<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hQX53YgvkwF8bZfcm7HCtHC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000600004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000600004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo na miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;dson Siqueira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Ot&#225;vio da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia Ecocenter </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Socor</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>452</fpage>
      <lpage>456</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar a fun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo em portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada de etiologia chag&#225;sica e correlacion&#225;-la &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e &#224; classe funcional. M&#201;TODOS: Estudados 75 portadores de miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica de julho de 1999 a maio de 2001, submetidos a exame cl&#237;nico, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico. A fun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo foi avaliada por meio das velocidades no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e do reverso atrial na veia pulmonar. O grupo controle constou de 20 pacientes normais. RESULTADOS: A idade foi de 48&#177;13 anos e 69% eram homens. A maioria dos pacientes estava em classe funcional I e II (88%), em tratamento convencional para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 39&#177;13%. Os indicadores de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica associaram-se aos de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e &#224; classe funcional. Os portadores de padr&#227;o pseudonormal ou restritivo de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica apresentavam maior di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, menores velocidades do fluxo no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, e maior dura&#231;&#227;o do reverso atrial. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes com padr&#227;o normal e relaxamento diast&#243;lico anormal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. CONCLUS&#195;O: A fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda constitui um importante par&#226;metro na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, e relaciona-se &#224;s fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>miocardiopatia</kwd>
        <kwd>&#225;trio esquerdo e ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Fun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo na miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria do Carmo Pereira Nunes; M&#225;rcia de Melo Barbosa; &#201;dson Siqueira da Rocha; Manoel Ot&#225;vio da Costa Rocha </bold>
    </p>
    <p> Hospital Socor - Servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia Ecocenter e Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estudar a fun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo em portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada de etiologia chag&#225;sica e correlacion&#225;-la &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e &#224; classe funcional. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudados 75 portadores de miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica de julho de 1999 a maio de 2001, submetidos a exame cl&#237;nico, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico. A fun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo foi avaliada por meio das velocidades no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e do reverso atrial na veia pulmonar. O grupo controle constou de 20 pacientes normais. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A idade foi de 48&#177;13 anos e 69% eram homens. A maioria dos pacientes estava em classe funcional I e II (88%), em tratamento convencional para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 39&#177;13%. Os indicadores de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica associaram-se aos de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e &#224; classe funcional. Os portadores de padr&#227;o pseudonormal ou restritivo de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica apresentavam maior di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, menores velocidades do fluxo no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, e maior dura&#231;&#227;o do reverso atrial. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes com padr&#227;o normal e relaxamento diast&#243;lico anormal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda constitui um importante par&#226;metro na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, e relaciona-se &#224;s fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> doen&#231;a de Chagas, miocardiopatia, &#225;trio esquerdo e ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico</p>
    <p> O padr&#227;o de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo propicia importantes informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e progn&#243;sticas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>1-4</sup>. Entretanto, a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica compreende uma seq&#252;&#234;ncia complexa de eventos inter-relacionados e depende de v&#225;rios fatores, como idade, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>1,5-7</sup>. A fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda tem recebido menor aten&#231;&#227;o como poss&#237;vel determinante da din&#226;mica do enchimento ventricular, presumivelmente devido &#224;s dificuldades t&#233;cnicas para se avaliar o tamanho e a fun&#231;&#227;o dessa c&#226;mara.  </p>
    <p>O ecodopplercardiograma constitui o principal instrumento para avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda<sup>6-8</sup>. M&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros empregados s&#227;o influenciados pelas condi&#231;&#245;es de carga e complac&#234;ncia ventricular, al&#233;m das press&#245;es de enchimento. A fun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo, influenciada diretamente pela press&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, representa um marcador est&#225;vel da dura&#231;&#227;o e gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, apresentando valor progn&#243;stico<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na doen&#231;a de Chagas, a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pode ser precoce, precedendo o comprometimento sist&#243;lico<sup>9-13</sup>. Por&#233;m, seu padr&#227;o de enchimento ventricular esquerdo n&#227;o tem sido sistematicamente estudado e relacionado com a fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda, na fase avan&#231;ada da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica. O presente estudo visa avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica e verificar sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e classe funcional. