<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kfckZXZtLjhwXt4N8gVvTNh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000600008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000600008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Programa domiciliar de exerc&#237;cios: efeitos de curto prazo sobre a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e press&#227;o arterial de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farinatti</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo de Tarso Veras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Brand&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Liane Mattos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Walace David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francischetti</surname>
            <given-names>Em&#237;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Gama Filho</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Amil</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Total-Care </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>473</fpage>
      <lpage>479</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Observar a influ&#234;ncia de quatro meses de um programa domiciliar n&#227;o-supervisionado de exerc&#237;cios sobre a press&#227;o arterial (PA) e aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica em hipertensos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram observados um grupo experimental com 26 homens e 52 mulheres e um grupo controle, com 9 homens e 7 mulheres, com idades entre 25 e 77 anos. O grupo experimental submeteu-se a um programa domiciliar de exerc&#237;cios, com atividades aer&#243;bias (60-80% da FC m&#225;xima para a idade, 30min de caminhadas no m&#237;nimo tr&#234;s vezes por semana), exerc&#237;cios de flexibilidade. Orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre a ficha de controle e o treinamento eram dadas a cada reavalia&#231;&#227;o. Foram acompanhados por quatro meses, com reavalia&#231;&#245;es a cada dois meses, observando-se: PA em repouso; peso corporal, rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ), percentual de gordura (%G), somat&#243;rio de dobras cut&#226;neas (SOMD) e rela&#231;&#227;o central e perif&#233;rica de dobras (P/C); flexibilidade de tronco (FX); rela&#231;&#227;o entre freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e carga de trabalho durante teste subm&#225;ximo em ciclo-erg&#244;metro (FC/W), traduzida pela inclina&#231;&#227;o da curva de regress&#227;o entre ambas (a). RESULTADOS: O grupo experimental exibiu altera&#231;&#245;es significativas para o peso (-3,7 kg), RCQ (-0,03), SOMD (-12 mm), %G (-4,4%), FX (+2,3 cm), FC/W (-0,02) e PA (-6 e -9 mmHg para press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, respectivamente). O grupo controle teve pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es no peso (+1,3 Kg) e %G (+1,7%). CONCLUS&#195;O: Programas domiciliares n&#227;o supervisionados de exerc&#237;cios, podem exercer efeito positivo sobre a PA e aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica de hipertensos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>ades&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>atividade f&#237;sica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Programa domiciliar de exerc&#237;cios: efeitos de curto prazo sobre a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e press&#227;o arterial de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo de Tarso Veras Farinatti; Ricardo Brand&#227;o de Oliveira; Vivian Liane Mattos Pinto; Walace David Monteiro; Em&#237;lio Francischetti </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Total-Care/Botafogo/RJ Grupo Amil e Universidade Gama Filho - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Observar a influ&#234;ncia de quatro meses de um programa domiciliar n&#227;o-supervisionado de exerc&#237;cios sobre a press&#227;o arterial (PA) e aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica em hipertensos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram observados um grupo experimental com 26 homens e 52 mulheres e um grupo controle, com 9 homens e 7 mulheres, com idades entre 25 e 77 anos. O grupo experimental submeteu-se a um programa domiciliar de exerc&#237;cios, com atividades aer&#243;bias (60-80% da FC m&#225;xima para a idade, 30min de caminhadas no m&#237;nimo tr&#234;s vezes por semana), exerc&#237;cios de flexibilidade. Orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre a ficha de controle e o treinamento eram dadas a cada reavalia&#231;&#227;o. Foram acompanhados por quatro meses, com reavalia&#231;&#245;es a cada dois meses, observando-se: PA em repouso; peso corporal, rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ), percentual de gordura (%G), somat&#243;rio de dobras cut&#226;neas (SOMD) e rela&#231;&#227;o central e perif&#233;rica de dobras (P/C); flexibilidade de tronco (FX); rela&#231;&#227;o entre freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e carga de trabalho durante teste subm&#225;ximo em ciclo-erg&#244;metro (FC/W), traduzida pela inclina&#231;&#227;o da curva de regress&#227;o entre ambas (a). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O grupo experimental exibiu altera&#231;&#245;es significativas para o peso (-3,7 kg), RCQ (-0,03), SOMD (-12 mm), %G (-4,4%), </p>
    <p> FX (+2,3 cm), FC/W (-0,02) e PA (-6 e -9 mmHg para press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, respectivamente). O grupo controle teve pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es no peso (+1,3 Kg) e %G (+1,7%). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Programas domiciliares n&#227;o supervisionados de exerc&#237;cios, podem exercer efeito positivo sobre a PA e aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica de hipertensos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Sa&#250;de, hipertens&#227;o, ades&#227;o, doen&#231;a cardiovascular, atividade f&#237;sica</p>
    <p> A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o m&#243;rbida presente em grande parte dos adultos, com alta associa&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>1,2</sup>. Nos Estados Unidos, estima-se que 27% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta seja hipertensa, apenas um quarto com os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos controlados<sup>3</sup>. No Brasil, a hipertens&#227;o arterial talvez seja a doen&#231;a mais prevalente no adulto em diversas regi&#245;es, consistindo na 1&#186; causa de aposentadoria por doen&#231;a e 40% dos &#243;bitos<sup>4</sup>.  </p>
    <p>S&#227;o muitas as estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o capazes de fornecer meios de tratamento da HA, podendo ser citadas algumas modifica&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida, como h&#225;bitos diet&#233;ticos e volume de atividades f&#237;sicas<sup>5</sup>. No que diz respeito, especificamente, a esta &#250;ltima, estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos v&#234;m identificando associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre sua pr&#225;tica regular e a incid&#234;ncia ou risco de desenvolvimento da HA<sup>6-8</sup>. Existem evid&#234;ncias de que o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios acarrete, em m&#233;dio e longo prazos, redu&#231;&#227;o nas press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica<sup>7,9,10</sup>. Assim, recomendar-se exerc&#237;cio como estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica &#233; importante para hipertensos. </p>
    <p>H&#225; dados sugerindo que mesmo exerc&#237;cios com baixa intensidade s&#227;o capazes de induzir &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) em hipertensos<sup>10</sup>. De fato, &#233; poss&#237;vel encontrar estudos em que programas com intensidade de aproximadamente 20% da pot&#234;ncia m&#225;xima em cicloerg&#244;metro revelaram-se eficazes nesse sentido<sup>11</sup>. Assim, abre-se a possibilidade de programas n&#227;o supervisionados, que abdicam de controle mais estrito da intensidade de esfor&#231;o e possam ter efeitos sobre os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos de indiv&#237;duos com HA. Programas n&#227;o supervisionados s&#227;o aqueles nos quais os indiv&#237;duos realizam seus exerc&#237;cios fora de ambientes formais, como hospitais, cl&#237;nicas, academias ou similares, portanto, sem supervis&#227;o direta de profissional especializado. Ainda que os efeitos do treinamento n&#227;o possam ser controlados com a mesma precis&#227;o de programas supervisionados, a incorpora&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica, como um h&#225;bito em longo prazo, parece ser favorecida<sup>12,13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Comentando programas desse tipo, Bar-Eli<sup>13</sup> afirma que atribui&#231;&#245;es, como liberdade, escolha e responsabilidade sobre a atividade, atrav&#233;s de estrat&#233;gias, como o auto-monitoramento do exerc&#237;cio, aumentam o engajamento de pacientes em programas de atividade f&#237;sica. Programas que permitem certa flexibilidade na escolha do momento de suas realiza&#231;&#245;es mostram maior ades&#227;o, tendo em vista que, em geral, os indiv&#237;duos t&#234;m uma prec&#225;ria organiza&#231;&#227;o do tempo<sup>12,14</sup>. Deste modo, quando se abre m&#227;o de uma prescri&#231;&#227;o tradicional de exerc&#237;cios, opta-se por um programa que, atrav&#233;s de uma favor&#225;vel rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio, possibilite abarcar um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes. </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas desses tipos de programas aproximam-nos do que se deseja para o delineamento de estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, envolvendo o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, uma vez demandando recursos humanos e materiais, significativamente menores, e estimulando a autonomia dos pacientes na pr&#225;tica do exerc&#237;cio, seu potencial para atingir grandes segmentos populacionais, com baixo custo, tende a ser maior que o de programas supervisionados tradicionais. No entanto, a revis&#227;o da literatura revela uma car&#234;ncia de estudos sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de programas n&#227;o supervisionados de exerc&#237;cios como estrat&#233;gia de interven&#231;&#227;o auxiliar no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o. Apenas localizamos um estudo cuja abordagem assemelhou-se &#224; nossa<sup>15</sup>. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi testar a influ&#234;ncia de quatro meses de um programa domiciliar n&#227;o-supervisionado de exerc&#237;cios sobre a press&#227;o arterial, medidas antropom&#233;tricas, capacidade de trabalho subm&#225;ximo e flexibilidade, em hipertensos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Participaram do estudo 26 homens e 52 mulheres, com idades entre 25 e 77 (m&#233;dia = 52 &#177; 12) anos, todos classificados como hipertensos, de acordo com o &#250;ltimo relat&#243;rio do <italic>Joint National Committee</italic><sup>5</sup>. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes foi feita entre 1999 e 2001, sem restri&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo de entrada nos procedimentos experimentais. Foram exclu&#237;dos: a) pacientes com problemas &#243;steomio-articulares ou metab&#243;licos que limitassem ou contra-indicassem a pr&#225;tica dos exerc&#237;cios programados; b) quadro de infarto h&#225; pelo menos dois anos e angina inst&#225;vel; c) resposta hipertensiva sisto-diast&#243;lica em teste m&#225;ximo de esfor&#231;o; d) resposta isqu&#234;mica em teste m&#225;ximo de esfor&#231;o; e) participa&#231;&#227;o em outros programas regulares de exerc&#237;cios; f) quadro de insufici&#234;ncia renal (creatinina &gt; 1,5); g) quadro de anemia (Hb &lt; 10 g/dl); h) aumento da dosagem ou modifica&#231;&#227;o na classe de medicamento durante o per&#237;odo observado; i) comparecimento a menos de 75% das sess&#245;es previstas pelo programa. Todos os pacientes eram volunt&#225;rios e assinaram um termo de consentimento em acordo com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de para experimentos com humanos. O protocolo experimental foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Institui&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Um grupo de 16 pacientes que realizou a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o, e declinou do programa de exerc&#237;cios, por motiva&#231;&#245;es pessoais (falta de tempo, seguran&#231;a etc) e sem raz&#227;o cl&#237;nica, foi selecionado com a finalidade de contraposi&#231;&#227;o controle ao grupo experimental. O grupo controle foi formado por 9 homens e 7 mulheres, com idades entre 32 e 64 (m&#233;dia = 48 &#177; 9) anos e a medida das vari&#225;veis de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e de PA foi feita mediante convite para retornarem ao servi&#231;o. Ap&#243;s certifica&#231;&#227;o de que permaneceram sem engajar-se em qualquer programa regular de atividades f&#237;sicas durante os quatro meses de intervalo, os testes foram feitos permitindo comparar os grupos controle e experimental em duas avalia&#231;&#245;es consecutivas. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos englobou: verifica&#231;&#227;o da PA em repouso; avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica (peso corporal, estatura, rela&#231;&#227;o cintura quadril e dobras cut&#226;neas); medida da flexibilidade de tronco; medida da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em teste de esfor&#231;o subm&#225;ximo realizado em cicloerg&#244;metro. </p>
    <p>Para obten&#231;&#227;o do percentual de gordura, utilizou-se o m&#233;todo de dobras cut&#226;neas, atrav&#233;s da mensura&#231;&#227;o das dobras peitoral, triciptal, subescapular, abdominal, suprail&#237;aca, coxa e perna, com um compasso da marca <italic>Lange<sup>&#174;</sup></italic> (EUA). Al&#233;m do c&#225;lculo do percentual de gordura realizou-se tamb&#233;m o somat&#243;rio total das dobras cut&#226;neas. A equa&#231;&#227;o utilizada para o c&#225;lculo da densidade corporal foi a de Jackson e Pollock<sup>16</sup> para homens e de Jackson e cols.<sup>17</sup> para mulheres. Ap&#243;s o c&#225;lculo da densidade corporal, o percentual de gordura foi estimado atrav&#233;s da equa&#231;&#227;o de Siri<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>A flexibilidade foi medida para o movimento de flex&#227;o anterior de tronco e quadril atrav&#233;s do teste de sentar e alcan&#231;ar de Wells e Dillon<sup>19</sup>. No teste, o avaliado era colocado sentado, com joelhos estendidos, em frente a um banco de 45cm de comprimento e 35cm de largura e pedia-se para que empurrasse com as pontas dos dedos uma t&#225;bua situada a 23cm para fora do banco, atrav&#233;s da flex&#227;o anterior do tronco. A medida era anotada em cent&#237;metros, de acordo com o ponto de alcance m&#225;ximo. Finalmente, para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, utilizou-se teste subm&#225;ximo com tr&#234;s est&#225;gios, com aux&#237;lio de cicloerg&#244;metro de frenagem mec&#226;nica da Monark<sup>&#174;</sup> (Brasil). Devido &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos que pudessem afetar a resposta da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o que limitaria a validade de equa&#231;&#245;es preditivas do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo, o teste foi utilizado para determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre carga e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC). O protocolo consistia na aplica&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s cargas de 3min, registrando a FC ao final de cada est&#225;gio. Para determina&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria era tra&#231;ada a regress&#227;o entre carga e FC durante o teste. A evolu&#231;&#227;o dos resultados era definida pela compara&#231;&#227;o entre a inclina&#231;&#227;o (a) das curvas obtidas nas diferentes avalia&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>A confiabilidade dos avaliadores que participaram do estudo, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos testes realizados, foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo do teste-reteste em 12 pacientes com idades entre 19 e 40 anos, no pr&#243;prio laborat&#243;rio. As medidas foram realizadas com dois dias de intervalo, sem que um avaliador tivesse conhecimento do valor da medida feita pelo outro. Todos os avaliadores aplicaram os testes na totalidade dos volunt&#225;rios. A reprodutibilidade das medidas foi testada pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse, para a concord&#226;ncia intra e inter-avaliadores. Os resultados obtidos para os coeficientes inter e intra-avaliadores foram, respectivamente: 0,74 e 0,78 (para a rela&#231;&#227;o FC/W); 0,78 e 0,82 (somat&#243;rio de dobras); 0,78 e 0,80 (PAD); 0,84 e 0,86 (PAS); 0,90 e 0,90 (RC/Q); 0,90 e 0,94 (teste de sentar e alcan&#231;ar). </p>
    <p>O presente estudo faz parte de um projeto multidisciplinar, que envolve profissionais de v&#225;rias &#225;reas de sa&#250;de. No estudo, os hipertensos foram submetidos a um programa de exerc&#237;cios n&#227;o supervisionados, de car&#225;ter fundamentalmente aer&#243;bio, de intensidade leve a moderada (60-80% da FC m&#225;xima estimada para a idade), no m&#237;nimo de tr&#234;s vezes por semana com dura&#231;&#227;o de 30min por sess&#227;o, al&#233;m de exerc&#237;cios est&#225;ticos de flexibilidade realizados igualmente tr&#234;s vezes na semana. Os indiv&#237;duos foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo aproximado de 4 meses, para ser apreciada a influ&#234;ncia do programa sobre a press&#227;o arterial e vari&#225;veis de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica. </p>
    <p>Ao serem recebidos na cl&#237;nica, os pacientes realizavam todos os testes em uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o, na seguinte ordem: peso, estatura, press&#227;o arterial em repouso (posi&#231;&#227;o sentada), antropometria, flexibilidade e aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. Em seguida, recebiam orienta&#231;&#227;o quanto ao controle da intensidade das caminhadas (pela verifica&#231;&#227;o da FC no pulso radial), sua dura&#231;&#227;o e freq&#252;&#234;ncia. Tamb&#233;m era esclarecida e praticada a execu&#231;&#227;o correta dos exerc&#237;cios de alongamento. Finalmente, eram dadas instru&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre o preenchimento da ficha de controle da intensidade e freq&#252;&#234;ncia das atividades, com sess&#245;es previstas para dura&#231;&#227;o de 30min. A cada dois meses os pacientes eram reavaliados, com a finalidade de se acompanhar a evolu&#231;&#227;o, bem como adaptar as cargas da prescri&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas novas condi&#231;&#245;es de treinamento, bem como observar o uso adequado dos medicamentos segundo prescri&#231;&#227;o dos cardiologistas do servi&#231;o. Todos os pacientes encontravam-se com suas drogas otimizadas segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Joint National Committee</italic><sup>5</sup>. Os agentes anti-hipertensivos utilizados eram: diur&#233;ticos, betabloqueadores, antagonistas do canal de c&#225;lcio, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e antagonistas do receptor de angiotensina II. </p>
    <p>Para as avaliar os dados obtidos, foram verificadas as diferen&#231;as intragrupos (grupo experimental e grupo controle tomados isoladamente) e intergrupos (grupo controle x grupo experimental) por um per&#237;odo de quatro meses, com uso de uma ANOVA de duas entradas para medidas repetidas. A an&#225;lise foi complementada por verifica&#231;&#227;o <italic>post-hoc</italic> de Scheff&#233;. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para o erro do tipo I foi estabelecido. Os c&#225;lculos foram realizados com aux&#237;lio do <italic>software statistica 6.0 da Statsoft</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> (USA). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve eventos adversos durante o estudo e nem desfechos cardiovasculares negativos no per&#237;odo observado. Em valores absolutos, a evas&#227;o observada entre o 1&#186; e 4&#186; meses ficou em 22%. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos no estudo, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia m&#233;dia de realiza&#231;&#227;o das sess&#245;es previstas (caminhadas e exerc&#237;cios de flexibilidade) ficou em 81%, tomando-se por base a indica&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s sess&#245;es semanais. </p>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig01">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a08fig02">2</xref> exibem os valores m&#233;dios das vari&#225;veis observadas, obtidos para os grupos controle e experimental nos quatro primeiros meses do estudo, bem como os resultados da ANOVA de duas entradas para medidas repetidas. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas, para nenhuma das vari&#225;veis investigadas, na 1&#186; avalia&#231;&#227;o, considerada como linha de base do estudo. Quanto &#224;s reavalia&#231;&#245;es, o grupo controle exibiu altera&#231;&#245;es significativas para o peso e %G, ambos aumentado ligeiramente (p&lt;0,05). Para o grupo experimental, apesar de diferen&#231;as terem sido identificadas j&#225; no 2&#186; m&#234;s do programa de exerc&#237;cios, ocorreram principalmente na 3&#186; avalia&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0473-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a08fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0473-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do programa, a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os indiv&#237;duos, que participaram do programa e os que integraram o grupo controle, revelou-se vantajosa para o primeiro. O grupo experimental teve modifica&#231;&#245;es favor&#225;veis nas vari&#225;veis: peso (-3,7 kg), somat&#243;rio de dobras cut&#226;neas (-12 mm), percentual de gordura (-4,4%), rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (-0,03), flexibilidade (+2,3 cm), rela&#231;&#227;o trabalho-freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (a) (-0,02) e PA, (-6 e -9 mmHg para press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, respectivamente). O grupo controle, teve ligeiras altera&#231;&#245;es para o peso (+1,3 Kg) e percentual de gordura (+1,7%). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo procurou analisar o impacto de quatro meses de engajamento em um programa de exerc&#237;cios n&#227;o-supervisionado sobre a press&#227;o arterial e vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do delineamento metodol&#243;gico devem ser citadas: 1) n&#227;o houve randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes avaliados e n&#227;o foi aplicada uma prescri&#231;&#227;o placebo no grupo controle. Em princ&#237;pio, isso poderia ser feito considerando-se diferentes intensidades de exerc&#237;cio, mas optou-se por n&#227;o o fazer pela intensidade j&#225; reduzida adotada na prescri&#231;&#227;o e a rela&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta entre exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio e press&#227;o arterial indefinida em hipertenso, conforme estudos<sup>10,11</sup>. A aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA deveria ser feita, idealmente, por t&#233;cnicas que evitassem vieses de aferi&#231;&#227;o, como a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial (MAPA) o que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel. No entanto, a reprodutibilidade da medida da PA foi testada nos avaliadores que participaram do estudo. A magnitude do ICC afasta a possibilidade de que erros de medida pudessem estar contaminando gravemente os resultados obtidos. Outro aspecto &#233; o fato que grupo controle n&#227;o foi submetido &#224; mesma rotina de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico que o grupo experimental. Apesar de esse ser um fator potencialmente interveniente, as &#250;nicas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos ocorreram no sentido de que o controle n&#227;o seguiu, por raz&#245;es pessoais, a rotina proposta de exerc&#237;cios. O acompanhamento cl&#237;nico no per&#237;odo observado (duas reavalia&#231;&#245;es) foi similar ao do grupo experimental. </p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos para os valores absolutos e a evolu&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis observadas aproximam-se do obtido em estudos pr&#233;vios, em programas supervisionados. No que diz respeito ao peso corporal, por exemplo, muitos autores relatam os efeitos positivos de sua redu&#231;&#227;o sobre o manejo da HA<sup>9,20,21</sup>. De acordo com o relat&#243;rio do <italic>Joint National Committee</italic><sup>5</sup>, uma redu&#231;&#227;o do peso na ordem de 10kg teria impacto significativo (-5 a 20 mmHg) sobre a PA, em pessoas com excesso de peso e portadoras de HA. Al&#233;m disso, haveria uma tend&#234;ncia a aumentar o efeito redutor dos agentes anti-hipertensivos e diminuir o risco para diabetes e dislipidemias. Ross e Janssen<sup>21</sup>, real&#231;aram a direta rela&#231;&#227;o entre o volume de atividades f&#237;sicas e a redu&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal e afirmam que a redu&#231;&#227;o do peso seria maior nas primeiras semanas de acompanhamento, tendo os programas a partir de ent&#227;o, pouca ou nenhuma influ&#234;ncia sobre o peso corporal total. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo sugerem efeitos positivos, decorrentes do programa n&#227;o-supervisionado de exerc&#237;cios, sobre o peso corporal. Nota-se, por&#233;m, que n&#227;o houve controle estrito da medica&#231;&#227;o consumida pelos pacientes, o que seria importante, tendo em vista que f&#225;rmacos como betabloqueadores podem interferir na perda de peso. No entanto, um dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do estudo levou em considera&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;veis modifica&#231;&#245;es de classe ou dosagem medicamentosa no per&#237;odo. Apesar de tal estrat&#233; gia n&#227;o eliminar totalmente o efeito potencialmente interveniente dessa vari&#225;vel sobre a perda de peso, provavelmente diminuiu razoavelmente o risco de distor&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Sabe-se que uma distribui&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel da gordura corporal, com deposi&#231;&#227;o excessiva de gordura abdominal, estaria relacionada com o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas<sup>5</sup>. Ito e cols.<sup>22</sup> sugeriram que a RC/Q poderia ser um &#237;ndice complementar na avalia&#231;&#227;o da obesidade e fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular e metab&#243;lica, tendo melhor associa&#231;&#227;o com esses fatores do que medidas quantitativas de gordura corporal. Ledoux e cols.<sup>23</sup> consideraram que a distribui&#231;&#227;o abdominal de gordura poderia ser usada como um indicador da probabilidade de HA confirmado por Melendez e cols.<sup>24</sup> em mulheres da regi&#227;o metropolitana de Belo Horizonte: a gordura central revelou-se preditora confi&#225;vel de obesidade e HA na popula&#231;&#227;o observada. Os dados indicam que os nosso programa pode ter provocado altera&#231;&#245;es positivas na RCQ. Da mesma forma, houve uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do %G e somat&#243;rio de dobras. Estes resultados parecem corroborar o proposto na literatura quanto aos efeitos do exerc&#237;cio na distribui&#231;&#227;o quantitativa e regional da gordura<sup>5,9,25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Uma boa mobilidade articular &#233; importante para as atividades cotidianas, possuindo um tempo de adapta&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s treinamento espec&#237;fico, relativamente curto<sup>9</sup>. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que houve incremento r&#225;pido da flexibilidade de tronco no per&#237;odo do estudo. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, h&#225; muitos estudos que prop&#245;em melhoria da condi&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em hipertensos engajados em programas de exerc&#237;cio com intensidade pr&#243;xima do programa aplicado neste estudo<sup>26-28</sup>. Os resultados aqui obtidos indicaram que tamb&#233;m houve melhorias da capacidade de trabalho subm&#225;ximo nos pacientes que se exercitaram, expressa pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre FC e a carga de esfor&#231;o no cicloerg&#244;metro. O fato de o teste ter sido realizado em cicloerg&#244;metro, adotando-se a inclina&#231;&#227;o da curva de regress&#227;o entre freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e trabalho como indicadora da melhoria da condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bia, diminui a possibilidade dos efeitos positivos terem decorrido de diminui&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal. Outra hip&#243;tese que n&#227;o se deve descartar seria a influ&#234;ncia da melhora na efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica de pedalada nos resultados obtidos. Contudo, conv&#233;m destacar que o treinamento foi realizado em caminhadas. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes eram avaliados a cada dois meses. Deste modo, os efeitos que poderiam ser associados &#224; melhoria da efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica, provavelmente, tenderiam a ocorrer de forma precoce. Ora, nos primeiros dois meses n&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos controle e experimental, nem para a compara&#231;&#227;o intragrupo. </p>
    <p>McArdle e cols.<sup>29</sup> relataram que a varia&#231;&#227;o na efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica entre indiv&#237;duos, em caminhadas e/ou ciclismo estacion&#225;rio, n&#227;o costuma ser superior a 6% e &#197;strand<sup>30</sup>, demonstrou que a efici&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica de indiv&#237;duos jovens e idosos em cicloerg&#244;metro &#233; similar, podendo ser relevada em termos pr&#225;ticos, o que diminui a possibilidade de variabilidade do efeito interveniente da vari&#225;vel na amostra. Assim, torna-se remota a possibilidade de os resultados referentes &#224; raz&#227;o carga-FC, observados ao longo de quatro meses, tenham sofrido influ&#234;ncia significativa dessa vari&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>Diversos estudos identificaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa significativa entre exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e a PA ou risco de HA<sup>7,12,31-35</sup>. De acordo com o <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic><sup>9</sup>, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o treinamento com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios acarretaria, em m&#233;dio e longo prazos, uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 10 mmHg nas press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. Ishikawa e cols.<sup>36</sup> estudaram 109 pacientes sedent&#225;rios e hipertensos, submetidos a um programa de exerc&#237;cios de leve intensidade durante 8 semanas, com a combina&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios exerc&#237;cios. Petrella<sup>37</sup> analisou 39 estudos, propondo caminhadas com intensidade moderada como complemento ao tratamento de hipertensos e encontraram redu&#231;&#227;o de 13 a 18 mmHg nas press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. Apesar de termos obtido decl&#237;nio da PA, n&#227;o alcan&#231;amos tal magnitude. No presente estudo, o decl&#237;nio tensional foi de 6 mmHg para PAS e 9 mmHg para a PAD, inferior ao relatado na literatura. A car&#234;ncia de um controle mais efetivo da freq&#252;&#234;ncia, intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o das atividades ajuda a explicar esta discrep&#226;ncia, mas sem condi&#231;&#245;es de comprov&#225;-la no momento. O per&#237;odo observado foi curto e pode-se especular que efeitos poderiam ocorrer com a continuidade do programa. Por outro lado, deve-se lembrar que essa redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; negligenci&#225;vel, considerando-se as caracter&#237;sticas do programa conduzido e o fato de a maior parte dos pacientes encontrarem-se no 1&#186; est&#225;gio de HA. </p>
    <p>Muitos autores afirmam que exerc&#237;cios com altas intensidades n&#227;o parecem necess&#225;rios para que sejam obtidos benef&#237;cios na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA e diminui&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade e que exerc&#237;cios de baixa intensidade seriam t&#227;o ou mais eficazes na atenua&#231;&#227;o da HA quanto aqueles com intensidade elevada<sup>10,11</sup>. Fagard<sup>10 </sup>demonstrou, atrav&#233;s de meta-an&#225;lise, que atividades f&#237;sicas de car&#225;ter aer&#243;bio com intensidade leve a moderada (40-70% do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio ou 60-80% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima), realizadas no m&#237;nimo tr&#234;s vezes por semana, teriam potencial de influenciar positivamente o perfil tensional de hipertensos. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios necess&#225;rios para a obten&#231;&#227;o de alguma resposta na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, Fagard e Tipton<sup>38</sup> sugerem que somente ap&#243;s um prazo de tr&#234;s semanas a tr&#234;s meses poderia ser observada, como resultado de treinamento f&#237;sico, uma redu&#231;&#227;o na PA. Na maior parte dos casos, os efeitos do treinamento dar-se-iam ap&#243;s 10 semanas e, ap&#243;s 9 meses de treinamento, o exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o seria capaz de induzir redu&#231;&#245;es adicionais na press&#227;o. Em contrapartida, Hagberg e cols.<sup>39</sup> relataram que hipertensos idosos, que conseguiram reduzir significativamente sua PA com 3 meses de treinamento de intensidade moderada, a reduziam ainda mais com um per&#237;odo adicional de 6 meses. Quando observadas as vari&#225;veis de PA ao longo das avalia&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo, encontramos redu&#231;&#245;es significativas. Um per&#237;odo maior de acompanhamento seria necess&#225;rio para verificar se o presente modelo de prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio levaria a resultados que corroborassem a opini&#227;o de Fagard e Tipton<sup>38</sup>. </p>
