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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CzFnvSXGPvgbQvD3vPVksMq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000600011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400611</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000600011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pseudoaneurisma de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo associado a insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave complicando infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#237;nfero-l&#225;tero-dorsal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz de A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra N&#237;vea R. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda M. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Ana L&#250;cia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Alexadre C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldez</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Rocha C. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>488</fpage>
      <lpage>491</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Descrevemos um caso de pseudoaneurisma de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo associado a grave regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, complicando um infarto &#237;nfero-l&#225;tero-dorsal. A les&#227;o foi descoberta em ecocardiograma de rotina durante o seguimento ambulatorial. Destacam-se a estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica bem sucedida, e a boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da paciente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pseudoaneurisma de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo associado a insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave complicando infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#237;nfero-l&#225;tero-dorsal </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jo&#227;o Luiz de A. A. Falc&#227;o; Sandra N&#237;vea R. S. Falc&#227;o; Maria Fernanda M. A. Garcia; Ana L&#250;cia M. Arruda; Alexadre C. Hueb; F&#225;bio B. Jatene; Paulo S. Gutierrez; Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio F. Ramires; Roberto Rocha C. V. Giraldez </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Descrevemos um caso de pseudoaneurisma de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo associado a grave regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, complicando um infarto &#237;nfero-l&#225;tero-dorsal. A les&#227;o foi descoberta em ecocardiograma de rotina durante o seguimento ambulatorial. Destacam-se a estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica bem sucedida, e a boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da paciente.</p>
    <p> O pseudoaneurisma de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o bastante rara e, freq&#252;entemente, n&#227;o diagnosticada. O seu aparecimento, no entanto, acarreta um progn&#243;stico sombrio a seus portadores, que podem evoluir rapidamente para &#243;bito. Ao contr&#225;rio da rotura da parede livre ventricular, as ader&#234;ncias peric&#225;rdicas do pseudoaneurisma cont&#234;m o sangue intraventricular, conferindo uma natureza menos aguda a esta condi&#231;&#227;o e permitindo que a interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica seja realizada antes de um eventual desfecho fatal. Assim, &#233; importante estar atento ao risco de aparecimento do pseudoaneurisma p&#243;s-infarto para que se lance m&#227;o dos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos mais adequados e se corrija a condi&#231;&#227;o rapidamente ap&#243;s sua confirma&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo feminino de 67 anos, portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus e dislipidemia de controle irregular, foi admitida no Pronto Socorro do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o com dor em ombro esquerdo de forte intensidade h&#225; 10 h. O quadro iniciou-se ao repouso, associando-se a n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos e sudorese fria. O ecocardiograma indicava a presen&#231;a de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &#237;nfero-l&#225;tero-dorsal em curso, com acometimento do ventr&#237;culo direito. A cineangiocoronariografia de urg&#234;ncia revelou oclus&#227;o completa da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita em sua por&#231;&#227;o proximal, al&#233;m de obstru&#231;&#245;es luminais de 70% no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria interventricular anterior (descendente anterior), de 90% na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do seu primeiro ramo diagonal e de 90% no primeiro ramo marginal da art&#233;ria circunflexa. A paciente foi submetida a angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea da coron&#225;ria direita com implante de <italic>stent</italic>, obtendo-se fluxo coronariano distal lentificado, classificado como TIMI II. O procedimento foi complicado por trombose e emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal com oclus&#227;o do ramo ventricular posterior da coron&#225;ria direita. A paciente evoluiu durante a fase inicial de interna&#231;&#227;o em classe II de Killip, mantendo-se dispn&#233;ica aos pequenos esfor&#231;os. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica no 2&#186; dia p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio mostrou acinesia das paredes inferior e posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, associada &#224; hipocinesia lateral e septal; levando a uma disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica importante do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson=35%). O ventr&#237;culo direito apresentava fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal. Ao Doppler, a insufici&#234;ncia mitral era moderada. Progressivamente, a paciente cursou com melhora do estado cl&#237;nico; em uso de inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o, hidralazina, nitrato e diur&#233;ticos. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o do cansa&#231;o, que ainda persistiu a moderados esfor&#231;os; e despararecimento dos estertores pulmonares. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico realizado no 7&#186; p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, indicou n&#237;tida redu&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, com aparecimento de discreto derrame peric&#225;rdico. A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica realizada no 10&#186; p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio mostrou hipocapta&#231;&#227;o persistente acentuada das paredes inferior, lateral, apical e dorsal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica, conjugada ao estudo cintilogr&#225;fico, estimou a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 20%. A alta hospitalar ocorreu no dia seguinte. </p>
    <p> No seguimento ambulatorial, a paciente persistiu com fadiga e dispn&#233;ia a moderados esfor&#231;os, a despeito de otimiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. O ecocardiograma de acompanhamento (4 meses ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio) confirmou disfun&#231;&#227;o importante do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o=27%), &#224; custa de acinesia inferior, e insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada, quando foi detectada presen&#231;a de extenso pseudoaneurisma p&#243;stero-lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com colo de 3,5 cm de di&#226;metro, associado a derrame peric&#225;rdico moderado relacionado &#224; parede &#237;nfero-posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0488-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A paciente foi internada para reavalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e abordagem cir&#250;rgica. Foi submetida &#224; resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica de cora&#231;&#227;o que confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de pseudoaneurisma ventricular de parede &#237;nfero-posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>) e indicada a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Durante o procedimento, a parede livre do aneurisma foi ressecada e o defeito mioc&#225;rdico foi corrigido com <italic>patch</italic> de peric&#225;rdio bovino (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). A valva mitral foi explorada por atriotomia esquerda. Os testes hemodin&#226;micos mostraram boa coapta&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos valvares, sem regurgita&#231;&#227;o residual significativa, julgando-se desnecess&#225;ria a anuloplastia. A opera&#231;&#227;o foi completada com a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por meio de enxertos de veia safena aorta-descendente anterior e aorta- 1&#186; ramo diagonal. Os achados an&#225;tomo-patol&#243;gicos confirmaram a rotura da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com manuten&#231;&#227;o da cavidade ventricular por trombos e peric&#225;rdio, confirmando o diagn&#243;stico de pseudoaneurisma de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). O per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato foi complicado por quadro congestivo importante. &#192; ausculta card&#237;aca, verificou-se leve sopro regurgitante mitral. O ecocardiograma realizado no 10&#186; p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio mostrou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de tamanho normal e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica moderada (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o=35%), &#224; custa de acinesia inferior e posterior e hipocinesia das demais paredes. Detectou-se ainda insufici&#234;ncia mitral discreta e derrame peric&#225;rdico moderado, circunscrito &#224; parede &#237;nfero-posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A paciente recebeu alta hospitalar ap&#243;s compensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0488-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0488-00011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0488-00011-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Durante o seguimento ambulatorial, manteve-se em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva classe funcional II (NYHA) com leve regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica tardia confirmou os achados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios e mostrou regress&#227;o do derrame peric&#225;rdico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o </bold>
    </p>
    <p>O pseudoaneurisma ventricular &#233; sugerido pelo abaulamento da silhueta card&#237;aca detectado em exames de imagem. Sua forma&#231;&#227;o envolve a expans&#227;o gradual do hematoma intraperic&#225;rdico por extravasamento de sangue da cavidade ventricular para o saco peric&#225;rdico, ap&#243;s rotura mioc&#225;rdica parcialmente contida por trombos, fibrose e ades&#245;es intraperic&#225;rdicas. O diagn&#243;stico definitivo &#233; feito exclusivamente por exame an&#225;tomo-patol&#243;gico, demonstrando-se aus&#234;ncia completa de fibras mioc&#225;rdicas em uma certa extens&#227;o da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, as quais s&#227;o substitu&#237;das por hematoma organizado e peric&#225;rdio espessado<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
