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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">F9svXKTCx3GJwK4QKKF6hfd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000600007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000600007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pesquisa de marcadores para os genes da cadeia pesada da beta-miosina card&#237;aca e da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina em familiares de pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tirone</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arteaga</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buck</surname>
            <given-names>Paula de C&#225;ssia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>467</fpage>
      <lpage>472</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar os marcadores moleculares para os genes da cadeia pesada da beta-miosina card&#237;aca e da prote&#237;na-C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina em familiares de portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudadas 12 fam&#237;lias que realizaram anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma e coleta de sangue para o estudo gen&#233;tico atrav&#233;s da rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerasse. RESULTADOS: Dos 227 familiares 25% eram acometidos, sendo 51% do sexo masculino com idade m&#233;dia de 35&#177;19 (2 a 95) anos. A an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica mostrou liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da b-miosina card&#237;aca em uma fam&#237;lia e, em outra, liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina. Em cinco fam&#237;lias foram exclu&#237;das liga&#231;&#245;es com os dois genes; em duas, a liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina, por&#233;m para o gene da b-miosina os resultados foram inconclusivos; em duas fam&#237;lias os resultados foram inconclusivos para os dois genes e em uma foi exclu&#237;da liga&#231;&#227;o para o gene da b-miosina mas ficou inconclusivo para o gene da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina. CONCLUS&#195;O: Em nosso meio, talvez predominem outros genes que n&#227;o aqueles descritos na literatura, ou que existam outras diferen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas relacionadas com a origem de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o e/ou fatores ambientais.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>muta&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>beta-miosina</kwd>
        <kwd>gene da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina</kwd>
        <kwd>gen&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pesquisa de marcadores para os genes da cadeia pesada da b-miosina card&#237;aca e da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina em familiares de pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Adriana Paula Tirone; Edmundo Arteaga; Alexandre da Costa Pereira; Jos&#233; Eduardo Krieger; Paula de C&#225;ssia Buck; Barbara Maria Ianni; Charles Mady </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Estudar os marcadores moleculares para os genes da cadeia pesada da beta-miosina card&#237;aca e da prote&#237;na-C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina em familiares de portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram estudadas 12 fam&#237;lias que realizaram anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma e coleta de sangue para o estudo gen&#233;tico atrav&#233;s da rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerasse. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Dos 227 familiares 25% eram acometidos, sendo 51% do sexo masculino com idade m&#233;dia de 35&#177;19 (2 a 95) anos. A an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica mostrou liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da b-miosina card&#237;aca em uma fam&#237;lia e, em outra, liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina. Em cinco fam&#237;lias foram exclu&#237;das liga&#231;&#245;es com os dois genes; em duas, a liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina, por&#233;m para o gene da b-miosina os resultados foram inconclusivos; em duas fam&#237;lias os resultados foram inconclusivos para os dois genes e em uma foi exclu&#237;da liga&#231;&#227;o para o gene da b-miosina mas ficou inconclusivo para o gene da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Em nosso meio, talvez predominem outros genes que n&#227;o aqueles descritos na literatura, ou que existam outras diferen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas relacionadas com a origem de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o e/ou fatores ambientais. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, muta&#231;&#227;o, beta-miosina, gene da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina, gen&#233;tica</p>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica &#233; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca prim&#225;ria, caracterizada por hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sem dilata&#231;&#227;o, na aus&#234;ncia de qualquer outra doen&#231;a card&#237;aca ou sist&#234;mica que possa levar a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>1</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia estimada da doen&#231;a na popula&#231;&#227;o geral &#233; de cerca de 0,2% (1:500) e da 0,5% entre os portadores de cardiopatia<sup>2</sup>. A mortalidade anual descrita em centros de refer&#234;ncia (pacientes selecionados) &#233; de 3% a 4% nos adultos e de 6% em crian&#231;as, substancialmente maior do que em pacientes n&#227;o selecionados (0,5% a 1%)<sup>3,4</sup>. &#201; causada por muta&#231;&#245;es em genes codificadores para prote&#237;nas do sarc&#244;mero card&#237;aco e transmitida de forma autoss&#244;mica dominante em 50% a 60% dos casos<sup>5,6</sup>. Desde 1989, quando foi demonstrado pela primeira vez um gene relacionado &#224; doen&#231;a, foram descritas cerca de 270 muta&#231;&#245;es, a maioria do tipo <italic>missense</italic> (troca de um simples amino&#225;cido por outro na cadeia da prote&#237;na), em dez genes que codificam prote&#237;nas do sarc&#244;mero card&#237;aco<sup>7-10 </sup>com fun&#231;&#245;es regulat&#243;rias, estruturais e contr&#225;teis. Os genes mutantes da cadeia pesada da b-miosina card&#237;aca, da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina e da troponina T respondem por mais de 50% dos casos; os demais genes s&#227;o afetados mais raramente. Recentemente, foram descritas muta&#231;&#245;es em dois genes que codificam prote&#237;nas n&#227;o pertencentes ao sarc&#244;mero, de ocorr&#234;ncia infreq&#252;ente. Altera&#231;&#245;es no DNA mitocondrial tamb&#233;m est&#227;o sendo associadas &#224; cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Morte s&#250;bita pode ocorrer em qualquer idade, embora seja mais comum entre 12 e 35 anos, sendo a cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica considerada a causa mais freq&#252;ente desse evento em atletas jovens. Pacientes com hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita s&#227;o considerados de maior risco e algumas muta&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m sido associadas a maior incid&#234;ncia desse desfecho<sup>1, 11-14</sup>. </p>
    <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o das muta&#231;&#245;es respons&#225;veis pela cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica constitui importante recurso diagn&#243;stico, atualmente definido pelo ecocardiograma, que mostra a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica (fen&#243;tipo). Por&#233;m, em muitos casos, isso pode n&#227;o ser evidente at&#233; a puberdade. O diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico &#233; poss&#237;vel a qualquer tempo, independentemente dos sintomas ou da presen&#231;a de hipertrofia do mioc&#225;rdio, sendo &#250;til na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e hipertrofia venticular esquerda secund&#225;ria &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial, assim como a hipertrofia do atleta, podendo fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas relativas &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o e &#224; morte s&#250;bita. </p>