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 75 pacientes, portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada chag&#225;sica, procedentes do Ambulat&#243;rio de Refer&#234;ncia em doen&#231;a de Chagas do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG, recrutados consecutivamente, no per&#237;odo de julho de 1999 a maio de 2001. Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados no Ecocenter - Hospital Socor, em Belo Horizonte. </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a de Chagas e acometimento card&#237;aco definido ao ecocardiograma pela presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 mm ou 27 mm/m<sup>2</sup>) medido ao modo M, e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o <underline>&lt;</underline> 55%, pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz<sup>14,15 </sup>e exclu&#237;dos aqueles com outras cardiopatias associadas, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, doen&#231;a pulmonar e alcoolismo, bem como os casos com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou marcapasso. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes submeteram-se a exame cl&#237;nico, visando determinar a classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association </italic>(NYHA) e eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos os 20 pacientes (controles), submetidos ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico no nosso servi&#231;o. As indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do exame foram variadas, sendo que n&#227;o foram selecionados pacientes com evento isqu&#234;mico cerebral para pesquisa de fonte card&#237;aca de &#234;mbolos. Apesar dos valores normais das velocidades no ap&#234;ndice estarem estabelecidos, o objetivo foi selecionar um grupo controle para identificar valores normais das velocidades no nosso servi&#231;o, aferidas por um &#250;nico examinador, e comparar essas medidas com &#224;s da literatura. Esses pacientes apresentavam ou n&#227;o doen&#231;as diversas, mas que n&#227;o cursavam com altera&#231;&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo. Todos estavam em ritmo sinusal &#224; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica durante o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, embora n&#227;o tenha sido obtido o eletrocardiograma. </p>
    <p>Os ecocardiogramas foram realizados por um &#250;nico examinador logo ap&#243;s inclus&#227;o no estudo, utilizando-se aparelho Hewlett-Packard 5500, com transdutores de 2,5 e 3,5 Mhz e as medidas realizadas conforme t&#233;cnica estabelecida<sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, foram analisadas as velocidades do fluxo mitral e das veias pulmonares, al&#233;m da medida do tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico<sup>18</sup>. De acordo com essas medidas, o padr&#227;o de enchimento ventricular esquerdo foi classificado em: normal, relaxamento diast&#243;lico anormal (RDA), pseudonormal e restritivo, segundo a literatura<sup>5-7</sup>. </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico foi realizado usando-se transdutor multiplano de 5 MHz - Hewlett-Packard, com obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens seq&#252;enciais padronizadas, seguindo a rotina do servi&#231;o<sup>19</sup>. A an&#225;lise do fluxo das veias pulmonares foi realizada com o emprego do Doppler em cores, colocando a amostra de volume a 0,5 cm do orif&#237;cio de entrada da veia pulmonar superior esquerda, com velocidade de 100 m/s <sup>20 </sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As velocidades no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foram obtidas com o Doppler puls&#225;til, posicionando-se a amostra de volume em sua via de entrada a 1cm da cavidade atrial esquerda<sup>21</sup>. A velocidade de esvaziamento do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foi obtida pela medida do fluxo positivo que antecede o QRS do eletrocardiograma (ap&#243;s a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial). A velocidade de enchimento foi medida pela velocidade m&#225;xima do fluxo negativo seguido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). Ambas as medidas foram feitas em tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos, usando-se valores m&#233;dios de tr&#234;s medidas. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p> A fun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo foi avaliada atrav&#233;s das velocidades de enchimento (V1) e de eje&#231;&#227;o (V2) do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) e da velocidade de pico do fluxo reverso atrial na veia pulmonar. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, marcapasso ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral importante, definida subjetivamente pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do jato regurgitante em rela&#231;&#227;o a &#225;rea do &#225;trio esquerdo pelo Doppler em cores. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas atrav&#233;s de suas estat&#237;sticas descritivas e a diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias foi comparada pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, considerando-se as amostras independentes. An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) foi empregada, quando apropriada. As vari&#225;veis discretas e categ&#243;ricas foram tabuladas por sua freq&#252;&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa. O teste qui-quadrado de Pearson foi utilizado para testar associa&#231;&#227;o e/ou homogeneidade. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foi analisada pelo m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o linear simples. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica foi de 48&#177;13 anos (26-73), sem diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (52&#177;15 anos). A propor&#231;&#227;o do sexo masculino foi de 69% nos chag&#225;sicos e 60% no controle. A maioria dos pacientes chag&#225;sicos estava em classe funcional I e II (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Hist&#243;ria de tromboembolismo cerebral ocorreu em 14 (19%) pacientes. Estavam em uso de inibidor da ECA 70 pacientes, de amiodarona 29, de diur&#233;ticos 24, de anticoagulantes 13, de digital 10 e apenas 3 de beta-bloqueadores. Treze (18%) pacientes estavam usando anticoagulante oral. </p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas mais freq&#252;entes foram bloqueio do ramo direito (54%) e extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares (53%). Bloqueio do ramo esquerdo ocorreu em 18% dos pacientes e ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 5%. </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 39&#177;13%. As medidas ao modo M encontram-se na tabela I. </p>
