<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vWsSg3gCCmYMRPMk6S5KPVf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000600013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400613</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000600013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ampliando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia de reperfus&#227;o: do GISSI ao DANAMI</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brasileiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Barra D'Or</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>495</fpage>
      <lpage>499</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ampliando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia de reperfus&#227;o. Do GISSI ao DANAMI </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Antonio Luiz da Silva Brasileiro </bold>
    </p>
    <p> Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras e Hospital Barra D'Or - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p> A terapia de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica revolucionou a abordagem dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) reduzindo em at&#233; 50% sua mortalidade. Entretanto, por motivos que variam de regi&#227;o para regi&#227;o, muitos pacientes eleg&#237;veis n&#227;o recebem este tratamento. Uma nova estrat&#233;gia, a "angioplastia prim&#225;ria ap&#243;s transfer&#234;ncia para um centro de interven&#231;&#227;o", mostrou-se promissora e com grande potencial para que mais pacientes possam se beneficiar da mais eficiente forma de terapia de reperfus&#227;o. Um novo protocolo de dor tor&#225;cica, a ser adotado por hospitais sem sala de hemodin&#226;mica, mas que tenham um "programa de transfer&#234;ncia" &#233; sugerido. Alguns j&#225; est&#227;o em andamento no Brasil, entretanto, n&#227;o se tem conhecimento de nenhum na rede p&#250;blica, embora a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, regional Rio de Janeiro (SBC/RJ) tenha desenvolvido um modelo baseado nos novos conceitos, que, se implementado nos principais centros urbanos, poderia reduzir as altas taxas de mortalidade por IAM neste pa&#237;s. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas do s&#233;culo vinte testemunharam verdadeiras revolu&#231;&#245;es na hist&#243;ria do tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com supradesn&#237;vel de segmento ST. A "primeira revolu&#231;&#227;o da cardiologia" foi o advento da terapia trombol&#237;tica, em 1986, que finalmente dava aos m&#233;dicos a oportunidade de tratar a doen&#231;a e n&#227;o apenas suas complica&#231;&#245;es, como demonstrou o estudo GISSI<sup>1</sup>. A "segunda revolu&#231;&#227;o a cardiologia" foi a introdu&#231;&#227;o da angioplastia prim&#225;ria, no in&#237;cio dos anos noventa que, aprimorada pelos "stents"<sup>2 </sup>se imp&#244;s, definitivamente, como o mais eficiente m&#233;todo de reperfus&#227;o<sup>3-7</sup>, por&#233;m limitada aos poucos hospitais com sala de hemodin&#226;mica. Finalmente, no in&#237;cio dos anos 2000, tivemos a "terceira revolu&#231;&#227;o da cardiologia" com a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que, para determinados perfis de pacientes com IAM, a angioplastia prim&#225;ria &#233; superior &#224; tromb&#243;lise mesmo que para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o seja necess&#225;ria a transfer&#234;ncia do paciente, desde a sala de emerg&#234;ncia de um hospital comunit&#225;rio, para outro com sala de hemodin&#226;mica, apesar do tempo gasto com o transporte<sup>8-11</sup>. Esta importante constata&#231;&#227;o permitir&#225; a dissemina&#231;&#227;o de novas estrat&#233;gias de atendimento que, se utilizadas com organiza&#231;&#227;o e compet&#234;ncia, ampliar&#227;o, consideravelmente, as chances dos pacientes com IAM receberem o melhor tratamento. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudos de transfer&#234;ncia iniciaram a "terceira revolu&#231;&#227;o da cardiologia" na abordagem do IAM</bold>
    </p>
    <p>At&#233; recentemente, a transfer&#234;ncia de pacientes com IAM para um hospital terci&#225;rio, era contra-indicada devido aos riscos inerentes &#224; transfer&#234;ncia e pelo indesej&#225;vel aumento do "delta T". Assim, transferir pacientes com IAM, limitava-se &#224; angioplastias "de resgate", em situa&#231;&#245;es de extrema gravidade. Esta hist&#243;ria come&#231;ou a mudar com o "Danish Multicenter Randomized Trial on Thrombolytic Therapy Versus Acute Coronary Angioplasty in Acute Myocardial Infarction" (DANAMI-2)<sup>8</sup> onde 1.572 pacientes com IAM, atendidos em 24 hospitais na Dinamarca, foram randomizados para receber ativador tecidual de plasminog&#234;nio na forma "acelerada" ou angioplastia prim&#225;ria, mesmo que fosse necess&#225;ria a transfer&#234;ncia para um dos cinco centros de angioplastia, desde que esta transfer&#234;ncia n&#227;o demorasse mais de 3 horas. A dist&#226;ncia percorrida pelas ambul&#226;ncias variou entre 3 e 150 km (m&#233;dia 50 km) enquanto o tempo necess&#225;rio para a transfer&#234;ncia variou entre 50 e 85 minutos (m&#233;dia 67 minutos) sendo que os pacientes toleraram bem a transfer&#234;ncia sem a ocorr&#234;ncia de mortes ou rea&#231;&#245;es adversas s&#233;rias. O estudo foi interrompido, precocemente, em fun&#231;&#227;o de uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 40% a favor da angioplastia, na incid&#234;ncia do objetivo prim&#225;rio de infarto recorrente, acidente vascular cerebral ou morte em 30 dias (8,5% versus 14,2%; p=0,002). O estudo "Primary Angioplasty in patients transferred from General community hospitals to specialized PTCA Units with or without Emergency thrombolysis" (PRAGUE-1)<sup>9</sup>, realizado na Rep&#250;blica Tcheca, randomizou 300 pacientes para comparar tr&#234;s tipos diferentes de abordagem no IAM: pacientes do grupo A recebiam estreptoquinase intravenoso; os do grupo B tamb&#233;m recebiam estreptoquinase, mas eram transferidos, imediatamente, para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia em outro hospital; e os do grupo C eram transferidos para angioplastia, sem receber trombol&#237;tico. O desfecho prim&#225;rio (reinfarto, acidente vascular cerebral ou morte) nos tr&#234;s grupos foi, respectivamente, 23%, 15% e 8% (p&lt;0,02) favorecendo a transfer&#234;ncia sem administra&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de trombol&#237;tico. J&#225; o PRAGUE-2<sup>10</sup> randomizou 850 pacientes para angioplastia ap&#243;s transfer&#234;ncia ou tromb&#243;lise e trouxe uma nova e importante informa&#231;&#227;o: al&#233;m de confirmar a seguran&#231;a na transfer&#234;ncia, mostrou que esta era a melhor op&#231;&#227;o para pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia n&#227;o se mostrando vantajosa, entretanto, para pacientes atendidos com menos de tr&#234;s horas. Esta informa&#231;&#227;o foi confirmada pelo estudo "Comparison of Angioplasty and Prehospital Thrombolysis In Acute Myocardial infarction" (CAPTIM)<sup>11</sup> que somente mostrou vantagens na transfer&#234;ncia para angioplastia prim&#225;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar, para pacientes atendidos al&#233;m das primeiras 2 horas. O estudo americano "Air Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction" (AIR-PAMI)<sup>12</sup> foi o primeiro a randomizar pacientes de "alto risco" para tromb&#243;lise ou angioplastia ap&#243;s transfer&#234;ncia e, embora tenha sido interrompido, precocemente, por dificuldade de sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes (138 pacientes-32% da amostra prevista) mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o para os pacientes do bra&#231;o angioplastia p&#243;s-transfer&#234;ncia (8,4% versus 13,6%; p=0,33). </p>