    <p>&#201; interessante notar, por&#233;m, que geralmente os estudos dispon&#237;veis, associando exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e HA, dizem respeito a atividades formalmente ministradas em programas supervisionados. S&#227;o raras an&#225;lises voltadas para programas dom&#233;sticos e n&#227;o-supervisionados. A escassez poderia ser, em parte, explicada pela evas&#227;o amostral (da ordem de 50-90%) associada a programas para esse tipo de paciente, especialmente em programas n&#227;o supervisionados<sup>15,40</sup>. Andrew e cols.<sup>40</sup> destacaram tr&#234;s grandes categorias de raz&#245;es para esta baixa ades&#227;o: facilidade de acesso &#224; pr&#225;tica da atividade, percep&#231;&#227;o da utilidade do programa e aspectos ligados aos modos de vida familiares. Smith e cols.<sup>15</sup> valeram-se de uma estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o supervisonada, na qual a prescri&#231;&#227;o era enviada aos participantes pelos correios junto com folhetos informativos sobre a import&#226;ncia e a natureza dos exerc&#237;cios indicados. Os resultados revelaram um aumento moderado do n&#237;vel de atividades f&#237;sicas di&#225;rias, mas os autores conclu&#237;ram que, por si s&#243;, a prescri&#231;&#227;o era in&#243;cua. Observou-se que nas primeiras 10 semanas do estudo, j&#225; houve registros de evas&#227;o. Ap&#243;s 7 meses, mais de 40 dos aproximadamente 400 pacientes iniciais haviam abandonado o programa, por raz&#245;es variadas. Em que pesem as diferen&#231;as marcantes entre esse programa e o aqui proposto, de mais dif&#237;cil consecu&#231;&#227;o por exigir a presen&#231;a f&#237;sica dos participantes para as avalia&#231;&#245;es, parece-nos claro que a ades&#227;o constitui um problema a ser considerado em nosso estudo. Neste sentido Mocellin<sup>41</sup> estudou as raz&#245;es pelas quais os pacientes permaneciam ou se evadiam do programa, tendo como motivos mais salientados a aus&#234;ncia de local adequado na cl&#237;nica para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios, poucos hor&#225;rios de atendimento com os educadores f&#237;sicos e a monotonia da repeti&#231;&#227;o dos testes de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e condicionamento f&#237;sico. </p>
    <p>Em suma, assumindo as limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo e imaginando que os efeitos observados possam ser atribu&#237;dos ao programa administrado, parece que houve repercuss&#227;o positiva sobre quase todas as vari&#225;veis observadas. Foi poss&#237;vel identificar mudan&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na press&#227;o arterial e aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica em um per&#237;odo de quatro meses, portanto, relativamente curto. N&#227;o se sabe, por&#233;m, se esses efeitos positivos continuariam a ocorrer ao se manter o modelo de prescri&#231;&#227;o por per&#237;odos mais longos. Estudos adicionais devem ser conduzidos para testar esta hip&#243;tese, estabelecendo os limites da efic&#225;cia de um programa extra-muros de exerc&#237;cio e o momento em que atividades supervisionadas, com controle mais estrito das cargas de treinamento, deveriam ser inclu&#237;das na rotina do paciente a fim de se manter um efeito continuado do treinamento. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao CNPq, na forma de Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa, processo n&#186; 300724/00-0.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Paulo de Tarso Veras Farinatti </p>
        <p> Laborat&#243;rio de Atividade F&#237;sica e Promo&#231;&#227;o de Sa&#250;de </p>
        <p> R. S&#227;o Francisco Xavier, 524 Sala 8133-F </p>
        <p> 20550-013 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="farinatt@uerj.br">farinatt@uerj.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 25/05/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 01/12/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Cornoni-Huntley J, La Croix AZ, Havlik RJ.    Race and sex differentials in the impact of hypertension in the United States:    The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I, epydemiologic follow    up study. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:780-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Race and sex differentials in the impact of hypertension in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I, epydemiologic follow up study</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>780</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cornoni-Huntley</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>La</surname>
              <given-names>Croix AZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Havlik</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Impact    of High-Normal Blood Pressure on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl    J Med. 2001;345:1291-7. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Impact of High-Normal Blood Pressure on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1291</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>345</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vasan</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leip</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN. Characteristics of Patients    with Uncontrolled Hypertension in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:479-86.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Characteristics of Patients with Uncontrolled Hypertension in the United States</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>479</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
          <volume>345</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hyman</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pavlik</surname>
              <given-names>VN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Lessa I. Estudos brasileiros sobre a epidemiologia    da hipertens&#227;o arterial: an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica dos estudos de    preval&#234;ncia. Informe Epidemiol&#243;gico do SUS/Funda&#231;&#227;o    Nacional de Sa&#250;de. 1993;3:59-75. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Estudos brasileiros sobre a epidemiologia da hipertens&#227;o arterial: an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica dos estudos de preval&#234;ncia</article-title>
          <source>Informe Epidemiol&#243;gico do SUS/Funda&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>59</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lessa</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection,    Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The seventh report of the    Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment    of High Blood Pressure. Arch Internal Med. 2003;3:1-34. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure</article-title>
          <source>Arch Internal Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <volume>3</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Lee I,    Jung DL, Kampert JB. The association of changes in physical-activity level and    other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:538-45.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>538</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <volume>328</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paffenbarger</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hyde</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wing</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jung</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kampert</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Gullette ECD, Babyak    M. Exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in men and women with mild    hypertension. Effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, and hemodynamic functioning.    Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1947-58. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in men and women with mild hypertension: Effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, and hemodynamic functioning</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1947</fpage>
          <lpage>58</lpage>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blumenthal</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sherwood</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gullette</surname>
              <given-names>ECD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Babyak</surname>
              <given-names>M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Andersen LB, Schnohr P, Schroll M, Hein HO.    All cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work,    sports, and cycling to work. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1621-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>All cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1621</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andersen</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schnohr</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schroll</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hein</surname>
              <given-names>HO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 6 ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, 2000.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Fagard RH. Exercise Characteristics and the    blood pressure response to dynamic physical training. Med Sci Sports Exerc.    2001;33:484-92. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exercise Characteristics and the blood pressure response to dynamic physical training</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>484</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fagard</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Moreira WD, Fuchs FD, Ribeiro JP, Appel LJ.    The effects of two aerobic training intensities on ambulatory blood pressure    in hypertensive patients: Results of a randomized trial. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52:637-42.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The effects of two aerobic training intensities on ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients: Results of a randomized trial</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Epidemiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>637</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuchs</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appel</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Cox KL, Puddey IB, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Morton    AR, Bettridge HF. Determinants of change in blood pressure during S.W.E.A.T.:    the sedentary women exercise adherence trial. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1996;23:567-9.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Determinants of change in blood pressure during S. W.E.A.T.: the sedentary women exercise adherence trial</article-title>
          <source>Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>567</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cox</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puddey</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burke</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beilin</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morton</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bettridge</surname>
              <given-names>HF.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Bar-Eli M. External conditions and disposition    behavior as determinants of perceived personal causation among exercise adherence    and non-adherence. Sports Science. 1996;14:433-44. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>External conditions and disposition behavior as determinants of perceived personal causation among exercise adherence and non-adherence</article-title>
          <source>Sports Science.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>433</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bar-Eli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Biddle S, Mutrie N. Psychology of physical    activity and exercise. London: Springer-Verlag, 1991. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Psychology of physical activity and exercise</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Biddle</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mutrie</surname>