    <p>Assim, investigamos marcadores moleculares para os genes da cadeia pesada da b-miosina card&#237;aca e da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina (os mais freq&#252;entemente alterados) em familiares de pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e avaliamos a incid&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos acometidos (fen&#243;tipo) nas fam&#237;lias e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 310 pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica em seguimento ambulatorial foram selecionadas, consecutivamente, 12 fam&#237;lias com membros portadores da doen&#231;a ou que relataram morte s&#250;bita em indiv&#237;duos jovens (idade &lt;40 anos). O diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica baseou-se nos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de hipertrofia sem dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com espessamento da parede ventricular &gt;15 mm nos pacientes e &gt;13 mm em familiares, na aus&#234;ncia de outras causas de hipertrofia ventricular<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Todos os componentes das fam&#237;lias foram avaliados de forma ascendente, descendente e horizontal, sob o ponto de vista fenot&#237;pico, entre janeiro de 1999 e julho de 2001. Ap&#243;s explica&#231;&#227;o detalhada dos procedimentos necess&#225;rios ao estudo, os participantes concordaram e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (conforme resolu&#231;&#227;o do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de 196, de 10/10/96). </p>
    <p>Os familiares foram convocados, elaborado o heredograma e cada indiv&#237;duo foi submetido a anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma de repouso, ecocardiograma com Doppler e coleta de sangue para o estudo gen&#233;tico. </p>
    <p>A anamnese e o exame f&#237;sico foram realizados com &#234;nfase nos sintomas e sinais: dispn&#233;ia, palpita&#231;&#245;es, dor tor&#225;cica, s&#237;ncopes, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial e presen&#231;a de sopro sist&#243;lico na borda esternal baixa e na &#225;rea mitral. Pela intensidade dos sintomas os pacientes foram classificados pelos crit&#233;rios da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA). </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma de repouso foi realizado nas 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas, com &#234;nfase nas vari&#225;veis: presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, sobrecarga de &#225;trio esquerdo e sobrecarga ventricular esquerda quando <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 pontos pelos crit&#233;rios de Romhilt-Estes modificado<sup>15,16</sup>. </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma com Doppler foi realizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas (modo M, uni e bidimensional, an&#225;lise espectral de fluxos card&#237;acos pelo Doppler puls&#225;til e cont&#237;nuo), de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>17,18</sup>. As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas estudadas foram: espessura do septo interventricular e da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo do &#225;trio esquerdo, di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pela f&#243;rmula do cubo e gradiente sist&#243;lico m&#225;ximo na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Foram utilizados os crit&#233;rios de normalidade previamente estabelecidos para as medidas das dimens&#245;es ventriculares <sup>19</sup>. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi considerada normal para valores &gt; 0,60. O gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi considerado significativo quando &gt;30 mmHg. </p>
    <p>Para o estudo gen&#233;tico foi utilizada a t&#233;cnica da rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para amplifica&#231;&#227;o das seq&#252;&#234;ncias dos genes da cadeia pesada da b-miosina card&#237;aca (cromossomo 14) e da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina (cromossomo 11)<sup>20</sup>. Foram utilizados dois pares de <italic>primers</italic> para o primeiro gene e 4 para o segundo. Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da rea&#231;&#227;o as amostras do PCR foram analisadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida<sup>21, 22</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os dados s&#227;o descritos utilizando m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e propor&#231;&#245;es. Utilizou-se o teste de associa&#231;&#227;o pelo qui-quadrado para comparar a distribui&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, entre os acometidos e os n&#227;o acometidos. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as m&#233;dias de espessura do septo e idade, entre os acometidos com e sem sintoma utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 227 indiv&#237;duos pertencentes a 12 fam&#237;lias (idade m&#233;dia 26&#177;19 anos; varia&#231;&#227;o: 1 a 95 anos), sendo 117 (51,5%) homens e 110 (48,5%) mulheres. O n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos acometidos foi de 57 (25%), sendo 29 (51%) do sexo masculino e 28 (49%) do feminino (idade m&#233;dia 35&#177;19 anos; varia&#231;&#227;o: 2 a 95 anos). Do total de indiv&#237;duos acometidos, apenas seis n&#227;o foram avaliados (falecidos) mas foram relatados porque, pelas informa&#231;&#245;es dos familiares e de exames complementares fornecidos, houve certeza do seu acometimento. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante quando comparados os acometidos e os n&#227;o acometidos, sendo que 48% eram mulheres em ambos os grupos (p=0,90). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significante entre a espessura m&#233;dia do septo interventricular nos indiv&#237;duos acometidos com e sem sintomas (p=0,57). N&#227;o houve tamb&#233;m variabilidade importante nas m&#233;dias da espessura do septo entre as fam&#237;lias, o mesmo acontecendo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade de in&#237;cio dos sintomas. </p>
    <p><bold>Fam&#237;lia 1 - </bold>Foram estudadas tr&#234;s gera&#231;&#245;es com 22 indiv&#237;duos, sendo avaliados 19 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Tr&#234;s n&#227;o foram avaliados pois haviam falecido. Relatos de familiares a respeito da presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a que causou o &#243;bito eram confi&#225;veis. Os familiares III.1 e III.10 tinham respectivamente, 16 e 21 anos, e faleceram ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico (jogando futebol) e a familiar III.9 faleceu aos 19 anos durante o sono. No decorrer do estudo houve mais dois &#243;bitos, num total de 5 (23%). Desses, 54% (12/22) apresentavam fen&#243;tipo da doen&#231;a. Realizou-se estudo gen&#233;tico dos indiv&#237;duos acometidos evidenciando-se liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da cadeia pesada da b-miosina. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0467-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><bold>Fam&#237;lia 2 -</bold> Composta de 3 gera&#231;&#245;es com 9 indiv&#237;duos avaliados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Foi realizado estudo gen&#233;tico em todos os indiv&#237;duos da 2&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o e o I.2. O indiv&#237;duo I.1 n&#227;o foi contado pois n&#227;o foi avaliado. Desses, 22% (2/9) tinham fen&#243;tipo da doen&#231;a, sem ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito. A an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica mostrou liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina no cromossomo 11.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0467-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><bold>Fam&#237;lia 3 - </bold>&#201; um exemplo de resultado inconclusivo. Composta de 3 gera&#231;&#245;es com 13 indiv&#237;duos, 12 deles avaliados; um falecido, mas havia relato confi&#225;vel de que era portador da doen&#231;a, tendo evolu&#237;do para a forma dilatada, e falecido enquanto aguardava transplante card&#237;aco. Outra familiar, inclu&#237;da no estudo, faleceu subitamente durante o sono. Um paciente havia sido submetido a miectomia e implante de marcapasso definitivo por bloqueio atrioventricular total e atualmente encontra-se em CF IV (NYHA), aguardando transplante card&#237;aco e outro foi submetido a implante terap&#234;utico de marcapasso para diminuir o gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos com o fen&#243;tipo foi de 46% (6/13) e de &#243;bitos foi de 15% (2/13). A an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica n&#227;o mostrou liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina e, para o gene da &#223;-miosina, o resultado foi inconclusivo.</p>