    <p>A real incid&#234;ncia do pseudoaneurisma de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; desconhecida por sua extrema raridade e dificuldade diagn&#243;stica, tornando-se ainda mais incomum ap&#243;s a era fibrinol&#237;tica. Apesar disso, sabe-se que a topografia posterior desses falsos aneurismas &#233; pelo menos duas vezes mais comum que a anterior. Esse fato decorre, possivelmente, do apoio da face &#237;nfero-posterior do cora&#231;&#227;o sobre o diafragma. A sustenta&#231;&#227;o do diafragma favorece a forma&#231;&#227;o de ades&#245;es intraperic&#225;rdicas durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o da pericardite fibrinosa local ap&#243;s o infarto inferior. Esse fato permite que o cora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se rompa abruptamente, a despeito da necrose de toda a espessura do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco da parede do ventr&#237;culo, facilitando a conten&#231;&#227;o da cavidade ventricular pelo peric&#225;rdio adjacente. A partir da&#237;, acentua-se a rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria local que espessa o peric&#225;rdio, tornando-o ainda mais resistente &#224; rotura<sup>1,3-5</sup>. </p>
    <p>No caso relatado, al&#233;m do retardo na reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica decorrente da admiss&#227;o tardia da paciente, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel se obter fluxo distal completo TIMI III, pela emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal para o ramo ventricular posterior da coron&#225;ria direita e para a microcircula&#231;&#227;o (fen&#244;meno de <italic>no-reflow</italic>) contribuindo para um dano mioc&#225;rdico mais extenso e predispondo &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o do pseudoaneurisma ventricular. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico dessa condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; dif&#237;cil. Em quase duas d&#233;cadas de acompanhamento, entre 1980 e 1996, foram diagnosticados apenas 22 casos <italic>antemortem</italic> de pseudoaneurisma ventricular p&#243;s-infarto na Mayo Clinic. Nessa s&#233;rie, a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino e de faixa et&#225;ria avan&#231;ada (m&#233;dia de 68 anos). O intervalo m&#233;dio entre o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e o diagn&#243;stico do pseudoaneurisma ventricular foi de 3,9 meses, variando entre 0 dia e 15 anos. As principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas associadas &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o do pseudoaneurisma foram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, precordialgia, s&#237;ncope, arritmia e tromboembolismo sist&#234;mico. Quase um quarto dos casos era assintom&#225;tico e foram descobertos acidentalmente. A metade dos pacientes tinha antecedente de hipertens&#227;o, e a maioria (87%) era v&#237;tima de primo infarto. O exame f&#237;sico era inespec&#237;fico, por&#233;m a maioria apresentava sopro sist&#243;lico em foco mitral &#224; ausculta, sugerindo acometimento simult&#226;neo da valva mitral nessa situa&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. O caso supracitado enquadra-se dentro deste perfil epidemiol&#243;gico. O diagn&#243;stico de pseudoaneurisma p&#243;stero-lateral de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi dado pelo ecocardiograma realizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no 4&#186; m&#234;s ap&#243;s primo infarto. </p>
    <p>Os exames de imagem s&#227;o a parte mais importante da investiga&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que o eletrocardiograma e a radiografia simples de t&#243;rax s&#227;o de pouca utilidade. </p>
    <p>A angiografia constituiu-se no principal m&#233;todo de imagem utilizado, apresentando alta sensibilidade no diagn&#243;stico da complica&#231;&#227;o. A presen&#231;a de um orif&#237;cio estreito levando a uma dilata&#231;&#227;o sacular, e a aus&#234;ncia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias marginando exteriormente a parede aneurism&#225;tica, s&#227;o achados angiogr&#225;ficos que sugerem a presen&#231;a de pseudoaneurisma, ao contr&#225;rio de aneurisma ventricular verdadeiro<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p> Mais recentemente, o ecocardiograma bidimensional ofereceu alguns ganhos diagn&#243;sticos, permitindo detectar a descontinuidade do endoc&#225;rdio ventricular, bem como verificar a presen&#231;a de um orif&#237;cio estreito (em rela&#231;&#227;o ao di&#226;metro do aneurisma) comunicando as cavidades ventricular e aneurism&#225;tica. O Doppler p&#250;lsatil e o colorido t&#234;m sido muito &#250;teis, permitindo identificar fluxos sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico intercavit&#225;rios, i.e., entre o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o pseudoaneurisma. Apesar de detectar anormalidades em at&#233; 90% dos pacientes, permite o diagn&#243;stico definitivo em apenas 25 a 33% dos casos<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios trabalhos recentes t&#234;m relatado a utilidade da resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica em identificar a presen&#231;a de pseudoaneurisma de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. As vantagens do m&#233;todo s&#227;o a excelente resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e a capacidade de examinar o cora&#231;&#227;o globalmente; permitindo detectar o tamanho e a localiza&#231;&#227;o do