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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sznWmDT463My3KkHfSGdxJP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000600010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400610</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000600010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dispn&#233;ia por compress&#227;o de estruturas mediastinais por cisto peric&#225;rdico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Jeanine Eggers</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miozzo</surname>
            <given-names>Luciane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Formigheri</surname>
            <given-names>Maurice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barcellos</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grando</surname>
            <given-names>Muriel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trentin</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Passo Fundo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Caridade S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>486</fpage>
      <lpage>487</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Caso de uma paciente com 65 anos, apresentando dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os e dor tor&#225;cica lateral direita como principais sintomas de um cisto no peric&#225;rdio, de aproximadamente 8 cm. Os exames f&#237;sico, bioqu&#237;mico e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico n&#227;o evidenciaram altera&#231;&#245;es. O resultado dos exames de radiografia de t&#243;rax, tomografia computadorizada e ecocardiograma foi sugestivo de cisto peric&#225;dico. Com base nessas evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas a paciente foi submetida &#224; toracotomia em regi&#227;o tor&#225;cica lateral direita e realizada excis&#227;o completa da massa mediastinal com remiss&#227;o total dos sintomas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dispn&#233;ia por compress&#227;o de estruturas mediastinais por cisto peric&#225;rdico </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jeanine Eggers Caramori; Luciane Miozzo; Maurice Formigheri; Cristiano Barcellos; Muriel Grando; Tiago Trentin </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo - Passo Fundo, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Caso de uma paciente com 65 anos, apresentando dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os e dor tor&#225;cica lateral direita como principais sintomas de um cisto no peric&#225;rdio, de aproximadamente 8 cm. Os exames f&#237;sico, bioqu&#237;mico e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico n&#227;o evidenciaram altera&#231;&#245;es. O resultado dos exames de radiografia de t&#243;rax, tomografia computadorizada e ecocardiograma foi sugestivo de cisto peric&#225;dico. Com base nessas evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas a paciente foi submetida &#224; toracotomia em regi&#227;o tor&#225;cica lateral direita e realizada excis&#227;o completa da massa mediastinal com remiss&#227;o total dos sintomas.</p>
    <p> Os cistos peric&#225;rdicos s&#227;o afec&#231;&#245;es causadas por um defeito no desenvolvimento da cavidade cel&#244;mica. Em adultos, as les&#245;es c&#237;sticas s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 6 a 7% das massas mediastinais relatadas na literatura<sup>1</sup>, a incid&#234;ncia estimada do cisto peric&#225;rdico &#233; de 1:100.000<sup>2,3</sup> e, geralmente, s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos. Menos freq&#252;entemente, podem ser sintom&#225;ticos e necessitar de tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente que apresentou sintomas atribu&#237;dos ao cisto peric&#225;rdico e que foi submetida ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 65 anos de idade, natural de Soledade - RS e procedente de Passo Fundo - RS, procurou atendimento m&#233;dico no hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo, com hist&#243;ria de dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os. Apresentava concomitante dor em regi&#227;o tor&#225;cica lateral direita e, tamb&#233;m, tosse seca quando caminhava. A paciente era ex-tabagista, tendo parado de fumar h&#225; v&#225;rios anos. </p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, encontrava-se em bom estado geral, corada, hidratada, acian&#243;tica, anict&#233;rica, eupn&#233;ica, afebril, sem turg&#234;ncia jugular, sem edema perif&#233;rico. Press&#227;o arterial: 120 x 80 mmHg. Freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: 78 bmp. Pulsos palp&#225;veis sim&#233;tricos, r&#237;tmicos, sem altera&#231;&#245;es de perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica. Ictus cordis localizado no 5&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo, ao n&#237;vel da linha hemiclavicular esquerda, de aproximadamente duas polpas digitais. Bulhas normofon&#233;ticas sem sopros. &#192; ausculta pulmonar, murm&#250;rio vesicular presente, bilateralmente, sem ru&#237;dos advent&#237;cios. Abdome plano, fl&#225;cido com ru&#237;dos hidro-a&#233;reos presentes, indolor &#224; palpa&#231;&#227;o, sem visceromegalias. </p>
    <p>Os exames bioqu&#237;mico e eletrocardiograma n&#227;o evidenciaram altera&#231;&#245;es. &#192; radiografia de t&#243;rax, observava-se les&#227;o expansiva mediastinal anterior, com densidade homog&#234;nea, sem calcifica&#231;&#245;es anteriores, medindo 8,0 cm x 7,0 cm. Calcifica&#231;&#245;es ateromatosas na cro&#231;a da aorta, aumento dos di&#226;metros card&#237;acos, alongamento da aorta tor&#225;cica e escoliose dorsal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">b</xref>). O resultado dos exames de tomografia computadorizada de t&#243;rax e ecocardiograma foi sugestivo de cisto peric&#225;rdico. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0486-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Com estas evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas a paciente foi operada, tendo sido realizada toracotomia lateral direita, com excis&#227;o completa da massa mediastinal, medindo 8,0 x 7,0 x 0,4 cm, com posterior confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica atrav&#233;s do exame anatomopatol&#243;gico, de cisto peric&#225;rdico. </p>
