-hour fast, and 2 and 6 hours after a standard meal containing 40 g of fat. RESULTS: The repeated-measures analysis of triglyceride levels showed a distinct behavior of the age groups throughout the 6 hours. The younger participants (GI) had a reduction in the triglyceride levels in the sixth hour; the elderly (GIII) had increasing values in the sixth hour; and those in the intermediate age group (GII) maintained their triglyceride levels, when comparing the second and sixth hours of blood collection. The differences in behavior were significant (P=0.01). CONCLUSION: In a healthy adult population sample, aging influences the postprandial lipemia behavior.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>postprandial lipemia</kwd>
        <kwd>aging</kwd>
        <kwd>lipid metabolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Postprandial lipemia: influence of aging</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jaqueline Scholz Issa; Jayme Diament; Neusa Forti </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To investigate the behavior of postprandial lipemia assessed by means of repeated measurements of triglyceride levels in healthy individuals aged from 20 to 50 years, divided into the following 3 age groups: GI - from 20 to 30 years; GII - from 31 to 40 years; and GIII - from 41 to 50 years.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Triglyceride levels were measured in 3 conditions: after a 12-hour fast, and 2 and 6 hours after a standard meal containing 40 g of fat.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The repeated-measures analysis of triglyceride levels showed a distinct behavior of the age groups throughout the 6 hours. The younger participants (GI) had a reduction in the triglyceride levels in the sixth hour; the elderly (GIII) had increasing values in the sixth hour; and those in the intermediate age group (GII) maintained their triglyceride levels, when comparing the second and sixth hours of blood collection. The differences in behavior were significant (P=0.01).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In a healthy adult population sample, aging influences the postprandial lipemia behavior. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> postprandial lipemia, aging, lipid metabolism </p>
      <p>The term "postprandial lipemia" refers to a series of metabolic events related to the increase in the concentration of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (LP) &#150; chylomicrons (Qm) and their remnants, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and its remnants &#150; that occurs after the ingestion of fat. </p>
      <p>After a fatty meal, the peak of chylomicrons is usually reached between 3 and 6 hours, and, after a period of 12 hours those particles are no longer detected in healthy individuals<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Some studies<sup>2,3 </sup>have reported that triglycerides are not components of the atherosclerotic plaques, but triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are believed to participate directly or indirectly, or both, in atherosclerosis, due to the link between their metabolism and that of the low-density (LDL) and high-density (HDL) lipoproteins, which are known to be related to the atherosclerotic process. </p>
      <p>The direct participation of intact chylomicrons in the process has been ruled out because of their large diameter, but the participation of their remnants, as first suggested by Zilversmit<sup>4</sup>, has gained the support of experimental studies<sup>5,6</sup>, which have evidenced the build up of chylomicrons remnants in the aorta of rabbits. The indirect participation could occur through the accumulation of chylomicrons and consequent excess of VLDL, IDL (intermediate-density lipoprotein) and LDL. In the postprandial period, the chylomicrons and VLDL compete by the lipoprotein lipase (LLP), the enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides. Some studies<sup>7,8 </sup>have reported that chylomicrons are the preferred substrate of LLP, which causes VLDL to build up in the postprandial period. </p>
      <p>The association of aging and atherosclerosis is also relevant, the mechanism of the latter could be partly explained by the influence of age on postprandial lipemia. </p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to assess the behavior of postprandial lipemia in adult individuals. Usual conditions, such as food composition and the interval between meals, were imitated in a clinically healthy and relatively young population. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sixty-four healthy individuals (26 men and 38 women) were selected for this study. Their ages ranged from 20 to 50 years, and they were divided into the following 3 age groups: GI, from 20 to 30 years (n=14); GII, from 31 to 40 years (n=25); and GIII, from 41 to 50 years (n=25). </p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: impaired thyroid function; diabetes mellitus; alcoholism; liver disease; heart disease; renal failure; autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, or any other disease capable of interfering with the absorption and metabolism of lipoproteins; use, in the 90 preceding days, of a medication that could alter the transport and metabolism of lipoproteins, including contraceptive drugs; blood pressure=140/90 mmHg; body mass index (BMI)=40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; TC=300 mg/dL; TG=300 mg/dL; and aerobic physical activity for a period longer than 40 minutes, more than once a week. </p>
      <p>The participants were instructed to fast from 8 PM on the day preceding the experiment, drinking only water after that time. On the next day, all participants had to be at the laboratory around 7:30 AM and remain at rest without ingesting any type of food, except the standard meal and water. The meal was ingested in up to 15 minutes and comprised sandwich loaf (2 slices), Edam-like cheese (40 g), fatty ham (40 g), mayonnaise (15 g), and chocolate milk (400 mL). The meal had 78 mg of cholesterol and 882 kcal distributed as follows: proteins, 35 g (16%); fat, 40 g (42%), 50% in the form of saturated fat; and carbohydrates, 89 g (42%). </p>