              <given-names>N.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Smith BJ, Bauman AE, Bull FC, Booth ML, Harris    MF. Promotion physical activity in general practice: a controlled trial of written    advice and information materials. Br J Sports Med. 2000;34:262-7. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Promotion physical activity in general practice: a controlled trial of written advice and information materials</article-title>
          <source>Br J Sports Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>262</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauman</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bull</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Booth</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harris</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Jackson AS, Pollock ML. Generalized equations    for predicting body density for men. Br J Nutr. 1978;40:497-504. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Generalized equations for predicting body density for men</article-title>
          <source>Br J Nutr.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>497</fpage>
          <lpage>504</lpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jackson</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pollock</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Ward A. Generalized    equations for predicting body density for women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1980;12:274-7.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Generalized equations for predicting body density for women</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>274</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jackson</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pollock</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ward</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Siri AW. Body composition from fluid spaces    and density: Analysis of methods. In: Brozek J, Hanschel A, eds. Techniques    for Measuring Body Composition. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences/National    Research Council, 1961:223-44. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Techniques for Measuring Body Composition</source>
          <date>
            <year>1961</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>223</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siri</surname>
              <given-names>AW.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brozek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanschel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Wells KF, Dillon EK. The sit-and-reach -    A test of back and leg flexibility. Res Quart. 1952;23:115-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The sit-and-reach - A test of back and leg flexibility</article-title>
          <source>Res Quart.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1952</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>115</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wells</surname>
              <given-names>KF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dillon</surname>
              <given-names>EK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Steffen PR, Sherwood A, Gullette ECD, Georgiades    A, Hinderliter A, Blumenthal JA. Effects of exercise and weight loss on blood    pressure during daily life. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2001;33:1635-40. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of exercise and weight loss on blood pressure during daily life</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci. Sports Exerc.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1635</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steffen</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sherwood</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gullette</surname>
              <given-names>ECD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Georgiades</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hinderliter</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blumenthal</surname>
              <given-names>JA.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Ross R, Janssen I. Physical activity, total    and regional obesity: dose-response consideration. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:521-7.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Physical activity, total and regional obesity: dose-response consideration</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>521</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Janssen</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Ito H, Nakasuga K, Ohshima A, et al. Detection    of cardiovascular risk factors by indices of obesity obtained from anthropometry    and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Japanese individuals. Int J Obes Relat    Metab Disord. 2003;27:232-7 </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Detection of cardiovascular risk factors by indices of obesity obtained from anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Japanese individuals</article-title>
          <source>Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>232</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ito</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakasuga</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohshima</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Ledoux M, Lambert J, Reeder BA, Despr&#233;s    JP. Correlation between cardiovascular disease risk factors and simple anthropometric    measures. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group. Can Med Assoc J. 1997;157:46-53.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Correlation between cardiovascular disease risk factors and simple anthropometric measures: Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group</article-title>
          <source>Can Med Assoc J.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>46</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <volume>157</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ledoux</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lambert</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reeder</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Despr&#233;s</surname>
              <given-names>JP.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Melendez GV, Kac G, Valente JG, Tavares R,    Silva CQ, Garcia ES. Evaluation of waist circumference to predict general obesity    and arterial hypertension in women in Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Brazil.    Cad Sa&#250;de Publ. 2002;18:765-71. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evaluation of waist circumference to predict general obesity and arterial hypertension in women in Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Cad Sa&#250;de Publ.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>765</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Melendez</surname>
              <given-names>GV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kac</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valente</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Despres JP, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ, Tremblay    A, Nadeau A, Bouchard C. Regional fat distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins,    and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis. 1990;10:497-511. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Regional fat distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Arteriosclerosis.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>497</fpage>
          <lpage>511</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Despres</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moorjani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lupien</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tremblay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nadeau</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouchard</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Cleroux J, Feldman RD, Petrella RJ. Lifestyle    modifications to prevent and control hypertension. Recommendations on physical    exercise training. Can Med Assoc J. 1999; 160: 521-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension: Recommendations on physical exercise training</article-title>
          <source>Can Med Assoc J.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>521</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cleroux</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petrella</surname>
              <given-names>RJ.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M. Changes    in physical activity, mortality, and incidence of coronary heart disease in    older men. Lancet. 1998;351:1603-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Changes in physical activity, mortality, and incidence of coronary heart disease in older men</article-title>
          <source>Lancet.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1603</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>351</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wannamethee</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaper</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walker</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Lee I, Skerrett P. Physical activity and    all-cause mortality: what is the dose-response relation? Med Sci Sports Exerc.    2001;33:459-71. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Physical activity and all-cause mortality: what is the dose-response relation?</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>459</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skerrett</surname>
              <given-names>P.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise    Physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance. 5th ed. Lippincott Willians    and Wilkins Publishers. 2001. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Exercise Physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McArdle</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katch</surname>
              <given-names>FI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katch</surname>
              <given-names>VL.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. &#197;strand PO, Rodhal K. Textbook of work    physiology: physiological bases of exercise. 4th ed. Human Kinetics Publisher.    2003. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Textbook of work physiology: physiological bases of exercise</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>&#197;strand</surname>
              <given-names>PO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodhal</surname>
              <given-names>K.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Tipton CM. Exercise, training and hypertension:    In: Terjung R, ed. Exercise and Sport Science Reviews 12. Lexington: DC Health,    1984; 245-306. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Exercise and Sport Science Reviews 12</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>245</fpage>
          <lpage>306</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tipton</surname>