pseudoaneurisma, al&#233;m de distinguir as diversas estruturas adjacentes, como peric&#225;rdio, trombos e mioc&#225;rdio<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Por ser um m&#233;todo pouco invasivo, de baixo custo e facilmente dispon&#237;vel, o ecocardiograma deve ser preferido para a investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica inicial. A resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica deve ser realizada como m&#233;todo complementar, uma vez que o diagn&#243;stico definitivo normalmente suscita d&#250;vidas e a detec&#231;&#227;o de uma camada residual de mioc&#225;rdio na parede ventricular pode tornar o progn&#243;stico mais favor&#225;vel. O cateterismo card&#237;aco pode ser empregado caso persistam d&#250;vidas diagn&#243;sticas ou visando definir a anatomia coronariana, objetivando-se melhor planejamento cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico &#233; o mais adequado para o pseudoaneurisma do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo devido ao risco de rotura e morte s&#250;bita, ocorrida em 30 a 45% dos casos<sup>1,3,6</sup>. Alguns autores, no entanto, prop&#245;em a possibilidade de tratamento cl&#237;nico para pseudoaneurismas diagnosticados tardiamente, ap&#243;s 3 meses do infarto, por considerarem que a rotura espont&#226;nea nessa fase &#233; menos comum<sup>4,5</sup>. A freq&#252;ente associa&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave ao falso aneurisma da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo relaciona-se com elevada mortalidade operat&#243;ria<sup>7</sup>. Independentemente da modalidade terap&#234;utica empregada, entretanto, a mortalidade do pseudoaneurisma parece relacionar-se, primariamente, &#224; gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e da miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica subjacente. No caso em quest&#227;o, optou-se pela abordagem cir&#250;rgica, visando ressecar o pseudoaneurisma e corrigir a insufici&#234;ncia mitral, procurando melhorar a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da paciente, que se mantinha dispn&#233;ica a pequenos esfor&#231;os a despeito da otimiza&#231;&#227;o da terapia cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>O pseudoaneurisma reduz o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ao dilatar-se durante a s&#237;stole ventricular esquerda, roubando parte do volume de sangue a ser ejetado pelo cora&#231;&#227;o. Assim, prejudica a eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular anter&#243;grada durante a s&#237;stole, gerando insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica acarreta dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular progressiva. Na coexist&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia mitral e pseudoaneurisma ventricular esquerdo, as condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas s&#227;o ainda mais desfavor&#225;veis e a evolu&#231;&#227;o para a fal&#234;ncia ventricular pode ser ainda mais r&#225;pida. Nesses casos, apesar da premente indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, a troca da valva mitral concomitante ao reparo do pseudoaneurisma, pode produzir aumento s&#250;bito da p&#243;s-carga ventricular esquerda com poss&#237;vel fal&#234;ncia de bomba no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Por esta raz&#227;o, parece mais prudente optar-se pelo reparo da valva mitral, preservando o funcionamento do aparato valvar (cordoalhas e m&#250;sculos papilares), o que favorece o desempenho ventricular<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia mitral associada ao pseudoaneurisma decorre de tr&#234;s fatores principais: dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar mitral; dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular; e restri&#231;&#227;o da motilidade do folheto valvar posterior devido &#224; perda da contra&#231;&#227;o da parede ventricular e/ou dos m&#250;sculos papilares. No caso relatado, o reparo da parede mioc&#225;rdica, com aproxima&#231;&#227;o das bordas e o uso de retalho de peric&#225;rdio bovino, permitiu restituir a geometria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, restabelecendo a fun&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral. Este fato pode ser explicado por redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea discin&#233;tica, reconstru&#231;&#227;o ventricular e ajuste de tens&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar posterior, permitindo melhor funcionamento do aparato mitral. Apesar da anuloplastia ser usualmente realizada no reparo valvar mitral que acompanha a corre&#231;&#227;o do pseudoaneurisma ventricular; a exclus&#227;o da &#225;rea acin&#233;tica, com reconstru&#231;&#227;o ventricular e ajuste de tens&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar posterior, parece ser o principal determinante para adequada corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da insufici&#234;ncia mitral<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Jo&#227;o Luiz de A. A. Falc&#227;o </p>
        <p> Rua Alves Guimar&#227;es, 408/121 </p>