    <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes conforme a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica acha-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref>. Os par&#226;metros empregados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica associaram-se aos da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e a classe funcional. Exceto pela velocidade m&#225;xima do fluxo reverso atrial, todos os outros par&#226;metros empregados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda foram diferentes nos pacientes com padr&#227;o pseudonormal e restritivo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As velocidades m&#225;ximas do reverso atrial nos pacientes com padr&#227;o pseudonormal e restritivo foram semelhantes, diferindo em sua dura&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a de V1 e V2 entre os pacientes com padr&#227;o normal e RDA e o grupo controle (p=0,21 e p=0,46). A velocidade do reverso atrial tamb&#233;m foi semelhante entre os grupos. </p>
    <p>As velocidades no AAE correlacionaram-se com o padr&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Altera&#231;&#245;es das press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular, como ocorridas nos casos com padr&#227;o pseudonormal ou restritivo, resultaram em velocidades mais baixas no AAE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). O di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo associou-se ao padr&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Trombo dentro do AAE foi encontrado em quatro (5%) pacientes, e n&#227;o se associou a tromboembolismo cerebral ou &#224;s velocidades do fluxo, embora velocidades baixas (V1=32,0 cm/s) tendessem a se associar a trombos (p=0,07). As velocidades do fluxo no AAE correlacionaram-se negativamente (r=-0,7) com o di&#226;metro do AE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios m&#233;todos t&#234;m sido desenvolvidos para se estimar a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do &#225;trio esquerdo. Em geral, s&#227;o trabalhosos, demandam tempo e n&#227;o s&#227;o usados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. As velocidades no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo emergem como m&#233;todo aplic&#225;vel, clinicamente, para se estimar a fun&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>1</sup>. Nosso objetivo foi estimar a fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda por essa t&#233;cnica e correlacionar aquela fun&#231;&#227;o com os padr&#245;es de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica na miocardiopatia dilatada chag&#225;sica. </p>
    <p>Ao contr&#225;rio do que ocorre na estenose mitral reum&#225;tica, em pacientes com ritmo sinusal, n&#227;o h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o clara entre di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo e as velocidades no ap&#234;ndice atrial<sup>22,23</sup>. Nos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, o fluxo do ap&#234;ndice &#233; irregular, como demonstrado na literatura e, portanto, seus valores n&#227;o foram mensurados no presente estudo<sup>24-29</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os valores das velocidades no AAE, obtidos no nosso estudo, nos pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal ou relaxamento diast&#243;lico anormal, est&#227;o dentro dos limites da normalidade, quando comparados ao grupo controle. O tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo correlacionou-se com essas velocidades. A dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial foi mais freq&#252;ente nos pacientes com intenso comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til ventricular esquerda, apresentando disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica avan&#231;ada e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o deprimida, estando as altera&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do AAE. Agmon e cols. consideram que a contratilidade do ap&#234;ndice &#233; afetada pela disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica, primariamente, devido &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular<sup>22</sup>. Triposkiadis e cols.<sup>30</sup>, por outro lado, sugerem que exista uma miopatia atrial esquerda na miocardiopatia dilatada, que contribui para a depress&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o atrial, podendo preceder, desenvolver-se simultaneamente com o processo miop&#225;tico ventricular, ou segu&#237;-lo. </p>
    <p> Ito e cols.<sup>31</sup> salientam que a fun&#231;&#227;o do AAE melhora ap&#243;s o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e demonstraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da velocidade de esvaziamento do ap&#234;ndice atrial (r=0,8, p&lt;0.0005). </p>
    <p>O perfil do fluxo venoso pulmonar constitui outra estrat&#233;gia correntemente empregada para estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo. A an&#225;lise do registro do reverso atrial pode ser limitada ao ecodopplercardiograma transtor&#225;cico, mesmo com a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos transdutores<sup>32</sup>. O transesof&#225;gico permanece como uma estrat&#233;gia &#250;til, permitindo obten&#231;&#227;o de um tra&#231;ado n&#237;tido e medidas acuradas das velocidades do fluxo venoso pulmonar. Hoit e Gabel<sup>33</sup>, em estudo experimental, demonstraram que o fluxo reverso durante a s&#237;stole atrial esteve ausente nos casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o atrial isolada ou combinada, e apresentou velocidade aumentada ap&#243;s disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda isolada. Na miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, a perda da s&#237;stole atrial efetiva pode causar a queda do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, podendo explicar as diferen&#231;as na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes e um progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>O &#225;trio esquerdo est&#225; diretamente exposto &#224; press&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A sua dimens&#227;o &#233; determinada, portanto, pelos mesmos fatores que influenciam o enchimento diast&#243;lico. &#201; considerado um indicador mais est&#225;vel, refletindo a dura&#231;&#227;o e a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>4</sup>. A eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da press&#227;o atrial esquerda nos portadores de padr&#227;o restritivo de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pode causar fal&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica atrial, levando &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da velocidade do reverso atrial, como ocorreu no presente estudo, sem diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes com formas mais leves de acometimento da di&#225;stole<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>O aumento da dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo associa-se &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular e representa fator de risco para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, acidente vascular cerebral e morte<sup>34,35</sup>. Moller e cols.