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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fC5GkJDcZpy6ChJhN5MWVZh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000600009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Repercuss&#227;o nutricional na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada e seu valor na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veloso</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Munhoz</surname>
            <given-names>Robson Tadeu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morgado</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>480</fpage>
      <lpage>485</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar a repercuss&#227;o nutricional na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e suas rela&#231;&#245;es com a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e a mortalidade. M&#201;TODOS: Estudou-se uma s&#233;rie de par&#226;metros nutricionais num grupo de 95 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada decorrente de cardiomiopatia dilatada e idade &lt; 65 anos, sem evid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;as concomitantes. Foram verificados a dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional incluiu a percentagem ideal do peso, a espessura da prega tricipital, os percentis da circunfer&#234;ncia da massa muscular do bra&#231;o, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de albumina e a contagem global dos linf&#243;citos. RESULTADOS: A situa&#231;&#227;o nutricional esteve alterada em 45,3% a 94,7% dos pacientes conforme o par&#226;metro da avalia&#231;&#227;o empregado. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros nutricionais e a dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, nem com o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Este grupo de pacientes teve uma evolu&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea e 75,8% dos pacientes faleceram num tempo m&#233;dio de 21,86 semanas. O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo n&#227;o permitiram predizer a sobrevida. Uma massa corp&#243;rea diminu&#237;da identificou um grupo com maior risco de morte. A percentagem ideal do peso corp&#243;reo foi preditiva da sobrevida (p=0,0352), os pacientes com menos de 80% do peso ideal tiveram um risco relativo maior de morte de 1,99 (1,12-3,02) (p=0,0132). CONCLUS&#195;O: A desnutri&#231;&#227;o &#233; freq&#252;ente nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada e cardiomiopatia dilatada. A massa corp&#243;rea reduzida foi melhor preditor de sobrevida do que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, nos pacientes em fase avan&#231;ada de comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>desnutri&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia dilatada e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Repercuss&#227;o nutricional na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada e seu valor na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica  </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Lu&#237;s Guilherme Veloso; Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Junior; Robson Tadeu Munhoz; Paulo Cesar Morgado; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires; Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar a repercuss&#227;o nutricional na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e suas rela&#231;&#245;es com a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e a mortalidade. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudou-se uma s&#233;rie de par&#226;metros nutricionais num grupo de 95 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada decorrente de cardiomiopatia dilatada e idade &lt; 65 anos, sem evid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;as concomitantes. Foram verificados a dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional incluiu a percentagem ideal do peso, a espessura da prega tricipital, os percentis da circunfer&#234;ncia da massa muscular do bra&#231;o, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de albumina e a contagem global dos linf&#243;citos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A situa&#231;&#227;o nutricional esteve alterada em 45,3% a 94,7% dos pacientes conforme o par&#226;metro da avalia&#231;&#227;o empregado. N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros nutricionais e a dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, nem com o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Este grupo de pacientes teve uma evolu&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea e 75,8% dos pacientes faleceram num tempo m&#233;dio de 21,86 semanas. O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo n&#227;o permitiram predizer a sobrevida. Uma massa corp&#243;rea diminu&#237;da identificou um grupo com maior risco de morte. A percentagem ideal do peso corp&#243;reo foi preditiva da sobrevida (p=0,0352), os pacientes com menos de 80% do peso ideal tiveram um risco relativo maior de morte de 1,99 (1,12-3,02) (p=0,0132). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A desnutri&#231;&#227;o &#233; freq&#252;ente nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada e cardiomiopatia dilatada. A massa corp&#243;rea reduzida foi melhor preditor de sobrevida do que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, nos pacientes em fase avan&#231;ada de comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico.  </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>desnutri&#231;&#227;o, cardiomiopatia dilatada e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada</p>
    <p> Desde os prim&#243;rdios da medicina, a desnutri&#231;&#227;o &#233; reconhecida como manifesta&#231;&#227;o associada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC), principalmente em seus est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados. Dentro do elenco de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, encontramos variados graus de deple&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;ico-cal&#243;rica, at&#233; os quadros extremos, genericamente denominados de caquexia card&#237;aca<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos e experimentais dispon&#237;veis indicam uma rela&#231;&#227;o causa-efeito entre ICC e desnutri&#231;&#227;o<sup>3,4</sup>. H&#225; d&#250;vidas sobre quais os mecanismos que levam &#224; desnutri&#231;&#227;o e qual a import&#226;ncia de cada mecanismo na manuten&#231;&#227;o e agravamento do quadro<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ao lado das d&#250;vidas quanto &#224; fisiopatologia, existem outras sobre a forma de avalia&#231;&#227;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional feita comumente nos pacientes hospitalizados &#233; imprecisa, podendo empregar diversos par&#226;metros para conseguir uma impress&#227;o geral da exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de desnutri&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;ico-cal&#243;rica. O ponto chave de determina&#231;&#227;o do grau de desnutri&#231;&#227;o, assim como os melhores par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o, ainda n&#227;o foram adequadamente definidos e padronizados<sup>7-10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento de diversos indicadores do estado nutricional em um grupo de portadores de ICC cr&#244;nica conseq&#252;ente &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda por cardiomiopatia dilatada, em fase avan&#231;ada da doen&#231;a e verificar se o grau de comprometimento dos par&#226;metros nutricionais guarda rela&#231;&#227;o com o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o de seus sintomas, se a intensidade de comprometimento dos indicadores do estado nutricional na doen&#231;a est&#225; relacionada com o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e se as altera&#231;&#245;es do estado nutricional t&#234;m valor progn&#243;stico na ICC cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliou-se o estado nutricional de 95 portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva decorrente de cardiomiopatia dilatada em classe funcional III/IV, internados no Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243; (HCFMUSP) para compensa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram selecionados dentre os 1.176 internados durante os 12 meses de sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra para o estudo, dos quais 412 eram portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. </p>