    <p>Uma metan&#225;lise publicada recentemente<sup>13</sup>, incluindo os dados dos cinco principais estudos de transfer&#234;ncia, confirmou os resultados favor&#225;veis. Embora sujeitos a uma s&#233;rie de cr&#237;ticas as quais n&#227;o cabe aqui comentar, estes estudos demonstraram que transferir pacientes com IAM para realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia prim&#225;ria &#233; poss&#237;vel, seguro e possivelmente mais eficaz do que a tromb&#243;lise, para pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o acima de tr&#234;s horas e, desde que, o tempo de transfer&#234;ncia n&#227;o ultrapasse duas ou tr&#234;s horas. </p>
    <p>A partir da&#237; numerosos artigos, assinados pelos mais importantes "formadores de opini&#227;o" da comunidade cardiol&#243;gica internacional, v&#234;m sendo publicados nas mais conceituadas revistas m&#233;dicas dos Estados Unidos (EUA) e Europa, n&#227;o deixando espa&#231;o para d&#250;vidas quanto ao impacto provocado pelos resultados destes estudos<sup>14-20</sup>. O Dr. Eric Topol chega a sugerir uma mudan&#231;a radical no sistema de sa&#250;de americano, no atendimento a pacientes com IAM, que passariam a ser encaminhados, n&#227;o mais para o hospital de emerg&#234;ncia mais pr&#243;ximo, mas para o "centro de angioplastia" mais pr&#243;ximo, a exemplo do que j&#225; ocorre com os pacientes portadores de traumas, encaminhados diretamente para um "centro de trauma"<sup>18</sup>. Em v&#225;rias &#225;reas metropolitanas daquele pa&#237;s tem sido adotado um sistema que integra hospitais comunit&#225;rios a um "centro de angioplastia" localizado na regi&#227;o, oferecendo angioplastia prim&#225;ria, em regime de sete dias por semana/24 horas por dia, com retorno do paciente ao hospital comunit&#225;rio de origem em at&#233; vinte e quatro horas depois do procedimento. O sucesso deste sistema integrado se deve, provavelmente, ao fato de que todos os envolvidos s&#227;o beneficiados, com o "centro de angioplastia" aumentando seu volume de procedimentos invasivos, o hospital comunit&#225;rio oferecendo aos seus pacientes o tratamento mais eficiente sem necessidade de um grande investimento e o paciente com IAM tendo acesso a um tratamento superior, retornando ao hospital de sua comunidade algumas horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, continuando sua recupera&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;ximo &#224; sua resid&#234;ncia e aos seus familiares. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Identificando quais pacientes se beneficiam com transfer&#234;ncia para angioplastia prim&#225;ria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A decis&#227;o de fazer o trombol&#237;tico ou transferir pacientes com IAM para angioplastia prim&#225;ria deve estar alicer&#231;ada em crit&#233;rios baseados em s&#243;lidas evid&#234;ncias sobre para quais pacientes os benef&#237;cios da transfer&#234;ncia para interven&#231;&#227;o ir&#227;o superar os preju&#237;zos decorrentes do retardo na reperfus&#227;o em fun&#231;&#227;o do deslocamento do paciente. As diretrizes americanas para o tratamento do IAM com supra de ST<sup>21</sup>, recentemente publicadas, ajudam a definir essa importante quest&#227;o com base nas melhores informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis, atualmente, na literatura sobre o assunto. Os seguintes pontos devem ser analisados antes de se tomar uma decis&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>1) Tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o</bold>: alguns estudos mostraram que pacientes que receberam trombol&#237;tico com menos de tr&#234;s horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas apresentaram evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica semelhante<sup>10</sup> ou at&#233; melhor<sup>11</sup> do que aqueles que eram tratados com angioplastia prim&#225;ria ap&#243;s transfer&#234;ncia, desde que tivessem acesso a angioplastia de resgate, quando indicado. Os mesmos estudos mostraram tamb&#233;m significativo benef&#237;cio em transferir aqueles pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o &#224; emerg&#234;ncia acima de tr&#234;s horas, devendo ser transferidos, imediatamente, para angioplastia prim&#225;ria, desde que a mesma possa ser realizada ainda dentro das 12 horas convencionais; <bold>2) tempo de transfer&#234;ncia</bold>: a exemplo do que ocorre com a terapia trombol&#237;tica "tempo &#233; m&#250;sculo" tamb&#233;m para a angioplastia<sup>22</sup>. No modelo que est&#225; sendo proposto &#233; fundamental que o "centro de angioplastia" esteja estrategicamente localizado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos hospitais integrados de modo a permitir um tempo "door-to-balloon" no m&#225;ximo 60 minutos maior do que o tempo necess&#225;rio para o in&#237;cio do trombol&#237;tico, conforme recomendado<sup>23</sup>. Entretanto, poder&#225; haver situa&#231;&#245;es operacionais inesperadas que provoquem um prolongamento deste tempo, independente da proximidade geogr&#225;fica (por ex. sala de hemodin&#226;mica j&#225; ocupada). Deste modo, sempre que o tempo de transfer&#234;ncia for muito longo (m&#225;ximo tr&#234;s horas), o trombol&#237;tico dever&#225; ser preferido; <bold>3) avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de morte do paciente</bold>: pacientes com grande instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica (choque cardiog&#234;nico, edema pulmonar agudo) t&#234;m pouca chance de sobreviver se n&#227;o tiverem acesso &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria<sup>24-26</sup>, devendo ser imediatamente transferidos, apesar dos riscos do transporte o qual poder&#225; ser reduzido se realizado em ambul&#226;ncia adequadamente equipada e com equipe m&#233;dica treinada para o transporte de pacientes graves. O estudo Air-Pami<sup>12</sup> demonstrou que estes pacientes podem ser transportados com aceit&#225;vel margem de seguran&#231;a; <bold>4) falha do trombol&#237;tico</bold>: os trombol&#237;ticos atualmente dispon&#237;veis t&#234;m uma alta taxa de insucesso em promover reperfus&#227;o eficaz com fluxo TIMI 3, especialmente aquele mais utilizado no Brasil, a estreptoquinase<sup>27</sup>. Estes pacientes se beneficiam da transfer&#234;ncia para angioplastia "de resgate"<sup>28-29</sup>; <bold>5) eletrocardiograma de interpreta&#231;&#227;o duvidosa</bold>: muitos pacientes com IAM n&#227;o mostram o padr&#227;o caracter&#237;stico nas primeiras horas de oclus&#227;o coronariana. Deste modo &#233; recomend&#225;vel que pacientes com quadro cl&#237;nico t&#237;pico, especialmente aqueles com crit&#233;rios de maior risco (diabetes, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, idade maior que 75 anos, troponina elevada, presen&#231;a de arritmias ventriculares) devem ser transferidos para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cinecoronariografia