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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TBRBwJ5zdrkFZWw7H3gBLLQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000600005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico antes e ap&#243;s valvotomia percut&#226;nea na estenose mitral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tatani</surname>
            <given-names>Solange Bernardes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mois&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Marcondes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia Maria Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>457</fpage>
      <lpage>460</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da abertura efetiva da valva mitral esten&#243;tica atrav&#233;s da valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 12 pacientes com estenose mitral sintom&#225;tica, em ritmo sinusal, submetidos ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico antes e ap&#243;s valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o efetiva. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, foram analisadas ao Doppler puls&#225;til as velocidades m&#225;ximas e respectivas integrais dos fluxos anter&#243;grado e retr&#243;grado, al&#233;m da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o calculada pela planimetria da &#225;rea desta estrutura. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento significante das velocidades de fluxo anter&#243;grado do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo ap&#243;s valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o (pr&#233;: m&#233;dia de 0,30 m/s; p&#243;s: m&#233;dia de 0,47 m/s; p&lt;0,05) e de suas respectivas integrais. O mesmo ocorreu com as velocidades de fluxo retr&#243;grado (pr&#233;: m&#233;dia de 0,35 m/s, p&#243;s: m&#233;dia de 0,53 m/s; p&lt;0,05). Houve tend&#234;ncia de aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo ap&#243;s o procedimento (pr&#233;: m&#233;dia de 20%, p&#243;s: m&#233;dia de 31%; p=0,08). CONCLUS&#195;O: A abertura efetiva do orif&#237;cio mitral estenosado decorrente da valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o determinou melhora do padr&#227;o de fluxo do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, o que potencialmente pode contribuir para redu&#231;&#227;o do risco emb&#243;lico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo</kwd>
        <kwd>estenose mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico antes e ap&#243;s valvotomia percut&#226;nea na estenose mitral </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Solange Bernardes Tatani; Orlando Campos Filho; Claudio Henrique Fischer; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Mois&#233;s; Jos&#233; Augusto Marcondes de Souza; Cl&#225;udia Maria Rodrigues Alves; Angelo Amato Vincenzo de Paola; Antonio Carlos C. Carvalho </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar os efeitos da abertura efetiva da valva mitral esten&#243;tica atrav&#233;s da valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram estudados 12 pacientes com estenose mitral sintom&#225;tica, em ritmo sinusal, submetidos ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico antes e ap&#243;s valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o efetiva. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, foram analisadas ao Doppler puls&#225;til as velocidades m&#225;ximas e respectivas integrais dos fluxos anter&#243;grado e retr&#243;grado, al&#233;m da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o calculada pela planimetria da &#225;rea desta estrutura. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Houve aumento significante das velocidades de fluxo anter&#243;grado do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo ap&#243;s valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o (pr&#233;: m&#233;dia de 0,30 m/s; p&#243;s: m&#233;dia de 0,47 m/s; p&lt;0,05) e de suas respectivas integrais. O mesmo ocorreu com as velocidades de fluxo retr&#243;grado (pr&#233;: m&#233;dia de 0,35 m/s, p&#243;s: m&#233;dia de 0,53 m/s; p&lt;0,05). Houve tend&#234;ncia de aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo ap&#243;s o procedimento (pr&#233;: m&#233;dia de 20%, p&#243;s: m&#233;dia de 31%; p=0,08). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A abertura efetiva do orif&#237;cio mitral estenosado decorrente da valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o determinou melhora do padr&#227;o de fluxo do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, o que potencialmente pode contribuir para redu&#231;&#227;o do risco emb&#243;lico. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, estenose mitral, valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o</p>
    <p> A localiza&#231;&#227;o preferencial dos trombos no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo &#233; conhecida h&#225; v&#225;rias d&#233;cadas<sup>1,2</sup>, bem como a associa&#231;&#227;o entre estenose mitral e trombose atrial esquerda, particularmente em vig&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>3</sup>. Entretanto, s&#243; recentemente, com o advento da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica &#233; que foi poss&#237;vel melhor compreens&#227;o sobre os aspectos fisiol&#243;gicos e anormais da fun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e de sua rela&#231;&#227;o com fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos. </p>