    <p>Foram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo as situa&#231;&#245;es que poderiam promover altera&#231;&#245;es da situa&#231;&#227;o nutricional dos pacientes ou modificar a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a: idade &lt; 15 ou &gt; 65 anos; disfun&#231;&#245;es valvares pass&#237;veis de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; insufici&#234;ncia coronariana; arritmias card&#237;acas sintom&#225;ticas; press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#224; admiss&#227;o &gt; 105 mmHg, diabete melito; n&#237;veis de creatinina &gt; 2,0 mg/dl; pneumopatia cr&#244;nica; doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas degenerativas; neoplasias; diagn&#243;stico de SIDA; antecedentes de ingesta alco&#243;lica &gt; 100 ml de bebidas destiladas ou 600 ml de cerveja/dia e consumo de drogas il&#237;citas. Com base nestes crit&#233;rios foram exclu&#237;dos 312 pacientes. Outros cinco pacientes foram posteriormente exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o terem retornado ao ambulat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>Nos 95 pacientes valorizaram-se os dados da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e do exame f&#237;sico para avalia&#231;&#227;o da situa&#231;&#227;o funcional e do tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Todos foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica atrav&#233;s de estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, do qual se valorizou a medida do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) avaliada pelo m&#233;todo do cubo. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes, na aus&#234;ncia de contra-indica&#231;&#245;es, tiveram alta com prescri&#231;&#227;o de digital, diur&#233;tico e inibidores da ECA. Nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal ou naqueles que apresentaram efeito colateral com o inibidor da ECA foi prescrito hidralazina e nitrato. </p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional considerou-se par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos, laboratoriais e determina&#231;&#227;o da compet&#234;ncia imune<sup>11</sup>. Os par&#226;metros adotados foram escolhidos em fun&#231;&#227;o de sua melhor padroniza&#231;&#227;o, maior reprodutibilidade, facilidade de execu&#231;&#227;o e custo. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m destes indicadores objetivos, adotados para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, os pacientes foram classificados em desnutridos, normais ou obesos, com base em seu aspecto f&#237;sico, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m o turgor e elasticidade da pele, a espessura e cor dos cabelos e a <italic>facies</italic>. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram medidos e pesados. O percentual do peso ideal foi estimado sob a forma da percentagem em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso <italic>standart</italic> esperado para a popula&#231;&#227;o do mesmo sexo e altura, com base nas tabelas da <italic>American Society of Actuaries</italic>, modificadas para complei&#231;&#227;o mediana e medidas sem roupas<sup>12</sup>. O peso corporal obtido foi comparado percentualmente ao peso corporal ideal das tabelas, adotando-se para classifica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados os crit&#233;rios propostos por Blackburn e cols.<sup>13</sup>: normal (acima de 90% do peso ideal), comprometimento nutricional leve (entre 80 e 90% do peso ideal), comprometimento nutricional moderado (entre 70 e 79% do peso ideal) e comprometimento nutricional importante (menos de 70% do peso ideal). </p>
    <p>A espessura em mil&#237;metros da prega cut&#226;nea tricipital (PCT) foi obtida segundo a t&#233;cnica descrita por Jelliffe<sup>14</sup>, por meio de um plic&#244;metro ou <italic>caliper </italic>da marca Lange (<italic>Cambridge Scientific Industries, Cambridge, Maryland</italic>). No ponto m&#233;dio do bra&#231;o n&#227;o-dominante (entre o processo acromial e o ol&#233;crano), em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, com o bra&#231;o estirado livremente ao longo do corpo, uma dobra de pele &#233; pin&#231;ada com os dedos onde o <italic>caliper</italic> &#233; aplicado, numa profundidade igual &#224; espessura da dobra de pele, sendo verificada a medida 2 s ap&#243;s ser exercida press&#227;o total pelo <italic>caliper</italic> na pele; a medida &#233; repetida por mais duas vezes, tomando-se a m&#233;dia dos resultados. O valor obtido &#233; comparado com tabelas padronizadas<sup>15</sup>, estimando-se o grau de comprometimento das reservas gordurosas em fun&#231;&#227;o do percentil em que o valor obtido se situa em rela&#231;&#227;o a medidas populacionais: normal (acima do percentil 50), comprometimento leve (percentis 25 a 50), comprometimento moderado (percentis 10 a 24) e comprometimento importante (abaixo do percentil 10). </p>
    <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia muscular do bra&#231;o, em cent&#237;metros, foi calculada a partir das medidas da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o e da espessura da prega cut&#226;nea tricipital, utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula proposta por Jelliffe<sup>14</sup>: c2 = cl - 3,14s, onde <bold>c2 </bold>&#233; a circunfer&#234;ncia muscular, <bold>c1</bold> a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o e <bold>s</bold> a espessura da prega cut&#226;nea tricipital, em cent&#237;metros. A circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o &#233; medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre o processo acromial e o ol&#233;crano. </p>
    <p>Do mesmo modo que para a espessura da prega cut&#226;nea tricipital, os valores obtidos foram classificados em percentis, atrav&#233;s das tabelas normalizadas para sexo e idade elaboradas por Frisancho<sup>16</sup> a partir de dados populacionais do estudo HANES I (<italic>United States Health and Nutricional Examination Survey,</italic> 1971-74). A partir do percentil obtido, definiu-se o grau de comprometimento observado em rela&#231;&#227;o a este par&#226;metro: normal (acima do percentil 50), comprometimento leve (percentis 25 a 50), comprometimento moderado (percentis 10 a 24) e comprometimento importante (abaixo do percentil 10). </p>
    <p> Determinou-se o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico da albumina &#224; admiss&#227;o atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo do verde bromocresol. Em fun&#231;&#227;o da albuminemia, o grau de comprometimento nutricional foi classificado dentro dos seguintes intervalos<sup>11,12</sup>: normal (acima de 3,5 g%), comprometimento leve (2,8 a 3,5 g%), comprometimento moderado (2,1 a 2,7 g%) e comprometimento importante (abaixo de 2,1 g%). </p>
