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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">33Bgm6nC9hkQ47b4XFsv7Jt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000600006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000600006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes diab&#233;ticos normotensos, independente da presen&#231;a de microangiopatia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es Filho</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Villa&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Mar&#237;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>461</fpage>
      <lpage>466</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de pacientes normotensos, com diabetes mellitus tipo II, na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de sinais de microangiopatia. M&#201;TODOS: Pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo II foram submetidos a exames de fundo de olho contrastado com fluoresce&#237;na e dosagem de microalbumin&#250;ria para diagn&#243;stico de microangiopatia, e divididos em dois grupos: DMII (pacientes sem microangiopatia, n=19) e DM+A (pacientes com microangiopatia, n=13). Todos foram submetidos a Doppler-ecocardiografia e os resultados comparados com normotensos de mesmo sexo e idade (grupo C, n=20), aplicando-se a ANOVA, seguida de teste de Tukey. Em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es, adotou-se como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p&lt;0,05. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto aos indicadores de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Foram observadas diferen&#231;as compat&#237;veis com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nos dois grupos de diab&#233;ticos, independente da presen&#231;a de microangiopatia, que exibiram valores significativamente maiores dos tempos de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (TRIVE, ms): (DMII=97&#177;22,2; DM+A=107&#177;28,2 e C=80&#177;10,7; p&lt;0,05), e menores das velocidades m&#225;ximas da onda de enchimento ventricular r&#225;pido (E, cm/s): (DMII=69&#177;17,5; DM+A=75&#177;19,7 e C=84&#177;14,5, p&lt;0,05 entre DMII e C). Sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto &#224; raz&#227;o E/A. CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes normotensos com diabetes mellitus tipo II e sem sinais cl&#237;nicos de comprometimento cardiovascular, apresentaram sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o associados &#224; presen&#231;a de microangiopatia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ecocardiograma</kwd>
        <kwd>ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia</kwd>
        <kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes diab&#233;ticos normotensos, independente da presen&#231;a de microangiopatia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jo&#227;o Carlos Ferreira Braga; F&#225;bio Villa&#231;a Guimar&#227;es Filho; Carlos Roberto Padovani; Beatriz B. Matsubara </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade Estadual de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia e Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Mar&#237;lia, SP - Botucatu, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O<bold>BJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de pacientes normotensos, com diabetes mellitus tipo II, na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de sinais de microangiopatia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo II foram submetidos a exames de fundo de olho contrastado com fluoresce&#237;na e dosagem de microalbumin&#250;ria para diagn&#243;stico de microangiopatia, e divididos em dois grupos: DMII (pacientes sem microangiopatia, n=19) e DM+A (pacientes com microangiopatia, n=13). Todos foram submetidos a Doppler-ecocardiografia e os resultados comparados com normotensos de mesmo sexo e idade (grupo C, n=20), aplicando-se a ANOVA, seguida de teste de Tukey. Em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es, adotou-se como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p&lt;0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto aos indicadores de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Foram observadas diferen&#231;as compat&#237;veis com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nos dois grupos de diab&#233;ticos, independente da presen&#231;a de microangiopatia, que exibiram valores significativamente maiores dos tempos de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (TRIVE, ms): (DMII=97&#177;22,2; DM+A=107&#177;28,2 e C=80&#177;10,7; p&lt;0,05), e menores das velocidades m&#225;ximas da onda de enchimento ventricular r&#225;pido (E, cm/s): (DMII=69&#177;17,5; DM+A=75&#177;19,7 e C=84&#177;14,5, p&lt;0,05 entre DMII e C). Sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto &#224; raz&#227;o E/A. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Pacientes normotensos com diabetes mellitus tipo II e sem sinais cl&#237;nicos de comprometimento cardiovascular, apresentaram sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o associados &#224; presen&#231;a de microangiopatia. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> ecocardiograma, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, cardiomiopatia, diabetes mellitus</p>
    <p> Evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas, epidemiol&#243;gicas e histopatol&#243;gicas indicam a exist&#234;ncia de uma cardiopatia espec&#237;fica relacionada ao diabetes mellitus<sup>1</sup>. De fato, avalia&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o invasivas da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos, freq&#252;entemente, mostram a exist&#234;ncia de anormalidades de ambas as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, as quais podem ser evidenciadas por uma variedade de m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos. No entanto, a despeito do uso comum do termo cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica, ainda existe consider&#225;vel debate a respeito da exata natureza e causa da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca encontrada em diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o portadores de aterosclerose coronariana e hipertens&#227;o arterial, que s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas freq&#252;entemente associadas ao diabete millitus e que podem levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, segundo a literatura.  </p>