<sup>4</sup> demonstraram que o aumento do volume atrial esquerdo foi um forte preditor de mortalidade ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. O valor progn&#243;stico persistiu ap&#243;s estratifica&#231;&#227;o para preditores cl&#237;nicos de eventos e para &#237;ndices ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Esses autores verificaram, ainda, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o volume e a dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (p&lt;0.001). No presente estudo, o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo n&#227;o foi analisado. </p>
    <p>Em outro estudo, Tsang e cols.<sup>36</sup> mostraram que a dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo foi preditora de desenvolvimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o-valvular. A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica cr&#244;nica reflete a extens&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es no substrato atrial, predispondo a anormalidades eletrofisiol&#243;gicas e desenvolvimento de arritmias. Esse mecanismo tamb&#233;m pode contribuir para as complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas, classicamente associadas &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de etiologia chag&#225;sica. Assim, os pacientes com padr&#227;o restritivo de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica apresentam maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o para ocorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. No entanto, no presente estudo, os pacientes com padr&#227;o restritivo n&#227;o foram homog&#234;neos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o atrial. A velocidade do reverso atrial nesses pacientes variou de aumentada, sugerindo fun&#231;&#227;o atrial preservada e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, a normal ou reduzida, na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o atrial. </p>
    <p>Concluindo, a fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda constitui um importante par&#226;metro na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, estando relacionada com as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Maria do Carmo Pereira Nunes </p>
        <p> Rua Ludgero Dolabela, 801/601 </p>
        <p> 30430-130 - Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mcarmo@waymail.com.br">mcarmo@waymail.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 13/04/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/11/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Ito T, Suwa M, Otake Y et al. Left ventricular    Doppler filling pattern in dilated cardiomyopathy: relation to hemodynamics    and left atrial function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997;10:18-25. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left ventricular Doppler filling pattern in dilated cardiomyopathy: relation to hemodynamics and left atrial function</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>18</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ito</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suwa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otake</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Hansen A, Haass M, Zugck C et al. Prognostic    value of doppler echocardiographic mitral inflow patterns: implications for    risk stratification in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. J Am    Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1049-55. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prognostic value of doppler echocardiographic mitral inflow patterns: implications for risk stratification in patients with chronic congestive heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1049</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haass</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zugck</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Kamel CS, Siqueira-Filho AG, Barreto LFM et    al. Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. Correla&#231;&#227;o    entre a classe funcional e as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica    avaliadas pela ecocardiografia com Doppler. Arq Bras Cardiol 2001; 76:127-31.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva: Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a classe funcional e as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica avaliadas pela ecocardiografia com Doppler</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>127</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kamel</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>LFM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Moller JE, Graham SH, Oh JK et al. left atrial    volume a powerful predictor of survival after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation    2003; 107: 2207-12. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>left atrial volume a powerful predictor of survival after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2207</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moller</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graham</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Nishimura RA, Tajik J. Evaluation of diastolic    filling of left ventricle in health and disease:doppler echocardiography is    the clinician's rosetta stone. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 8-18. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evaluation of diastolic filling of left ventricle in health and disease: doppler echocardiography is the clinician's rosetta stone</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>8</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nishimura</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Cohen GI, Pietrolungo JF, Thomas J et al.    A practical guide to assessment of ventricular diastolic function using Doppler    echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 1753-60. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A practical guide to assessment of ventricular diastolic function using Doppler echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1753</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>GI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pietrolungo</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Garcia MJ, Thomas JD, Klein AL. New Doppler    echocardiographic applications for the study of diastolic function. J Am Coll    Cardiol 1998;32:865-75. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>New Doppler echocardiographic applications for the study of diastolic function</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>865</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Appleton CP, Jensen JL, Hatle LK et al. Doppler    evaluation of left and right ventricular diastolic function: a technical guide    for obtaining optimal flow velocity recordings. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997;10:    271-91. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Doppler evaluation of left and right ventricular diastolic function: a technical guide for obtaining optimal flow velocity recordings</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>271</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Appleton</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hatle</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Mart&#237;nez OR, Guerra CH, Molina CA et    al. Estudio de la funci&#243;n diast&#243;lica ventricular izquierda en    pacientes com enfermedad de Chagas. Arq Bras Cardiol 1986; 47: 31-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Estudio de la funci&#243;n diast&#243;lica ventricular izquierda en pacientes com enfermedad de Chagas</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>31</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mart&#237;nez</surname>
              <given-names>OR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guerra</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molina</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Sousa ACS, Marin-Neto JA, Maciel BC et al.    Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica nas formas indeterminada,    digestiva e card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica da mol&#233;stia de Chagas. Arq    Bras Cardiol 1988; 50: 293-99. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica nas formas indeterminada, digestiva e card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica da mol&#233;stia de Chagas</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>293</fpage>
          <lpage>99</lpage>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>ACS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maciel</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Maciel BC, Almeida Filho OC, Schmidt A et    al. Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular na mol&#233;stia de Chagas. Rev Soc Cardiol    Estado de S&#227;o Paulo 1994; 4:144-51. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular na mol&#233;stia de Chagas</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>144</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maciel</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>Filho OC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Mady C, Ianni BM, Arteaga E et al. Capacidade    funcional m&#225;xima e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em portadores    de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.    Arq Bras Cardiol 1997; 69:237-41. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Capacidade funcional m&#225;xima e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>237</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mady</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ianni</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arteaga</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Barros MVL, Rocha MOC, Ribeiro ALP et al.    Tissue Doppler imaging in the evaluation of the regional diastolic function    in Chagas'disease. Eur J Echocardiogr 2001;2: 94-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Tissue Doppler imaging in the evaluation of the regional diastolic function in Chagas'disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>94</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barros</surname>
              <given-names>MVL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>MOC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>ALP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Teichholz LE, KreulenT, Herman MV, et at.    Problems in echocardiographic volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiocardiographic    correlations in the presence or absence of asynergy. Am J Cardiol 1976; 37:7-15.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Problems in echocardiographic volume determinations: echocardiographic-angiocardiographic correlations in the presence or absence of asynergy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1976</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Teichholz</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>KreulenT,</surname>
              <given-names>Herman MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>et</surname>
              <given-names>at</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Baker BJ, Wilen MM, Boyd CM et al. Relation    of right ventricular ejection fraction to exercise capacity in chronic left    ventricular failure. Am J Cardiol 1984;54:596-99. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relation of right ventricular ejection fraction to exercise capacity in chronic left ventricular failure</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>596</fpage>
          <lpage>99</lpage>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baker</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilen</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boyd</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Tajik AJ, Seward JB, Hagler DJ et al. Two-dimensional    real-time ultrasonic imaging of the heart and great vessels. Technique, image    orientation, structure, identification and validation. Mayo Clin Proc 1978;53:271-303.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Two-dimensional real-time ultrasonic imaging of the heart and great vessels</article-title>
          <source>Technique, image orientation, structure, identification and validation. Mayo Clin Proc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>271</fpage>