e angioplastia, se indicado, mesmo que o ECG n&#227;o seja diagn&#243;stico; <bold>6) contra-indica&#231;&#245;es para tromb&#243;lise</bold>: s&#227;o v&#225;rias as contra-indica&#231;&#245;es para o uso de agentes trombol&#237;ticos<sup>21</sup>. Obviamente estes pacientes precisam ser transferidos imediatamente para um "centro de angioplastia". </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Um novo protocolo de dor tor&#225;cica baseado nos conceitos atuais</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Protocolos de dor tor&#225;cica t&#234;m tido grande aceita&#231;&#227;o desde os trabalhos de Bhar<sup>30</sup> por tornar o atendimento de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica mais &#225;gil, mais eficiente e com menor probabilidade de erros de diagn&#243;stico. Classicamente, hospitais com sala de hemodin&#226;mica usam protocolos que recomendam angioplastia prim&#225;ria para todos os pacientes com IAM com supra de ST ou BRE novo, atendidos com menos de 12 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o, enquanto que hospitais sem laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica usam protocolos que recomendam tromb&#243;lise para todos que n&#227;o tenham contra-indica&#231;&#245;es. A partir das evid&#234;ncias relacionadas &#224; possibilidade de transfer&#234;ncia, um terceiro modelo de protocolo deve ser adotado pelos hospitais que n&#227;o disp&#245;em de sala de hemodin&#226;mica, mas, t&#234;m possibilidade de atuar integrados a um "centro de angioplastia". A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> mostra um protocolo inspirado nas sugest&#245;es do Dr. William O'Neil<sup>31</sup> e da Canadian Cardiovascular Society<sup>32</sup>. Ambos s&#227;o baseados nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes americanas recentemente publicadas<sup>21</sup>. &#201; importante ressaltar que este protocolo n&#227;o prop&#245;e a substitui&#231;&#227;o da terapia trombol&#237;tica pela angioplastia prim&#225;ria p&#243;s-transfer&#234;ncia, como tem sido motivo de preocupa&#231;&#227;o dos mais conservadores, mas torna poss&#237;vel<italic>, </italic>para os casos com indica&#231;&#227;o precisa, esta op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0495-00013-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>A experi&#234;ncia brasileira. O projeto SIAAC </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Embora timidamente, a "terceira revolu&#231;&#227;o da cardiologia" j&#225; chegou ao Brasil. Em S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo um "Centro de Atendimento de IAM" (Hospital Neo Mater) oferece angioplastia prim&#225;ria a v&#225;rios hospitais da regi&#227;o do ABC paulista<sup>33</sup>. No estado do Rio de Janeiro um hospital terci&#225;rio da cidade de Volta Redonda (Hospital Vita) atua como "centro de interven&#231;&#227;o", oferecendo angioplastia emergencial a hospitais da Regi&#227;o do M&#233;dio Para&#237;ba, beneficiando uma popula&#231;&#227;o de quase um milh&#227;o de habitantes. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> mostra as pequenas dist&#226;ncias a serem percorridas pelas ambul&#226;ncias ap&#243;s o contato pr&#233;vio entre as equipes do setor de emerg&#234;ncia do "hospital integrado" e do setor de hemodin&#226;mica do "centro de interven&#231;&#227;o". N&#227;o se t&#234;m ainda informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os resultados destas experi&#234;ncias pioneiras. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0495-00013-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>J&#225; na rede p&#250;blica do pa&#237;s, onde &#233; maior a necessidade em melhorar a qualidade do atendimento ao IAM, n&#227;o temos not&#237;cia de nenhum programa de transfer&#234;ncia em funcionamento. O estudo "Buscando Solu&#231;&#245;es para a Subutiliza&#231;&#227;o da Terapia Trombol&#237;tica no Rio de Janeiro" (B&#218;SSOLA)<sup>34</sup> constatou ser improv&#225;vel um paciente com IAM receber alguma terapia de reperfus&#227;o na maioria das emerg&#234;ncias da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Com o objetivo de minimizar esta grave situa&#231;&#227;o a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia/Regional Rio de Janeiro (SBC/RJ) elaborou o "Projeto SIAAC - Sistema Integrado de Atendimento ao Ataque Card&#237;aco", pretendendo envolver todos os hospitais p&#250;blicos e emerg&#234;ncias da capital. O SIAAC inclui, al&#233;m de um programa de transfer&#234;ncia do paciente para um "centro p&#250;blico de interven&#231;&#227;o", v&#225;rias outras medidas fundamentais para a sustenta&#231;&#227;o do projeto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01">quadro I</xref>). O modelo sugerido pelo SIAAC, bem mais abrangente do que um simples "programa de transfer&#234;ncia<italic>" </italic>deveria ser adotado por todas as institui&#231;&#245;es, p&#250;blicas ou privadas que queiram constituir um<italic> "</italic>sistema integrado<italic>"</italic> pois garante alta qualidade de seus resultados. O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr02">quadro II</xref> mostra o papel a ser desempenhado por cada componente do "sistema". </p>
    <fig id="qdr01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0495-00013-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="qdr02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0495-00013-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados dos "estudos de transfer&#234;ncia" continuam provocando, em todo o mundo, rea&#231;&#245;es que v&#227;o desde uma radical incredulidade &#224; uma perigosa euforia. Deve ser salientado que o sucesso desta estrat&#233;gia depende, em grande propor&#231;&#227;o, da ado&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios r&#237;gidos de qualidade em todos os pontos do processo. Sabemos que a superioridade da conduta intervencionista sobre a conservadora, em especial, da angioplastia prim&#225;ria sobre a tromb&#243;lise, somente &#233; indiscut&#237;vel quando bem indicada e realizada por profissionais experientes, em ambiente adequadamente equipado e com expressivo volume de procedimentos<sup>35</sup>. Os "centros de interven&#231;&#227;o" devem se adequar aos crit&#233;rios de qualidade definidos pelas diretrizes internacionais e da Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista (SBHCI)<sup>36 </sup>ou n&#227;o dever&#227;o fazer parte de um "sistema integrado". Do mesmo modo as unidades de emerg&#234;ncia e unidades coronarianas (ou CTIs) dos hospitais participantes devem estar qualificados para receber pacientes coronarianos graves, seguir rigidamente os protocolos e rotinas padronizadas baseados em diretrizes internacionais e da SBC, e dispor de equipamentos adequados e rotinas laboratoriais modernas (por ex. "kit" de troponina). A correta sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que se beneficiar&#227;o com a transfer&#234;ncia deve ser baseada em um protocolo como aquele sugerido na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>. Uma recente publica&#231;&#227;o de resultados do Registro GRACE<sup>37</sup> com mais de 28 mil pacientes com SCA mostrou que as vantagens da interven&#231;&#227;o, t&#227;o claramente evidentes nos estudos cl&#237;nicos, se perdem no chamado "mundo real", provavelmente por n&#227;o serem adotados crit&#233;rios r&#237;gidos de qualidade como ocorre nos estudos. Assim, a estrat&#233;gia de se criar um <italic>"</italic>comit&#234; coordenador do sistema<italic>"</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr02">quadro II</xref>), composto por representantes de todos os hospitais envolvidos, &#233; fundamental para o sucesso do programa. Este comit&#234; se reuniria periodicamente com o objetivo de atualizar as rotinas e programas de treinamento e educa&#231;&#227;o continuada, avaliar as estat&#237;sticas do sistema, discutir casos cl&#237;nicos relevantes, avaliar eventuais falhas e dificuldades e, por &#250;ltimo, por&#233;m n&#227;o menos importante, confraternizar. </p>