    <p>A exist&#234;ncia da cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica foi primeiramente sugerida por Rubler e cols.<sup>1</sup>, que descreveram hipertrofia e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, al&#233;m de prolifera&#231;&#227;o endotelial e subendotelial proeminentes, indicando que as altera&#231;&#245;es nos pequenos vasos poderiam estar envolvidas na patog&#234;nese da disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>Desde essa descri&#231;&#227;o inicial, e at&#233; o momento, ainda persistem as controv&#233;rsias quanto &#224; relativa import&#226;ncia da doen&#231;a nos pequenos vasos, da fibrose intersticial e dos dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos na patog&#234;nese da cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica<sup>2-15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Rossen<sup>15</sup> argumentou que, embora a correla&#231;&#227;o da cardiomiopatia com microangiopatia seja incerta, ela pode existir, tendo em vista as semelhan&#231;as entre as anormalidades na fun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana observadas no diabete millitus e na cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica. </p>
    <p>Gutierrez e Higuchi<sup>14</sup>, em nosso meio, aceitam tr&#234;s hip&#243;teses para explicar o que chamam de eventual efeito causal do diabetes quanto &#224; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca: 1) microangiopatia; 2) a&#231;&#227;o direta sobre a fibra card&#237;aca, dos dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos provocados pela hiperglicemia, entre outros fatores; 3) altera&#231;&#245;es da matriz extracelular, provocadas pelo maior grau de glicosila&#231;&#227;o de seus componentes, com conseq&#252;ente mudan&#231;as da estrutura muscular. </p>
    <p>At&#233; o presente, os estudos que compararam a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de pacientes diab&#233;ticos com ou sem microangiopatia<sup>10,15-20</sup> apresentaram resultados conflitantes. Recentemente Liu e cols.<sup>21</sup> encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de perda urin&#225;ria de albumina e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, em tr&#234;s grupos analisados: aus&#234;ncia de albumin&#250;ria, microalbumin&#250;ria e macroalbumin&#250;ria. Apesar das diferen&#231;as entre os grupos, a an&#225;lise multivariada mostrou albumin&#250;ria como vari&#225;vel independentemente associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, dura&#231;&#227;o do diabete millitus, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, e &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Uma vez que a microalbumin&#250;ria &#233; um marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na arter&#237;ola glomerular, Bell<sup>22 </sup>achou v&#225;lido postular que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no mioc&#225;rdio causa aumento de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o e rigidez, considerando, ainda, que este teste urin&#225;rio de baixo custo poderia antecipar um exame de ecodopplercardiografia, que, embora mais sens&#237;vel para detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, tem maior custo. Documentada a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, deveria ter inicio a terapia visando prevenir a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>Tendo em vista que o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico &#233; descrito como m&#233;todo sens&#237;vel para detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica<sup>8</sup>, o presente estudo tem por objetivo identificar se a presen&#231;a de microangiopatia est&#225; associada a altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais card&#237;acas em diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o hipertensos, e assintom&#225;ticos do ponto de vista cardiovascular. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os procedimentos foram submetidos e aprovados por Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Envolvendo Seres Humanos. </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal de caso-controle envolvendo 32 pacientes com diabetes mellitus, com idades entre 40 e 65 anos e 20 volunt&#225;rios normais, com idade e sexo compar&#225;veis. Todos os participantes do estudo passaram por avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica completa com o cardiologista. </p>
    <p>Foram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg; sinais ou sintomas de doen&#231;a cardiorespirat&#243;ria; uso de drogas de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular; janela ac&#250;stica impr&#243;pria para a an&#225;lise do ecocardiograma. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes diab&#233;ticos foram submetidos a exames laboratoriais para avalia&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o renal e de perfil lip&#237;dico e, tamb&#233;m, a exame de fundo de olho contrastado com fluoresce&#237;na, e de urina coletada em 12 h para detec&#231;&#227;o de microalbumin&#250;ria. O diagn&#243;stico de retinopatia e/ou de microalbumin&#250;ria foi o crit&#233;rio para a defini&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de microangiopatia. </p>
    <p>O grupo DM+A foi composto de pacientes com sinais de microangiopatia (n=13); o grupo DM por pacientes sem microangiopatia (n=19); e o grupo controle de volunt&#225;rios clinicamente normais (n=20). </p>
    <p>O exame de fundo de olho constou de oftalmoscopia direta e indireta sob midr&#237;ase; retinografia com luz an&#233;ritra, angiografia fluoresce&#237;nica, por meio da inje&#231;&#227;o de 2,5 ml de fluoresce&#237;na s&#243;dica a 10%, via endovenosa. Para a documenta&#231;&#227;o da angiografia fluoresce&#237;nica e da retinografia foi utilizado o equipamento marca Topcon, modelo TRC-FE e filme Kodak Tri-X Pam de 400 ASA. O diagn&#243;stico de retinopatia foi baseado na presen&#231;a de pelo menos um microaneurisma em um dos olhos ou na de outra altera&#231;&#245;es, como hemorragias, exsudatos duros, exsudatos algodonosos e prolifera&#231;&#227;o fibrosvascular<sup>23</sup>. </p>
    <p>A excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de albumina foi determinada por meio de turbidimetria, utilizando-se o equipamento Turbidimeter<sup>&#177;</sup> da Behring e os reativos Turbiquant<sup>&#177;</sup>, de sensibilidade de 0,3 micrograma/ml. O exame foi realizado em urina colhida por 12 h em frasco est&#233;ril e sem preservativos. As amostras contendo bacteri&#250;ria &gt;10<sup>5 </sup>/mm<sup>3</sup> eram desprezadas. O resultado foi considerado positivo para os valores maiores que 15 microgramas/minuto. </p>