    <p><bold>Familia 12 - </bold>&#201; um exemplo em que o estudo gen&#233;tico n&#227;o mostrou liga&#231;&#227;o com nenhum dos dois genes. Foram estudadas quatro gera&#231;&#245;es, sendo avaliados 48 indiv&#237;duos. Um familiar n&#227;o foi contado pois havia falecido e n&#227;o havia relato confi&#225;vel a respeito dele. Treze foram avaliados clinicamente, tendo sido realizados eletrocardiograma e coleta de sangue para o estudo gen&#233;tico; os ecocardiogramas n&#227;o foram feitos por residirem em cidades do Nordeste, impossibilitando a realiza&#231;&#227;o destes exames <italic>in loco.</italic> A porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos com o fen&#243;tipo foi de 12,5% (6/48) e n&#227;o ocorreram &#243;bitos. </p>
    <p>Os resultados do estudo gen&#233;tico est&#227;o no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01">quadro I</xref> e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> encontram-se as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos acometidos.</p>
    <fig id="qdr01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0467-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0467-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desde a confirma&#231;&#227;o da etiologia gen&#233;tica da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, em 1989<sup>20</sup>, muitos genes e numerosas muta&#231;&#245;es v&#234;m sendo descritos como respons&#225;veis pela doen&#231;a e vem crescendo o interesse pelo estudo das fam&#237;lias. Na literatura, a muta&#231;&#227;o tem sido relacionada &#224; morte s&#250;bita (malignidade), a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais tem&#237;vel, com mecanismo n&#227;o totalmente elucidado, ocorrendo geralmente em pacientes jovens. </p>
    <p>Das 12 fam&#237;lias estudadas com marcadores para os genes descritos, a fam&#237;lia 1 teve liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da b-miosina e a fam&#237;lia 2, com o gene da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina. Nas fam&#237;lias 4, 5, 9, 11 e 12 foram exclu&#237;dos os dois genes e nas fam&#237;lias 3 e 7 foi exclu&#237;da a liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da prote&#237;na C; o estudo foi inconclusivo para o gene da b-miosina. Na fam&#237;lia 10 foi exclu&#237;da a liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da b-miosina; o estudo foi inconclusivo para o gene da prote&#237;na C. Nas fam&#237;lias 6 e 8 os marcadores foram inconclusivos para os dois genes. </p>
    <p>Nossos achados podem parecer diferentes dos da literatura, em que as altera&#231;&#245;es no gene da b-miosina ocorrem em 35% a 50% de todos os casos de CMH e o gene da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina vem logo em seguida, ocorrendo em 20% a 25%<sup>9</sup>. Podemos especular que, no Brasil, cuja popula&#231;&#227;o resulta da miscigena&#231;&#227;o de povos de v&#225;rios continentes (Europa Ocidental, &#193;frica e nativos) e que sofreu influ&#234;ncias do meio ambiente, poderiam existir outras muta&#231;&#245;es com fen&#243;tipos diferentes dos j&#225; descritos na Am&#233;rica do Norte, Europa e Jap&#227;o e, por isso, a mortalidade em nosso meio seria menor que a descrita<sup>2, 23, 24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, se pensarmos que a etiologia gen&#233;tica da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica ocorre em 50% a 60% dos casos, que outros 40% a 50% n&#227;o t&#234;m ainda etiologia definida <sup>5,6</sup> e que em cinco fam&#237;lias os resultados foram inconclusivos (significando poder existir liga&#231;&#227;o com um dos dois genes), nossos dados se aproximariam dos da literatura. </p>
    <p>A fam&#237;lia 1 mostrou liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da b-miosina, 54% de acometidos e 23% de &#243;bitos. Possivelmente ter&#225;, no seq&#252;enciamento do gene, uma muta&#231;&#227;o maligna, talvez j&#225; descrita, como a Arg403Gln (na qual arginina foi trocada pela glicina na posi&#231;&#227;o 403 da cadeia da prote&#237;na)<sup>14,25</sup>, Arg719Trp<sup>26</sup> ou Arg453Cys<sup>14,25</sup> cujos estudos mostram alta penetr&#226;ncia, in&#237;cio precoce dos sintomas, alta mortalidade em indiv&#237;duos jovens e altera&#231;&#245;es importantes ao eletro e ecocardiograma. Marian e Roberts<sup>25</sup> estudaram 14 pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e muta&#231;&#227;o Arg403Gln, que tinham m&#233;dia da espessura septal de 18 mm, semelhante &#224; m&#233;dia encontrada nesta fam&#237;lia (17 mm). Talvez, no seq&#252;enciamento do gene encontremos uma nova muta&#231;&#227;o, ainda n&#227;o descrita, mas com as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas de malignidade. Outra caracter&#237;stica importante, comprometendo ainda mais o progn&#243;stico dessa fam&#237;lia, &#233; a exist&#234;ncia de duas crian&#231;as acometidas (dois anos, septo = 21 mm e forma obstrutiva e outra com 11 anos). A literatura mostra pior progn&#243;stico em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, com maior mortalidade que nos adultos<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A fam&#237;lia 2 mostrou liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da prote&#237;na C, 22% de acometidos e nenhum &#243;bito, parecendo ser uma muta&#231;&#227;o benigna. No entanto, a caracter&#237;stica fundamental das muta&#231;&#245;es nesse gene &#233; a penetr&#226;ncia reduzida at&#233; a 5&#170; d&#233;cada de vida, in&#237;cio tardio dos sintomas, menor hipertrofia ventricular e progn&#243;stico favor&#225;vel at&#233; 40 anos<sup>27-31</sup>. Nessa fam&#237;lia, observamos m&#233;dia de idade dos acometidos de 41 anos, todos assintom&#225;ticos, 50% com sobrecarga ventricular esquerda ao eletrocardiograma, coincidindo com a literatura. A m&#233;dia da espessura septal (19 mm), acima do que mostra a literatura (13 mm), pode ser explicada pelo seguinte fato: na literatura s&#227;o relatados os portadores da muta&#231;&#227;o sem hipertrofia (gen&#243;tipo sem fen&#243;tipo) e, em nossa s&#233;rie, consideramos como acometidos os com fen&#243;tipo. Estudos mostram que as muta&#231;&#245;es no gene da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina costumam ser mais benignas que as da b-miosina<sup>28,29</sup>. No entanto, esta fam&#237;lia dever&#225; ser acompanhada, pois sabe-se que indiv&#237;duos aparentemente normais ao ecocardiograma podem desenvolver hipertrofia tardiamente, algumas vezes com muta&#231;&#245;es t&#227;o malignas quanto as da b-miosina<sup>29</sup>. </p>
    <p>A fam&#237;lia 3 teve alta porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos acometidos (46%). Na 2&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o houve acometimento de 100% e mortalidade global de 15%. Excluiu-se a liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da prote&#237;na C, por&#233;m para a b-miosina o estudo foi inconclusivo (podendo estar ligado a esse gene), possivelmente porque a fam&#237;lia tinha poucos componentes. No entanto, percebemos que as caracter&#237;sticas s&#227;o malignas, qualquer que seja a muta&#231;&#227;o, pois um indiv&#237;duo teve morte s&#250;bita e dois evolu&#237;ram com a forma dilatada da doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, antes de entrar em nosso estudo, dois indiv&#237;duos acometidos j&#225; haviam sido submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico, por serem refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento cl&#237;nico. Na literatura, as muta&#231;&#245;es Gly716Arg e Arg403Leu da cadeia pesada da b-miosina t&#234;m alta penetr&#226;ncia, desenvolvem hipetrofia precoce e morte s&#250;bita prematura, al&#233;m de evoluir para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na fase adulta<sup>32,33</sup>. Os genes da a-tropomiosina<sup>34,35</sup>, da actina<sup>36,37</sup> e da troponina T<sup>38</sup> tamb&#233;m podem sofrer muta&#231;&#245;es que levam a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e alta incid&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita. </p>