    <p>Devemos ainda observar que nenhuma id&#233;ia, por mais brilhante que seja, ter&#225; import&#226;ncia se beneficiar apenas a parcela mais abastada da popula&#231;&#227;o. "Sistemas integrados de atendimento ao ataque card&#237;aco" nos moldes do SIAAC, s&#227;o socialmente impactantes, economicamente vi&#225;veis e politicamente atraentes. Al&#233;m do mais, diante de tantas evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas, n&#227;o se pode mais considerar aceit&#225;vel, at&#233; mesmo sob o ponto de vista &#233;tico, que uma cidade como, por exemplo, o Rio de Janeiro, com uma popula&#231;&#227;o de mais de cinco milh&#245;es de habitantes e as mais elevadas taxas de mortalidade por IAM do pa&#237;s, n&#227;o disponha sequer de uma &#250;nica institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica que ofere&#231;a, digna e rotineiramente, a possibilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos invasivos emergenciais, freq&#252;entemente a &#250;nica op&#231;&#227;o para salvar a vida do paciente ou, na melhor das hip&#243;teses, evitar que ele se torne mais um a engrossar as filas de invalidez por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p> 1. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1986; 1: 397-401. </p>
    <p>2. Zhu MM, Feit A, Chadow H et al. Primary stent implantation compared with primary balloon angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88: 297-301. </p>
    <p>3. Grines CL, Browne KF, Marco J et al. A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 673-9. </p>
    <p>4. Zijlstra F, de Boer MJ, Hoorntje JC et al. A comparison of immediate coronary angioplasty with intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 680-4. </p>
    <p>5. Gibbons RJ, Holmes DR, Reeder GS et al. Immediate angioplasty compared with the administration of a thrombolytic agent followed by conservative treatment for myocardial infarction: the Mayo Coronary Care Unit and Catheterization Laboratory Groups. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 661-85. </p>
    <p>6. Weaver WD, Simes RJ, Betriu A et al. Comparison of primary coronary angioplasty and intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review. JAMA 1997; 278: 2093-8. </p>
    <p>7. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 361: 13-20. </p>
    <p>8. Andersen HR, Nielsen TT, Rasmussen K et al. A comparison of coronary angioplasty with fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 733-72. </p>
    <p>9. Widimsky P, Groch L, Zelizko M et al. Multicentre randomized trial comparing transport to primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis vs combined strategy for patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting to a community hospital without a catheterization laboratory: the PRAGUE study. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 823-31. </p>
    <p>10. Widimsky P, Budesinsky T, Vorac D et al. Long distance transport for primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: final results of the randomized national multicentre trial: PRAGUE-2. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 94-104. </p>
    <p>11. Steg PG, Bonnefoy E, Chabaud S et al. Impact of time to treatment on mortality after prehospital fibrinolysis or primary angioplasty: data from the CAPTIM randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2003; 108: 2851-6. </p>
    <p>12. Grines CL, Westerhausen DR, Grines LL et al. A randomized trial of transfer for primary angioplasty versus on-site thrombolysis in patients with high-risk myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 1713-19. </p>
    <p>13. Dalby M, Bouzamondo A, Lechat P et al. Transfer for primary angioplasty versus immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2003; 108: 1809-14. </p>
    <p>14. Topol E J. Current status and future prospects for acute myocardial infarction therapy. Circulation 2003; 108(16 Suppl 1): III 6-13. </p>
    <p>15. Jacobs AK. Primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction&#151;is it worth the wait? <italic>N </italic>Engl J Med 2003 Aug 21; 349:798-800. </p>
    <p>16. Grines CL, Serruys P, O'Neill WW. Fibrinolytic therapy: is it a treatment of the past? Circulation 2003; 107: 2538-42. </p>
    <p>17. Califf RM, Faxon DP. Need for centers to care for patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2003; 107: 1467-70. </p>
    <p>18. Topol EJ, Kereiakes DJ. Regionalization of care for acute ischemic heart disease: a call for specialized centers. Circulation 2003; 107: 1463-6. </p>
    <p>19. Weaver WD. All Hospitals are not equals for treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003; 108: 1768-71. </p>
    <p>20. Cannon CP. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for all? JAMA 2002; 287: 1987-9. </p>
    <p>21. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction&#151;executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 671-719. </p>
    <p>22. de Luca G, Suryapranata H, Ottervanger JP, Antman EM. Time delay to treatment and mortality in primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004; 109: 1223-5. </p>
    <p>23. Nallamothu BK, Bates ER. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: is timing (almost) everything? Am J Cardiol 2003; 92: 824-6. </p>
    <p>24. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 625-34. </p>
    <p>25. Wu AH, Parsons L, Every NR, Bates ER. Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Hospital outcomes in patients presenting with congestive heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1389-94. </p>
    <p>26. Stone GW, Grines CL, Browne KF et al. Influence of acute myocardial infarction location on in-hospital and late outcome after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty versus tissue plasminogen activator therapy. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 19-25. </p>
    <p>27. The GUSTO angiographics investigators. The effect of tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase or both in coronary-artery patency, ventricular function and survival after acute myocardial infarction. N Eng J Med 1993; 329: 1615: 22. </p>
    <p>28. Schweiger MJ, Cannon CP, Murphy AS et al. Early coronary intervention following pharmacologic therapy for acute myocardial infarction (the combined TIMI 10B-TIMI 14 experience). Am J Cardiol 2001; 88: 831-6. </p>
    <p>29. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Murphy SA, Marble SJ, Barron HV, Braunwald E. TIMI Study Group. Relationship of the TIMI myocardial perfusion grades, flow grades, frame count, and percutaneous coronary intervention to long-term outcomes after thrombolytic administration in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2002; 105: 1909-13. </p>