    <p>Todos os procedimentos foram realizados por um &#250;nico ecocardiografista experiente que n&#227;o tinha conhecimento do grupo a que pertenciam os indiv&#237;duos. Os exames foram efetuados por meio equipamento ATL Apogee CX 200, dotado de transdutor ultra-s&#244;nico multifrequ&#234;ncial de 2,0-3,5 MHz e sistema de registro de imagens. Durante o procedimento, o paciente permanecia em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo, com o membro superior esquerdo ligeiramente fletido sob a cabe&#231;a. Uma deriva&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica foi continuamente monitorada. </p>
    <p>As imagens foram obtidas seguindo-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic><sup>24</sup>, a partir de cortes ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais. Foram medidas em seq&#252;&#234;ncia: dimens&#227;o sist&#243;lica final da via de sa&#237;da do VE (VSVE), di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico &#226;ntero-posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final (VEd), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final (VEs), espessuras diast&#243;licas do SIV e da parede posterior do VE (PP). Essas dimens&#245;es foram utilizadas para o c&#225;lculo de: </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0461-00006-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Porcentagem de varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro ventricular (%DD)= [(VEd - VEs) / Ved] x 100. </p>
    <p> As avalia&#231;&#245;es dos fluxos seguiram as orienta&#231;&#245;es do Consenso Canadense<sup>25</sup> para as medidas Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, obtendo-se as seguintes vari&#225;veis: c1) velocidade m&#225;xima de enchimento ventricular r&#225;pido (pico da onda E, cm/s); c2) velocidade m&#225;xima de enchimento tardio, ap&#243;s a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (pico da onda A, cm/s); c3) tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TDE, ms), correspondente ao intervalo de tempo entre o pico da onda E e a sua extrapola&#231;&#227;o para a linha de base. Ainda com o Doppler puls&#225;til, obteve-se as curvas simult&#226;neas de fluxo nas vias de sa&#237;da e de entrada do VE. O intervalo de tempo entre o final do fluxo sist&#243;lico e o in&#237;cio do fluxo transmitral correspondeu ao tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do VE (TRIV). A an&#225;lise do fluxo sist&#243;lico na VSVE permitiu o c&#225;lculo da seguintes vari&#225;veis: &#237;ndice sist&#243;lico (IS, mL/SC) = (VSVE<sup>2</sup> x 0,785 x IVSVE)/SC, onde VSVE &#233; a medida da via de sa&#237;da do VE, IVSVE &#233; a integral do fluxo sist&#243;lico na VSVE e SC &#233; a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC, L/min) = VS x FC. </p>
    <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram efetuadas por meio da ANOVA, seguida do teste de Tukey. Em todos os casos, considerou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia p&lt;0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diab&#233;ticos com microangiopatia apresentaram valores m&#233;dios de microalbumin&#250;ria de 36 mcg/min. Do mesmo modo as altera&#231;&#245;es mais freq&#252;entes observadas no exame contrastado de fundo de olho foram a presen&#231;a de microaneurismas, quadro classificado como retinopatia diab&#233;tica n&#227;o proliferativa<sup>23</sup>. Dos 13 pacientes do grupo DM+A, 9 apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o isolada de fundo de olho, 2 somente microalbumin&#250;ria e em 2 ambas as altera&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> s&#227;o apresentadas a idade, o peso corporal, a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea e as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas dos grupos diabetes mellitus com microangiopatia (DM + A), diabetes mellitus sem microangiopatia (DM) e controle (C). S&#227;o apresentados os valores das m&#233;dias e seus respectivos desvios-padr&#227;o e os resultados do teste estat&#237;stico. Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis idade, peso e superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, os 3 grupos foram estatisticamente semelhantes entre si. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados hemodin&#226;micos evidenciou que os grupos n&#227;o s&#227;o diferentes quanto &#224; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o grupo DM apresentou valor, estatisticamente significante, maior que o grupo C (74&#177;10,30 bpm vs 65&#177;9,40 bpm, p&lt;0,05). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0461-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>, s&#227;o observadas as vari&#225;veis morfom&#233;tricas card&#237;acas, normalizadas para a superf&#237;cie corporal, obtidas por meio do ecocardiograma modo M, dos grupos diabetes mellitus com microangiopatia (DM + A), diabetes mellitus sem microangiopatia (DM) e controle (C). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes entre esses 3 grupos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0461-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref> encontram-se as vari&#225;veis de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, obtidas pela Doppler-ecocardiografia, dos tr&#234;s grupos estudados, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre eles e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela IV</xref> as vari&#225;veis da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. A velocidade m&#225;xima do enchimento ventricular r&#225;pido (E) foi semelhante nos grupos DM + A (75&#177;19,70 cm/s) e DM (69&#177;17,50 cm/s). O valor obtido nesse &#250;ltimo grupo foi significantemente menor do que o observado no grupo controle (84&#177;14,50 cm/s). O tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (TRIVE) apresentou valores estatisticamente semelhantes nos pacientes DM + A (107&#177;28,20 ms) e DM (97&#177; 22,20 ms). Ambos os grupos foram diferentes do grupo controle, que apresentou valor significantemente menor (80&#177;10,70 ms).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0461-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0461-00006-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as entre os grupos de pacientes, com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis morfom&#233;tricas e de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, n&#227;o foi surpresa. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e de exclus&#227;o foram bastante espec&#237;ficos e restringiram a amostra de pacientes. Esse fato, embora tenha contribu&#237;do para diminuir o poder de evidenciar diferen&#231;as potenciais entre os grupos, foi concordante com a proposta de avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre presen&#231;a de sinais de microangiopatia diab&#233;tica e altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais card&#237;acas em grupos semelhantes em todos os demais aspectos, exceto a les&#227;o de pequenos vasos. Tamb&#233;m foi necess&#225;rio restringir as an&#225;lises aos pacientes diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o portadores de outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Ali&#225;s, esse tem sido o problema enfrentado por pesquisadores interessados no assunto. Por exemplo, v&#225;rios estudos com casu&#237;stica maior conclu&#237;ram sobre disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda associada ao diabetes, incluindo no mesmo grupo pacientes normotensos e hipertensos<sup>16,26,27</sup>. Cosson e cols<sup>8</sup> atribu&#237;ram os resultados contradit&#243;rios publicados &#224; falta de homogeneidade das popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas e de uniformidade dos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos utilizados. Assim, nossas conclus&#245;es s&#227;o aplic&#225;veis apenas a grupos de indiv&#237;duos com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes aos avaliados no presente estudo. </p>
    <p>O estudo de Framingham<sup>22 </sup>mostrou que mulheres diab&#233;ticas apresentavam massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 10% maior que as n&#227;o diab&#233;ticas. O estudo Tayside<sup>28</sup> mostrou que a hipertrofia ventricular esteve presente em 32% dos diab&#233;ticos normotensos, os quais n&#227;o utilizavam drogas inibidoras da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina e n&#227;o tinham doen&#231;a coronariana. Al&#233;m disso, mulheres hipertensas e diab&#233;ticas apresentaram maior grau de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo, quando comparadas a hipertensas n&#227;o diab&#233;ticas<sup>29</sup>. Enquanto a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica parece estar associada &#224; hiperglicemia, a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda tem sido mais relacionada &#224; s&#237;ndrome de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina<sup>30,31</sup>. Embora a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda seja mais prevalente em diab&#233;ticos e, tal fato seja relacionado com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>22,32</sup>, em nossa casu&#237;stica, n&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o da massa ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p>A despeito da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada em repouso, consider&#225;vel propor&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;licas ao exame Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;fico. Esses achados est&#227;o em acordo com as observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de outros autores que mostraram disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica precedendo a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, na evolu&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas de pacientes com diabetes mellitus<sup>8,32,33</sup>. </p>
    <p>O estudo de Framingham convincentemente mostrou que pacientes diab&#233;ticos apresentam risco adicional para o desenvolvimento de cardiomiopatia e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>34</sup>. No entanto, n&#227;o ficou completamente esclarecida a natureza dessa associa&#231;&#227;o relatada naquele cl&#225;ssico estudo epidemiol&#243;gico. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de que muitos dos pacientes com sinais cl&#237;nicos de fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentavam, objetivamente, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada, provocou enorme interesse dos pesquisadores e cl&#237;nicos sobre o estado da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular diast&#243;lica nesses pacientes<sup>8,32,33</sup>. </p>
    <p>Esse comprometimento diast&#243;lico que precede as altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas na evolu&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais do cora&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tico tem sido observado mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. Diversos relatos t&#234;m mostrado preval&#234;ncias de 30 a 60% de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos bem controlados e normotensos<sup>22,32,35-37</sup>. </p>
    <p> Um achado interessante no presente estudo foi o aumento do tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos, quando comparado aos controles. Apesar desse aumento, em m&#233;dia, n&#227;o ser de magnitude suficiente para extrapolar os valores considerados normais, pode-se assumir que algum grau de comprometimento do processo de relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico deve estar em curso nesse pacientes. </p>
    <p>O relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico ocorre em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia &#224; retirada do &#237;on Ca<sup>2+</sup> do citoplasma, para dentro do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico, ap&#243;s a contra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, num processo complexo, ativo, com grande consumo de ATP e envolvendo in&#250;meras prote&#237;nas. Portanto, o prolongamento do tempo de relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico pode ser o resultado de uma grande quantidade de potenciais altera&#231;&#245;es subcelulares que poderiam prejudicar o relaxamento. </p>
    <p>O prolongamento do tempo de relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico, influ&#234;ncia o enchimento ventricular r&#225;pido e poderia ser o mecanismo subjacente &#224; observa&#231;&#227;o de valores diminu&#237;dos no pico da onda E. O enchimento ventricular depende fundamentalmente do gradiente de press&#227;o atrioventricular, durante essa fase do ciclo card&#237;aco. Esse gradiente de press&#227;o &#233; diretamente influenciado pela press&#227;o intra-atrial e, portanto, pelo seu volume, e inversamente influenciado pela press&#227;o intraventricular. Assim, o relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico retardado ou incompleto, promove aumento na press&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular e redu&#231;&#227;o no gradiente transmitral e diminui&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de fluxo diast&#243;lico inicial. Existe, ainda, a possibilidade de que altera&#231;&#245;es intersticiais mioc&#225;rdicas, com aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, tenham participado do processo de indu&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>38</sup>. </p>