    <p>Pollick &amp; Taylor<sup>4 </sup>e Pozzoli e cols.<sup>5</sup>, por meio da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, demonstraram que, em pacientes com cora&#231;&#227;o normal e ritmo sinusal, o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo apresenta padr&#227;o caracter&#237;stico de esvaziamento: seu &#225;pice &#233; altamente contr&#225;til, freq&#252;entemente obliterando-se, ao passo que sua base, praticamente, n&#227;o se contrai. Esses autores descreveram o padr&#227;o normal de fluxo bif&#225;sico desta estrutura, com um componente anter&#243;grado direcionado para a cavidade principal do &#225;trio esquerdo logo ap&#243;s a onda P do eletrocardiograma (s&#237;stole apendicular), seguido imediatamente de um fluxo retr&#243;grado direcionado para o interior do ap&#234;ndice (fase de relaxamento apendicular). Demonstraram ainda que, em condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, sobretudo na vig&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo associa-se &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o e perda de sua capacidade contr&#225;til, com lentid&#227;o do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo no seu interior. Criou-se, a partir desses estudos, o conceito de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, estabelecendo-se rela&#231;&#227;o com seu potencial embolig&#234;nico. </p>
    <p>Apesar da estenose mitral, sabidamente, associar-se a maior possibilidade de fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos resultantes da estase sang&#252;&#237;nea ao n&#237;vel atrial, poucos estudos detiveram-se na an&#225;lise ecodopplercardiogr&#225;fica do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Hwang e cols.<sup>6 </sup>e Tukek e cols.<sup>7</sup>, baseados na ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, observaram maior comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo na doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica mitral com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o reum&#225;tica. Entretanto, poucos estudos avaliaram o comportamento funcional do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo ap&#243;s a valvotomia mitral percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar as poss&#237;veis varia&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, produzidas pela dilata&#231;&#227;o valvar em pacientes com estenose mitral sintom&#225;tica e em ritmo sinusal, submetidos sistematicamente &#224; ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica antes e ap&#243;s o procedimento bem sucedido da valvotomia mitral percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados 12 pacientes consecutivos (10 mulheres, idade m&#233;dia de 24 anos, variando entre 15 a 38 anos) com estenose mitral sintom&#225;tica, em ritmo sinusal, submetidos &#224; valvotomia mitral percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o bem sucedida, avaliada por crit&#233;rios hemodin&#226;micos. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica na fase de sele&#231;&#227;o para a dilata&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea valvar, at&#233; 15 dias antes do procedimento. Ap&#243;s a valvotomia, nova ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica foi realizada antes da alta hospitalar. </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, e todos os pacientes deram seu consentimento informado. </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, os portadores de estenose mitral sintom&#225;tica, em ritmo sinusal, com indica&#231;&#227;o de abertura valvar, submetidos &#224; valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o, cujo sucesso foi determinado por par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos: aumento significativo da &#225;rea valvar mitral (pelo menos o dobro da &#225;rea pr&#233;-procedimento), queda significativa (p&lt;0,05) do gradiente diast&#243;lico m&#233;dio transvalvar e insufici&#234;ncia mitral resultante do procedimento n&#227;o maior que 2 em 4. </p>
    <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foi realizada com aparelho ATL equipado com transdutor transesof&#225;gico biplanar de 5 megaHertz. Os pacientes foram mantidos em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e receberam anestesia t&#243;pica da orofaringe por nebuliza&#231;&#227;o de lidoca&#237;na a 10%. A introdu&#231;&#227;o da sonda esof&#225;gica e a obten&#231;&#227;o das imagens foram realizadas pela t&#233;cnica convencional<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>As curvas de velocidade de fluxo do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foram obtidas posicionando-se a amostra de volume do Doppler puls&#225;til no interior de sua cavidade, a cerca de 1 cm de sua base. Utilizaram-se, em todos os casos, baixos filtros de parede e optou-se pelo plano longitudinal por permitir melhor alinhamento do feixe ultra-s&#244;nico com o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo do ap&#234;ndice, garantindo menor dispers&#227;o do sinal ultra-sonogr&#225;fico. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo incluiu o estudo do padr&#227;o de fluxo apendicular e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o dessa estrutura<sup>4</sup>. Quanto ao fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo foram analisadas as velocidades m&#225;ximas e as integrais dos componentes anter&#243;grado (onda A) e retr&#243;grado (onda R) da curva de velocidade do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo do AAE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi calculada a partir da planimetria das &#225;reas m&#225;xima e m&#237;nima dessa estrutura, obtida em di&#225;stole e s&#237;stole apendiculares, ao corte transversal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>), por meio da rela&#231;&#227;o</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0457-00005-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0457-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0457-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A &#225;rea m&#225;xima (diast&#243;lica) foi medida no in&#237;cio da onda P do eletrocardiograma e a &#225;rea m&#237;nima (sist&#243;lica) no final do esvaziamento do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (ou seja, no in&#237;cio do complexo QRS do eletrocardiograma), optando-se pelo corte transversal por permitir visibiliza&#231;&#227;o de toda sua extens&#227;o. </p>