    <p>Na fam&#237;lia 4, com 26% dos indiv&#237;duos acometidos, ambos os genes foram exclu&#237;dos. Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a, h&#225; dois casos com a forma obstrutiva, um com a forma dilatada, dois em CF III/IV e uma crian&#231;a (8 anos), mostrando que a muta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser considerada benigna. O mesmo n&#227;o ocorreu na fam&#237;lia 5, na qual os dois genes tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos, mas que apresentou baixa porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos acometidos (11%), todos pouco sintom&#225;ticos, sem ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito. </p>
    <p>Nas fam&#237;lias 6 e 8 os resultados foram inconclusivos para os dois genes, provavelmente por terem poucos componentes, tornando os marcadores pouco informativos. A fam&#237;lia 6 mostrou algumas caracter&#237;sticas malignas pois um familiar, acometido, teve morte s&#250;bita; os outros dois eram pouco sintom&#225;ticos na &#233;poca do estudo e um deles evoluiu rapidamente para a forma dilatada, vindo a falecer dois anos depois. A m&#233;dia de idade desses pacientes, por ocasi&#227;o do &#243;bito, foi de 23 anos, ao contr&#225;rio da fam&#237;lia 8, na qual a porcentagem de acometidos foi alta (80%), com um &#243;bito em paciente de 70 anos com a forma dilatada da doen&#231;a. Os outros familiares s&#227;o pouco sintom&#225;ticos, sugerindo muta&#231;&#227;o benigna. </p>
    <p>O estudo da fam&#237;lia 7 foi inconclusivo para b-miosina, tendo sido exclu&#237;da a liga&#231;&#227;o com o gene da prote&#237;na C. A porcentagem de acometidos era alta (43%), n&#227;o houve &#243;bito e todos os acometidos eram sintom&#225;ticos, sugerindo muta&#231;&#227;o com caracter&#237;sticas n&#227;o t&#227;o malignas, apesar de haver uma crian&#231;a acometida (7 anos), podendo indicar pior progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>Nas fam&#237;lias 9 e 11 foram exclu&#237;dos os dois genes, com porcentagem moderada de indiv&#237;duos acometidos, sem ocorr&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita, sugerindo muta&#231;&#245;es benignas. </p>
    <p>A fam&#237;lia 10 foi a &#250;nica que teve exclus&#227;o do gene da b-miosina com an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica inconclusiva para o gene da prote&#237;na C, por&#233;m com algumas caracter&#237;sticas indicativas desse gene: a m&#233;dia de idade dos acometidos (47 anos), todos sintom&#225;ticos, eletrocardiograma normal e sem ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito<sup>27-31</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na fam&#237;lia 12, com 12% de acometidos, n&#227;o houve &#243;bito e nela registramos o acometido mais idoso do estudo (95 anos). Foi observado que tr&#234;s (50%) dos acometidos tinham s&#237;ncopes, sintoma infreq&#252;ente nas outras fam&#237;lias. A presen&#231;a de s&#237;ncope indica pior progn&#243;stico<sup>11,12,39</sup>, mas &#233; pouco relatado em estudos gen&#233;ticos<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>A analise estat&#237;stica das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas (sexo, sintomas, grau de hipertrofia e idade ao inicio dos sintomas) n&#227;o evidenciou diferen&#231;as que nos ajudassem a reconhecer os indiv&#237;duos com potencial de malignidade e pior progn&#243;stico. Houve grande varia&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de sopro card&#237;aco em cada fam&#237;lia. A forma obstrutiva esteve presente em oito (14%) acometidos, menor do que o observado na literatura (25% em pacientes selecionados)<sup>1,9</sup>. A forma dilatada com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi observada em 8% dos acometidos, valor pr&#243;ximo do descrito na literatura para pacientes selecionados (10%)<sup>40</sup>. </p>
    <p>Durante este estudo observamos que o heredograma evidencia n&#227;o apenas a porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos acometidos, mas tamb&#233;m os que morreram subitamente, dando-nos a id&#233;ia se a fam&#237;lia tinha tend&#234;ncia &#224; forma maligna da doen&#231;a. Assim, para n&#243;s, foi de grande valia na orienta&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e progn&#243;stico, n&#227;o apenas dos acometidos como dos que n&#227;o t&#234;m fen&#243;tipo. Por exemplo, na fam&#237;lia 1, a porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos acometidos (54%) e a mortalidade da doen&#231;a (23%) foram altas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>), diferente da fam&#237;lia 2, na qual o heredograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>), nos deu a impress&#227;o de benignidade da doen&#231;a, pois a penetr&#226;ncia foi pequena, todos os acometidos eram assintom&#225;ticos e n&#227;o houve &#243;bito. </p>
    <p>Assim, a constru&#231;&#227;o do heredograma &#233; uma forma pr&#225;tica e simples de se saber o que acontece com a penetr&#226;ncia (n&#250;mero de acometidos) e com a letalidade de determinado gene (desconhecido), auxiliando na conduta cl&#237;nica do paciente e no aconselhamento familiar. </p>
    <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo realizado no Brasil, com enfoque nas altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas das formas familiares da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. S&#227;o poucos os centros no mundo, que realizam este tipo de estudo e as raz&#245;es da ocorr&#234;ncia. Em primeiro lugar, a cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica &#233; uma doen&#231;a complexa, com muitos genes acometidos, penetr&#226;ncia incompleta (portadores da muta&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o desenvolvem hipertrofia), idade-dependente, heterogeneidade e grande variabilidade cl&#237;nica da express&#227;o gen&#233;tica, fazendo com que cada fam&#237;lia seja estudada de forma individualizada, o que torna o estudo de liga&#231;&#227;o complexo. Al&#233;m disso, estamos trabalhando com genes que codificam prote&#237;nas sarcom&#233;ricas, grandes, com seq&#252;enciamento trabalhoso e de alto custo, que exige pessoal capacitado. </p>
    <p>O ideal seria encontrar a muta&#231;&#227;o em todas as fam&#237;lias e relacion&#225;-las &#224; sua malignidade. Mas, devido aos aspectos descritos, infelizmente o estudo gen&#233;tico das fam&#237;lias com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica n&#227;o se tornar&#225; um exame de rotina, pelo menos a m&#233;dio prazo. O uso rotineiro dessa pr&#225;tica, certamente, ajudaria no diagn&#243;stico desde o nascimento e na diferencia&#231;&#227;o com as hipertrofias do atleta e do hipertenso. </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados iniciais mostram que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as significativas relacionadas &#224;s vari&#225;veis estudadas, sejam elas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas ou laboratoriais, levando-nos a pensar que o fator gen&#233;tico &#233; realmente importante, mas que, possivelmente, outros fatores gen&#233;ticos ou ambientais estejam tamb&#233;m relacionados. Os genes modificadores foram descritos para explicar a variabilidade da express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica, sendo que sozinhos n&#227;o causariam a doen&#231;a, mas afetariam a sua severidade. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o polimorfismo da enzima conversora da angiotensina-1, variantes da endotelina-1 e fator alfa de necrose tumoral, tamb&#233;m, sejam moduladores do fen&#243;tipo da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica<sup>41, 42</sup>. </p>