    <p>Contrariamente ao esperado, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as significantes entre os dois grupos de pacientes diab&#233;ticos. Embora na literatura a presen&#231;a de albumin&#250;ria em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos identifica alto risco de presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, os nossos dados sugerem, que sua presen&#231;a n&#227;o est&#225; relacionada com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, altera&#231;&#227;o essa considerada manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial da cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica<sup>21,33</sup>. Nesse aspecto, &#233; relevante considerar o tamanho da amostra. Isto &#233;, diferen&#231;as entre os grupos poderiam ser demonstradas, estatisticamente, se o n&#250;mero de pacientes fosse maior. No entanto, dada a semelhan&#231;a entre os valores m&#233;dios dos &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nos grupos DM e DM+A, somente a inclus&#227;o de centenas de pacientes no estudo permitiria a demonstra&#231;&#227;o. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, consideramos v&#225;lida a divulga&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do presente estudo, tendo em vista que estudos semelhantes podem ser realizados e, em conjunto, permitam no futuro resolver esta quest&#227;o relevante a respeito da fisiopatologia da cardiomiopatia do diab&#233;tico. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, consideramos de grande relev&#226;ncia a observa&#231;&#227;o de que pacientes diab&#233;ticos normotensos e sem sinais cl&#237;nicos de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, quando comparados com seus controles n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. Estes resultados refor&#231;am a necessidade de estudos adicionais semelhantes, buscando esclarecer a fisiopatologia, as formas de preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento desta disfun&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Jo&#227;o Carlos Ferreira Braga </p>
        <p> Rua Ametistas, 55 </p>
        <p> 17516-080 - Mar&#237;lia, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jcfbraga@cardiol.br">jcfbraga@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 29/04/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 19/11/2004</p>
  </body>
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          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
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            <year>2003</year>
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          <fpage>454</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>42</volume>
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              <surname>Picano</surname>
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              <given-names>MR</given-names>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Diastolic dysfunction in diabetic normotensive patients, regardless of the presence of microangiopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the Doppler-echocardiographic changes in normotensive patients with type II diabetes mellitus, in the presence or absence of signs of microangiopathy. METHODS: Patients with type II diabetes mellitus were submitted to funduscopy contrasted with fluorescein and dosage of microalbuminuria for diagnose of microangiopathy and divided into two groups: DMII (patients without microangiopathy, n=19) and DM+A (patients with microangiopathy, n=13). All of them were submitted to a Doppler-echocardiography and the results were compared with normotensive patients of same sex and age (group C, n=20), by using the ANOVA, followed by the test of Tukey. In all comparisons the significance level p&lt;0.05 was adopted. RESULTS: There were no differences among the groups regarding the systolic function indicators or left ventricular mass. Differences compatible with diastolic dysfunction in the two groups of diabetic were observed, regardless of the presence of microangiopathy, which showed significantly higher values of the times of isovolumetric relaxation of the left ventricle (TIRLV, ms): (DMII= 97&#177;22.2; DM+A= 107&#177;28.2 and C= 80&#177;10.7; p&lt;0.05), and lower values of the maximum speeds of the wave of fast ventricular filling (E, cm/s): (DMII= 69&#177;17.5; DM+A= 75&#177;19.7 and C= 84&#177;14.5, p&lt;0.05 between DMII and C). There was no difference among the groups concerning the E/A rate. CONCLUSION: Normotensive patients with type II diabetes mellitus and without clinical signs of cardiovascular compromising showed signs of diastolic dysfunction, non-associated to the presence of microangiopathy.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>echocardiogram</kwd>
        <kwd>left ventricle</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Diastolic dysfunction in diabetic normotensive patients, regardless of the presence of microangiopathy</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jo&#227;o Carlos Ferreira Braga; F&#225;bio Villa&#231;a Guimar&#227;es Filho; Carlos Roberto Padovani; Beatriz B. Matsubara </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade Estadual de Medicina de Mar&#237;lia e Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Mar&#237;lia, SP - Botucatu, SP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the Doppler-echocardiographic changes in normotensive patients with type II diabetes mellitus, in the presence or absence of signs of microangiopathy.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Patients with type II diabetes mellitus were submitted to funduscopy contrasted with fluorescein and dosage of microalbuminuria for diagnose of microangiopathy and divided into two groups: DMII (patients without microangiopathy, n=19) and DM+A (patients with microangiopathy, n=13). All of them were submitted to a Doppler-echocardiography and the results were compared with normotensive patients of same sex and age (group C, n=20), by using the ANOVA, followed by the test of Tukey. In all comparisons the significance level p&lt;0.05 was adopted.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>There were no differences among the groups regarding the systolic function indicators or left ventricular mass. Differences compatible with diastolic dysfunction in the two groups of diabetic were observed, regardless of the presence of microangiopathy, which showed significantly higher values of the times of isovolumetric relaxation of the left ventricle (TIRLV, ms): (DMII= 97&#177;22.2; DM+A= 107&#177;28.2 and C= 80&#177;10.7; p&lt;0.05), and lower values of the maximum speeds of the wave of fast ventricular filling (E, cm/s): (DMII= 69&#177;17.5; DM+A= 75&#177;19.7 and C= 84&#177;14.5, p&lt;0.05 between DMII and C). There was no difference among the groups concerning the E/A rate.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Normotensive patients with type II diabetes mellitus and without clinical signs of cardiovascular compromising showed signs of diastolic dysfunction, non-associated to the presence of microangiopathy. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> echocardiogram, left ventricle, cardiomiopathy, diabetes mellitus </p>