    <p>&#192; admiss&#227;o foi elaborada a contagem de linf&#243;citos no sangue perif&#233;rico, utilizada como par&#226;metro nutricional, expressando comprometimento do sistema imunit&#225;rio<sup>11</sup>. Este par&#226;metro foi subdividido tamb&#233;m em quatro intervalos: normal (acima de 2.000 linf&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup>), comprometimento leve (1.200 a 2.000 linf&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup>), comprometimento moderado (800 a 1.199 linf&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup>) e comprometimento importante (abaixo de 800 linf&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup>)<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> apresentamos as principais caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0480-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Procurou-se verificar se havia rela&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o da ICC e o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda com os par&#226;metros nutricionais determinando-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson entre as vari&#225;veis analisadas. </p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise de sobrevida foram utilizadas duas metodologias: estimativa de Kaplan-Meier (estimativa da sobrevida observada na amostra estudada, que n&#227;o depende de nenhum par&#226;metro), analisada conjuntamente com o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Log-Rank e o modelo Semi-Param&#233;trico de riscos proporcionais de Cox (apropriado para o estudo de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, mediante o pressuposto de que as curvas de sobrevida n&#227;o se cruzem, ou seja, que o risco permane&#231;a proporcional durante todo o intervalo de tempo estudado). Al&#233;m de possibilitar indicar quais vari&#225;veis s&#227;o importantes na predi&#231;&#227;o de sobrevida dos pacientes, permite obter a raz&#227;o de risco entre dois n&#237;veis de uma dada vari&#225;vel. Adotou-se neste estudo o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise subjetiva do estado nutricional classificou como desnutridos 23/95 (24,2%) pacientes, normais 62/95 (65,3%) e obesos 10/95 (10,5%). Os principais resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0480-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Com exce&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia muscular do bra&#231;o a maioria das vari&#225;veis analisadas avaliou a situa&#231;&#227;o nutricional como normal ou com altera&#231;&#245;es de intensidade leve. </p>
    <p>Apenas o percentil da circunfer&#234;ncia muscular do bra&#231;o mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o com o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o da ICC (r= -0,2105, p=0,0355). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre as demais vari&#225;veis de avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional e o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas de ICC anterior &#224; inclus&#227;o no estudo: percentual do peso ideal (r=0,0797 p=0,4306); percentil da prega cut&#226;nea tricipal (r=-0,0148 p=0,8842); percentil da circunfer&#234;ncia muscular do bra&#231;o (r=-0,2105 p=0,0355); albumina (r=0,0152 p=0,8807) e linf&#243;citos (r=-0,1171 p=0,2458). </p>
    <p>Apenas o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo teve coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,2768 com a percentagem do peso ideal (p=0,0058). Exceto por este achado, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre qualquer dos indicadores do estado nutricional analisados e o grau de comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0480-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de sobrevida somente o percentual do peso ideal foi preditor de mortalidade tanto pelo teste de Log-Rank (p=0,0132) como pelo modelo de Cox (p=0,0168). Para as outras vari&#225;veis estudadas a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica n&#227;o as identificou como progn&#243;sticas: espessura da prega tricipital (p=0,7233 e 0,0801), circunfer&#234;ncia muscular do bra&#231;o (p=0,9723 e 0,3313), albuminemia (p=0,4897 e 0,4246) e contagem linfocit&#225;ria (p=0,4529 e 0,5303) respectivamente para o teste de Log-Rank e o modelo de Cox. </p>
    <p>Os portadores de altera&#231;&#227;o moderada ou importante do peso ideal, com peso observado abaixo do percentual 80, tiveram maior mortalidade, com raz&#227;o de riscos de 1,99 (IC 95%; 1,12 a 3,02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0480-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>An&#225;lise n&#227;o-param&#233;trica por Kaplan-Meier e pelo teste de Log-Rank e an&#225;lise semi-param&#233;trica pelo modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox indicaram que tanto a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o como o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE n&#227;o se mostraram significantes na predi&#231;&#227;o de tempo de sobrevida dos pacientes estudados. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Numa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada (grave) decorrente de cardiomiopatia dilatada (Idiop&#225;tica 61%, chag&#225;sica 36% e periparto 3%) foi detectado um grau de desnutri&#231;&#227;o em 45,3% a 94,7% dos pacientes, conforme o par&#226;metro de avalia&#231;&#227;o empregado. A presen&#231;a de desnutri&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o teve rela&#231;&#227;o com a dura&#231;&#227;o das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou com a intensidade do comprometimento mioc&#225;rdio, mas os pacientes desnutridos, quando avaliados pela redu&#231;&#227;o do peso ideal, tiveram uma mortalidade maior do que os sem sinais de desnutri&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre quadros de caquexia e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; fen&#244;meno cl&#225;ssico e observado com certa freq&#252;&#234;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; vari&#225;vel de acordo com a composi&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, sendo descrita em percentuais que variaram de 13,7 a 61,5%, parecendo ter rela&#231;&#227;o com a causa da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e certa rela&#231;&#227;o com a dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas e a intensidade da fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>7-10,17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estas diferen&#231;as na incid&#234;ncia podem tamb&#233;m estar relacionadas &#224;s diferentes formas de avalia&#231;&#227;o da situa&#231;&#227;o nutricional e &#224; falta de uma defini&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica do que seja desnutri&#231;&#227;o e caquexia. </p>
    <p>Dentre as medidas mais utilizadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional, algumas s&#227;o de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o, como o peso e altura, que permitem avaliar a situa&#231;&#227;o nutricional, comparando-se os valores obtidos aos de tabelas ou avaliando o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea. Utilizamos as tabelas da <italic>American Society of Actuaries</italic><sup>12</sup>. Pela simplicidade de obten&#231;&#227;o empregamos nos nossos estudos para avaliar o estado nutricional a percentagem do peso ideal, a medida da prega cut&#226;nea tricipital, a circunfer&#234;ncia muscular do bra&#231;o e exames de laborat&#243;rio, atrav&#233;s da dosagem da albuminemia e pela contagem de linf&#243;citos<sup>11-14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Todas estas var&#225;veis v&#234;m sendo utilizadas nos v&#225;rios estudos que se propuseram a avaliar o estado nutricional em diferentes doen&#231;as. Nenhuma medida isolada &#233; ideal, sendo importante a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias delas para se ter uma real avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional de um paciente. </p>