    <p>S&#227;o descritos na literatura como fatores limitantes nos estudos de correla&#231;&#227;o gen&#243;tipo-fen&#243;tipo: fam&#237;lias pequenas, pequeno n&#250;mero de fam&#237;lias com muta&#231;&#245;es id&#234;nticas, variabilidade da express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica entre os indiv&#237;duos acometidos de uma mesma fam&#237;lia ou entre diferentes fam&#237;lias com a mesma muta&#231;&#227;o, baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia de cada muta&#231;&#227;o e influ&#234;ncia de genes modificadores, assim como fatores n&#227;o gen&#233;ticos no fen&#243;tipo. Independentemente dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, todos concordam que as muta&#231;&#245;es afetam a express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, principalmente a hipertrofia card&#237;aca e o risco de morte s&#250;bita. As muta&#231;&#245;es no gene da b-miosina geralmente est&#227;o associadas a maior grau de hipertrofia em pacientes jovens e maior risco de morte s&#250;bita, quando comparadas com muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes da prote&#237;na C de liga&#231;&#227;o &#224; miosina e da a-tropomiosina. No entanto, para cada gene s&#227;o descritas muta&#231;&#245;es benignas e malignas, cada uma com caracter&#237;sticas particulares, dificultando a generaliza&#231;&#227;o desses achados para os indiv&#237;duos ou para toda a fam&#237;lia. </p>
    <p>A mortalidade de pacientes selecionados<sup>24</sup> &#233; semelhante &#224; de casu&#237;sticas de pacientes n&#227;o selecionados<sup>43</sup> e menor do que a descrita em centros de refer&#234;ncia<sup>3</sup>. Talvez, o que possa ser explicado em nosso meio, pela predomin&#226;ncia de outros genes que n&#227;o os descritos na literatura, como sendo os mais freq&#252;entes, ou que possam existir outras diferen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas ou ambientais interferindo no fen&#243;tipo da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>No entanto, falar da predomin&#226;ncia de outros genes em nosso meio &#233; muito precoce, tendo em vista que este &#233; um trabalho inicial e que dever&#225; ser ampliado, com envolvimento de outras fam&#237;lias, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de marcadores para outros genes, seq&#252;enciamento dos genes encontrados para achar as muta&#231;&#245;es e procura de fatores modificadores que possam explicar as diferen&#231;as na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, se elas realmente existirem. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia a realiza&#231;&#227;o de pesquisas em outros centros, para que se possa avaliar a predomin&#226;ncia gen&#233;tica nas v&#225;rias regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s, e chegarmos a conclus&#245;es definitivas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Edmundo Arteaga </p>
        <p> Rua Arruda Alvim, 49/111 </p>
        <p> 05410-020 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="earteaga@cardiol.br">earteaga@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="edmundo.arteaga@incor.usp.br">edmundo.arteaga@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 29/06/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 15/09/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Research of markers for the genes of the heavy chain of cardiac beta-myosin and myosin binding protein C in relatives of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the molecular markers for the genes of the heavy chain of cardiac beta-myosin and the myosin binding protein C in relatives of carriers of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: Twelve families who had anamnesis, physical exam, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and blood collection for the genetic study through the chain reaction of polymerase. RESULTS: From the 227 relatives, 25% were ill-taken, with 51% men, with an average age of 35&#177;19 (2 to 95) years old. The genetic analysis showed a connection with the gene of the cardiac b-myosin in a family and, in another, a connection with the gene of the myosin-binding protein C. In five families, the connections with the two genes were excluded; in two, the connection with the gene of the myosin-binding protein C, but for the b-myosin gene the results were non-conclusive; in two families, the results were non-conclusive for both genes and in one the connection for the b-myosin gene was excluded. The results were non-conclusive for the gene of the myosin-binding protein C. CONCLUSION: In our environment, other genes, different from those described in the literature, may prevail, or there are other genetic differences related to the origin of our population and/or environmental factors.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>mutation</kwd>
        <kwd>beta-myosin</kwd>
        <kwd>gene of the myosin-binding protein C</kwd>
        <kwd>genetics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Research of markers for the genes of the heavy chain of cardiac b-myosin and myosin binding protein C in relatives of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Adriana Paula Tirone; Edmundo Arteaga; Alexandre da Costa Pereira; Jos&#233; Eduardo Krieger; Paula de C&#225;ssia Buck; Barbara Maria Ianni; Charles Mady </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To study the molecular markers for the genes of the heavy chain of cardiac beta-myosin and the myosin binding protein C in relatives of carriers of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Twelve families who had anamnesis, physical exam, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and blood collection for the genetic study through the chain reaction of polymerase.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>From the 227 relatives, 25% were ill-taken, with 51% men, with an average age of 35&#177;19 (2 to 95) years old. The genetic analysis showed a connection with the gene of the cardiac b-myosin in a family and, in another, a connection with the gene of the myosin-binding protein C. In five families, the connections with the two genes were excluded; in two, the connection with the gene of the myosin-binding protein C, but for the b-myosin gene the results were non-conclusive; in two families, the results were non-conclusive for both genes and in one the connection for the b-myosin gene was excluded. The results were non-conclusive for the gene of the myosin-binding protein C.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In our environment, other genes, different from those described in the literature, may prevail, or there are other genetic differences related to the origin of our population and/or environmental factors. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold>hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mutation, b-myosin, gene of the myosin-binding protein C, genetics</p>
      <p> The hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a primary cardiac disease, characterized by the hypertrophy of the left ventricle, without dilatation, in the absence of any other cardiac or systemic disease that may lead to the myocardial hypertrophy<sup>1</sup>. The estimate prevalence of the disease in the general population is about 0.2% (1:500) and 0.5% among the cardiopathy carriers<sup>2</sup>. The yearly mortality described in reference centers (selected patients) I from 3% to 4% in adults and 6% in children, which is significantly greater than in non-selected patients (0.5% to 1%)<sup>3,4</sup>. It is caused by mutations in codifier genes for proteins of the cardiac sarcomere and transmitted is a dominant autosomal way in 50% to 60% of the cases<sup>5,6</sup>. Since 1989, when a disease-related gene was demonstrated for the first time, approximately 270 mutation have been described, most of them of <italic>missense</italic> (the exchange of a simple aminoacid for another in the protein chain) kind, in ten genes that codify proteins of the cardiac sarcomer<sup>7-10 </sup>with regulatory, structural and contractile functions. The mutant genes of the heavy chain of the cardiac b-myosin, of the myosin-binding protein C and of the troponin T represent more than 50% of the cases. The other genes are more rarely affected. Recently mutations were described in two genes that codify proteins that do not belong to the sarcomere, of non-frequent occurrence. Changes in the mitochondrial DNA have also been associated to the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Sudden death can happen at any age, although it is more common between 12 and 35 years old, being the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy regarded as the most frequent cause of such event in young athletes. Patients with family history of sudden death are considered as greater risk and some mutations have been associated to a greater incidence of that outcome<sup>1,11-14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The identification of the mutations responsible for the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an important diagnostic resource, currently defined by the echocardiogram, which shows the myocardial hypertrophy (phenotype). However, in many cases, that cannot be evident until puberty. The genetic diagnostic is possible at any time, regardless of the symptoms or the presence of myocardial hypertrophy, being useful in the differentiation between hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular hypertrophic secondary to the hypertension, as well as the hypertrophy of the athletes, which can provide prognostic information related to the evolution and the sudden death. </p>