          <lpage>303</lpage>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tajik</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagler</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Sahn DJ, De Maria A Kisslo J et al. Recomendation    regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography:results of a survey of echocardiographic    measurements. Circulation 1978; 58: 1072-82. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Recomendation regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1072</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sahn</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Maria</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kisslo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Rakowski H, Aplleton C, Chan KL et al. Canadian    consensus recommendations for de measurement and reporting of diastolic dysfunction    by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1996; 9:736-60. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Canadian consensus recommendations for de measurement and reporting of diastolic dysfunction by echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>736</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rakowski</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aplleton</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Seward JB, Khandheria BK, Freeman WK et al.    Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography: image orientation, examination    technique, anatomic correlations, and clinical applications. Mayo Clin Proc    1993; 68:523-51. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography: image orientation, examination technique, anatomic correlations, and clinical applications</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>523</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freeman</surname>
              <given-names>WK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Castello R, Pearson AC, Lenzen P et al. Evaluation    of pulmonary venous flow by transesophageal echocardiography in subjects with    a normal heart: comparison with transthoracic echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol    1991;18:65-71. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evaluation of pulmonary venous flow by transesophageal echocardiography in subjects with a normal heart: comparison with transthoracic echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castello</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pearson</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lenzen</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. &#214;zer N, Tokg&#246;zoglu L, &#214;v&#252;n&#231;    K et al. Left atrial appendage function in patients with cardioembolic stroke    in sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:661-65.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left atrial appendage function in patients with cardioembolic stroke in sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>661</fpage>
          <lpage>65</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>&#214;zer</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tokg&#246;zoglu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#214;v&#252;n&#231;</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Agmon Y, Khandheria B K, Gentile F et al.    Echocardiographic assessment of the left atrial appendage. J Am Coll Cardiol    1999;34:1867-77. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic assessment of the left atrial appendage</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1867</fpage>
          <lpage>77</lpage>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Agmon</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
              <given-names>B K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gentile</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. AgmonY, Khandheria BK, Meissner I et al.    Age-associated changes in left atrial appendage function: a population-based    transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 117:163 A (abstract).    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Age-associated changes in left atrial appendage function: a population-based transesophageal echocardiographic study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>163 A (abstract)</fpage>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Agmon</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meissner</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Pozzolli M, Febo O, Torbicki A et al. Left    atrial appendage dysfunction: a cause of thrombosis? Evidence by transesophageal    echocardiography-Doppler studies. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1991; 4: 435-41. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left atrial appendage dysfunction: a cause of thrombosis? Evidence by transesophageal echocardiography-Doppler studies</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>435</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pozzolli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Febo</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torbicki</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Fern&#225;ndez MAG, Torrecila EG, Rom&#225;n    DS et al. Left atrial appendage Doppler flow patterns: implications on thrombus    formation. Am Heart J 1992; 124: 955-61. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left atrial appendage Doppler flow patterns: implications on thrombus formation</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>955</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>MAG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torrecila</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rom&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Chimowitz MI, DeGeorgia MA, Poole M et al.    Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast is highly associated with previous stroke    in patients with atrial fibrillation or mitral stenosis. Stroke 1993; 24: 1015-19.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast is highly associated with previous stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation or mitral stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1015</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chimowitz</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeGeorgia</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poole</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Li YH, Lai LP, Shyu KG et al. Clinical implications    of left atrial appendage function: its influence on thrombus formation. Int    J Cardiol 1994; 43: 61-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical implications of left atrial appendage function: its influence on thrombus formation</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lai</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shyu</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Yao S, Meisner JS, Factor SM et al. Assessment    of left atrial appendage structure and function by transesophageal echocardiography:    A Review. Echocardiography 1998; 15:243-53. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Assessment of left atrial appendage structure and function by transesophageal echocardiography: A Review</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>243</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yao</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meisner</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Factor</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Klein AL, Murray D, Grimm RA et al. Role    of transesophageal echocardiography-guided cardioversion of patients with atrial    fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:691-704. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Role of transesophageal echocardiography-guided cardioversion of patients with atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>691</fpage>