    <p>As medidas das vari&#225;veis analisadas resultaram da m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica dos valores obtidos pela an&#225;lise de tr&#234;s batimentos card&#237;acos consecutivos. </p>
    <p>Todos os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados por um &#250;nico investigador. Os exames foram gravados em v&#237;deo-teipe, sendo submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise de um &#250;nico observador, n&#227;o participante da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames transesof&#225;gicos, nem do procedimento de dilata&#231;&#227;o valvar. </p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos resultados foi aplicado teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a natureza e a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis envolvidas. Foi aplicado o teste de Wilcoxon para duas amostras n&#227;o independentes ao se comparar as vari&#225;veis analisadas &#224; ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, para cada paciente antes e ap&#243;s a valvotomia mitral. Para cada vari&#225;vel, foram descritos os valores m&#233;dio, m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo encontrados. O n&#237;vel para rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese da nulidade foi fixado em 0.05 (p&lt;0,05). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tempo decorrido entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico e a valvotomia percut&#226;nea variou de 0 a 15 dias (m&#233;dia de 5 dias). O intervalo entre a valvotomia e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novo estudo transesof&#225;gico variou de 1 a 6 dias (m&#233;dia de 3 dias). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante entre a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233; (valores entre 70 e 115 bpm; valor m&#233;dio de 88 bpm) e p&#243;s dilata&#231;&#227;o valvar (valores entre 70 e 125 bpm; (valor m&#233;dio de 93 bpm). </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o, houve um aumento significante da &#225;rea valvar (pr&#233;: m&#233;dia de 0,88 cm<sup>2</sup> e p&#243;s: m&#233;dia de 2,8 cm<sup>2</sup>; p=0,0004)), com queda significante dos gradientes diast&#243;licos m&#233;dios (p=0,0003). Havia insufici&#234;ncia valvar discreta acometendo a valva mitral em 8 pacientes, tric&#250;spide em 10 e a&#243;rtica em 3, isoladas ou associadas, e que n&#227;o se modificaram de maneira significativa ap&#243;s o procedimento da dilata&#231;&#227;o valvar. </p>
    <p>Antes da valvotomia mitral, o componente anter&#243;grado de esvaziamento do fluxo do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (onda A) apresentou velocidades m&#225;ximas que variaram de 0,13 a 0,53 m/s (m&#233;dia de 0,30 m/s), com a respectiva integral variando de 0,01 a 0,04 m (m&#233;dia de 0,03 m). Ap&#243;s o procedimento, a velocidade m&#225;xima foi de 0,10 a 0,77 m/s (m&#233;dia de 0,47 m/s) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>) e a integral de 0,01 a 0,08 m (m&#233;dia de 0,04 m), o que correspondeu a um aumento significante das velocidades anter&#243;gradas (p=0,01) e das suas integrais (p=0,04), induzidas pela valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o, correspondendo a um acr&#233;scimo m&#233;dio, respectivamente, de 57% e 33% dessas vari&#225;veis em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores pr&#233;-procedimento. </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0457-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao componente retr&#243;grado do fluxo do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, a velocidade m&#225;xima antes da valvotomia variou de 0,23 a 0,51 m/s (m&#233;dia de 0,35 m/s) e a integral de 0,02 a 0,04 m (m&#233;dia de 0,03 m). Ap&#243;s a dilata&#231;&#227;o valvar, a velocidade m&#225;xima variou de 0,20 a 0,88 m/s (m&#233;dia de 0,53 m/s) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>) e a integral de 0,01 a 0,08 m (m&#233;dia de 0,04 m). Houve diferen&#231;a significante entre os valores da velocidade m&#225;xima retr&#243;grada pr&#233; e p&#243;s-valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o (p=0,04), com um acr&#233;scimo m&#233;dio de 51%. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores da integral do fluxo retr&#243;grado nos dois per&#237;odos considerados (p=0,59). </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0457-00005-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O aspecto da curva espectral do fluxo do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, antes e ap&#243;s a valvotomia mitral, encontram-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>. </p>