      <p>So, we have investigated molecular markers for the genes of the heavy chain of the cardiac b-myosin and the myosin-binding protein C (the most frequently changed) in relatives of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and we assessed the incidence of assailed individuals (phenotype) in the families and their relation with the demographic, clinical, and laboratorial variables. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From the 310 patients carriers of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy under medical care follow-up, 12 families were consecutively selected with relatives who were carriers of the disease or that reported sudden death in young individuals (age &lt; 40 years old). The diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was based on the echocardiographic findings of hypertrophy without dilatation of the left ventricle, with ventricular wall inspissation &gt;15 mm among the patients and &gt;13 mm among the relatives, in the absence of other cause of ventricular hypertrophy<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>All components of the families were assessed in ascending, descending and horizontal, under the phenotype point of view, between January 1999 and July 2001. After a detailed explanation on the procedures necessary to the study, the participants agreed and signed the free and clear consent term (according to resolution by the National Health Council 196, of 10/10/96). </p>
      <p>The relatives were called, the heredogram was elaborated and each individual was submitted to an anamnesis, physical exam, rest electrocardiogram, Doppler echocardiogram and blood collection for the genetic study. </p>
      <p>The anamnesis and the physical exam were made with emphasis on the symptoms and signs; dyspnea, palpitations, thoracic pain, syncope, heart rate, blood pressure and presence of systolic murmur in the lower sternal rim and in the mitral area. Due to the intensity of the symptoms, the patients were classified according to the criteria of the <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA). </p>
      <p>The rest electrocardiogram was done in the 12 classic derivations, with an emphasis in the following variables: presence of atrial fibrillation, overload in the left atrium, and left ventricular overload, when <underline>&gt;</underline>5 points by the criteria of modified Romhilt-Estes<sup>15,16</sup>. </p>
      <p>The Doppler echocardiogram was done for the assessment of the structure and function of the cardiac chambers (M, unidimensional, bidimensional modes, spectral analysis of cardiac flow with the pulsatile and continuous Doppler), in accordance to the recommendations of the American Echocardiography Society<sup>17,18</sup>. The echocardiographic variables studied were: thickness of the interventricular septum and the posterior wall of the left ventricle, maximum diameter of the left atrium, diastolic and systolic diameters of the left ventricle, fraction of ejection of the left ventricle through the cube formula, and maximum systolic gradient in the outlet way of the left ventricle. The previously established normality criteria were used for the measurements of the ventricular dimensions<sup>19</sup>. The ejection fraction was considered as normal for values &gt; 0,60. The gradient at the outlet way of the left ventricle was considered as significant when &gt;30 mmHg. </p>
      <p>For the genetic study, the technique of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the amplification of the sequences of the genes of the heavy chain of the cardiac b-myosin (chromosome 14) and the myosin-binding protein C (chromosome 11)<sup>20</sup> was used. Two pairs of <italic>primers</italic> were used for the first gene and 4 for the second. After the end of the reaction, the PCR samples were analyzed through electrophoresis in gel of polyacrylamide<sup>21, 22</sup>. </p>
      <p>The data are described using mean, standard deviation (SD) and proportions. The chi-square association test was used to compare the distribution in relation to the sex, among the ill-taken and non-ill-taken. In the comparison between the average thickness of septum and age among the ill-taken patients, with or without symptoms, the Mann-Whitney test was used. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Two hundred and twenty-seven individuals belonging to 12 families (average age of 26&#177;19 years old, variation: 1 to 95 years olds) were assessed, with 117 (51.5%) men and 110 (48.5%) women. The number of ill-taken individuals was 57 (25%), being 29 (51%) men and 28 (49%) women (average age of 35&#177; 19 years old; variation: 2 to 95 years old). From the total of ill-taken individuals, only six were not assessed (deceased), but they were reported because, according to their relatives' information and supplementary exams provided, their ill-taking was confirmed. </p>
      <p>Regarding the sex there was no significant difference when we compare the ill-taken and non-ill-taken individuals, as 48% were women in both groups (p=0.90). No significant difference was observed between the average thickness of the interventricular septum in the ill-taken individuals, with or without symptoms (p=0.57). There was not also any important variability in the average thickness of the septum among the families, and the same happened in relation to the age of the beginning of the symptoms. </p>
      <p><bold>Family 1 - </bold>Three generations with 22 individuals were studied, with 19 being assessed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). Three were not assessed because they had died. Reports from relatives concerning the presence of the disease that caused the death were reliable. The relatives III.1 and III.10 were, respectively, 16 and 21 years old, and died after physical exertion (laying football) and the relative III.9 died at 19 during her sleep. Along the study, there were another two deaths, in a total of 5 (23%). From those, 54% (12/22) showed phenotype of the disease. A genetic study of the ill-taken individuals was performed, which evidenced the connection with the gene of the heavy chain of the b-myosin. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0467-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><bold>Family 2 -</bold> Consisting of 3 generations with 9 individuals assessed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). A genetic study was carried out in all individuals of the 2<sup>nd</sup> generation and the I.2. The individual I.1 was not counted for not being assessed. From those, 22% (2/9) had the phenotype of the disease, without occurrence of death. The genetic analysis showed a connection with the myosin-binding protein C in the chromosome 11. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0467-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><bold>Family 3 - </bold>It is an example of a non-conclusive result. Consisting of 3 generations with 13 individuals, 12 of them assessed; one deceased, but there was a reliable report he was a carrier of the disease, which had evolved to the dilated form, and died while he waited for heart transplant. Another relative, include in the study, died suddenly in her sleep. A patient had been submitted to a myectomy and an implant of definite pacemaker due to total atrioventricular blocking and currently is in CF IV (NYHA), waiting for heart transplant, and another was submitted to a therapeutic implant of a pacemaker to decrease the gradient in the outlet way of the left ventricle. The percentage of individuals with the phenotype was 46% (6/13) and the dead was 15% (2/13). The genetic analysis did not show any connection with the gene of the myosin-binding protein C and, for the gene of the b-myosin, the result was non-conclusive. </p>