          <lpage>704</lpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murray</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grimm</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Triposkiadis F, Pitsavos C, Boudoulas H et    al. Left atrial myopathy in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 1994;    128:308-15. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left atrial myopathy in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>308</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <volume>128</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Triposkiadis</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pitsavos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boudoulas</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Ito T, Suwa M, Kobashi A, Yagi H et al. Influence    of altered loading conditions on left atrial appendage function in vivo. Am    J Cardiol 1998;81:1056-59. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Influence of altered loading conditions on left atrial appendage function in vivo</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1056</fpage>
          <lpage>59</lpage>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ito</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suwa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kobashi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yagi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Tabaca T, Thomas JD, Klein AL. Pulmonary    venous flow by doppler echocardiography: revisited 12 years later. J Am Coll    Cardiol 2003; 41:1243-50. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pulmonary venous flow by doppler echocardiography: revisited 12 years later</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1243</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tabaca</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Hoit BD, Gabel M. Influence of left ventricular    dysfunction on the role of atrial contraction. an echocardiographic-hemodynamic    study in dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 1713-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Influence of left ventricular dysfunction on the role of atrial contraction: an echocardiographic-hemodynamic study in dogs</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1713</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hoit</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gabel</surname>
              <given-names>M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Benjamin EJ, Agostino RBD, Belanger AJ et    al. Left atrial size and the risk of stroke and death. the framingham heart    study. Circulation 1995; 92:835-41. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left atrial size and the risk of stroke and death the framingham heart study.</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>835</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RBD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belanger</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Pritchett AM, Jacobsen SJ, Mahoney DW et    al. Left atrial volume as an index of left atrial size: a population-based study.    J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1036-43. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left atrial volume as an index of left atrial size: a population-based study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1036</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pritchett</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahoney</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Tsang TSM, Gersh BG, Appleton CP et al. Left    ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a predictor of the first diagnosed nonvalvular    atrial fibrillation in 840 elderly men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40:1636-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a predictor of the first diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in 840 elderly men and women</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1636</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsang</surname>
              <given-names>TSM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersh</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appleton</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Function of the left atrium in the Chagas' cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the function of the left atrium in carriers of dilated cardiomyopathy of chagasic etiology and relate it to the diastolic function and to the functional class. METHODS: We studied 75 chagasic with cardiomyopathy patients from July to 1999 to May to 2001, submitted to clinical exams, electrocardiogram and transesophageal echocardiogram. The left atrium function was assessed by means of the velocities in the left atrial appendix and the atrial reverse in the pulmonary vein. The control group consisted of 20 normal patients. RESULTS: The age was 48&#177;13 years old and 69% were men. Most of patients (88%) were in functional classes I and II, under a conventional treatment for cardiac insufficiency. The fraction of ejection of the left ventricle was 39&#177;13%. The indicators of diastolic function associate to those of systolic function and the functional class. Patients with pseudonormal or restrictive pattern of diastolic dysfunction presented a larger diameter of the left atrium, lower flow velocities in the left atrial appendix and a longer duration of the atrial reverse. There was no difference among the patients with normal pattern and abnormal diastolic relaxation in relation to the control group. CONCLUSION: The left atrial function is an important parameter in the assessment of patients with chagasic myocardiopathy and it is related to the systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>chagas' disease</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>left atrium and transesophageal echocardiogram</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Function of the left atrium in the Chagas' cardiomyopathy </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maria do Carmo Pereira Nunes; M&#225;rcia de Melo Barbosa; &#201;dson Siqueira da Rocha; Manoel Ot&#225;vio da Costa Rocha </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Socor - Servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia Ecocenter e Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT </bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To study the function of the left atrium patients with of dilated cardiomyopathy of chagasic etiology and relate it to the diastolic function and to the functional class.