    <p>Na fase pr&#233;-valvotomia, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o variou de 9 a 34% (m&#233;dia de 20%) e ap&#243;s o procedimento, de 14 a 60% (m&#233;dia de 31%). Tais diferen&#231;as mostraram apenas uma tend&#234;ncia ao aumento desta vari&#225;vel, sem signific&#226;ncia do ponto de vista estat&#237;stico, quando comparados os dados aferidos antes e ap&#243;s a valvotomia mitral (p=0,08). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo demonstra, de forma objetiva, as modifica&#231;&#245;es funcionais do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo induzidas pelo al&#237;vio da hipertens&#227;o atrial esquerda ap&#243;s valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o, de pacientes com estenose mitral. Destaca tamb&#233;m a import&#226;ncia da t&#233;cnica transesof&#225;gica como instrumento, particularmente &#250;til, na observa&#231;&#227;o destes aspectos, imposs&#237;veis de serem abordados por outros m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos. </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com &#225;trio esquerdo normal e ritmo sinusal, Pollick &amp; Taylor<sup>4</sup> observaram &#224; ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo &#233; de aproximadamente 55%, com valores m&#233;dios de velocidade anter&#243;grada m&#225;xima de 0,48 m/s. Nos pacientes com estenose mitral desta pesquisa, antes da valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o, o estudo transesof&#225;gico do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo demonstrou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 20%, com m&#233;dias de velocidade m&#225;xima anter&#243;grada de 0,30 m/s. Estes dados sugerem a exist&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo na estenose mitral e refletem um comprometimento da capacidade de esvaziamento desta estrutura. Dados semelhantes foram descritos por Hwang e cols.<sup>6</sup>, caracterizando um comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til intr&#237;nseca do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo na estenose mitral. Esses autores observaram ap&#234;ndices atriais esquerdos mais dilatados, com fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o mais baixas e menores velocidades de esvaziamento nos pacientes com doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica mitral em ritmo sinusal, quando comparados com pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o reum&#225;tica. Tal disfun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo na estenose mitral pode ser explicada pela degenera&#231;&#227;o das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas com conseq&#252;ente fibrose intersticial difusa desta estrutura, resultantes de crises repetidas de atividade reum&#225;tica. Madden<sup>9 </sup>j&#225; demonstrara que o tecido do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo na estenose mitral apresenta degenera&#231;&#227;o das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas e fibrose intersticial difusa. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a valvotomia percut&#226;nea por cateter bal&#227;o, observou-se melhora significativa do fluxo apendicular esquerdo dos pacientes da presente s&#233;rie, superpondo-se aos valores encontrados em indiv&#237;duos normais<sup>4</sup> e apenas uma tend&#234;ncia ao melhor desempenho contr&#225;til desta estrutura, a julgar pelo aumento, por&#233;m n&#227;o significante, de sua fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o procedimento. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos por Porte e cols.<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nos pacientes com estenose mitral, o aumento da press&#227;o atrial esquerda ocasiona eleva&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia ao esvaziamento da c&#226;mara apendicular, com conseq&#252;ente redu&#231;&#227;o de seu fluxo, contribuindo para a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Com a abertura efetiva da &#225;rea valvar mitral decorrente da valvotomia, a queda na press&#227;o atrial esquerda determina redu&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga atrial, facilitando o esvaziamento apendicular na s&#237;stole atrial, justificando nossos achados. </p>
    <p>O fato de ter ocorrido melhora do fluxo, sem aumento significativo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, sugere que o fluxo desta estrutura &#233; mais dependente da press&#227;o intra-atrial esquerda do que da recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til apendicular. Estas observa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o corroboradas por Hoit e cols.<sup>11</sup> que, em estudos experimentais, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade de esvaziamento e a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Sabe-se que existem diferen&#231;as embriol&#243;gicas, estruturais e funcionais entre o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e o corpo do &#225;trio esquerdo. A c&#226;mara apendicular &#233; o remanescente do &#225;trio esquerdo embrion&#225;rio que se desenvolve durante a 3&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o, ao passo que a cavidade principal do &#225;trio esquerdo desenvolve-se mais tardiamente, a partir das veias pulmonares. Gall e cols.<sup>12</sup> demonstraram similaridades da estrutura do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo com o m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, o que pode explicar a natureza contr&#225;til dessa c&#226;mara e talvez respostas diferentes ao processo reum&#225;tico inflamat&#243;rio. Funcionalmente, sabe-se tamb&#233;m que o ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo difere do corpo do &#225;trio por se apresentar como uma c&#226;mara de maior complac&#234;ncia<sup>13</sup>, podendo levar a processos adaptativos diferentes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;trio esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Assim, pode-se admitir que estas peculiaridades anatomofuncionais do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo possam determinar diferen&#231;as na resposta funcional desta c&#226;mara, de modo diverso ao do corpo do &#225;trio esquerdo no processo reum&#225;tico, frente ao procedimento terap&#234;utico utilizado. </p>