        <p> 05410-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jlfalcao@uol.com.br">jlfalcao@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 10/07/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 16/12/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm associated to severe mitral insufficiency, complicating inferolaterodorsal acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>We described a case of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm associated to a severe mitral regurgitation, complicating a inferolaterodorsal acute myocardial infarction. The lesion was found in a routine echocardiogram during the in-hospital follow-up. The well-succeeded surgical strategy and the good clinical evolution of the patient were distinguished.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm associated to severe mitral insufficiency, complicating inferolaterodorsal acute myocardial infarction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jo&#227;o Luiz de A. A. Falc&#227;o; Sandra N&#237;vea R. S. Falc&#227;o; Maria Fernanda M. A. Garcia; Ana L&#250;cia M. Arruda; Alexadre C. Hueb; F&#225;bio B. Jatene; Paulo S. Gutierrez; Jos&#233; Carlos Nicolau; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio F. Ramires; Roberto Rocha C. V. Giraldez </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p> We described a case of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm associated to a severe mitral regurgitation, complicating a inferolaterodorsal acute myocardial infarction. The lesion was found in a routine echocardiogram during the in-hospital follow-up. The well-succeeded surgical strategy and the good clinical evolution of the patient were distinguished. </p>
      <p>The left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after acute myocardial infarction is a very rare complication and it is not frequently diagnosed. However, its appearance gives rise to a bleak prognostic to its carriers, who can evolve quickly to death. Opposing to the rupture of the free ventricular wall, the pericardial adherences of pseudoaneurysm have the intraventricular blood, which gives a less acute nature to such condition and allows for the therapeutic intervention to be performed before a casual fatal outcome. So, it is important to be aware about the risk of appearance of postinfarction pseudoaneurysm, in order to not to resort to more suitable diagnostic methods and correct the condition rapidly after its confirmation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 67-year-old female patient, hypertensive, carrier of diabetes mellitus and irregular control dyslipidemia, was admitted to the Emergency Room of Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o with a severe pain on the left shoulder for 10 hours. The clinical features started at rest, associating to nausea, vomit and cold sudoresis. The echocardiogram indicated the presence of an ongoing inferolaterodorsal acute myocardial infarction, with affection of the right ventricle. The coronary angiography of urgency revealed a complete occlusion of the left coronary artery in its proximal portion, in addition to luminal obstructions of 70% in the mid-third of the anterior intraventricular artery (anterior descendent), 90% in the mid-portion of its first diagonal branch and 90% in the first marginal branch of the circumflex artery. The patient was submitted to a percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the left coronary with a stent implant, from which a distal coronary flow was obtained, and classified as TIMI II. The procedure was complicated by thrombosis and distal embolization with occlusion of the posterior ventricular branch of the right coronary. The patient evolved during the initial stage of hospitalization in Killip Class II, keeping herself dyspneic to little strains. The echocardiographic assessment on the 2<sup>nd</sup> day post-acute myocardial infarction showed akinesia of the left ventricular lower and posterior walls, associated to side and septal hypokinesia, which led to an important left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction through the method of Simpson=35%). The right ventricle showed normal systolic function. At the Doppler, the mitral insufficiency was moderate. Progressively, the patient improved her clinical condition, with the use of conversion enzyme inhibitor, hydralazine, nitrate and diuretics. There was a reduction of the tiredness, which still persisted to moderate strains, and the pulmonary rales disappeared. The transthoracic echocardiogram, performed on the 7<sup>th</sup> day post-myocardial infarction, indicated a clear reduction of mitral insufficiency, with appearance of discreet pericardial effusion. The myocardial perfusion photoscan, performed on the 10<sup>th</sup> day post-myocardial infarction showed an underscored persisting hypocaptation of the left ventricular lower, side, apical and dorsal walls. The radioisotopic ventriculography, conjoined to the photoscan study, estimated the left ventricular fraction of ejection in 20%. The discharge took place on the day after. </p>
      <p>In the in-hospital follow-up, the patient persisted with tiredness and dyspnea to moderate strains, despite therapeutic optimization. The follow-up echocardiogram (4 months after the acute myocardial infarction) confirmed an important left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction=27%), at the expense of lower akinesia and moderate mitral insufficiency, when the presence of an extensive left ventricular posterolateral pseudoaneurysm, with a 3.5 cm diameter collum, associated to a moderate pericardial effusion, which was related to the left ventricular inferoposterior wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0488-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient was hospitalized for clinical reassessment and clinical approach. She was submitted to a heart magnetic nuclear resonance that confirmed the diagnosis of ventricular pseudoaneurysm of left ventricular inferoposterior wall and serious mitral regurgitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>) and the surgical correction was indicated. During the procedure, the aneurysm-free