    <p>A tabela de pesos normais (peso ideal) adotada como refer&#234;ncia foi a recomendada por Jelliffe<sup>14</sup>; a principal cr&#237;tica ao uso desta tabela em nosso meio &#233; o fato de ser derivada de estudo populacional realizado nos EUA h&#225; algumas d&#233;cadas. No entanto, no pr&#243;prio pa&#237;s onde a tabela foi elaborada pela Sociedade de Atu&#225;rios, autores j&#225; chamaram a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada ter renda abaixo da m&#233;dia e composi&#231;&#227;o &#233;tnica mista, n&#227;o refletindo apropriadamente o biotipo dos anglo-sax&#244;nicos majorit&#225;rios na na&#231;&#227;o<sup>18</sup>. Em que pese a aus&#234;ncia de estudo populacional de dimens&#227;o equivalente em nosso meio, an&#225;lises comparativas com s&#233;ries nacionais numericamente mais limitadas, validam o uso desta tabela no Brasil; outras tabelas norte-americanas de elabora&#231;&#227;o mais recente, como as de Frisancho e cols., parecem guardar menor correla&#231;&#227;o com o biotipo das pequenas popula&#231;&#245;es brasileiras estudadas<sup>16,19,20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora a amostra tenha apresentado ampla dispers&#227;o de valores em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o de sintomas da ICC, n&#227;o se observou correla&#231;&#227;o entre esta vari&#225;vel e os diferentes indicadores do estado nutricional analisados. Embora o percentil da circunfer&#234;ncia muscular do bra&#231;o tenha apresentado signific&#226;ncia dentro da an&#225;lise pelo coeficiente de Pearson, com valor de p=0,0355, consideramos que o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o obtido (r= -0,21) foi muito baixo, permitindo no m&#225;ximo entrever uma tend&#234;ncia de que os pacientes com per&#237;odo mais longo de manifesta&#231;&#245;es congestivas apresentem maior comprometimento da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica. No entanto, os baixos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o observados na an&#225;lise das outras vari&#225;veis sugerem que, na fase pr&#233;-terminal da ICC, o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas congestivos n&#227;o seja fator determinante da intensidade do comprometimento nutricional observado. </p>
    <p>Os indicadores do estado nutricional analisados guardaram baixos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o com a FEVE determinada pelo ecocardiograma. Apenas o percentil da circunfer&#234;ncia muscular do bra&#231;o chegou a valores pr&#243;ximos da signific&#226;ncia, com p de 0,0706; no entanto, o baixo valor do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (0,18) e a discord&#226;ncia do observado em todas as restantes vari&#225;veis v&#234;m refor&#231;ar a impress&#227;o de que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, analisada por este m&#233;todo, n&#227;o guarda correla&#231;&#227;o com o comprometimento do estado nutricional. Este resultado &#233; compat&#237;vel com observa&#231;&#245;es anteriores<sup>7</sup> em outra amostra com metodologia similar, e tamb&#233;m com os resultados do estudo de Carr e cols.<sup>10</sup>, que analisaram indicadores nutricionais utilizando como m&#233;todo para estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica a hemodin&#226;mica e o ecocardiograma bidimensional, estimando a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pela f&#243;rmula planar de Simpson. </p>
    <p>A dimens&#227;o ventricular esquerda, avaliada ecocardiograficamente pelo DDVE, apresentou coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,2768 com a percentagem do peso ideal, significante (p=0,0058). Observamos tamb&#233;m valores de p pr&#243;ximos a 0,05, por&#233;m n&#227;o significantes, na correla&#231;&#227;o de DDVE com o percentil da prega cut&#226;nea tricipital e com a albuminemia, o que poderia indicar uma tend&#234;ncia. No entanto, os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o foram inferiores a 0,20; al&#233;m disto, estes dados parecem divergir de observa&#231;&#227;o anterior<sup>8</sup>. A impress&#227;o final proporcionada por este conjunto de dados &#233; de que n&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o evidente entre a dimens&#227;o ventricular esquerda e o comprometimento nutricional na amostra analisada. </p>
    <p>Estes resultados sugerem que a repercuss&#227;o nutricional na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, embora resulte da disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo como fator etiol&#243;gico comum, tenha como determinantes principais, em cada indiv&#237;duo, fatores outro que transcendem o simples comprometimento da bomba card&#237;aca. O comprometimento nutricional poderia talvez ser melhor compreendido no &#226;mbito da complexa adapta&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica e da resposta neuro-hormonal &#224; fal&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de citocinas, como o fator de necrose tumoral-alfa e a interleucina-6 podem explicar em parte estes achados. As citocinas est&#227;o bastante elevadas nas formas avan&#231;adas da doen&#231;a e estudos mostraram haver rela&#231;&#227;o entre a eleva&#231;&#227;o de seus n&#237;veis e a perda de peso<sup>16, 21,22</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados n&#227;o diferem dos apresentados na literatura que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o demonstraram haver uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de desnutri&#231;&#227;o e o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>23,24</sup>. Mesmo quando analisado em grandes popula&#231;&#245;es, como as dos grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos, n&#227;o se constatou correla&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de desnutri&#231;&#227;o e o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste grupo ICC cr&#244;nica grave e cardiomiopatia dilatada, j&#225; na fase pr&#233;-terminal da doen&#231;a, os par&#226;metros de FEVE e DDVE determinados pela ecocardiografia n&#227;o tiveram valor preditivo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de sobrevida. No entanto, a grande homogeneidade do grupo em rela&#231;&#227;o a estes par&#226;metros e a gravidade das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pode tamb&#233;m estar por tr&#225;s desta observa&#231;&#227;o; &#233; poss&#237;vel que, nesta amostra uniformemente situada no extremo do espectro cl&#237;nico da ICC, os indicadores da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda tenham reduzido valor progn&#243;stico, em detrimento de outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais. </p>
    <p>Embora em pacientes com formas menos graves da doen&#231;a a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e os di&#226;metros ventriculares sejam identificados como progn&#243;sticos, &#233; importante ressaltar que nas formas avan&#231;adas da doen&#231;a eles parecem perder esta capacidade, pois em estudos de nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o, em popula&#231;&#245;es com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes a esta desta an&#225;lise, o grau de comprometimento card&#237;aco avaliado pela ecocardiografia n&#227;o permitiu identificar quais os pacientes que teriam pior evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>27,28</sup>. </p>
    <p>Se o comprometimento ventricular n&#227;o foi um bom preditor da evolu&#231;&#227;o, nosso estudo mostrou que a presen&#231;a de desnutri&#231;&#227;o identificou um grupo de pacientes com maior potencial de evoluir mal. </p>
    <p>O risco relativo de &#243;bito para os 19 pacientes com menos de 80% do peso ideal previsto foi de 1,99, praticamente o dobro do esperado para o restante da amostra. A an&#225;lise das curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier evidencia a maior mortalidade dos pacientes com maior diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa corp&#243;rea (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Este grupo, considerado como portador de altera&#231;&#227;o moderada ou importante do par&#226;metro nutricional estudado, teve tamb&#233;m tend&#234;ncia a maior mortalidade precoce. Quando analisada como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua, na presen&#231;a de outros indicadores nutricionais, a percentagem do peso ideal exerceu efeito significante na sobrevida. </p>