    <p>30. Bahr RD. Chest pain centers: moving toward proactive acute coronary care. Int J Cardiol 2000; 72: 101-10. </p>
    <p>31. Simp&#243;sio Satelite via Internet com acesso em 7 de outubro de 2004 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.theheart.org/viewArticle.do?primaryKey=119817">http://www.theheart.org/viewArticle.do?primaryKey=119817</ext-link> </p>
    <p>32. Bogaty P, Buller CE, Dorian P, O'Neill BJ, Armstrong PW. Canadian Cardiovascular Society Working Group. Applying the new STEMI guidelines: 1. Reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. CMAJ 2004; 171: 1039-41. </p>
    <p>33. Carvalho LCM, Silva LA, Carneiro R et al. Tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) no grande ABC. Arq Bras Cardiol 2004; 83(Supl. III): 99. </p>
    <p>34. Brasileiro AL. The Bussola study. Final results, conclusions and proposals. Arq Bras Cardiol 2000; 75: 225-34. </p>
    <p>35. Magid DJ, Calonge BN, Rumsfeld JS et al. Relation between hospital primary angioplasty volume and mortality for patients with acute MI treated with primary angioplasty vs thrombolytic therapy. JAMA 2000; 284: 3131-8. </p>
    <p>36. Diretriz para a Realiza&#231;&#227;o de Exames Diagn&#243;sticos e Terap&#234;uticos em Hemodin&#226;mica. Arq Bras Cardiol 2004; 82(Supl. I). </p>
    <p>37. BMJ, d&#243;i:10.1136/bmj.38335.390718.82 (published 21 January 2005).</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Antonio Luiz da Silva Brasileiro </p>
        <p> Av. Marechal Henrique Lott, 270-107 </p>
        <p> 22631-370 </p>
        <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="abrasileiro@incl.rj.saude.gov.br">abrasileiro@incl.rj.saude.gov.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 22/12/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 11/02/05 </p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Expanding the use of reperfusion therapy: from GISSI to DANAMI</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>POINT OF VIEW</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Expanding the use of reperfusion therapy. From GISSI to DANAMI</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Antonio Luiz da Silva Brasileiro </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras and Hospital Barra D'Or - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Myocardial reperfusion therapy has revolutionized the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), reducing its mortality in as much as 50%. However, due to reasons that vary from region to region, several eligible patients do not receive such treatment. A new strategy, "primary angioplasty after transfer to an intervention center", proved to be promising and to have a great potential, because more patients will be able to benefit from the most efficient form of reperfusion therapy. A new chest pain protocol to be adopted at hospitals without a catheterization laboratory, but with a "program of transfer", has been suggested. In Brazil, some protocols have been established, but none in the public health system. Nevertheless, the Rio de Janeiro branch of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC/RJ) has developed a model based on new concepts, which, if implemented in major urban centers, can reduce the high mortality rates due to AMI in our country. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The last 2 decades of the twentieth century witnessed true revolutions in the history of the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with elevation in the ST segment. The "first revolution in cardiology" was the appearance of the thrombolytic therapy in 1986, which finally provided the physicians with the opportunity of treating the disease and not only its complications, as shown in the GISSI study<sup> 1</sup>. The "second revolution in cardiology" was the introduction of primary angioplasty in the beginning of the 1990s, which, perfected by the stents<sup>2</sup>, established itself definitely as the most efficient method of reperfusion<sup>3-7</sup>. Its use, however, is limited to a few hospitals with catheterization laboratories. Finally, in the beginning of the 2000s, the "third revolution in cardiology" occurred with the demonstration that, for certain patients with AMI, primary angioplasty is better than thrombolysis, even if it requires the transfer of patients from the emergency room of a community hospital to another hospital with catheterization laboratory, despite the time spent with transportation<sup>8-11</sup>. Such an important observation has allowed the dissemination of new strategies of health care, which, if used with organization and competence, may considerably widen the chances that patients with AMI receive the best treatment. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Studies on patient's transfer initiated the "third revolution in cardiology" regarding the approach to AMI</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Until recently, the transfer of patients with AMI to a tertiary hospital was contraindicated due to the risks inherent to transfer and the undesirable increase in "delta T". Therefore, the transfer of patients with AMI was limited to "rescue" angioplasties in extremely severe situations. That history began to change with the "Danish Multicenter Randomized Trial on Thrombolytic Therapy Versus Acute Coronary Angioplasty in Acute Myocardial Infarction" (DANAMI-2)<sup>8</sup>. In that study, 1,572 patients with AMI treated in 24 hospitals in Denmark were randomized to receive either the "accelerated" form of the plasminogen tissue activator or primary angioplasty, even when requiring transfer to one of the 5 centers of angioplasty, as long as that transfer did not take more than 3 hours. The distance traveled by the ambulances ranged from 3 to 150 km (mean, 50 km), and the time required for the transfer ranged from 50 to 85 minutes (mean, 67 minutes). The patients tolerated well the transfer, and neither death nor serious adverse reactions occurred. The study was precociously interrupted, because, when angioplasty was used, a 40% reduction occurred in the incidence of the primary objective of recurring infarction, stroke, or death within 30 days (8.5% versus 14.2%; P=0.002). The study "Primary Angioplasty in patients transferred from General community hospitals to specialized PTCA Units with or without Emergency thrombolysis" (PRAGUE-1)<sup>9</sup>, carried out in the Czech Republic, randomized 300 patients to compare 3 different types of approach to AMI as follows: group A patients received intravenous streptokinase; group B patients also received streptokinase, but were immediately transferred to another hospital to undergo angioplasty; and group C patients were transferred to another hospital to undergo angioplasty without receiving the thrombolytic agent. The incidence of the primary outcomes (reinfarction, stroke, or death) in the 3 groups were 23%, 15%, and 8%, respectively, (P&lt;0.02), favoring the transfer without previous administration of the thrombolytic agent. On the other hand, PRAGUE-2<sup>10</sup> randomized 850 patients to undergo angioplasty after transfer or thrombolysis, and shed new light on the matter: in addition to confirming the safety of transfer, it showed that transfer was the best option for patients who were tardy in arriving at the hospital, but was not advantageous for those treated within the first 3 hours. That finding was confirmed by the "Comparison of Angioplasty and Prehospital Thrombolysis In acute Myocardial infarction" (CAPTIM) study<sup>11</sup>, which only showed advantages in transfer for primary angioplasty in regard to prehospital thrombolysis for patients treated after the first 2 hours. The American "Air Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction" (AIR-PAMI) study<sup>12</sup> was the first to randomize high-risk patients for thrombolysis or angioplasty after transfer, and, although it was precociously interrupted due to the difficulty in selecting patients (138 patients - 32% of the previewed sample), it showed a tendency towards a better evolution for patients of the "angioplasty after transfer" arm (8.4% versus 13.6%; P=0.33). </p>