      <p>Clinical, epidemiological and hystopathologic evidences indicate the existence of a specific cardiopathy related to the diabetes mellitus<sup>1</sup>. Indeed, non-invasive assessments of the cardiac function in diabetic individuals frequently show the existence of abnormalities in both systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle, which can be evinced by means of many diagnostic methods. However, despite the regular use of the term diabetic cardiomiopathy, there is still a considerable debate on the exact nature and cause of the cardiac dysfunction found in diabetic individuals, non-carriers of coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension, which are pathologic conditions frequently associated to diabetes mellitus and that can lead to a cardiac dysfunction, according to the literature. </p>
      <p>The existence of diabetic cardiomyopathy was first suggested by Rubler et al.<sup>1</sup>, who described myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, in addition to prominent endothelial and sub-endothelial proliferation, indicating that the changes in the small vessels could be involved in the pathogenesis of the myocardial dysfunction. </p>
      <p>From that initial description, and to this moment, there have still been disputes concerning the importance of the disease in the small vessels, of interstitial fibrosis, and the metabolic disturbance in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy<sup>2-15</sup>. </p>
      <p>Rossen<sup>15</sup> has debated that, although the correlation of cardiomyopathy with microangiopathy is doubtful, it may exist, having in mind the similarities among the abnormalities in the coronary microvascular function, which are observed in the diabetes mellitus and the idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. </p>
      <p>Gutierrez and Higuchi <sup>14</sup>, in our milieu, accept three hypotheses to explain what they call of contingent causal effect of the diabetes as for the cardiac disease: 1) microangiopathy; 2) direct action on the cardiac fiber of the metabolic disturbances caused by the hyperglycemia, among other factors; 3) changes in the extracellular matrix, caused by a greater level of glycation in its components, with consequent changes in the muscular structure. </p>
      <p>So far, the studies that have compared the ventricular function of diabetic patients with or without microangiopathy<sup>10,15-20</sup> have shown conflicting results. Recently, Liu et al.<sup>21</sup> has found a relation between the presence of urinary loss of albumin and the diastolic dysfunction, in three analyzed groups: absence of albuminuria, microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria. Despite the differences among the groups, the multivariable analysis has shown the albuminuria as an independently associated variable with systolic and diastolic dysfunction, after that adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, duration of diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and left ventricle mass index. Once the microalbuminuria is a endothelial dysfunction marker in the glomerular arteriole, Bell<sup>22 </sup>though valid to postulate that the myocardial endothelial dysfunction causes an increase of healing and rigidity, also considering that such low-cost urinary test could anticipate a Doppler echocardiographic examination, which, although more sensitive to detect the diastolic dysfunction, it has a higher cost. After the diastolic dysfunction was documented, the therapy aiming at preventing the progression of the disease to cardiac insufficiency should have started. </p>
      <p>By having in view that the echocardiographic examination is described as a sensitive method for the early detection of diabetic cardiomyopathy<sup>8</sup>, the present study aims at identifying whether the presence of microangiopathy is associated to cardiac structural and functional changes in non-hypertensive and asymptomatic diabetic patients, from the cardiovascular point of view. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All procedures were submitted to and approved by an Ethics Committee in Research Involving Human Beings. </p>
      <p>A control-case cross examination was carried out involving 32 patients with diabetes mellitus, aged between 40 and 65 years old, and 20 normal voluntaries, with comparable age and sex. All participants in the study were submitted to a complete clinical assessment with a cardiologist. </p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg; signs or symptoms of cardio-respiratory disease; use of cardiovascular action drugs; acoustic fenestra unsuitable for the analysis of the echocardiogram. </p>
      <p>The diabetic patients were submitted to laboratory tests for the assessment of renal function and of lipidic profile, and also a funduscopy contrasted with fluorescein and an examination of urine collected in 12 hours for the detection of microalbuminuria. The diagnosis of retinopathy and/or microalbuminuria was the criterion to define the presence of microangiopathy. </p>
      <p>The DM+A group consisted of patients with signs of microangiopathy (n=13); and the DM group for patients without microangiopathy (n=19); and the control group of clinically normal voluntaries (n=20). </p>
      <p>The funduscopy consisted of direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy under mydriasis; retinography with aneritra light, fluorescenic angiography, through the injection 2.5 ml of intravenous sodic fluorscein at 10%. For the documentation of fluoresceinic angiography and retinography, the TRC-FE model Topcon equipment and a 400-ASA Tri-X Pam Kodak film were used. The diagnosis of retinopathy was based on the presence of at least one microaneuryism in one of the eyes, or in the other changes such as he-morrhages, hard exudates, soft (cotton-like) exudates, and fibrovascular proliferation<sup>23</sup>. </p>