    <p>Analisando os resultados da literatura de maneira geral pode-se perceber que a avalia&#231;&#227;o pontual do estado nutricional n&#227;o tem sido identificada como um bom preditor da evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes<sup>16, 23-26</sup>. Embora venha crescendo o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es que demonstram que a caquexia seria preditora da evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, em todos elas foi caracterizada como uma mudan&#231;a de peso (redu&#231;&#227;o) durante o seguimento. Foi preditora de mortalidade a perda de peso de 6% e 7,5%<sup>23-26</sup>. Estes estudos documentaram que os pacientes que perderam peso ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do acompanhamento tiveram pior evolu&#231;&#227;o, independente da situa&#231;&#227;o nutricional inicial. Nenhum dos estudos, mesmo empregando grande n&#250;mero de pacientes, identificou a situa&#231;&#227;o nutricional basal como preditora do progn&#243;stico<sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar das evid&#234;ncias de que a massa corp&#243;rea total &#233; indicador progn&#243;stico na ICC em fase avan&#231;ada, o comprometimento das reservas cal&#243;ricas (estimada pelo percentil da PCT) ou da massa muscular esquel&#233;tica (avaliada pelo percentil da CMB), consideradas isoladamente, n&#227;o mostrou valor preditivo para a sobrevida na amostra estudada. Como na ICC h&#225; comprometimento nutricional predominantemente do tipo marasmo, em que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa corp&#243;rea ocorre essencialmente &#224;s custas da massa muscular e do tecido adiposo, seria de se esperar que estes indicadores apresentassem valor progn&#243;stico, de maneira similar &#224; an&#225;lise da porcentagem do peso ideal. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram tamb&#233;m progn&#243;sticos as altera&#231;&#245;es da albumina plasm&#225;tica ou da contagem de linf&#243;citos. </p>
    <p>Esses resultados devem ser analisados com cuidado, pois se referem a uma popula&#231;&#227;o extremamente grave, fato que pode ter dificultado a identifica&#231;&#227;o de preditores de mortalidade. N&#227;o podemos tamb&#233;m afastar a possibilidade de que a falta de signific&#226;ncia para as vari&#225;veis estudadas tenha sido decorrente da pequena popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. </p>
    <p>&#201; sempre importante ressaltar que estes resultados podem n&#227;o se aplicar a popula&#231;&#245;es com quadro cl&#237;nico de menor gravidade. </p>
    <p>A situa&#231;&#227;o nutricional dos pacientes &#233; tamb&#233;m influenciada por fatores socioecon&#244;micos, sendo esta outra limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, uma vez que estes dados n&#227;o foram analisados neste grupo de pacientes. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, as altera&#231;&#245;es de par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos, bioqu&#237;micos e/ou imunol&#243;gicos compat&#237;veis com comprometimento nutricional moderado ou importante s&#227;o achados freq&#252;entes na ICC em fase avan&#231;ada. A avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do estado nutricional apresenta baixa sensibilidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es moderadas ou importantes dos indicadores nutricionais. As altera&#231;&#245;es dos indicadores nutricionais estudados, de modo geral, n&#227;o foram relacionadas com o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas de ICC ou com o grau de comprometimento ventricular esquerdo. Diminui&#231;&#227;o moderada ou importante da massa corporal, determinada atrav&#233;s da percentagem do peso ideal, associou-se a menor sobrevida e mostrou valor progn&#243;stico independente. Outras formas de avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado nutricional n&#227;o mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o com o progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto </p>
        <p> Rua Piave, 103 </p>
        <p> 05620-010 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pbarreto@cardiol.br">pbarreto@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="pereira.barretto@incor.usp.br">pereira.barretto@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 19/04/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 14/01/2005</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Nutritional repercussion in advanced heart failure and its value in prognostic assessment</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nutritional repercussion in heart failure and its relations with left ventricular dysfunction and mortality. METHODS: A series of nutritional parameters in a group of 95 patients with advanced chronic heart failure, arising out of dilated cardiomyopathy and age &lt; 65 years old, without concomitant diseases was studied. The duration of symptons, final diastolic diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction were verified. The nutritional assessment, included the ideal percentage of weight the triceps skin fold thickness, percentiles of circumference of muscular mass of the arm, the albumin serum levels and the lymphocytes global count. RESULTS: The nutritional situation was alterated in 45.3% to 94.7% of the patients in accordance to the assessment parameter used. There was neither correlation between the nutritional parameters and the length of symptoms, nor with the ventricular dysfunction level. That group of patients had a homogenous evolution, and 75.8% of them died in an average time of 21.86 weeks. The left ventricular diastolic diameter and ejection fraction did not allow for the prediction of survival. A diminished body mass identified a group with higher risk of death. The ideal percentage of the body mass was predictive of survival (p=0.0352), the patients with less than 80% of ideal weight had a higher relative risk of death of 1.99 (1.12-3.02) (p=0.0132). CONCLUSION: Malnutrition is frequent in patients with advanced heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy. The reduced body mass was a better predictor of survival than the left ventricular ejection fraction in patients under advanced stage of myocardial compromising.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>malnutrition</kwd>
        <kwd>dilated cardiomyopathy and advanced heart failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Nutritional repercussion in advanced heart failure and its value in prognostic assessment</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lu&#237;s Guilherme Veloso; Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Junior; Robson Tadeu Munhoz; Paulo Cesar Morgado; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires; Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE</bold>: To analyze the nutritional repercussion in heart failure and its relations with left ventricular dysfunction and mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A series of nutritional parameters in a group of 95 patients with advanced chronic heart failure, arising out of dilated cardiomyopathy and age &lt; 65 years old, without concomitant diseases was studied. The duration of symptons, final diastolic diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction were verified. The nutritional assessment, included the ideal percentage of weight the triceps skin fold thickness, percentiles of circumference of muscular mass of the arm, the albumin serum levels and the lymphocytes global count.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The nutritional situation was alterated in 45.3% to 94.7% of the patients in accordance to the assessment parameter used. There was neither correlation between the nutritional parameters and the length of symptoms, nor with the ventricular dysfunction level. That group of patients had a homogenous evolution, and 75.8% of them died in an average time of 21.86 weeks. The left ventricular diastolic diameter and ejection fraction did not allow for the prediction of survival. A diminished body mass identified a group with higher risk of death. The ideal percentage of the body mass was predictive of survival (p=0.0352), the patients with less than 80% of ideal weight had a higher relative risk of death of 1.99 (1.12-3.02) (p=0.0132).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Malnutrition is frequent in patients with advanced heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy. The reduced body mass was a better predictor of survival than the left ventricular ejection fraction in patients under advanced stage of myocardial compromising. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>malnutrition, dilated cardiomyopathy and advanced heart failure</p>