      <p>A recently published meta-analysis<sup>13</sup>, including data of the 5 major studies on transfer, has confirmed the favorable results. Although subject to a series of criticisms, which will not be commented here, those studies showed that the transfer of patients with AMI to undergo primary angioplasty is possible, safe, and possibly more effective than thrombolysis for those with more than 3 hours of AMI manifestation, as long as the transfer time does not exceed 2 to 3 hours. </p>
      <p>Since then, several articles signed by the most important "opinion makers" of the international cardiology community have been published in the most prestigious medical journals in the United States and Europe, leaving no room for doubts in regard to the impact caused by the results of such studies<sup>14-20</sup>. Eric Topol has even suggested a radical change in the North American health care system for patients with AMI, who would be referred to the closest "center of angioplasty" rather than to the closest emergency hospital, as already happens with patients with traumas, directly referred to a "trauma center"<sup>18</sup>. Several metropolitan areas of that country have adopted a system that integrates community hospitals to a "center of angioplasty" located in the region, which provides primary angioplasty 7 days per week, 24 hours per day, with the return of the patient to the original community hospital within the 24 hours following the procedure. The success of that integrated system may be due to the fact that all those involved are benefited as follows: the "center of angioplasty" or "intervention center" increases its volume of invasive procedures; the community hospital provides its patients with a more efficient treatment, without the need for a great investment; and patients with AMI have access to a better quality treatment, returning to the community hospital some hours after the procedure, continuing their recovery close to their home and family. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Identifying which patients benefit from transfer for primary angioplasty</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The decision to use the thrombolytic agent or to transfer the patient with AMI for primary angioplasty should be based on solid evidence and answer the following question: for which patients will the benefits deriving from the transfer for intervention exceed the disadvantages resulting from the delay in reperfusion? The recently published North American guidelines for the treatment of AMI with an ST elevation<sup>21</sup> help in defining that important question based on the best data currently available in the literature about the issue. The following points should be analyzed before deciding. </p>
      <p><bold>1) Time of hospital admission</bold>: Some studies have shown that patients receiving thrombolytic agents within the first 3 hours of symptom onset had a similar<sup>10</sup> or even better<sup>11</sup> clinical evolution than those treated with primary angioplasty after transfer, as long as they had access to rescue angioplasty, when indicated. The same studies have also shown a significant benefit in transferring those patients who arrived at the emergency service after 3 hours of symptom onset and should be immediately transferred for primary angioplasty, as long as it could be performed within the 12 conventional hours; <bold>2) time of transfer</bold>: similarly to that which happens with the thrombolytic therapy, "time is muscle" also for angioplasty<sup>22</sup>. In the model proposed, it is fundamental that the "center of angioplasty" should be strategically located in regard to the "integrated hospitals" to allow a "door-to-balloon" time up to 60 minutes greater than the time necessary for the beginning of the thrombolytic agent, as recommended<sup>23</sup>. However, unexpected operational situations may occur, causing an extension in that time, independently of the geographical proximity, such as an already occupied catheterization laboratory. Therefore, whenever the time of transfer is very long (maximum of 3 hours), the thrombolytic agent should be preferred; <bold>3) evaluation of the risk of death</bold>: patients with a great hemodynamic instability (cardiogenic shock, acute pulmonary edema) have little chance of surviving if they have no access to primary angioplasty<sup>24-26</sup>; therefore, they should be immediately transferred despite the risks of the transfer. Such risks may be reduced if the transfer is performed in a properly equipped ambulance with a medical team trained for transporting critically ill patients. The Air-Pami study<sup>12</sup> has shown that such patients may be transported with an acceptable margin of safety; <bold>4) failure of the thrombolytic agent</bold>: the thrombolytic agents currently available, specially the most used in Brazil, streptokinase, have a high rate of failure to promote effective reperfusion with TIMI 3 flow<sup>27</sup>. Patients benefit from the transfer for rescue angioplasty<sup>28-29</sup>; <bold>5) electrocardiogram of dubious interpretation</bold>: many patients with AMI do not show the characteristic pattern in the first hours of coronary occlusion. Therefore, patients with typical clinical findings, specially those at higher risk (diabetes, hemodynamic instability, age greater than 75 years, elevated troponin, presence of ventricular arrhythmias) should be transferred to undergo coronary angiography and angioplasty, if indicated, even when ECG is not diagnostic; <bold>6) contraindications to thrombolysis</bold>: the contraindications to the use of thrombolytic agents are numerous<sup>21</sup>. Obviously, such patients need immediate transfer to a "center of angioplasty". </p>
      <p>