      <p>After anamnesis, the participants underwent a complete physical examination. The BMI and body surface area (BS) were calculated. The fat distribution was determined by the ratio between the abdominal circumference (measured at the level of the umbilicus) and the hip circumference (taken at the level of the greater trochanter), the so-called abdomen-hip ratio (AHR). </p>
      <p>Three blood samples were collected from each participant as follows: after a 12-hour fast, and 2 and 6 hours after the standard meal. The serum triglyceride levels were measured in the 3 samples and were denominated TG(t1), TG(t2), TG(t3). In the sample of the fasting period, the following parameters were also assessed: TC; HDL-cholesterol; glycemia; TSH; and isotyping of apolipoprotein E. </p>
      <p>The serum TG and TC levels were measured by use of the enzymatic colorimetric method in the automate Cobas-Integra 700 device (Roche Diagnostics, Somerville, NJ, USA). The HDL-C level was obtained by the same method used to measure TC, after precipitation of the lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein B with a solution of magnesium chloride and phosphotungstic acid. Glycemia was determined through the enzymatic method with hexokinase. The serum levels of TSH were quantitatively measured through immunometric assay with the Immulite 2000 analyzer. </p>
      <p>Genotyping of apo E was performed according to the method described by Hixson and Vernier<sup>9</sup>. The gene DNA was amplified by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the GeneAmp PCR System 2400 thermocycler (Perkin Elmer Cetus). </p>
      <p>The experiment was repeated in 6 randomly chosen participants, following the same procedures, and previous data of clinical and physical examinations were compared. </p>
      <p>The data were analyzed by use of descriptive measures, such as frequency for categorical variables (gender, familial antecedent for coronary artery disease, smoking, apo E phenotypes), and mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables (age, BMI, AHR, and fat consumption proportional to BMI). </p>
      <p>Comparison between the age groups in regard to the continuous variables was performed with analysis of variance (ANOVA). Occasional differences were identified by use of the multiple comparisons test. In regard to the categorical variables, the groups were compared by using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test. The behavior of the triglycerides was studied through repeated-measures analysis of variance of the triglyceride levels in the age groups. Pearson correlation test was used with a 95% confidence interval to compare the triglyceride levels obtained in 2 opportunities in which the protocol was used in 6 participants. The significance level of 0.05 (a=5%) was adopted. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No significant differences in the age groups were observed in regard to the numerical variables (BMI, BS, AHR, and fat consumption proportional to BMI) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). No significant differences were observed in the age groups in regard to the categorical variables sex, smoking, and familiar antecedent (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0015-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0015-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No significant differences were observed in the distribution of apo E phenotypes in the age groups (P=0.12). The most frequent phenotypes were E3/E3 (n=40; 62.5% of the sample); E3/E4 (n=13; 20.3%); E2/E3 (n=8; 12.5%); and E4/E4 (n=3; 4.7%). </p>
      <p>The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences in the mean values of TC, TG, and glycemia in the age groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). The GIII participants (41 to 50 years) had greater mean values of TC, TG, and glycemia than those of the younger participants (GII and GI). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0015-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The repeated-measures analysis of variance of the triglycerides showed a group vs time interaction, ie, the groups had distinct triglyceride behaviors in the t1, t2, and t3 times (P=0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). Analysis of each age group throughout time showed significant differences in the means in almost all groups, except for GII, in which the mean value of TG(t2) did not significantly differ from that of TG(t3) (P=0.87), indicating maintenance of the TG values at that time. In GI, a significant drop was observed in the mean value of TG(t3) as compared with that in TG(t2) (P=0.03). In GIII, the mean value of TG(t3) was significantly greater than that of TG(t2) (P=0.007), indicating increasing values of TG at that time (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0015-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-01-0015-00004-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Repetition of the experiment provided 92% correlation values of triglycerides at time 1 (fasting period sample), 93% at time 2 (2 hours after the standard meal), and 92% at time 3 (6 hours after the standard meal). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results obtained in the assessment of triglycerides showed that the behavior of postprandial lipemia was different in the different age groups. The youngest group, GI, had the fastest drop in triglyceridemia; GII had an intermediate drop; and GIII had an elevation in triglyceridemia during the 6 hours studied. </p>