      <p>The urinary excretion of albumina was determined by means of a turbidimetry, by using the Behring Turbidimeter<sup>&#174;</sup> and the 0.3mg/ml sensitivity Turbiquant<sup>&#174;</sup> reactive agents. The examination was performed in urine collected for 12 hours in a sterile flask and without any preservatives. The samples containing bacteriuria &gt; 10<sup>5 </sup>/mm<sup>3</sup> were disregarded. The result was regarded as positive for values greater than 15m/min. </p>
      <p>All procedures were carried out by a single qualified echocardiographer, who did not have any knowledge on the group the individuals belonged to. The examinations were done by means of an ATL Apogee CX 200, equipped with a 2.0-3.5MHz multifrequency ultrasonic transducer and image record system. During the procedure, the patient stayed in left lateral decubitus, with the left upper member slightly flexed under the head. An electrocardiographic derivation was continuously monitored. </p>
      <p>The images were obtained by following the recommendations of American Society of Echocardiography<sup>24</sup>, from usual echocardiographic sections. The sequence of measurements was: final systolic dimension of the outlet way of the LV (OWLV), anteroposterior diastolic diameter of the left atrium (LA), final diastolic diameter (dLV), final systolic diameter (sLV), diastolic thicknesses of the IVS and of the posterior wall of LV (PW). Such dimensions were used for the calculation of:</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0461-00006-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Percentage of variation of the ventricular diameter (%DD)= [(dLV - sLV) / deV] x 100 </p>
      <p> The evaluations of the flows followed the recommendations of the Canadian Consensus<sup>25</sup> for the Doppler-echocardiographic measurements, obtaining the following variables: c1) maximum speed of fast ventricular filling (peak of E wave, cm/s); c2) maximum speed of tardive filling, after atrial contraction (peak of A wave, cm/s); c3) deceleration time of E wave (DTE, ms), corresponding to the time interval between the peak of E wave and its extrapolation to the base line. Also with the pulsated Doppler, simultaneous flow curves at the outlet and inlet ways of the LV were obtained. The time interval between the end of the systolic flow and the beginning of the transmitral flow corresponded to the isovolumetric relaxation time of the LV (VIRT). The analysis of the systolic flow in the OWLV allowed for the calculation of the following variables: systolic index (SI, mL/BS) = (OWLV2 x 0.785 x IOWLV)/BS, in which OWLV is the measurement of the outlet way of the LV, IOWLV is the integral of the systolic flow in the OWLV and BS is the body surface; cardiac output (CO, L/min)= SV x HR. </p>
      <p>The comparisons among the groups were done through ANOVA, followed by the test of Tukey. The level of significance p&lt;0.05 was considered in all cases. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Diabetic patients with microangiopathy showed average values of microalbuminuria of 36 mcg/min. In the same way, the most frequent changes observed in the contrasted fundoscopy were the presence of microaneurysms, a clinical picture classified as non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy<sup>23</sup>. From the 13 patients of DM+A group, 9 showed isolated eyegrounds change, 2 only microalbuminuria and 2 showed both changes. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> shows the age, the body weight, the body surface and the hemodynamic variables of the diabetes mellitus with microangiopathy (DM + A), diabetes mellitus without microangiopathy (DM) and control (C) groups. The values of the means, their respective standard deviations, and the results from the statistic test are shown. Concerning the age, body weight and body surface variables, the 3 groups were statistically similar among each other. The comparison of hemodynamic data evinced that the groups do not differ in relation to the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Concerning the heart rate, the DM group showed a value, statistically significant, greater than the C group value (74&#177;10.30 bpm vs. 65&#177;9.40 bpm, p&lt; 0.05). In <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>, the cardiac morphometric variables, normalized for the body surface were observed. They were obtained through the M-mode echocardiogram, from the diabetes mellitus with microangiopathy (DM + A), diabetes mellitus without microangiopathy (DM) and control (C) groups. Significant differences among those three groups were not observed. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0461-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0461-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The variables of systolic function, obtained through Doppler echocardiography, from the three groups studied are in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>. There were no statistic differences among them and, in<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2"> table IV</xref>, the variables of diastolic function. The maximum sped of fast ventricular filling (E) was similar in the DM + A (75&#177;19.70 cm/s) and DM (69&#177;17.50 cm/s) groups. The value obtained in that last group was significantly lower than that observed in the control group (84&#177;14.50 cm/s). The isovolumetric relaxation time of the left ventricle (IRTLV) showed statistically similar values in the DM + A (107&#177;28.20 ms) and DM (97&#177;22.20 ms) patients. Both groups were different from the control group, which showed a significantly lower value (80&#177;10.70 ms). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0461-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0461-00006-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The absence of differences among the patient groups, in relation to the morphometric and systolic function variables, was not surprising. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were very specific and restricted the patient sampling, which was already discussed. That fact, despite having contributed to decrease the power of evincing potential among the groups, was in accordance to the proposal of assessing the association between the presence of signs of diabetic microangiopathy and cardiac morphofunctional changes in groups that are similar in all the other aspects, except the lesion of small vessels. It was also necessary to restrict the analysis to the diabetic patients non-carrier of other cardiovascular diseases. Besides, that has been the problem faced by researchers interested in the subject. For example, many studies with greater casuistry have concluded on left ventricular dysfunction associated with diabetes, by including normotensive and hypertensive patients in the same group<sup>16,26,27</sup>. Cosson et al.<sup>8</sup> attributed the published contradictory results to the lack of homogeneity of the population studied and the uniformity of the echocardiographic indexes used. So, our conclusions are only applicable to groups of individuals with similar characteristics to those assessed in the present study. </p>