        <bold>A new chest pain protocol based on current concepts</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Protocols of chest pain have had great acceptance since the studies by Bhar<sup>30</sup>, because they make the treatment of patients with chest pain quicker and more efficient, and reduce the probability of diagnostic errors. Classically, hospitals with catheterization laboratory use protocols that recommend primary angioplasty for all patients with AMI with an ST elevation or new LBBB treated within the first 12 hours of evolution. On the other hand, hospitals without a catheterization laboratory use protocols that recommend thrombolysis for all patients without any contraindication. Based on the evidence related to the possibility of transfer, a third model of protocol should be adopted by the hospitals without a catheterization laboratory that can act integrated with a "center of angioplasty". <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows a protocol inspired by the suggestions of William O'Neil<sup>31</sup> and the Canadian Cardiovascular Society<sup>32</sup>, both based on the recently published recommendations of the North American guidelines<sup>21</sup>. It is worth noting that that protocol has not proposed the replacement of the thrombolytic therapy by primary angioplasty after transfer, as has been the concern of the conservatives, but makes that option of treatment possible in the cases with precise indication. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0495-00013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>The Brazilian experience. The SIAAC project</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although timidly, the "third revolution of cardiology" has already arrived in Brazil. In S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo, a "Center for AMI" (Neo Mater Hospital) provides primary angioplasty to several hospitals of the "ABC paulista" region<sup>33</sup>. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, a tertiary hospital of the city of Volta Redonda (Hospital Vita) acts as an "intervention center", providing emergency angioplasty to hospitals of the "M&#233;dio Para&#237;ba" region, benefiting a population of almost one million inhabitants. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the small distances to be traveled by the ambulances after the previous contact between the team of the emergency sector of the "integrated hospital" and that of the catheterization sector of the "intervention center". Information on the results of these pioneering experiences still lacks. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0495-00013-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>However, the public health system, whose need for improving the quality of the treatment for AMI is greater, has no program of patient's transfer. The "Buscando Solu&#231;&#245;es para A Subutiliza&#231;&#227;o de Terapia Trombol&#237;tica no Rio de Janeiro" (B&#218;SSOLA) study<sup>34</sup> showed that it is unlikely that a patient with AMI receives any type of reperfusion therapy in most of the emergency services in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Aiming at minimizing this serious situation, the Rio de Janeiro branch of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC/RJ) has elaborated the SIAAC (Sistema Integrado de Atendimento ao Ataque Card&#237;aco - Integrated System for Heart Attack Care) Project to involve all public hospitals and emergency services of the capital. In addition to a program of patient's transfer to a "public intervention center", the SIAAC includes several other fundamental measures for supporting the project (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01-body2">chart I</xref>). The model suggested by SIAAC, much more comprehensive than a simple "program of transfer", should be adopted by all public and private institutions that want to be part of an "integrated system", because it guarantees high-quality results. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr02-body2">Chart II </xref>shows the role played by each component of the "system". </p>
      <fig id="qdr01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0495-00013-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="qdr02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0495-00013-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of the "studies on transfer" continue to cause reactions worldwide, ranging from a radical disbelief to a dangerous euphoria. It is worth stressing that the success of that strategy depends, to a great extent, on the adoption of strict quality criteria in all points of the process. The superiority of the interventional approach over the conservative one, especially of primary angioplasty over thrombolysis, is known to be only unquestionable when well indicated and performed by experienced professionals, with a significant volume of procedures, and in an adequately equipped environment<sup>35</sup>. The "centers of intervention" should be adequate to the quality criteria defined by the international guidelines and those of the Brazilian Society of Hemodynamics and Interventional Cardiology (Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista - SBHCI)<sup>36 </sup>or they will not be part of the "integrated system". Similarly, the emergency services and coronary units, or ICUs, of the hospitals participating should be qualified to receive critically ill coronary patients, to strictly follow the protocols and standard routines based on international and SBC guidelines, and to have adequate equipment and modern laboratory routines, such as the troponin "kit". The correct selection of patients who will benefit from the transfer should be based on a protocol, such as that suggested in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figure 1</xref>. A recent report of the results of the GRACE registry<sup>37</sup> with more than 28,000 patients with ACS has shown that the advantages of the intervention, so clearly evidenced in the clinical studies, are lost in the so-called "real world", maybe because strict quality criteria, such as those in the studies, are not adopted. Therefore, the strategy of creating a "coordinating committee of the system" (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr02-body2">chart II</xref>), comprised by representatives of all hospitals involved, is fundamental for the success of the program. That committee meets periodically with the following objectives: to update the routines, and training and continuous education programs; to evaluate the statistics of the system; to discuss the relevant clinical cases; to evaluate occasional failures and difficulties; and, last but not least, to socialize. </p>
      <p>It is worth noting that, no idea, as brilliant as it may be, will be important if it only benefits the richest segment of the population. "Integrated systems for heart attack care" similar to that of SIAAC have a social impact, are economically viable, and are politically attractive. In addition, considering the scientific evidence, it is unacceptable, even from the ethic point of view, that a city like Rio de Janeiro, with more than 5 million inhabitants and the highest mortality rate due to AMI in the country, does not have a single public institution that provides, decently and routinely, the possibility to perform emergency invasive procedures. The situation is aggravated by the fact that, frequently, those procedures are the only means by which a patient's life can be saved, or by which others can be spared from falling victim to the disability resulting from heart failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p> 1. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1986; 1: 397-401. </p>
      <p>2. Zhu MM, Feit A, Chadow H et al. Primary stent implantation compared with primary balloon angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88: 297-301. </p>