              <given-names>CM.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Terjung</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Cononie CC, Graves JE, Pollock ML, Phillips    MI, Sumners C, Hagberg JM. Effect of exercise training on blood pressure in    70-79 year old men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23:505-11. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of exercise training on blood pressure in 70-79 year old men and women</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>505</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cononie</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graves</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pollock</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phillips</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sumners</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagberg</surname>
              <given-names>JM.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Blair SN, et al. Statement    on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for    all Americans. A statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise    and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart    Association. Circulation. 1996;94:857-62. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. A statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>857</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balady</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blair</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Georgiades A, Sherwood A, Gullette EC, et    al. Effects of exercise and weight loss on mental stress-induced cardiovascular    responses in individuals with high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2000;36:171-6.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of exercise and weight loss on mental stress-induced cardiovascular responses in individuals with high blood pressure</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>171</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Georgiades</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sherwood</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gullette</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Moreau KL, Degarmo R, Langley J, et al. Increasing    daily walking lowers blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports    Exerc. 2001;33:1825-31. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Increasing daily walking lowers blood pressure in postmenopausal women</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc.</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1825</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreau</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Degarmo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Langley</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Ishikawa K, Ohta T, Zhang J, Hashimoto S,    Tanaka H. Influence of age and gender on exercise training-induced blood pressure    reduction in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:192-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Influence of age and gender on exercise training-induced blood pressure reduction in systemic hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>192</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ishikawa</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohta</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hashimoto</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tanaka</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Petrella RJ. How effective is exercise training    for treatment of hypertension? Clin J Sport Med. 1998;8:224-31. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>How effective is exercise training for treatment of hypertension?</article-title>
          <source>Clin J Sport Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>224</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Petrella</surname>
              <given-names>RJ.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>38. Fagard RH, Tipton CM. Physical activity,    fitness and hypertension. In: Bouchard C, et al. Physical Activity, Fitness    and Health. International Proceedings and Consensus Statment Champaign: Human    Kinetics, 1994:633-55. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Physical Activity, Fitness and Health: International Proceedings and Consensus Statment Champaign</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>633</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fagard</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tipton</surname>
              <given-names>CM.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouchard</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <mixed-citation>39. Hagberg JM, Montain SJ, Martin WH 3rd, Ehsani    AA. Effect of exercise training in 60- to 69-year-old persons with essential    hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64: 348-53. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of exercise training in 60- to 69-year-old persons with essential hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>348</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hagberg</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montain</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>WH 3rd</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ehsani</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <mixed-citation>40. Andrew GM, Oldridge NB, Parker JO, et al.    Reasons for dropout from exercise programs in post-coronary patients. Med Sci    Sports Exerc. 1981;13:164-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reasons for dropout from exercise programs in post-coronary patients</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>164</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrew</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oldridge</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parker</surname>
              <given-names>JO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <mixed-citation>41. Mocellin A. Fatores determinantes da ades&#227;o    e evas&#227;o de um programa de exerc&#237;cios extra-muros para hipertensos.    Mem&#243;ria de Licenciatura. Rio de Janeiro: UERJ, 2002. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Fatores determinantes da ades&#227;o e evas&#227;o de um programa de exerc&#237;cios extra-muros para hipertensos: Mem&#243;ria de Licenciatura</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mocellin</surname>
              <given-names>A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Home exercise program: short term effects on physical aptitude and blood pressure in hypertensive individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of a four-month-unsupervised-exercise program performed at home on the blood pressure (BP) and physical performance in hypertensive adults. METHODS: A target group with 26 men and 52 women, and a control group with 9 men and 7 women were observed, with ages ranging from 25 to 77 years old. The target group underwent a home exercise program, basically with aerobic activity (60-80% of the estimated maximum heart rate for the age, 30min of walking at least 3 times a week), in addition to the flexibility exercises. Guidelines on the control chart and variables that could influence the treatment were given at each assessment. Patients were followed-up for four months, with assessments every 2 months observing: BP at rest; body weight, waist-hip ratio (W/HR), body fat percentage (%F), sum of skinfold measurements (SM) and central-peripheral skinfold ratio (C/P); trunk flexibility (TF); heart rate and workload ratio during submaximal test in cycle ergometer (HR/W), represented by the regression curve inclination between both (a). RESULTS: The target group demonstrated significant alterations in weight (-3.7 kg), WHR (-0.03), SM (-12 mm), %F (-4.4%), TF (+2.3 cm), HR/W (-0.02) and BP (-6 and -9 mmHg for systolic and diastolic pressure respectively). The control group presented small weight alterations (+1.3 Kg) and %F (+1.7%). CONCLUSION: Unsupervised exercise home programs, even in short term, may present positive effects on the blood pressure and physical performance in hypertensive individuals.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Health</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular disease</kwd>
        <kwd>physical activity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Home exercise program: short term effects on physical aptitude and blood pressure in hypertensive individuals</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo de Tarso Veras Farinatti; Ricardo Brand&#227;o de Oliveira; Vivian Liane Mattos Pinto; Walace David Monteiro; Em&#237;lio Francischetti </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Total-Care/Botafogo/RJ Grupo Amil and Universidade Gama Filho - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To observe the influence of a four-month-unsupervised-exercise program performed at home on the blood pressure (BP) and physical performance in hypertensive adults.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A target group with 26 men and 52 women, and a control group with 9 men and 7 women were observed, with ages ranging from 25 to 77 years old. The target group underwent a home exercise program, basically with aerobic activity (60-80% of the estimated maximum heart rate for the age, 30min of walking at least 3 times a week), in addition to the flexibility exercises. Guidelines on the control chart and variables that could influence the treatment were given at each assessment. Patients were followed-up for four months, with assessments every 2 months observing: BP at rest; body weight, waist-hip ratio (W/HR), body fat percentage (%F), sum of skinfold measurements (SM) and central-peripheral skinfold ratio (C/P); trunk flexibility (TF); heart rate and workload ratio during submaximal test in cycle ergometer (HR/W), represented by the regression curve inclination between both (a).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The target group demonstrated significant alterations in weight (-3.7 kg), WHR (-0.03), SM (-12 mm), %F (-4.4%), TF </p>
      <p> (+2.3 cm), HR/W (-0.02) and BP (-6 and -9 mmHg for systolic and diastolic pressure respectively). The control group presented small weight alterations (+1.3 Kg) and %F (+1.7%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Unsupervised exercise home programs, even in short term, may present positive effects on the blood pressure and physical performance in hypertensive individuals. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Health, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, physical activity </p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension (AH) is a morbid condition present in the majority of adults, highly associated with cardiovascular diseases<sup>1,2</sup>. In the United States it is estimated that 27% of the adult population is affected by hypertension, only one fourth with controlled pressure levels<sup>3</sup>. In Brazil, arterial hypertension may be the most prevalent diseased in several regions, being the major cause of disability retirement, and accounting for 40% of the death<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>There are several strategies of intervention to provide treatment for AH, such as changes in life style, dietary habits, and increase in physical activity<sup>5</sup>. Concerning physical activity, epidemiologic studies have identified inverse association between its regular practice and the incidence or risk for developing AH<sup>6-8</sup>. There are evidences that practicing aerobic exercises leads to a decrease in systolic and diastolic pressure in medium and long term<sup> 7,9,10</sup>. Thus, exercise recommendation may be an important therapeutic strategy for hypertensive individuals. </p>