      <p> Since the beginning of medicine, malnutrition is acknowledged as a manifestation associated to congestive heart failure (CHF), especially in its more advanced stages. Among the list of classical manifestations of cardiac diseases we find many levels of protein-caloric depletion, even the extreme clinical features, generically called cardiac cachexia<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The clinical and experimental data available indicate a cause-effect relation between CHF and malnutrition<sup>3,4</sup>. There are questions about which mechanisms lead to malnutrition and the importance of each mechanism in the maintenance and aggravation of the features<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Along with the questions concerning the physiopathology, there are others on the assessment way. The nutritional assessment, which is usually done in hospitalized patients is inaccurate and can use many parameters to achieve a general impression on the existence or not of protein-caloric malnutrition. The key point to determine the malnutrition level, as well as the best assessment parameters, has not been properly defined and standardized yet<sup>7-10</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study had as objective to assess the behavior of many indexes of malnutrition status in a group of chronic CHF carriers as a consequence of left ventricular dysfunction due to dilated cardiomyopathy, in an advanced stage of the disease. It also aimed at verifying whether the compromising level of nutritional parameters has any relation with the time of evolution of its symptoms, if the intensity of compromising of indicators of the nutritional status of the disease is related to the level of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, and if its changes have a prognostic value in advanced chronic CHF. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The nutritional status of 95 carriers of congestive heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy in functional class III/IV, hospitalized at Hospital Auxiliar de Cotox&#243; (HCFMUSP) for compensation, was assessed. </p>
      <p>The patients were selected among those 1,176 hospitalized during the 12 months of sample selection for the study, from which 412 were carriers of congestive heart failure. </p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria of the study were situations that could cause changes in the nutritional situation of the patients or modify the natural history of the disease: age &lt; 15 or &gt; 65 years old; valvar dysfunctions subjected to surgical corrections; coronary failure; symptomatic cardiac arrhythmias; diastolic blood pressure at admission &gt; 105 mmHg, diabetes mellitus; creatinine levels &gt; 2.0 mg/dl; chronic pneumopathy; degenerative chronic diseases; neoplasias; AIDS diagnosis; previous alcoholic ingesta &gt; 100 ml of distilled spirits or 600 ml/day of beer and use of illegal drugs. Based on those criteria 312 patients were excluded. Other five patients later excluded for not having returned to the ambulatory. </p>
      <p>The data from the clinical history and the physical exam were valued in the 95 patients for the assessment of the functional situation and the duration of the disease. All of them were submitted to a cardiologic assessment through an echocardiographic study, from which the measurement of left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) was valued and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) assessed through the cube method. </p>
      <p>All patients, in the absence of contraindications, were discharged with prescription of digital, diuretic and ACE inhibitors. In patients with renal insufficiency or in those who showed side effect with ACE inhibitor, hydralazina and nitrate were prescribed. </p>
      <p>For the assessment of the nutritional status, anthropometric and laboratorial parameters, and determination of immune competence were considered<sup>11</sup>. The adopted parameters were chosen due to their better standardization, better reproducibility, feasibility and cost. </p>
      <p>Besides those objective indicators, adopted for statistic analysis, the patients were classified in malnourished, normal or obese, based on their physical aspect, also taking into consideration the skin turgor and elasticity, the thickness and color of the hair and <italic>facies</italic>. </p>
      <p>All patients were measured and weighed. The percentage of ideal weight was estimated as percentage in relation to the <italic>standard</italic> weight expected for the population of same sex and height, based on the tables of <italic>American Society of Actuaries</italic>, which are modified for median build and measurements without clothes<sup>12</sup>. The body weight obtained was compared through percentage to the ideal body weight from the tables, by adopting the criteria proposed by Blackburn et al.<sup>13</sup> for classification of results: normal (over 90% of ideal weight), mild nutritional compromising (between 80 and 90% of ideal weight), moderate nutritional compromising (between 70 and 79% of ideal weight) and important nutritional compromising (less than 70% of ideal weight). </p>
      <p>The thickness in millimeters of the triceps skin fold (TSF) was obtained in accordance to the technique described by Jelliffe<sup>14</sup>, by means of a Lange (<italic>Cambridge Scientific Industries, Cambridge, Maryland</italic>) plicometer or <italic>caliper</italic>. In the middle point of non-dominant arm (between the acromial process and the olecranon), in sitting position, with the arm freely stretched along the body, a fold of skin is pinched with the fingers where the <italic>caliper</italic> is applied, at a depth equal to the thickness of the skin fold, being verified the measurement 2 seconds after the total pressure is exerted by the <italic>caliper</italic> on the skin; the measurement is repeated twice, and the mean of the results is taken. The value obtained is compared with standardized tables<sup>15</sup>, by estimating the level of compromising of adipose reserves in terms of the percentile in which the obtained value is situated in relation to population measurements: normal (over percentile 50), mild compromising (percentiles 25 to 50), moderate compromising (percentiles 10 to 24) and important compromising (below percentile 10). </p>
      <p>The muscular circumference of the arm, in centimeters, was calculated from the measurements of the arm circumference and the thickness of the triceps skin fold, using the formula proposed by Jelliffe<sup>14</sup>: c2 = cl - 3.14s, in which <bold>c2 </bold>is the muscular circumference, <bold>c1</bold> the arm circumference and <bold>s</bold> is the thickness of the triceps skin fold, in centimeters. The arm circumference is measured in the middle point between the acromial process and the olecranon. </p>
      <p>Similarly to the thickness of the triceps skin fold, the values obtained were classified in percentiles, through the standardized tables for sex and age elaborated by a Frisancho<sup>16</sup> from population data of HANES I (<italic>United States Health and Nutritional Examination Survey,</italic> 1971-74) study. From the percentile obtained, the level of compromising observed was defined in relation to that parameter: normal (over percentile 50), mild compromising (percentiles 25 to 50), moderate compromising (percentiles 10 to 24) and important compromising (below percentile 10). </p>
      <p>The serum level of albumin at admission was determined through bromocresol green method. In terms of albumin, the nutritional compromising level was classified within the following intervals<sup>11,12</sup>: normal (over 3.5 g%), mild compromising (2.8 to 3.5 g%), moderate compromising (2.1 to 2.7 g%) and important compromising (below 2.1 g%). </p>