      <p>3. Grines CL, Browne KF, Marco J et al. A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 673-9. </p>
      <p>4. Zijlstra F, de Boer MJ, Hoorntje JC et al. A comparison of immediate coronary angioplasty with intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 680-4. </p>
      <p>5. Gibbons RJ, Holmes DR, Reeder GS et al. Immediate angioplasty compared with the administration of a thrombolytic agent followed by conservative treatment for myocardial infarction: the Mayo Coronary Care Unit and Catheterization Laboratory Groups. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 661-85. </p>
      <p>6. Weaver WD, Simes RJ, Betriu A et al. Comparison of primary coronary angioplasty and intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review. JAMA 1997; 278: 2093-8. </p>
      <p>7. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 361: 13-20. </p>
      <p>8. Andersen HR, Nielsen TT, Rasmussen K et al. A comparison of coronary angioplasty with fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 733-72. </p>
      <p>9. Widimsky P, Groch L, Zelizko M et al. Multicentre randomized trial comparing transport to primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis vs combined strategy for patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting to a community hospital without a catheterization laboratory: the PRAGUE study. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 823-31. </p>
      <p>10. Widimsky P, Budesinsky T, Vorac D et al. Long distance transport for primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: final results of the randomized national multicentre trial: PRAGUE-2. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 94-104. </p>
      <p>11. Steg PG, Bonnefoy E, Chabaud S et al. Impact of time to treatment on mortality after prehospital fibrinolysis or primary angioplasty: data from the CAPTIM randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2003; 108: 2851-6. </p>
      <p>12. Grines CL, Westerhausen DR, Grines LL et al. A randomized trial of transfer for primary angioplasty versus on-site thrombolysis in patients with high-risk myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 1713-19. </p>
      <p>13. Dalby M, Bouzamondo A, Lechat P et al. Transfer for primary angioplasty versus immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2003; 108: 1809-14. </p>
      <p>14. Topol E J. Current status and future prospects for acute myocardial infarction therapy. Circulation 2003; 108(16 Suppl 1): III 6-13. </p>
      <p>15. Jacobs AK. Primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction&#151;is it worth the wait? <italic>N </italic>Engl J Med 2003 Aug 21; 349:798-800. </p>
      <p>16. Grines CL, Serruys P, O'Neill WW. Fibrinolytic therapy: is it a treatment of the past? Circulation 2003; 107: 2538-42. </p>
      <p>17. Califf RM, Faxon DP. Need for centers to care for patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2003; 107: 1467-70. </p>
      <p>18. Topol EJ, Kereiakes DJ. Regionalization of care for acute ischemic heart disease: a call for specialized centers. Circulation 2003; 107: 1463-6. </p>
      <p>19. Weaver WD. All Hospitals are not equals for treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003; 108: 1768-71. </p>
      <p>20. Cannon CP. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for all? JAMA 2002; 287: 1987-9. </p>
      <p>21. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction&#151;executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 671-719. </p>
      <p>22. de Luca G, Suryapranata H, Ottervanger JP, Antman EM. Time delay to treatment and mortality in primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004; 109: 1223-5. </p>
      <p>23. Nallamothu BK, Bates ER. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: is timing (almost) everything? Am J Cardiol 2003; 92: 824-6. </p>
      <p>24. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 625-34. </p>
      <p>25. Wu AH, Parsons L, Every NR, Bates ER. Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. Hospital outcomes in patients presenting with congestive heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1389-94. </p>
      <p>26. Stone GW, Grines CL, Browne KF et al. Influence of acute myocardial infarction location on in-hospital and late outcome after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty versus tissue plasminogen activator therapy. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 19-25. </p>
      <p>27. The GUSTO angiographics investigators. The effect of tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase or both in coronary-artery patency, ventricular function and survival after acute myocardial infarction. N Eng J Med 1993; 329: 1615: 22. </p>
      <p>28. Schweiger MJ, Cannon CP, Murphy AS et al. Early coronary intervention following pharmacologic therapy for acute myocardial infarction (the combined TIMI 10B-TIMI 14 experience). Am J Cardiol 2001; 88: 831-6. </p>
      <p>29. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Murphy SA, Marble SJ, Barron HV, Braunwald E. TIMI Study Group. Relationship of the TIMI myocardial perfusion grades, flow grades, frame count, and percutaneous coronary intervention to long-term outcomes after thrombolytic administration in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2002; 105: 1909-13. </p>
      <p>30. Bahr RD. Chest pain centers: moving toward proactive acute coronary care. Int J Cardiol 2000; 72: 101-10. </p>
      <p>31. Simp&#243;sio Satelite via Internet com acesso em 7 de outubro de 2004 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.theheart.org/viewArticle.do?primaryKey=119817">http://www.theheart.org/viewArticle.do?primaryKey=119817</ext-link> </p>
      <p>32. Bogaty P, Buller CE, Dorian P, O'Neill BJ, Armstrong PW. Canadian Cardiovascular Society Working Group. Applying the new STEMI guidelines: 1. Reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. CMAJ 2004; 171: 1039-41. </p>
      <p>33. Carvalho LCM, Silva LA, Carneiro R et al. Tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) no grande ABC. Arq Bras Cardiol 2004; 83(Supl. III): 99. </p>
      <p>34. Brasileiro AL. The Bussola study. Final results, conclusions and proposals. Arq Bras Cardiol 2000; 75: 225-34. </p>
      <p>35. Magid DJ, Calonge BN, Rumsfeld JS et al. Relation between hospital primary angioplasty volume and mortality for patients with acute MI treated with primary angioplasty vs thrombolytic therapy. JAMA 2000; 284: 3131-8. </p>
      <p>36. Diretriz para a Realiza&#231;&#227;o de Exames Diagn&#243;sticos e Terap&#234;uticos em Hemodin&#226;mica. Arq Bras Cardiol 2004; 82(Supl. I). </p>
      <p>37. BMJ, d&#243;i:10.1136/bmj.38335.390718.82 (published 21 January 2005).</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Av. Marechal Henrique Lott, 270-107</p>
          <p> 22631-370 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="abrasileiro@incl.rj.saude.gov.br">abrasileiro@incl.rj.saude.gov.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publication: 12/22/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 02/11/2005 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
      <p>18. Topol EJ, Kereiakes DJ. Regionalization of care for acute ischemic heart disease: a call for specialized centers. Circulation 2003; 107: 1463-6. </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