    <p>Operada com sucesso, a paciente obteve remiss&#227;o dos sintomas e se encontra ativa em suas atividades habituais, 9 meses depois da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cistos peric&#225;rdicos s&#227;o tumores mediastinais benignos<sup>4</sup>. Seu diagn&#243;stico &#233; geralmente considerado quando se evidencia, em radiografia de t&#243;rax, massa confinada &#224; borda card&#237;aca<sup>5</sup>. Eles podem ser cong&#234;nitos ou adquiridos<sup>5</sup>. Alguns se comunicam com a cavidade peric&#225;rdica<sup>6</sup>, cont&#233;m um l&#237;quido claro e, em m&#233;dia, variam de 2 cm at&#233; 15 cm<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial devem ser considerados tumores s&#243;lidos, incluindo angioma, lipoma, tumor neurog&#234;nico, sarcoma, linfoma, carcinoma broncog&#234;nico, met&#225;stase, les&#227;o granulomatosa e abscesso<sup>5</sup>. O exame ideal para o diagn&#243;stico de cisto peric&#225;rdico &#233; a Tomografia Computadorizada que freq&#252;entemente distingue cisto mediastinal de uma massa s&#243;lida. No entanto, o diagn&#243;stico definitivo s&#243; se consolida atrav&#233;s do exame anatomopatol&#243;gico<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Mais de 50% dos casos s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos<sup>3</sup>. Usualmente ocorrem mais em adultos, freq&#252;entemente na 3&#186; e 4&#186; d&#233;cadas de vida e raramente em crian&#231;as<sup>1</sup>, sem prefer&#234;ncia por sexo. Dor tor&#225;cica, tosse, dispn&#233;ia ou taquipn&#233;ia parox&#237;stica s&#227;o sintomas que podem ser encontrados em 25 a 30% dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>A dispn&#233;ia, neste caso, foi particularmente relacionada com o tamanho do cisto peric&#225;rdico (medindo 8,0 x 7,0 x 0,4 cm), o qual comprimia o mediastino da paciente causando altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas. </p>
    <p>O tratamento definitivo dos cistos peric&#225;rdicos &#233; cir&#250;rgico, indicado nos pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, com repercuss&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, como arritmias, dispn&#233;ia, atelectasias e r&#225;pido crescimento radiol&#243;gico da les&#227;o<sup>3</sup>. No nosso caso, os sintomas de dispn&#233;ia, dor tor&#225;cica lateral direita e tosse ocorreram tipicamente pela caracter&#237;stica compressiva do cisto, de volume significativo, que provocava altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas. Esses sintomas poderiam ser, inclusive, agravados pelo grau de compress&#227;o do cisto nas estruturas mediastinais<sup>5</sup>, que permitiu optar-se pelo tratamento cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>Portanto, uma vez estabelecido o diagn&#243;stico de cisto peric&#225;rdico, a decis&#227;o de tratar cirurgicamente ou adotar uma conduta expectante, deve basear-se, principalmente, na sintomatologia do paciente. Casos com caracter&#237;sticas compressivas ou com importante comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico devem ser referidos para cirurgia. Os assintom&#225;ticos podem ser acompanhados periodicamente, uma vez que estudos de longa dura&#231;&#227;o demonstraram que esses pacientes n&#227;o costumam desenvolver sintomas<sup>5,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Jeanine Eggers Caramori </p>
        <p> Rua 10 de Abril, 178/202 </p>
        <p> 99010-210 - Passo Fundo, RS </p>
        <p> Email: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jecaramori@yahoo.com.br">jecaramori@yahoo.com.br </email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 15/07/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 16/2/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Dyspnea through compression of mediastinal structures due to pericardial cyst</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>A case of a 65-year-old patient, showing dyspnea to strains and right side pain as main symptoms of an approximately 8 cm cyst in the pericardium. The physical, biochemical and electrocardiographic examinations did not evince any changes. The results from the thoracic radiography, CT scan and echocardiogram suggested pericardial cyst. Based on those clinical evidences, the patient was submitted to a thoracotomy in the right side thoracic region and a complete excision of the mediastinal mass was performed, with complete remission of the symptoms.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Dyspnea through compression of mediastinal structures due to pericardial cyst</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jeanine Eggers Caramori; Luciane Miozzo; Maurice Formigheri; Cristiano Barcellos; Muriel Grando; Tiago Trentin </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo - Passo Fundo, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p> A case of a 65-year-old patient, showing dyspnea to strains and right side pain as main symptoms of an approximately 8 cm cyst in the pericardium. The physical, biochemical and electrocardiographic examinations did not evince any changes. The results from the thoracic radiography, CT scan and echocardiogram suggested pericardial cyst. Based on those clinical evidences, the patient was submitted to a thoracotomy in the right side thoracic region and a complete excision of the mediastinal mass was performed, with complete remission of the symptoms. </p>