      <p>At admission the lymphocytes count in peripheral blood was elaborated, used was a nutritional parameter, expressing compromising of the immuno system<sup>11</sup>. That parameter was also subdivided in four intervals: normal (over 2,000 lymphocites/mm<sup>3</sup>), mild compromising (1,200 to 2,000 lymphocytes/mm<sup>3</sup>), moderate compromising (800 to 1,199 lymphocytes/mm<sup>3</sup>) and important compromising (below 800 lymphocytes/mm<sup>3</sup>)<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref> is shown the main characteristics of the studied population. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0480-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>It was tried to verify whether there was a relation between the evolution time of CHF and the level of left ventricular dysfunction with the nutritional parameters, by determining the linear correlation coefficient of Pearson among the variables analyzed. </p>
      <p>For the analysis of survival two methods were used: estimate of Kaplan-Meier: The estimate of survival observed in the sample studied, which does not depend on any parameter. Analyzed along with the non-parametric test of Log-Rank and the Semi-Parametric model of proportional risks of Cox: suitable for the study of continuous variables, by means of presupposition that the survival curves do not cross, which means that the risk is proportional during the whole time interval studied. Besides making possible to indicate which variables are important in the survival prediction of patients, it allows for obtaining the risk rate between two levels of a given variable. The significance level of 5% was adopted in this study. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The subjective analysis of nutritional status classified 23/95 (24.2%) patients as malnourished, 62/95 (65.3%) as normal and 10/95 (10.5%) as obese. The main results from the nutritional assessment are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0480-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Except the arm muscular circumference, most of variables analyzed assessed the nutritional status as normal or with mild intensity changes. </p>
      <p>Only the percentile of the arm muscular circumference showed a correlation with the evolution time of CHF (r=-0.2105, p=0.0355). There was no correlation among the other variables of assessment of nutritional status and the evolution time of CHF symptoms prior to the inclusion in the study: Percentage of ideal weight (r=0.0797 p=0.4306); Percentile of triceps skin fold (r=-0.0148 p=0.8842); Percentile of arm muscular circumference (r=-0.2105 p=0.0355); albumin (r=0.0152 p=0.8807) and lymphocytes (r=-0.1171 p=0.2458). </p>
      <p>Only the left ventricular final diastolic diameter had a correlation coefficient of 0.2768 with the percentage of ideal weight (p=0.0058). Except for that finding, there was no correlation among any of the nutritional status indicators analyzed and the myocardial compromising level (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0480-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the survival analysis only the percentage of ideal weight was a predictor of mortality, both through the test of Log-Rank (p=0.0132) and by the model of Cox (p=0.0168). For the other variables studied, the statistic analysis did not identify them as prognostic: Thickness of triceps skin fold (p=0.7233 and 0.0801), arm muscular circumference (p=0.9723 and 0.3313), albuminemia (p=0.4897 and 0.4246) and lymphocytes count (p=0.4529 and 0.5303) respectively for the test of Log-Rank and the model of Cox. </p>
      <p> The carriers of moderate or important change of ideal weight, with the weight observed below percentage 80, had higher mortality, with a risk rate of 1.99 (CI 95%; 1.12 to 3.02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0480-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The non-parametric analysis by Kaplan-Meier and by the test of Log-Rank, and the semi-parametric analysis by the model of proportional risks of Cox showed that both the fraction of ejection and the LV diastolic diameter were not significant in the prediction of survival time of the patients studied. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In a population of patients with advanced heart failure (severe), due to dilated cardiomyopathy (Idiopathic 61%, chagasic 36% and peripartum 3%) was detected a malnutrition level in 45.3% to 94.7% of the patients, according to the assessment parameter used. The presence of malnutrition did not have any relation with the duration of clinical manifestations or with the intensity of myocardial compromising. However, the malnourished patients, when assessed through the reduction of ideal weight, had a higher mortality than those without signs of malnutrition. </p>
      <p>The association between the clinical features of cachexia and heart failure is a classic phenomenon and quite frequently observed in clinical practice. Its prevalence varies in accordance with the composition of the studied population, being described in percentage that varied from 13.7 to 61.5%, which seemed to have a relation with the cause of heart failure and a certain relation with the duration of symptoms and the intensity of heart failure<sup>7-10,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Such differences in the incidences can also be related to the different ways of assessment of nutritional status and to the lack of a single definition on what malnutrition and cachexia is. </p>
      <p>Among the most frequently used measures for the assessment of nutritional status, some are easy to obtain, such as weight and height, which allow us for assess the nutritional status, by comparing the obtained values with those from tables or assessing the body mass index. We used the tables from <italic>American Society of Actuaries</italic><sup>12</sup>. Due to the simplicity of obtaining, we used the percentage of ideal weight, the measurement of triceps skin fold, the arm muscular circumference and laboratory exams, through the dosage of albuminemia and lymphocytes count<sup>11-14</sup>, in our studies to assess the nutritional status. </p>
      <p>All those variables have been used in many studies that proposed to assess the nutritional status in different diseases. No single measurement is ideal, and the use of many of them to achieve a real assessment of the nutritional status of a patient is important. </p>
      <p>The normal weight (ideal weight) table, adopted as a reference, was the one recommended by Jelliffe<sup>14</sup>. The main concern about the use of such table is the fact that it comes from a population study carried out in the USA some decades ago. However, in the country itself where the table was elaborated by the American Society of Actuaries, authors already warned about the fact that the studied population had an income below the average and mixed ethnical composition, which does not properly reflect the majority Anglo-Saxon biotype of the nation<sup>18</sup>. Despite the absence of a population study with a similar dimension in our milieu, comparative analyses with national more limited numerically series, validate the use of that table in Brazil. Other American tables more recently elaborated, as those by Frisancho et al., seem to have a better correlation with the biotype of small Brazilian populations studied<sup>16,19,20</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although our sample had showed a wide dispersion of values in relation to the duration of CHF symptoms, a correlation between that variable and the different indicators of nutritional status analyzed was not observed. Although the percentile of arm muscular circumference had shown some significance in the analysis by the coefficient of Pearson, with p=0.0355, we considered the obtained correlation coefficient (r=-0.21) as very low, allowing for, at most, perceiving a tendency that the patients with a longer period of congestive manifestations show a greater compromising of the skeletal muscular mass. However, the low correlation coefficients observed in the analysis of other variables suggest that, at the pre-end-stage of CHF, the duration of congestive symptoms is not a determining factor of the nutritional compromising observed. </p>