      <p>There are data suggesting that even low-intensity exercises are able to induce blood pressure (BP) reduction in hypertensive individuals<sup>10</sup>. In fact, there are studies in which programs with intensity of approximately 20% of maximal workload on a cycle ergometer have been demonstrated to be effective in this sense<sup>11</sup>. Thus, it opens a new perspective for the use of unsupervised programs that do not need strict control of effort intensity, and that can have effect on the pressure levels of individuals with AH. Unsupervised programs are those where individuals perform their exercise outside formal places, such as hospitals, clinics, gyms or others, which means no supervision of an expert. Although the effects of the training cannot be controlled as accurately as the supervised programs, incorporating a physical activity as a long-term habit seems to be more likely to occur<sup>12,13</sup>. </p>
      <p>Commenting on these kinds of programs, Bar-Eli<sup>13</sup> states that attributions such as freedom, choice and responsibility on the activity, through strategies, such as self-monitoring the exercise, increase the adherence of the patient with physical activity programs. Programs that enable certain flexibility in their schedule have greater adherence, because individuals usually do not have all their time organized <sup>12,14</sup>. Thus, when traditional exercise training is not given, a program that presents a favorable cost/benefit ratio encompassing a greater number of patients is chosen. </p>
      <p>The characteristics of this type of program is similar to the guidelines desired for public health strategies regarding physical exercise, once it requires significantly less human and material resources, encouraging the patients' autonomy in exercise practice, the possibility to achieve great population segments with low- cost programs tends to be greater than the regular supervised programs. However, a literature review reveals a lack of studies on the use of unsupervised exercise programs as a helping intervention strategy in the treatment of hypertension. We were only able to find one study whose approach was similar to ours<sup>15</sup>. Thus, the objective of the present study was to test the influence of a 4-month-unsupervised-home-exercise-program on blood pressure, anthropometric measures, sub maximal work ability and flexibility in hypertensive individuals. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-six men and 52 women, with ages raging from 25 to 77 (mean = 52 &#177; 12 years) were assessed, they were all classified as hypertensive according to the last report of the <italic>Joint National Committee</italic><sup>5</sup>. The selection of the patients was conducted between 1999 and 2001, with no restrictions related to the beginning of the experimental procedures. We have excluded: a) patients with musculoskeletal and joint disorders or metabolic problems that limited or contraindicated the practice of programmed exercises; b) history of infarction for at least 2 years and unstable angina; c) systolic and diastolic hypertensive response in maximum effort test; d) ischemic response in maximum effort test; e) taking part in other regular exercise programs; f) history of renal failure (creatinine &gt; 1.5); g) history of anemia (Hb &lt; 10 g/dl); h) increase in the dose or change in the class of used medication during the observed period; i) attending to, at least, 75% of the sessions predicted by the program. All the patients were volunteers and gave their written consent according to the Resolution 196/96 of Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de (National Health Council) for human experiments. The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Institution. </p>
      <p>A group of 16 patients that performed the first evaluation, and declined the exercise program for personal reasons (lack of time, safety, etc) for no clinical reasons, was selected to be the control group compared to the experimental one. The control group was formed by 9 men and 7 women, with ages ranging from 32 and 64 (mean = 48 &#177; 9 years) and the measures of physical aptitude variables and of BP were conducted with an invitation to return to the program. After we were sure they had not taken part in any regular physical activity program during the 4 month interval, the tests were conducted enabling the comparison between the control and experimental group in 2 consecutive evaluations. </p>
      <p>Assessment of the individuals encompassed: checking BP at rest; anthropometric assessment (body weight, height, hip-waist ratio, and skinfold measurements); measure of trunk flexibility; cardiorespiratory performance measure in sub maximal effort test performed on the cycle ergometer. </p>
      <p>To obtain the fat percentage, we used the skinfold measurements method, measuring the chest diagonal fold, triceps, sub scapular, abdominal, supra iliac, thigh and leg, with a <italic>Lange<sup>&#174;</sup></italic> compass (EUA). In addition to fat percentage total adding of the skinfold measure was performed. The equation used for calculation of body density was that of Jackson and Pollock<sup>16</sup> for men and Jackson and cols.<sup>17</sup> for women. After body density calculation, fat percentage was estimated using Siri equation<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Flexibility was measured for the movement of anterior trunk and hips using the Sit and Reach test by Wells and Dillon<sup>19</sup>. In the test, patients were sitting with their knees stretched in front of a bench 45cm long and 35cm wide. They were asked to push a piece of wood placed 23 cm away from the bench, through anterior trunk flexion. The measure was written in centimeters according to the maximum reach point. Finally, to assess cardiorespiratory capacity, three-phase submaximal test was used, with the help of a cycle ergometer with mechanic brake by Monark<sup>&#174;</sup> (Brazil). Due to the use of medication that could alter the cardiac frequency response, which would limit the validity of predictive equations of maximum VO<sub>2</sub>, test was used to determine the ratio between load and heart rate (HR). The protocol was to apply three loads of 3 minutes, recording HR in the end of each stage. To determine cardiorespiratory capacity, regression curve was traced between the load and HR during the test. Evolvement of the results was obtained by the comparison between the inclination (a) of the curves obtained in the several assessments. </p>
      <p>Reliability of the examiners of the study regarding the tests performed was determined by the test-retest method in 12 patients with ages between 19 and 40 years old, in the laboratory. Measures were performed with 2 days of interval and the examiner was not aware of the measure taken by other examiner. All the examiners applied the tests in all the voluntaries. Reproducibility of the measures was tested by the intraclass correlation coefficient, for agreement between intraobservers and interobservers. Results obtained for interclass and intraclass coefficients were: 0.74 and 0.78 (a for HR/W ratio); 0.78 and 0.82 (sum of skinfold); 0.78 and 0.80 (DBP); 0.84 and 0.86 (SBP); 0.90 and 0.90 (W/HR); 0.90 and 0.94 (Sit and Reach test). </p>
      <p>The current study is part of a multidisciplinary Project involving Professional of several health areas. In the study, hypertensive patients underwent a mild to moderate basically aerobic unsupervised exercise program (60-80% of maximum estimated HR for the age), at least 3 times a week lasting 30 min each section, together with static exercises of flexibility performed 3 times a week. Individuals were followed-up for a period of 4 months to evaluate the influence of the program on blood pressure and physical performance variables. </p>
      <p>When they arrived in the clinics, patients performed all tests in one section in the following order: weight, height, blood pressure at rest (sitting position), anthropometry, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory capacity. Next, they received guidance regarding control of walk intensity (assessed by HR in radial pulse), its duration and frequency. The correct performance of exercises and stretching was also explained and practiced. Finally, detailed instructions were given on filling up the control of intensity and physical activity frequency chart, with sessions predicted to last 30 minutes. Every 2 months patients were reassessed to follow-up and to adapt load to their new training conditions, as well as to observe the proper use of medications according to the prescription of the cardiologists of the service. All patients were receiving optimal medication following the guidelines of the <italic>Joint National Committee</italic><sup>5</sup>. Anti hypertensive agents were: diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. </p>
      <p>Intraclass differences (experimental group and control group taken isolated) and interclass differences (control group x experimental group) were assessed for a 4-month-period, using two-way-repeated-measure ANOVA. Analysis was completed by Scheff&#233;'s <italic>post-hoc </italic>analysis. A 5% significance level for type I error was established. Calculations were performed with the help of the <italic>software statistics 6.0 by Statsoft</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> (USA). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Adverse events during the study and negative cardiovascular outcomes in the period observed did not occur. In absolute values, evasion observed between the 1<sup>st</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> month was 22%. Regarding the individuals included in the study, mean frequency of the performance of sessions predicted (walking and flexibility exercises) was 81%, using as a bases indication of 3 week sessions. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a08fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a08fig02-body2">2</xref> demonstrate mean value of variables observed, obtained for the control and experimental groups in the first 4 months of the study, together with the results from two-way-repeated measures ANOVA. Significant differences did not occur for none of the variables assessed, in the 1<sup>st</sup> assessment considered as baseline for the study. Regarding reassessments, the control group demonstrated significant alterations for weight and %F, both slightly increased (p&lt;0.05). For the experimental group, although the differences were identified as soon as the 2nd month of the exercise program, they occurred mainly in the 3rd assessment. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a08fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0473-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a08fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0473-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>After the program started, comparison between the individuals taking part of the program and those in the control group demonstrated advantage for the first group. The experimental group presented favorable alterations in the variables: weight (-3.7 kg), sum of skinfold measure (-12 mm), fat percentage (-4.4%), waist-to-hip ratio (-0.03), flexibility (+2.3 cm), work-heart rate ratio (a) (-0.02) and BP, (-6 and -9 mmHg for systolic and diastolic pressure respectively). The control group presented small alterations for weight (+1.3 Kg) and fat percentage (+1.7%). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The current study tried to assess the impact of a 4-month-unsupervised exercise program on blood pressure and variables associated with physical aptitude in hypertensive patients. Some limitation to design the methodology must be mentioned: 1) patients assessed were not randomized and the control group did not receive placebo. At first, this could be done considering different exercise intensity however; we chose not to do it based on the already reduced intensity adopted in the prescription and the undefined dose-response ratio between aerobic exercise and blood pressure in hypertensive patients, according to studies<sup>10,11</sup>. Assessment of BP should be ideally performed using techniques avoiding biases, such as ambulatory monitoring (AMBP) which was not possible. However, reproducibility of the BP measures was tested on the examiners taking part on the study. The magnitude of ICC demonstrated that measure errors were not severely affecting the results obtained. Another aspect is that the control group did not undergo the same routine of clinical follow-up than that of the experimental group. Although this could have been a factor leading to differences, the only differences between the groups were that the control group did not follow the recommended routine of exercises because of personal reasons. Clinical follow-up in the period observed (two reassessments) was similar to that of the experimental group. </p>