    <p>Talvez a plena restaura&#231;&#227;o da capacidade contr&#225;til do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, em termos de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, ocorra em uma fase posterior ao per&#237;odo relativamente precoce em que foi realizado o exame transesof&#225;gico p&#243;s-valvotomia, por meio de um processo mais lento de remodela&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Em s&#237;ntese, os dados ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos comparativos do presente estudo documentam a recupera&#231;&#227;o precoce, embora parcial, da disfun&#231;&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos com uma amostra maior e acompanhamento por per&#237;odo mais longo ap&#243;s o procedimento de dilata&#231;&#227;o valvar para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o destes aspectos funcionais do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo com uma poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o dos eventos emb&#243;licos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Solange Bernardes Tatani </p>
        <p> Rua Gil Fernandes, 183 </p>
        <p> 04148-020 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="sbtatani@cardiol.br">sbtatani@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="solange.tatani@fleury.com.br">solange.tatani@fleury.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 03/06/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/11/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Functional assessment of the left atrial appendage at transesophageal echocardiography before and after percutaneous valvotomy in the mitral stenosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of the relief of the mitral stenosis by percutaneous ballon valvotomy in the function of the left atrial appendage. METHODS: Twelve patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis, in sinus rhythm, were studied. They were submitted to the transesophageal echocardiogram before and after effective percutaneous ballon valvotomy. Concerning the left atrial appendage, the peak flow velocities and the respective integral of the anterograde and retrograde flow, in addition to the ejection fraction calculated through the planimetry of the area of that structure, were analyzed at the pulsatile Doppler. RESULTS: There was a significant increase of the anterograde flow velocity of the left atrial appendage after percutaneous ballon valvotomy (pre: mean of 0.30 m/s; post: mean of 0.47 m/s; p&lt;0.05) and their respective integrals. The same happened with the retrograde flow velocity (pre: mean of 0.35 m/s, post: mean of 0.53 m/s; p&lt;0.05). There was a tendency of increase of the ejection fraction of the left atrial appendage after the procedure (pre: mean of 20%, post: mean of 31%; p=0.08). CONCLUSION: The effective opening of the stenosed mitral orifice resulting from the percutaneous ballon valvotomy determined an improvement of the flow pattern of the left atrial appendage, which can potentially contribute for the reduction of the embolic risk.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>transesophageal echocardiogram</kwd>
        <kwd>left atrial appendage</kwd>
        <kwd>mitral stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>percutaneous ballon valvotomy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Functional assessment of the left atrial appendage at transesophageal echocardiography before and after percutaneous valvotomy in the mitral stenosis  </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Solange Bernardes Tatani; Orlando Campos Filho; Claudio Henrique Fischer; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Mois&#233;s; Jos&#233; Augusto Marcondes de Souza; Cl&#225;udia Maria Rodrigues Alves; Angelo Amato Vincenzo de Paola; Antonio Carlos C. Carvalho </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the effects of the relief of the mitral stenosis by percutaneous ballon valvotomy in the function of the left atrial appendage.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Twelve patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis, in sinus rhythm, were studied. They were submitted to the transesophageal echocardiogram before and after effective percutaneous ballon valvotomy. Concerning the left atrial appendage, the peak flow velocities and the respective integral of the anterograde and retrograde flow, in addition to the ejection fraction calculated through the planimetry of the area of that structure, were analyzed at the pulsatile Doppler.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>There was a significant increase of the anterograde flow velocities of the left atrial appendage after percutaneous ballon valvotomy (pre: mean of 0.30 m/s; post: mean of 0.47 m/s; p&lt;0.05) and their respective integrals. The same happened with the retrograde flow velocities (pre: mean of 0.35 m/s, post: mean of 0.53 m/s; p&lt;0.05). There was a tendency of increase of the ejection fraction of the left atrial appendage after the procedure (pre: mean of 20%, post: mean of 31%; p=0.08).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The effective opening of the stenosed mitral orifice resulting from the percutaneous ballon valvotomy determined an improvement of the flow pattern of the left atrial appendage, which can potentially contribute for the reduction of the embolic risk. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold>transesophageal echocardiogram, left atrial appendage, mitral stenosis, percutaneous ballon valvotomy</p>