      <p><bold>Family 12 - </bold>It is an example in which the genetic study did not show any connection with any of the two genes. Four generations were studied, with 48 individuals assessed. A relative was not counted as he had died and there was no reliable report on him. Thirteen were clinically assessed, with electrocardiogram and blood collection used for the genetic study; the echocardiograms were not performed as they lived in cities in the Northeast, which made impossible the realization <italic>in loco</italic> of such exams. The percentage of individuals with the phenotype was 12.5% (6/48) and no deaths were recorded. </p>
      <p>The results from the genetic study are on the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01-body2">chart I</xref> and the demographic, clinical and laboratorial variables of the ill-taken individuals are on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="qdr01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0467-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0467-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Since the confirmation of the genetic etiology of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, in 1989 <sup>20</sup>, many genes and a great number of mutations have been described as responsible for the disease and the interest for the study of the families has been growing. In the literature, the mutation has been related to the sudden death (malignity), the most feared manifestation, with a not totally clear mechanism, generally occurring in young patients. </p>
      <p>From the 12 families studied with markers for the genes described, the family 1 had a connection with the gene of the b-myosin, and the family 2, with the gene of the myosin-binding protein C. The two genes were excluded in the families 4, 5, 9, 11 and 12, and in the families 3 and 7, the connection with the gene of the protein C was excluded; the study was non-conclusive for the gene of the b-myosin. In the family 10, the connection with the gene of the b-myosin was excluded; the study was non-conclusive for the gene of the protein C. In the families 6 and 8, the markers were non-conclusive for both genes. </p>
      <p>Our findings may seem different from those in the literature, in which the changes in the gene of the b-myosin take place in 35% to 50% of all cases HCM and the gene of the myosin-binding protein C comes in second, occurring in 20% to 25%<sup>9</sup>. We can speculate that, in Brazil, whose population results from the miscegenation of people from many continents (Western Europe, Africa, and natives) and that had many influences in the environment, there could be other mutations with different phenotypes from those already described in North America, Europe and Japan and, for that reason, the mortality in our environment would be lower than the described <sup>2,23, 24</sup>. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, if we think that the genetic etiology of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy takes place in 50% to 60% of the cases, that other 40% to 50% do not have defined etiology<sup>5,6</sup> yet, and that the results were non-conclusive (which means the possibility of a connection with one of the two) in five families, our data are close to those in the literature. </p>
      <p>Family 1 showed a connection with the gene of the b-myosin, 54% of ill-taken and 23% of deaths. There will possibly be, in the sequencing of the gene, a malignant mutation, maybe already described, as Arg403Gln (in which arginine was exchanged for glycine at the position 403 in the chain of the protein)<sup>14,25</sup>, Arg719Trp<sup>26</sup> or Arg453Cys<sup>14,25</sup> whose studies show a high penetrance, early beginning of the symptoms, high mortality in young individuals and important changes at the electrocardiogram and echocardiogram. Marian and Roberts<sup>25</sup> studied 14 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Arg403Gln mutation, who had an average septal thickness of 18 mm, which was similar to the average found in this family (17 mm). In the sequencing of the gene we may find a new mutation, yet not described, but with the same characteristics of malignity. Another important characteristic, which compromises the prognostic of such family even more, is the existence of two ill-taken children (two years old, septum = 21 mm and obstructive shape, and another 11-year-old child). The literature shows worse prognostic in children and teenagers, with a higher mortality rate that in the adults<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Family 2 showed connection with the gene of the protein C, 22% of ill-taken and no deaths, which seemed to be a benign mutation. However, the fundamental characteristic of the mutations in that gene is de reduced penetrance up to the 5<sup>th</sup> decade of life, late beginning of the symptoms, lower ventricular hypertrophy and favorable prognostic up to 40 years of age<sup>27-31</sup>. In that family we noted an average age of the ill-taken of 41 years old, all symptomless, 50% with left ventricular overload at the electrocardiogram, which coincides with the literature. The average of the septal thickness (19 mm), above of what the literature shows (13 mm), can be explained by the following fact: in the literature, the carriers of the mutation without hypertrophy (genotype without phenotype) are reported and in our series, we considered as ill-taken those with the phenotype. Studies show that the mutations in the gene of the myosin-binding protein C are usually more benign than those of the b-myosin<sup>28,29</sup>. However, that family must be followed, as it is known that the apparently normal individual to the echocardiogram can develop late hypertrophy, sometimes with mutations as malignant as those of the b-myosin<sup>29</sup>. </p>
      <p>Family 3 had a high percentage of ill-taken individuals (46%). In the 2<sup>nd</sup> generation there was an onset of 100% and global mortality of 15%. The connection with the gene of the protein C was excluded, but for the b-myosin the study was non-conclusive (which could be connected to that gene), possibly because the family had few components. However, we noticed that the characteristics are malignant, whatever the mutation is, as an individual had sudden death and two evolved with the dilated form of the disease. Besides, before joining our study, two ill-taken individuals had already been submitted to a surgical treatment, as they were refractory to the clinical treatment. In the literature, the Gly716Arg and Arg403Leu mutations in the heavy chain of the b-myosin have high penetrance, develop early hypertrophy and premature sudden death, besides evolving to cardiac insufficiency in adulthood<sup>32,33</sup>. The genes of a-tropomyosin<sup>34,35</sup>, of actine<sup>36,37</sup> and troponin T<sup>38</sup> can also have mutations that lead to the ventricular dilatation, cardiac insufficiency and high incidence of sudden death. </p>
      <p>In family 4, with 26% of ill-taken individual, booth genes were excluded. Despite the absence of disease-related deaths, there are two cases with the obstructive form, one with the dilated form, two in CF III/IV and a child (8 years old), showing that the mutation cannot be regarded as benign. The same did not happen in the family 5, in which the two genes were also excluded, but that showed a low percentage of ill-taken individuals (11%), all little symptomatic, without occurrence of deaths. </p>