      <p>The differences found could be attributed to the gastric emptying time or intestinal absorption, or both. Some studies have shown that the gastric emptying of liquids and solids decreases with age<sup>10</sup>, but intestinal motility is not altered with age<sup>11</sup>. Pancreatic secretion slightly decreases with age<sup>12</sup>. However, Arora et al<sup>13</sup> studying 114 healthy individuals have reported that fecal excretion, and, consequently, fat absorption changes slightly with age, suggesting that the decrease in pancreatic secretion is not enough to hinder the normal digestive process. </p>
      <p>One could imagine that because older individuals have a longer gastric emptying time, the absorption of fat would be slowed, justifying a late elevation in triglyceridemia. Krasinski et al<sup>14</sup>, studying the postprandial lipemia in 86 healthy men and women (age, 19 to 76 years) with oral and intravenous vitamin A, have ruled out the possibility that the differences in the lipemia behavior observed in individuals under and above the age of 50 years were related to changes in the digestive absorptive processes, because the lipemia behavior was similar both in the intravenous infusion and in the oral ingestion of vitamin A. The retinyl ester, a vitamin A metabolite that incorporates to the chylomicron, and, therefore, follows the metabolic path of that element, was elevated in the group above 50 years with both administration routes of vitamin A. Therefore, the delay in the clearance of postprandial lipemia was greater in older individuals independently of the digestive/absorptive factor. Krasinski et al<sup>14</sup> have reported that the delay in the clearance of retinyl ester in older individuals was caused by the slow down in the chylomicron clearance, due to, among other factors, the decrease in the lipoprotein lipase (LLP) activity, which occurs as age increases. The decrease in the LLP activity that occurs as age increases has also been reported by Huttunen et al<sup>15</sup> in tests with heparin stimulation, and by Weintraub et al<sup>16</sup> using vitamin A (oral) in 27 healthy individuals from 19 to 72 years. </p>
      <p>Therefore, one may assume that the decrease in the LLP activity may justify the significant difference in the behavior of postprandial lipemia in the age groups studied. </p>
      <p>The fasting TG and TC levels were significantly greater in GIII (41 to 50 years) than those in the remaining age groups, P=0.02 and P&lt;0.01, respectively. Nestel<sup>17</sup> was one of the first to correlate the elevated fasting triglyceride levels with a slow chylomicron clearance rate, indicating that they could be predictors of the retarded postprandial lipemia. The TC levels are known to increase with age, possibly due to a decrease in the number of B/E receptors<sup>18</sup>. Fasting glycemia was also significantly more elevated in GIII than that in the other groups (P&lt;0.01). </p>
      <p>The assessment of these variables could evidence interrelated metabolic mechanisms, insulin resistance being the link between them<sup>19</sup>. The inability of adipose cells to store triglycerides caused by insulin resistance could be the initial step of this metabolic circuit. The greater release of free fatty acids and their reduced uptake by adipose cells could cause an inflow of fatty acids from the adipose tissue to the liver, leading to gluconeogenesis and an increase in the production of VLDL, and, therefore, of LDL. Insulin resistance could also cause oxidation of the fatty acids in the muscle tissue, leading to a greater accumulation of glucose, and, consequently, to a greater stimulus to the production of insulin, perpetuating that cycle<sup>20, 21</sup>. </p>
      <p>Our results were not influenced by physical activity, because it was considered an exclusion criterion when selecting the sample. However, it is worth emphasizing that the regular practice of physical activity may delay the appearance of such metabolic modifications. Cohen et al<sup>22</sup> have assessed the influence of physical exercise in the postprandial lipemia behavior of athletes and individuals with a sedentary life style, and reported that, in athletes, the clearance of postprandial lipemia is faster than that in individuals with a sedentary life style. Ericsson et al<sup>23</sup>, studying the clearance of lipid emulsions, reported that the fat clearance rate was faster in athletes. </p>
      <p>The study of the apo E phenotypes in this sample have not influenced the results obtained, although Weintraub et al<sup>16</sup> have reported a longer postprandial lipemia in individuals with the E2 allele, E2/E2 and E3/E2 phenotypes. </p>
      <p>In this study, the differentiated behavior of the postprandial lipemia in narrow and early age group intervals (20 to 30 years; 31 to 40 years; 41 to 50 years) is worth noting. The metabolic alterations were caused by the standardized meal with a relatively low fat content (40 g, 50% being saturated fat) if compared with studies assessing postprandial lipemia by using a standardized meal with a high fat content (70 g). Such findings stress the need for adopting preventive measures in early age groups, with fat consumption restricted to a maximum of 30% of the total caloric value, and saturated fat consumption restricted to 7% of that value, as recommended by the current guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular diseases<sup>24,25</sup>. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, aging has a significant effect on postprandial lipemia in healthy, young individuals. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jaqueline Scholz Issa </p>
          <p> Rua Dr. Estev&#227;o de Almeida, 74/64 </p>
          <p> 05014-010 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jissa@cardiol.br">jissa@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publication: 01/20/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 12/1/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