      <p>The analyzed indicators of nutritional status had low correlation coefficients with LVEF determined by the echocardiogram. Only the percentile of arm muscular circumference reached values close to significance, with p=0.0706. However, the low value of correlation coefficient (0.18) and the disagreement on that was observed in all remaining variables reinforces the impression that the ejection fraction, analyzed through this method, has no correlation with the nutritional status compromising. That result is compatible with previous observations<sup>7</sup> in another sample with similar methodology, and also with the results from the study by Carr et al.<sup>10</sup>, which analyzed nutritional indicators by utilizing the hemodynamics and the two-dimensional echocardiogram, estimating the ejection fraction through the Simpson's planar formula, as methods for the study of myocardial function. </p>
      <p>Left ventricular dimension, echocardiographically assessed by LVDD, showed a correlation coefficient of 0.2768 with a significant percentage of ideal weight (p=0.0058). We also noted values of p close to 0.05, although non-significant, in the correlation of LVDD with the percentile of triceps skin fold and with albuminemia, which could indicate a tendency. However, the correlation coefficients were lower than 0.20. Besides, such data seem to differ from a previous observation<sup>8</sup>. The final impression provided by that set of data is that there was no clear relation between the left ventricular dimension and the nutritional compromising in the analyzed sample. </p>
      <p>Those results suggest that the nutritional repercussion in advanced heart failure, despite resulting from left ventricular contractile dysfunction as common etiologic factor, has in each individual factor other than those that transcend the simple compro mising of the cardiac pump as main determinants. The nutritional compromising could maybe be better understood at the extent of the complex peripheral adaptation and the neurohormonal response to myocardial failure. </p>
      <p>The increase of cytokine level, such as the tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 can partly explain those findings. The cytokines are very high in the advanced forms of the disease and studies showed a relation between the increase of its levels and the loss of weight<sup>16, 21,22</sup>. </p>
      <p>Our results do not differ from those shown in the literatures that also do not demonstrate having a correlation between the level of malnutrition and the level of ventricular dysfunction<sup>23,24</sup>. Even when analyzed in large populations, such as the big clinical essays, no correlation was verified between the malnutrition level and the cardiac dysfunction level<sup>25,26</sup> . </p>
      <p>In this severe chronic CHF and dilated cardiomyopathy group, already in the pre-end-stage of the disease, the LVEF and LVDD parameters determined through echocardiography did not have any predictive value in relation to survival time. However, the great homogeneity of the group in relation to those parameters and the seriousness of clinical manifestations can be also included in that observation. It is possible that in this sample uniformly situated at the end of the clinical spectrum of CHF, the left ventricular function indicators have a reduced prognostic value, to the detriment of other clinical and laboratorial variables. </p>
      <p>Although in patients with less severe forms of the disease, the ventricular ejection fraction and diameters are identified as prognostic, it is important to emphasize that in the advanced forms of the disease they seem to lose that capacity, as in studies from our Institution, in populations with similar characteristics to those in this analysis, the level of heart compromising assessed through echocardiography did not allow for identify which patients would have worse evolution<sup>27,28</sup>. </p>
      <p>If the ventricular compromising was not a good predictor of evolution, our study showed that the presence of malnutrition identified a group of patients with a higher potential for bad evolution. </p>
      <p>The relative risk of death for the 19 patients with less than 80% of the forecast ideal weight was 1.99, practically twice as expected for the remaining of the sample. The analysis of the survival curves of Kaplan-Meier evinces a greater mortality in patients with a greater reduction of body mass (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). That group, regarded as carrier of moderate or important change of the nutritional parameter studied, also had a tendency to a greater early mortality. When analyzed was a continuous variable, in the presence of other nutritional indicators, the percentage of ideal weight exerted a significant effect on survival. </p>
      <p>Analyzing the results of literature we can generally notice that the punctual assessment of nutritional status has not been identified as a good predictor of evolution of the patients<sup>16, 23-26</sup>. Although the number of publications demonstrating that cachexia would be a predictor of evolution of patients has been increasing, in all of them it was characterized as a weight change (reduction) during the follow-up. The loss of weight of 6% and 7.5%<sup>23-26 </sup>was a predictor of mortality. Those studies documented that patients who lost weight after the beginning of the follow-up had worse evolution, regardless of initial nutritional situation. None of the studies, even employing a great number of patients, identified the basal nutritional situation as predictor of prognostic<sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
      <p> Despite the evidences that the total body mass is a prognostic indicator of CHF in advanced stage, the compromising of caloric reserves (estimated through the percentile of TSF) or skeletal muscular mass (assessed through the percentile of AMC), singly considered, did not show a predictive value for survival in the sample studied. AS in CHF there is a prevailing nutritional compromising of marasmus type - in which the decrease of body mass essentially occurs at the expense of muscular mass and adipose tissue -, it would be expected that those indicators showed a prognostic value, similarly to the analysis of percentage of ideal weight. </p>
      <p>The changes in plasmatic albumin or lymphocytes count were not prognostic either. </p>
      <p>Those results must be analyzed carefully, as they refer to an extremely severe population, a fact that can have made difficult the identification of mortality predictors. We cannot either exclude the possibility that the lack of significance for the variables studied has been arising out of the small population studied. </p>
      <p>It is always important to emphasize that those results cannot be applied to populations with less severe clinical records. </p>
      <p>The nutritional situation of the patients is also influenced by socioeconomic factors, and that is another limitation of the study, as those data were not analyzed in that group of patients. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the changes of anthropometric, biochemical, and/or immunologic parameters compatible with moderate or important nutritional compromising are frequent findings in advanced CHF. The subjective assessment of nutritional status shows lower sensitivity for the detection of moderate or important changes of nutritional indicators. The changes of nutritional indicators studied were generally not related to the evolution time of CHF symptoms or to the level of left ventricular compromising. A moderate or important diminishing of body mass, determined through the percentage of ideal weight, was associated to a shorter survival and showed an independent prognostic value. Other forms of assessment did not show correlation with the prognostic.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto</p>
          <p> Rua Piave, 103</p>
          <p> 05620-010 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="pbarreto@cardiol.br">pbarreto@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="pereira.barretto@incor.usp.br">pereira.barretto@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publishing on 04/19/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on 01/14/2005</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