wall was exsiccated and the myocardial imperfection was corrected with a bovine pericardium patch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). The mitral valve was explored through left atriotomy. The hemodynamic trials showed a good coaptation of valval leaflets, without significant residual regurgitation, which made the annuloplasty unnecessary. The operation was completed with the myocardial revascularization through of grafts of anterior aorta-descending saphena vein and aorta _ 1<sup>st</sup> diagonal branch. The anatomopathologic findings confirmed the left ventricular free wall rupture, with keeping of ventricular cavity through thrombi and pericardium. That confirmed the diagnosis of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). Important congestive clinical features complicated the immediate post-operation period. A mild mitral regurgitating murmur was verified at the cardiac auscultation. The echocardiogram performed on the 10<sup>th</sup> post-operation day showed a normal sized left ventricle and moderate systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction =35%), at the expense of an inferior and posterior akinesia and hypokinesia on the other walls. A discreet mitral insufficiency and moderate pericardial effusion, which was circumscribed to the left ventricular inferoposterior wall, were detected. The patient was discharged after clinical compensation. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0488-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0488-00011-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0488-00011-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>During the in-hospital follow-up, the patient was under congestive cardiac insufficiency of functional class II (NYHA) with a mild mitral regurgitation. The tardive echocardiographic assessment confirmed the post-operation findings and showed a regression of the pericardial effusion. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion </bold>
      </p>
      <p>The ventricular pseudoaneurysm is suggested by the bulging of the cardiac silhouette detected in image examinations. Its formation comprises the gradual expansion of the intrapericardial hematoma through blood overflowing, from the ventricular cavity to the pericardial sac, after a myocardial rupture partially restrained through thrombi, fibrosis, and intrapericardial adhesions. The definite diagnosis is exclusively done through an anatomopathologic exam, which demonstrates a complete absence of myocardial fibers in a certain extension of the left ventricular walls, which are replaced for organized hematoma and thickened pericardium<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The real incidence of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm in unknown due to its extreme rarity and diagnostic difficulty, which makes it even more unusual after the fibrinolytic era. Despite that, it is known that the posterior topography of those fake aneurysms is at least two times more usual than the previous one. Such fact possibly originates from the support of the inferoposterior face of the heart on the diaphragm. The support of the diaphragm favors the formation of intrapericardial adhesions during the evolution of the local fibrinous pericarditis after the lower infarction. Such fact permits that the heart does not break abruptly, despite the necrosis of the whole thickness of the cardiac muscle of the ventricular wall, facilitating the restraint of ventricular cavity by the adjacent pericardium. From there, the local inflammatory reaction that thickens the pericardium stresses, which makes it even more rupture-resistant<sup>1,3-5</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the reported case, besides the delay in the myocardial reperfusion resulting from the tardive admission of the patient, it was not possible to obtain a complete TIMI III distal flow, through distal embolization to the posterior ventricular branch of the right coronary and for the microflow (a <italic>no-reflow</italic> phenomenon), contributing to a more extensive myocardial damage and predisposing to the formation of ventricular pseudoaneurysm. </p>
      <p>The clinical diagnosis of that condition is difficult. In almost two decades of follow-up, between 1980 and 1996, only 22 antemortem cases of postinfarction ventricular pseudoaneurysm were diagnosed at Mayo Clinic. In that series, most of patients were males and old aged (average age of 68 years old). The average interval between the myocardial infarction and the diagnosis of ventricular pseudoaneurysm was 3.9 months, varying from 0 days to 15 years. The main clinical manifestations associated to the formation of pseudoaneurysm were cardiac insufficiency, precordialgia, syncope, arrhythmia and systemic thromboembolism. Almost a quarter of the cases was asymptomatic and was accidentally discovered. Half of the patients had previous hypertension, and most of them (87%) were victims of first infarction. The physical examination was non-specific, but most of them showed systolic murmur in mitral focus at auscultation, which suggested simultaneous affection of mitral valve in that situation<sup>5</sup>. The abovementioned case lies within such epidemiological profile. The diagnosis of left ventricle posterolateral pseudoaneurysm was provided by the echocardiogram performed for the assessment of cardiac insufficiency in the 4<sup>th</sup> month after first infarction. </p>
      <p>The image examinations are the most important part in the investigation, as the electrocardiogram and the simple thoracic radiography are of little use. </p>