      <p>The preferential location of the thrombi in the left atrial appendage has been known for many decades<sup>1,2</sup>, as well as the association between mitral stenosis and left atrial thrombosis, especially under atrial fibrillation<sup>3</sup>. However, only recently, with the arrival of the transesophageal echocardiography, it was possible a better understanding on the physiological and abnormal aspects of the function of the left atrial appendage and its relationship with thromboembolic phenomena. </p>
      <p>Pollick &amp; Taylor<sup>4 </sup>and Pozzoli et al.<sup>5</sup>, by means of the transesophageal echocardiography, that, in patients with a normal heart and sinus rhythm, the left atrial appendage shows a characteristic pattern of function: its apex is highly contractile, frequently obliterating, whereas its base practically does not constrict. Those authors described the regular pattern of biphasic flow of that structure with a anterograde component directed towards the main cavity of the left atrium, just after the P wave of the electrocardiogram (appendicular systole), immediately followed by a retrograde flow directed to the inside of the appendage (stage of appendicular relaxation). They also demonstrated that, under pathological conditions, especially under atrial fibrillation, the formation of thrombi in the left atrial appendage is associated to the dilatation and loss of its contractile ability, with slowness of the blood flow in its inside. From those studies the concept of dysfunction left atrial appendage was created, by establishing a relation with embolic potential. </p>
      <p>Despite the mitral stenosis is knowingly associated to a greater possibility of thromboembolic phenomena resulting from the blood stasis on the atriun, few studies took only the Doppler echocardiographic analysis of left atrial appendage into consideration. Hwang et al<sup>6 </sup>and Tukek et al<sup>7</sup>, based on the transesophageal echocardiography, observed a greater compromising of the left atrial appendage function in the mitral rheumatic disease with atrial fibrillation, in relation to the patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. However, few studies have assessed the functional behavior of the left atrial appendage after percutaneous mitral valvotomy. </p>
      <p>The present study had as objective to assess the possible variations of the function of the left atrial appendage, which were produced by the valvular dilatation in patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis, under a sinus rhythm, systematically submitted to the transesophageal echocardiography, before and after the well-succeeded percutaneous mitral valvotomy. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twelve consecutive patients (10 women, mean 24 years old, varying between 15 to 38 years old) with symptomatic mitral stenosis, in sinus rhythm, submitted to a well-succeeded percutaneous mitral valvotomy, assessed through hemodynamic criteria. </p>
      <p>The patients were submitted to transesophageal echocardiography in the selection stage for the valvular percutaneous dilatation, up to 15 days before the procedure. After the valvotomy, a new transesophageal echocardiography was performed before discharge. </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of our institution and all patients informed their consent. </p>
      <p>The patients included in the study were carriers of symptomatic mitral stenosis, under sinus rhythm, with indication of valvular opening, submitted to the percutaneous ballon valvotomy, whose success was determined by hemodynamic parameters: a significant increase of the mitral valvular area (at least twice the pre-procedure area), a significant decrease (p&lt;0.05) of the transvalvular mid-diastolic gradient and mitral insufficiency resulting from the procedure not greater than 2 in 4. </p>
      <p>The acquisition of the echocardiographic images was done with an ATL equipped with a 5 MHz biplanar transesophageal transducer. The patients were kept in lateral decubitus and received topic anesthesia of the oropharynx through nebulization of lidocaine at 10%. The introduction of the esophageal probe and the acquisition of the images were carried out through the conventional technique<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>The curves of flow velocity of the left atrial appendage were obtained by positioning the volume sample of the pulsatile Doppler inside its cavity, approximately at 1cm from its base. In all cases low wall filters were used and we opted for the longitudinal plan for allowing a better aligning of the ultrasonic beam with the blood flow of the appendage, which warranted a lower dispersion of the ultrasonographic signal. </p>