      <p>The pericardial cysts are affections caused by a problem in the development of the coelomic cavity. In adults, the cystic lesions are responsible for 6 to 7% of mediastinal masses reported in the literature<sup>1</sup>, the estimated incidence of pericardial cyst is 1:100.000<sup>2,3</sup> and are usually asymptomatic. Not so often they can be symptomatic and need a surgical treatment. We reported the case of a patient who showed symptoms attributed to the pericardial cyst and who was submitted to surgical treatment. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 65-year-old woman from Soledade, RS and resident in Passo Fundo, RS, sought medical attendance in the hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo, with a history of dyspnea to strains. She showed a concomitant pain on the right side thoracic region and also dry cough when she walked. The patient was an ex-smoker, and had given it up many years before. </p>
      <p>At the time of the physical exam, she was in a good general condition, rosy-cheeked, hydrated, acyanotic, anicteric, eupneic, apyretic, without jugular turgency, without peripheral edema. Blood pressure: 120 x 80 mmHg. Heart rate: 78 bpm. Palpable, symmetric and rhythmic pulses, without changes in peripheral perfusion. Ictus cordis located in the 5<sup>th</sup> left intercostals space, on the level of the left hemiclavicular line, of approximately two digital pulps. Normophonetic sounds without murmur. The vesicular murmur was bilaterally present, without accidental noises, at the pulmonary auscultation. The abdomen was flat, flaccid, with the presence of hydro-airy sounds, painless to palpation, without visceromegalies. </p>
      <p>The biochemical exam and the electrocardiogram did not evince any changes. A 8.0 x 7.0 cm anterior mediastinal expansive lesion, with homogenous density, without previous calcifications was observed at the thoracic radiography. Atheromatous calcifications at the crest of aorta, increase of cardiac diameters, elongation of the thoracic aorta and dorsal scoliosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figs. 1a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">b</xref>). The results from the thorax CAT scan and echocardiogram suggested pericardial cyst. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0486-00010-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>With those clinical evidences, the patient was operated. A thoracotomy in the right side was performed, with a complete excision of the mediastinal mass, measuring 8.0 x 7.0 x 0.4 cm, with further diagnostic confirmation through the anatomopathologic examination of pericardial cyst. </p>
      <p>Successfully operated, the patient had remission of the symptoms and is active in her usual activities, 9 months after the surgery. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pericardial cysts are benign mediastinal tumors<sup>4</sup>. Their diagnosis is generally regarded when mass confined to the cardiac rim is evinced in a thoracic radiography<sup>5</sup>. They can be congenital or acquired<sup>5</sup>. Some communicate with the pericardial cavity<sup>6</sup>, have a clear fluid and vary, on average, from to 2 cm up to 15 cm<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>For the differential diagnosis solid tumors, including angioma, lipoma, neurogenic tumor, sarcoma, lymphoma, bronchiogenic carcinoma, metastasis, granulomatous lesion and abscess<sup>5</sup> must be taken into consideration. The ideal examination for the diagnosis of pericardial cyst is the CT Scan, which frequently differentiates a mediastinal cyst from a solid mass. However, the definitive diagnosis is only consolidated through the anatomopathologic exam<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>More than 50% of the cases are asymptomatic<sup>3</sup>. Usually, they occur more in adults, frequently in the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> decades of life, and rarely in children<sup>1</sup>, without preference of sex. Thoracic pain, cough, dyspnea or paroxysmal tachypnea are symptoms that can be found in 25 to 30% of the patients. </p>
      <p>Dyspnea, in this case, was particularly related to the size of pericardial cyst (measuring 8.0 x 7.0 x 0.4 cm), which compressed the mediastinum of the patient, causing hemodynamic changes. </p>
      <p>The definitive treatment of pericardial cysts is surgical, indicated in the symptomatic patients, with hemodynamic repercussions such as arrhythmias, dyspnea, atelectases and fast radiological growth of the lesion<sup>3</sup>. In our case, the symptoms of dyspnea, right side thoracic pain and cough typically happened for the compressive characteristic of the cyst, of significant volume, which caused hemodynamic changes. Those symptoms could also be aggravated for the compression level of the cyst in mediastinal structures<sup>5</sup>, which allowed for opting for the surgical treatment. </p>
      <p>Therefore, once the diagnosis of pericardial cyst was established, the decision of surgically treating or adopting an expectant conduct, must be especially based on the symptomatology of the patient. Cases with compressive characteristics or with an important hemodynamic compromising must be referred through surgery. The asymptomatic patients can be followed up periodically, as that long duration studies have shown that such patients are not used to developing symptoms<sup>5,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jeanine Eggers Caramori</p>
          <p> Rua 10 de Abril, 178/202</p>
          <p> 99010-210 - Passo Fundo, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> Email: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jecaramori@yahoo.com.br">jecaramori@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publishing on 07/15/2004</p>
      <p> Accept on 02/16/2004 </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