      <p>Results obtained for absolute values and evolvement of variables observed were similar to those of previous studies with supervised programs. Regarding body weight for instance, several authors reported the positive effects of its reduction to manage AH<sup>9,20,21</sup>. According to the report of the <italic>Joint National Committee</italic><sup>5</sup>, a 10 kg reduction on weight would have a significant impact (-5 to 20 mmHg) on BP, in overweight people and patients with hypertension. Additionally, the reducing effect of antihypertensive agents would tend to increase, and the risk for diabetes and dyslipidemia would tend to decrease. Ross and Janssen<sup>21</sup>, stressed the direct ratio between the volume of physical activities and body weight reduction and stated that the reduction of weight would be greater in the first weeks of follow-up, since then the programs have little or none influence on total body weight. Results obtained in this study show positive effects, from the unsupervised program of exercises on body weight. However, the medication taken by patients was not strictly controlled, which would have been important since some drugs such as beta blockers may interfere in weight loss. However, one of the exclusion criteria of the study took into consideration some changes in class or dosage of drugs in the period. Although this strategy does not solve completely the chance of difference of this variable on weight loss, it probably reduces significantly the risk of distortions. </p>
      <p>Evidence strongly suggests that an unequal distribution of body fat around the abdomen would be related to the development of chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases<sup>5</sup>. Ito and cols.<sup>22</sup> suggested that W/HR could be a complementary index to assess obesity and risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic disease, with greater association with these factors than quantitative measures of body fat. Ledoux and cols.<sup>23</sup> considered that abdominal fat could be used as an indicator of AH probability confirmed by Melendez and cols.<sup>24</sup> in women from the city of Belo Horizonte. Central fat was a reliable predictor of obesity and AH in the population observed. Data indicate that our program may improve W/HR. Likewise; there was a tendency to decrease F% and skinfold measure. These results seem to corroborate those from the literature, regarding the effects of exercise in the quantitative and regional distribution of fat<sup>5,9,25</sup>. </p>
      <p>A good joint mobility is important for every day activities, with relatively short adaptation period after specific trainning<sup>9</sup>. Results obtained demonstrated rapid improvement of trunk flexibility in the study period. </p>
      <p>Regarding cardiorespiratory capacity, there are several studies demonstrating improvement on the cardiorespiratory condition in hypertensive patients performing exercise programs similar to those of this study<sup>26-28</sup>. Results obtained here also indicated improvement in the submaximal work capacity in patients exercising, expressed by the ratio of HR and workload effort in the cycle ergometer. Because this test was performed in the cycle ergometer adopting the inclination of the regression curve between heart rate and workload as indicator of improvement of aerobic condition, the possibility that the positive effects were related to the loss of body weight, is decreased. Another hypothesis that should not be discharged is the influence of improvement in the cycling efficiency in the results obtained. However, we have to stress that the exercises were mainly walking training additionally, patients were assessed every two months. Thus, the effects that could be associated to the improvement of mechanic efficacy would tend to occur early. In the first 2 months significant differences between the control and experimental groups did not occur not even for intraclass comparison. </p>
      <p>McArdle e cols.<sup>29</sup> reported that the variation in mechanic efficiency between the individuals in walking and/or cycling is not greater than 6% and &#197;strand<sup>30</sup>, demonstrated that the mechanic efficiency of young and elderly individuals in cycle ergometer is similar, decreasing the possibility of variability of the different effect of the variable in the sample. Thus, the possibility that the results referring to load-HR ratio over four months were significantly influenced by this variable is remote. </p>
      <p>Several studies identified an inverse significant association between the physical exercise and BP or risk of AH<sup>7,12,31-35</sup>. According to the <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic><sup>9</sup>, there are evidences that the training with aerobic exercises would lead to a middle and long-term mean reduction of 10 mmHg in systolic and diastolic pressures. Ishikawa and cols.<sup>36</sup> studied 109 sedentary and hypertensive patients, undergoing a mild exercise program for 8 weeks, with several combined exercises. Petrella<sup>37</sup> assessed 39 studies, recommending moderate walking to complement the treatment of hypertensive patients and they found a 13 to 18 mmHg reduction in systolic and diastolic pressure. Although we have obtained a BP decrease, we have not reached that much. In the present study, decrease of BP was 6 mmHg for SBP and 9 mmHg for DBP, inferior to that reported in the literature. The lack of a more effective control of frequency, intensity and duration of activities help to explain this difference, however, without being able to prove it for the time being. The period observed was short and it may be predicted that effects may occur with the continuity of the program. On the other hand, this reduction cannot be neglected, considering the characteristics of the conducted program and that most patients were in the 1st stage of BP. </p>
      <p>Many authors stated that high intensity exercises do not seem to be necessary to obtain benefits in reducing BP or decreasing mortality and morbidity rate, and that low intensity exercises are as efficient or even more efficient in the reduction of AH as those with increased intensity <sup>10,11</sup>. Fagard<sup>10 </sup>demonstrated, through meta-analysis that mild to moderate aerobic physical activities (40-70% of the maximum consumption of oxygen or 60-80% of the maximum heart rate), performed at least 3 times a week would have the potential to positively influence the blood pressure profile of hypertensive patients. </p>
      <p>Regarding the duration of aerobic exercises necessary for obtaining some response in BP reduction, Fagard and Tipton<sup>38</sup> suggest that only after 3 weeks to 3 months a reduction in BP could be observed as a result of physical training. In most cases, the effects of training would occur after 10 weeks, and after 9 months of training, exercise would not be able to induce additional reductions to pressure. On the other hand, Hagberg and cols.<sup>39</sup> reported that elder hypertensive patients were able to significantly reduce their BP with 3 months of moderate training, and that it would be even more reduced after 6 months. When BP variables were observed over the evaluations in our study, we found significant reductions. A greater follow-up period would be necessary to assess if the present prescription model of exercise would lead to results corroborating Fagard and Tipton's opinions<sup>38</sup>. </p>
      <p>It is interesting to notice that usually the studies available associating physical exercises and AH are related to activities prescribed in supervised programs. Analyses of domestic and unsupervised programs are rare. The lack of studies could be partly explained by the evasion of the sample (50-90%) associated to programs for this kind of patients, especially in unsupervised programs<sup>15,40</sup>. Andrew and cols.<sup>40</sup> stressed 3 main reasons for this low compliance: facility to have access to physical activity, perception of the usefulness of the program and aspects related to the family life. Smith and cols.<sup>15</sup> used an unsupervised strategy in which the prescription was sent to patients by mail together with informative leaflets on the importance and the nature of the exercises recommended. Results demonstrated a moderate increase in the level of daily physical activities, however, the authors concluded that the prescription on its own was harmless. In the first 10 weeks of the study, evasion was already observed. After 7 months, more than 40 of the approximately 400 initial patients had left the program for several reasons. Although there are significant differences between this program and the one we are recommending, which is more difficult because the participants must be physically present for the assessments, compliance with the program is a problem that has to be taken into account in our study. In this sense Mocellin<sup>41</sup> studied the reasons that made patients remain or leave the program, the most common reasons were the absence of a proper place in the clinics to perform exercises, restricted hours of the physical educators, and boredom of the repetition of body composition tests and physical conditioning. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, taking into account the limitations of the study, and predicting that the effects observed may be attributed to the program administered, there seems to be a positive repercussion on almost all variables observed. It was possible to identify statistically significant changes in the blood pressure and physical capacity in a 4-month-period, therefore, relatively small. It is unknown, however, if these positive effects would occur if the model of prescription were maintained for longer period. Further studies must be conducted to test this hypothesis, establishing the limits of the efficiency of an <italic>extra-muros</italic> exercise program and the time when supervised activities with stricter control and exercise loads should be included in the patient's routine in order to maintain a continuous effect of the training. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To CNPQ, for the Productive Grant in Research, process # 300724/00-0.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Paulo de Tarso Veras Farinatti</p>
          <p> Laborat&#243;rio de Atividade F&#237;sica e Promo&#231;&#227;o de S&#225;ude</p>
          <p> R. S&#227;o Francisco Xavier, 524 Sala 8133-F</p>
          <p> 20550-013 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="farinatt@uerj.br">farinatt@uerj.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 05/25/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 12/01/2004</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