      <p>The analysis of the left atrial appendage function included the study of the appendicular flow pattern and the ejection fraction of that structure<sup>4</sup> concerning the blood flow, the peak flow velocity and the integrals of the anterograde (wave A) and retrograde (wave R) of the velocity curve of the blood flow of the LAA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>) were analyzed, and concerning the ejection fraction, which was calculated from the planimetry of the maximum and minimum areas of that structure, obtained in appendicular diastole and systole, to the transversal cross-section (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>), by means of the following relation: </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0457-00005-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0457-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0457-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The maximum area (diastolic) was measured at the beginning of the P wave of the electrocardiogram, and the minimum area (systolic) was measured at the end of the dissection of the left atrial appendage (which means, at the beginning of the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram), opting for the transversal cross-section because it allows for a view of its whole extent. </p>
      <p>The measurements of the variables analyzed resulted from the arithmetic means of the values obtained by the analysis of the three consecutive heart beats. </p>
      <p>All echocardiographic exams were performed by a single examiner. The exams were recorded in videotape and submitted to the analysis of a single observer, which did not participate in the realization of the transesophageal exams and also in the valvular dilatation procedure. </p>
      <p>For the analysis of the results a non-parametric test was applied, taking into consideration the nature and distribution of the variable involved in. The test of Wilcoxon was applied for two non-independent samples when comparing the variables analyzed with the transesophageal echocardiography, for each patient, before and after the mitral valvotomy. The mean, minimum and maximum values found were described for each variable. The level for rejection of the hypothesis of nullity was fixed at 0.05 (p&lt;0.05). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The time elapsed between the realization of the transesophageal echocardiogram and the percutaneous valvotomy varied from 0 to 15 days (average of 5 days). The interval between the valvotomy and the realization of a new transesophageal study varied from 1 to 6 days (average of 3 days). There was no significant difference between the pre- (values between 70 and 115 bpm; mean value of 88 bpm) and post-valvular dilatation (values between 70 and 125 bpm; mean value of 93 bpm) heart rate. </p>
      <p>After percutaneous ballon valvotomy, there was a significant increase of the valvular area (pre: average of 0.88 cm<sup>2</sup> and post: mean of 2.8 cm<sup>2</sup>; p=0.0004), with a significant decrease of the mean diastolic gradients (p=0.0003). There was a discreet valvular insufficiency undertaking the mitral valve in 8 patients, tricuspid in 10 and aortic in 3, isolated or associated, and those that did not significantly change after the valvular dilatation procedure. </p>
      <p>Before the mitral valvotomy, the anterograde component of flow of the left atrial appendage (wave A) showed peak flow velocities that varied from 0.13 to 0.53 m/s (mean of 0.30 m/s), with the respective integral varying from 0.01 to 0.04 m (mean of 0.03 m). After the procedure, the peak flow velocity varied from 0.10 to 0.77 m/s (mean of 0.47 m/s) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>) and the integral from 0.01 to 0.08 m (mean of 0.04 m), which corresponded to a significant increase of the anterograde velocities (p=0.01) and their integrals (p=0.04), induced by the percutaneous ballon valvotomy, corresponding to an mean increase of, respectively, 57% and 33% of those variables in relation to the pre-procedure values.</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0457-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In relation to the retrograde component of the flow of the left atrial appendage, the peak flow velocity before the valvotomy varied from 0.23 to 0.51 m/s (mean of 0.35 m/s) and the integral from 0.02 to 0.04 m (mean of 0.03 m). After the valvular dilatation, the peak flow velocity varied from 0.20 to 0.88 m/s (mean of 0.53 m/s) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>) and the integral from 0.01 to 0.08 m (mean of 0.04 m). There was a significant difference between the values of the pre- and post-percutaneous ballon valvotomy maximum retrograde velocity (p=0.04), with an mean increase of 51%. There was not any statistic difference in relation to the values of the integral of the retrograde flow in the two periods considered (p=0.59).</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0457-00005-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The aspect of the spectral curve of the flow of the left atrial appendage, before and after the mitral valvotomy, is displayed in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>. </p>
      <p>In the pre-valvotomy stage, the ejection fraction varied from 9 to 34% (mean of 20%) and after the procedure, from 14 to 60% (mean of 31%). Such differences only show a tendency for the increase of such variable, without any significance from the statistic point of view, when compared to the data gauged before and after the mitral valvotomy (p=0.08). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study objectively shows the functional changes of the left atrial appendage induced by the relief of the left atrial hypertension after percutaneous ballon valvotomy of patients with mitral stenosis. It also highlights the importance of the transesophageal technique as an especially useful instrument in the observation of those aspects, which are impossible of being approached through other diagnostic methods. </p>