      <p>The angiography was the main image method used, showing high sensitivity in the diagnosis of complication. The presence of a narrow orifice leading to a saccular dilatation and the absence of coronary arteries externally bordering the aneurismal wall, are angiographic findings that suggest the presence of pseudoaneurysm, as opposed to the real ventricular aneurysm<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>More recently, the two-dimensional echocardiogram has offered some diagnostic gains, allowing for detecting the discontinuity of ventricular endocardium, as well as checking the presence of a narrow orifice (in relation to the diameter of the aneurysm) communicating between the ventricular and aneurismal cavities. The pulse and color Doppler have been very useful, by permitting the identification of intercavity systolic and diastolic flows, i.e., between the left ventricle and the aneurysm. Despite detecting abnormalities in up to 90% of the patients, it allows for the definite diagnosis in only 25 to 33% of the cases<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Many recent works have been reported the usefulness of the magnetic nuclear resonance for identification of the presence of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. The advantages of the method are the excellent spatial definition and the capacity of examine the heart globally, which allows for the detection of the size and location of the pseudoaneurysm, besides differentiating the many adjacent structures as the pericardium, thrombi and myocardium<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>For being a little invasive, low cost and easily available method, the echocardiogram must be preferred for the initial diagnostic investigation. The magnetic nuclear resonance should be performed as a supplementary method, as the definite diagnosis normally raises doubts and the detection of a residual layer of myocardium on the ventricular wall can make the prognostic more favorable. The cardiac catheterization can be used in case diagnostic doubts persist or aiming at defining the coronary anatomy, with the objective of a better surgical planning. </p>
      <p>The surgical treatment is the most suitable for left ventricular pseudoaneurysm due to the risk of rupture and sudden death, which occurs in 30 to 45% of the cases<sup>1,3,6</sup>. However, some authors propose the possibility of clinical treatment for pseudoaneurysms tardively diagnosed, after 3 months from the infarction, for considering that the spontaneous rupture is less usual at that stage<sup>4,5</sup>. The frequent association of serious mitral regurgitation to the left ventricular posterior wall fake aneurysm is related to high operation mortality rate<sup>7</sup>. However, regardless of the modality of therapy used, the pseudoaneurysm mortality seems to primarily relate to the seriousness of ventricular dysfunction and subjacent ischemic myocardiopathy. In the case under matter, the surgical approach was adopted, aiming at improving the clinical condition of the patient, who, despite the optimization of the clinical therapy, was still dyspneic to little strains. </p>
      <p>The pseudoaneurysm reduces the cardiac debt when it dilates during the left ventricular systole, by taking part of the blood volume to be ejected by the heart. So, it impairs the antegrograde ventricular ejection during systole, which generates cardiac insufficiency. Such hemodynamic change leads to progressive ventricular dilatation. In the coexistence of mitral insufficiency and left ventricular pseudoaneurysm, the hemodynamic conditions are even more unfavorable and the evolution to ventricular failure can be much faster. In those cases, despite the urgent surgical indication, the exchange of mitral valve, simultaneously to the repair of pseudoaneurysm, may produce a sudden increase of left ventricular post-load, with a possible failure of pump in the post-operation period. For that reason, the option for the repair of mitral valve, preserving the functioning of valve system (cordages and papillary muscles) seems to be the earnest option, which favors the ventricular performance<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Mitral insufficiency associated to pseudoaneurysm is originated from three main factors: dilatation of the mitral valvar ring, ventricular dilatation and restriction of the motility of posterior valvar leaflet, due to the loss of contraction of ventricular wall and/or papillary muscles. In the reported case, the repair of myocardial wall, with approximation of the rims and the use of bovine pericardium patch, allowed for the restoration of the left ventricle geometry, reestablishing the mitral valvar function. Such fact can be explained by the reduction of the dyskinetic area, ventricular reconstruction and adjustment of tension of posterior papillary muscle, allowing for a better functioning of mitral system. Despite the annuloplasty is usually performed in the repair of mitral valve that follows the correction of ventricular pseudoaneurysm, the exclusion of the akinetic area, with ventricular reconstruction and adjustment of tension of posterior papillary muscle, seems to be the main determinant for an appropriate surgical correction of mitral insufficiency<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jo&#227;o Luiz de A. A. Falc&#227;o</p>
          <p> Rua Alves Guimar&#227;es 408/121</p>
          <p> 05410-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jlfalcao@uol.com.br">jlfalcao@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publishing on 07/10/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/16/2004</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