      <p>The study by Framingham<sup>22 </sup>showed that diabetic women had a left ventricle mass 10% greater than those non-diabetic. The Tayside study<sup>28</sup> showed that the ventricular hypertrophy was present in 32% of the normotensive diabetic patients, who did not use drugs that inhibited the enzyme of conversion of the angiotensin and did not have coronary disease. Besides, hypertensive and diabetic women showed a greater level of left ventricular hypertrophy and increase of the left atrium, when compared to non-diabetic hypertensive ones<sup>29</sup>. While the myocardial fibrosis seems to be related to the hyperglycemia, the left ventricular hypertrophy has been more related to the insuline-resistence syndrome<sup>30,31</sup>. Although the left ventricular hypertrophy is more prevailing in diabetic patients and such fact is related to ventricular dysfunction <sup>22,32</sup>, there was no variation in the left ventricular mass in our casuistry. </p>
      <p>Despite the rest-preserved systolic function, a considerable proportion of those patients showed diastolic changes at the Doppler-echocardiographic examination. Those findings are in accordance to the clinical observations by other authors who showed the diastolic diabetes mellitus<sup>8,32,33</sup>. </p>
      <p>The study by Framingham convincingly showed that diabetic patients show addition risk for the development of cardiomyopathy and cardiac insufficiency<sup>34</sup>. However, the nature of such association reported in that classic epidemiological study wa.s not completely clear. The identification, in which many of the patients with clinical signs of cardiac failure objectively showed preserved systolic function, caused a huge interest in researchers and clinicians on the condition of the diastolic ventricular function in those patients<sup>8,32,33</sup>. </p>
      <p>This diastolic compromising that precedes the systolic changes in the evolution of the functional changes in the diabetic heart has been observed even in the absence of coronary artery disease and left ventricular hypertrophy. Many reports have shown prevalence's from 30 to 60% of diastolic dysfunction in well-controlled and normotensive diabetic individuals<sup>22,32,35-37</sup>. </p>
      <p>An interesting finding in the present study was the increase of the isovolumetric relaxation time in the diabetic patients, when compared to the controls. Despite such increase, in the average, is not of sufficient magnitude to extrapolate the values regarded as normal, it can be acknowledged that some level of compromising of the myocardial relaxation process must be current in those patients. </p>
      <p>The myocardial relaxation happens as a consequence of the removal of the ion Ca<sup>2+</sup> from the cytoplasm to the inside of the sarcoplasmic reticule, after the myocardial contraction, in a complex and active process, with great consumption of ATP and involving many proteins. Therefore, the extension of the myocardial relaxation time can be the result from a large quantity of potential subcellular changes that may impair the relaxation. </p>
      <p>The extension of the myocardial relaxation time influences the fast ventricular filling and could be the mechanism subjacent to the observation of decreased values at the peak of the E wave. The ventricular filling depends fundamentally on the atrioventricular pressure gradient, during that stage in the cardiac cycle. That pressure gradient is directly influenced by the intra-atrial pressure and, therefore, by its volume, and inversely influenced by the intraventricular pressure. So, the delayed or incomplete myocardial relaxation promotes an increase in the ventricular diastolic pressure, a reduction in the transmitral gradient and a decrease of the speed of the initial diastolic flow. There is also the possibility that myocardial interstitial changes, with the increase of collagen concentration, have taken part in the induction process of the diastolic function<sup>38</sup>. </p>
      <p>On the contrary we expected, we did not observe significant changes between the two groups of diabetic patients. Although in the literature, the presence of albuminuria in diabetic individuals identifies that high risk of presence of cardiovascular disease, our data suggest, that its presence is not related to diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle. Such change is regarded as the initial manifestation of diabetic cardiomyopathy<sup>21,33</sup>. In that aspect, it is relevant to consider the size of the sample. That means, differences among the groups could be statistically demonstrated, if the number of patients were greater. However, given the similarity among the average values of the diastolic function index in the DM and DM+A groups, only the inclusion of hundreds of patients in the study would allow for the demonstration. Despite such limitations, we regarded as valid the disclosure of the results in the present study, by having in view that similar studies can be carried out and, together, allow for in the future solving that relevant matter concerning the physiopathology of the cardiomyopathy of the diabetic individual. </p>
      <p>Finally, we regard as great importance the observation that normotensive diabetic patients and without clinical signs of cardiac disease show suggestive changes of diastolic dysfunction, when compared to their non-diabetic controls. Those results reinforce the need for similar additional studies, searching to clarify the physiopathology, the ways of prevention and the treatment of such dysfunction. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jo&#227;o Carlos Ferreira Braga</p>
          <p> Rua Ametistas, 55</p>
          <p> 17516-080 - Mar&#237;lia, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jcfbraga@cardiol.br">jcfbraga@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publishing on 04/29/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on 11/19/2004 </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