      <p>In patients with normal left atrium and sinus rhythm, Pollick &amp; Taylor<sup>4</sup> observed at the transesophageal echocardiography that the ejection fraction of the left atrial appendage is of approximately 55%, with average values of maximum anterograde velocity of 0.48 m/s. In the patients with mitral stenosis in this research, before the percutaneous ballon valvotomy, the transesophageal study of the left atrial appendage showed an average ejection fraction of 20%, with average anterograde maximum velocities of 0.30 m/s. Those data suggest the existence of dysfunction of the left atrial appendage in the mitral stenosis and reflect a compromising of the function ability of that structure. Similar data were described by Hwang et al<sup>6</sup>, characterizing a compromising of the intrinsic contractile function of the left atrial appendage in the mitral stenosis. Those authors observed more dilated left atrial appendages, with lower ejection fractions and lower velocities in patients with mitral rheumatic disease in sinus rhythm, when compared with patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. Such dysfunction of the left atrial appendage in the mitral stenosis can be explained by the degeneration of the myocardial fibers with a consequent diffused interstitial fibrosis of this structure, which result from repeated crises of the rheumatic activity. Madden<sup>9 </sup>has already demonstrated that the tissue of the left atrial appendage in the mitral stenosis presents degeneration of the myocardial fibers and diffused interstitial fibrosis. </p>
      <p> After the percutaneous ballon valvotomy, a significant improvement of the left appendicular flow of the patient in the present series was observed, which superimposed the values found in normal individuals<sup>4</sup>, and only a tendency for a better contractile performance of that structure, regarding the increase, however insignificant, of its ejection fraction after the procedure. Similar results were obtained by Porte et al.<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the patients with mitral stenosis, the increase of the left atrial pressure causes increase of the resistance against the function of the appendicular chamber, with a consequent reduction of its flow, which contributes for the deterioration of the contractile function of the left atrial appendage. With the effective opening of the mitral valvular area resulting from the valvotomy, the decrease of the left atrial pressure determines a reduction in the atrial post-load, which makes easy the appendicular function in the atrial systole, thus justifying our findings. </p>
      <p>The fact that there has been an improvement of the flow, without a significant increase of the ejection fraction of the left atrial appendage, suggests that the flow of that structure is more dependent of the left intra-atrial pressure than the recovery of the appendicular contractile function. Those observations are corroborated by Hoit et al.<sup>11</sup>, who in experimental studies also did not find any relation between the velocity and the contractile function of the left atrial appendage. </p>
      <p>It is known that there are embryologic, structural and functional differences between the left atrial appendage and the body of the left atrium. The appendicular chamber is the remaining of the embryonic left atrium that develops during the 3<sup>rd</sup> week of gestation, whereas the main cavity of the left atrium develops later, from the pulmonary veins. Gall et al.<sup>12</sup> demonstrated similarities in the structure of the left atrial appendage with the skeletal muscle, which can explain the contractile nature of that chamber and maybe different answers to the inflammatory rheumatic process. Functionally it is also known that the left atrial appendage differs from the body of the atrium for being presented as a larger complacence chamber<sup>13</sup>, which may lead to different adaptative processes in relation to the left atrium. </p>
      <p>So, it can be acknowledged that such anatomic-functional peculiarities of the left atrial appendage can determine differences in the functional response of that chamber, in a different way from the body of the left atrium in the rheumatic process, facing the therapeutic procedure used. </p>
      <p>Maybe the full restoration of the contractile ability of the left atrial appendage, in terms of ejection fraction, happens in a later stage to the relatively early period when the post-valvotomy transesophageal exam was performed, by means of a slower process of remodeling. </p>
      <p>Summarizing, the comparative Doppler echocardiographic data of the present study document the early recovering, although partial, of the dysfunction of the left atrial appendage. There will be necessary studies with a greater sample and a follow-up for a longer time after the valvular dilatation procedure to assess the relation of these functional aspects of the left atrial appendage with a possible reduction of the embolic events.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Solange Bernardes Tatani</p>
          <p> Rua Gil Fernandes, 183</p>
          <p> 04148-020 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="sbtatani@cardiol.br">sbtatani@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="solange.tatani@fleury.com.br">solange.tatani@fleury.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publishing on 06/03/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on 11/08/2004 </p>
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