      <p>In the families 6 and 8 the results were non-conclusive for both genes, probably because they had few components, which made the markers little informative. Family 6 showed some malignant characteristics, as an ill-taken relative had sudden death; the other two were little symptomatic at the time of the study and one of them evolved quickly to the dilated form, and died two years later. The average age of those patients, when they died, was 23 years old, different from the family 8, in which the percentage of ill-taken was high (80%), with the death of a 70-year-old patient with the dilated form of the disease. The other relatives are little symptomatic, which suggests a benign mutation. </p>
      <p>The study in the family 7 was non-conclusive for the b-myosin, and the connection with the gene of the protein C was excluded. The percentage of ill-taken was high (43%), there were no deaths and all the ill-taken individual were symptomatic, suggesting a mutation with not so malignant characteristics, despite having an ill-taken 7-year-old child, which could indicate a worse prognostic. </p>
      <p>In families 9 and 11, the two genes were excluded, with a moderate percentage of ill-taken individuals, without any occurrence of sudden death, suggesting benign mutations. </p>
      <p>Family 10 was the only one that had exclusion of the gene of the b-myosin, with a non-conclusive genetic analysis for the gene of the protein C, but with some indicating characteristics of that gene: the average age of the ill-taken (47 years old), all symptomatic, normal electrocardiogram and no occurrence of deaths <sup>27-31</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the family 12, with 12% of ill-taken individuals, there were no deaths and in it we recorded the oldest ill-taken in the study (95 years old). It was observed that three (50%) from the ill-taken had syncope, a non-frequent symptom in the other families. The presence of syncope indicates a worse prognostic<sup>11,12,39</sup>, but it is very little reported in genetic studies<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p> The statistic analysis of the clinical variables (sex, symptoms, hypertrophy level and age at the beginning of the symptoms) did not evidence differences that could help us to recognize the individuals with potential of malignity and worse prognostic. There was a great variation concerning the presence of cardiac murmur in each family. The obstructive form was present in eight (14%) of the ill-taken individuals, which was less than that was observed in the literature (25% in selected patients)<sup>1,9</sup>. The dilated form with systolic dysfunction was observed in 8% of the ill-taken, a value close to the one described in the literature for selected patients (10%)<sup>40</sup>. </p>
      <p>During that study we noted that the heredogram makes evident not only the percentage of ill-taken individuals, but also those who died suddenly, which gives us the idea if the family had a tendency to the malignant form of the disease. So, for us, it was very valuable in the guidance of the treatment and prognostic, not only among the ill-taken, but also those who does not have the phenotype. For example, in the family 1, the percentage of ill-taken individuals (54%) and the mortality rate of the disease (23%) were high (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>), different from family 2, in which the heredogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>), gave us the impression of benignity of the disease, as the penetrance was low, all ill-taken individuals were symptomless and there were no deaths. </p>
      <p>So, the construction of the heredogram is a practical and simple way to know what is happening to the penetrance (number of ill-taken) and to the lethality of a certain gene (unknown), by helping in the clinical behavior of the patient and the familial counseling. </p>
      <p>This is the first study performed in Brazil, with an emphasis on the genetic changes of the familial forms of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. There are few centers in the world that perform that kind of study and the reasons of its occurrence. Firstly, the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a complex disease, with many ill-taken genes, incomplete penetrance (carriers of the mutation that do not develop hypertrophy), age-dependant, heterogeneity, and great clinical variability of the genetic expression, which makes that every family be studied individually, making the connection study complex. Besides, we have been working with genes that codify big sarcomeric proteins, with difficult sequencing and of high cost, which requires qualified personnel. </p>
      <p>The ideal would be finding the mutation in all families and related them to their malignity. However, due to the aspects described, unfortunately the genetic study of the families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy will not become a routine exam, at least in middle term. The routine use of that practice would surely help in the diagnosis from the birth and in the differentiation with the hypertrophies of the athletes and the hypertensive people. </p>
      <p>Our initial results show that there are no significant differences related to the variables studied, whether they are demographic, clinical or laboratorial, which lead us to think that the genetic factor is really important, but that possibly other genetic or environmental factors are also related. The modifying genes were described to explain the variability of the phenotypic expression, as they alone could not cause the disease, but they would affect its seriousness. It is possible that the polymorphism of the converter enzyme of the angiotensin-1, variants of the endothelin-1 and alpha factor of tumorous necrosis are also modulators of the phenotype of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy<sup>41, 42</sup>. </p>
      <p>Small families, small number of families with identical mutations, variability of the phenotypic expression among the ill-taken individuals from the same family or among different families with the same mutation, low frequency of each mutation and the influence of modifying genes, as well as non-genetic factors in the phenotype, are described in the literature as limiting factors in the studies of genotype-phenotype correlation. Regardless of those limitations, everyone agrees that the mutations affect the phenotypic expression of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, especially the cardiac hypertrophy and the risk of sudden death. The mutations in the gene of the b-myosin are generally associated to a greater level of hypertrophy in young patients and a greater risk of sudden death, when compared with mutations in the genes of the myosin-binding protein C and of the a-tropomyosin. However, for each gene benign and malignant mutations are described, each with particular characteristics, which makes difficult the generalization of those findings for the individuals or for the whole family. </p>
      <p>The mortality rate of selected patients<sup>24</sup> is similar to the casuistic ones of non-selected patients <sup>43</sup> and lower than the one described in reference centers<sup>3</sup>. Maybe what can be explained in our environment, due to the prevalence of other genes that are not those described in the literature, as being the most frequent ones, or that there may be other genetic or environmental differences interfering in the phenotype of our population. </p>
      <p>However, it is very early to talk about the prevalence of other genes in our environment, having in mind that this is an initial work and it must be extended, with the involvement of other families, use of markers for other genes, sequencing of genes found to find the mutations, and the search for modifying factors that can explain the differences in our population, if they really exist. Besides, it is very important the realization of researches in other centers, in order to make possible to assess the genetic prevalence in many regions in the country, and to make us arrive to definite conclusions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jo&#227;o Carlos Ferreira Braga</p>
          <p> Rua Ametistas, 55</p>
          <p> 17516-080 - Mar&#237;lia, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jcfbraga@cardiol.br">jcfbraga@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publishing on 06/29/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on 09/15/2004 </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