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>We studied 75 chagasic with cardiomyopathy from July to 1999 to May to 2001, submitted to clinical exams, electrocardiogram and transesophageal echocardiogram. The left atrium function was assessed by means of the velocities in the left atrial appendix and the atrial reverse in the pulmonary vein. The control group consisted of 20 normal patients.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The age was 48&#177;13 years old and 69% were men. Most of patients (88%) were in functional classes I and II, under a conventional treatment for cardiac insufficiency. The fraction of ejection of the left ventricle was 39&#177;13%. The indicators of diastolic function associate to those of systolic function and the functional class. The carriers of pseudonormal or restrictive pattern of diastolic dysfunction presented a larger diameter of the left atrium, lower flow velocities in the left atrial appendix and a longer duration of the atrial reverse. There was no difference among the patients with normal pattern and abnormal diastolic relaxation in relation to the control group.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The left atrial function is an important parameter in the assessment of patients with chagasic myocardiopathy and it is related to the systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> chagas' disease, cardiomyopathy, left atrium and transeso-phageal echocardiogram </p>
      <p>The pattern of filling of the left ventricle provides important clinical and prognostic information in patients with cardiac insufficiency<sup>1-4</sup>. However, the diastolic function comprises a complex sequence of interrelated events and depends on several factors, such as age, heart rate and ventricular function<sup>1,5-7</sup>. The left atrial function has had lower attention as a possible determinant of the dynamics of the ventricular filling, presumably due to technical difficulties to assess the size and function of such chamber. </p>
      <p>The Doppler echocardiogram constitutes the main instrument for the non-invasive assessment of the left ventricular diastolic function<sup>6-8</sup>. Multiple parameters used are influenced by the ventricular load and complacence conditions, in addition to the filling pressures. The left atrium function, directly influenced by the diastolic pressure of the left ventricle, represents a stable marker of the duration and severity of the diastolic dysfunction, by showing a prognostic value<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>In Chagas' disease, the diastolic dysfunction can be premature, preceding the systolic compromising<sup>9-13</sup>. However, its pattern of ventricular filling has not been systematically studied and related to the left atrial function, at the advanced stage of chagasic cardiopathy. The present study aims at assessing the function of the left atrium in patients with chagasic myocardiopathy and check its correlation with the diastolic function of the left ventricle and functional class. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Seventy-five patients with chagasic dilated cardiomyopathy were studied. They came from the Reference Ambulatory in Chagas' Disease of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of UFMG, consecutively enroled from July '99 to May '01. The echocardiographic exams took place at the Ecocenter - Hospital Socor, in Belo Horizonte. </p>
      <p>Patients with a diagnostic of Chagas' disease and cardiac onset defined in the echocardiogram for the presence of dilatation of the left ventricle (diastolic diameter <underline>&gt;</underline> 55 mm or 27 mm/m<sup>2</sup>) measured at M mode and ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline> 55%, through the method of Teichholz<sup>14,15 </sup>were included. Those with other associated cardiopathies, hypertension, mellitus diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, pulmonary disease and alcoholism, as well as the cases with atrial fibrillation or pacemaker were excluded. </p>
      <p>All patients were submitted to a clinical exam, aiming at determine the functional class of <italic>New York Heart Association </italic>(NYHA) and 12-derivation electrocardiogram. </p>
      <p>The 20 patients (control) submitted to the transesophageal echocardiogram were included in our service. The clinical indications of the exam were varied, as patients with cerebral ischemic event for the research of cardiac source of embolus were not included. Despite the regular values of the velocities in the appendix were established, the objective was to select a control group to identify regular values of the velocities in our service, gauged by a single examiner, and compare those measurements to those in the literature. Those patients presented or not several diseases, but they did not follow the changes of the left atrium. All of them were in a sinus rhythm in relation to the electrocardiographic monitoring during the transesophageal electrocardiogram, although the electrocardiogram had not been obtained. </p>
      <p>The echocardiograms were performed by a single examiner soon after the inclusion in the study, by using a Hewlett-Packard 5500, with 2.5 and 3.5 MHz transducers and the measurements were taken in accordance to the established technique<sup>16,17</sup>. </p>
      <p>For the study of the diastolic function of the left ventricle, the velocities of the mitral flow and pulmonary veins were analyzed, in addition to the measuring the time of isovolumetric relaxation<sup>18</sup>. According to those measurements, the left ventricular filling pattern was classified as: normal, abnormal diastolic relaxation, pseudonormal and restrictive, according to the literature<sup>5-7</sup>. </p>
      <p>The transesophageal echocardiogram was performed using a Hewlett-Packard 5 MHz multiplan transducer, with standardized sequential images following the service routine<sup>19</sup>. The analysis of the flow of the pulmonary veins was made with the use of a color Doppler, by placing the volume sample 0.5cm far from the inlet opening of the upper left pulmonary vein, with a velocity of 100 m/s<sup>20 </sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The velocities in the left atrial appendix were obtained with the pulsing Doppler, by positioning the volume sample in its inlet, 1cm from the left atrial cavity<sup>21</sup>. The velocity of dissection of the left atrial appendix was obtained through the measurement of the positive flow that precedes the QRS of the electrocardiogram (after the atrial contraction). The filling velocity was measured through the maximum velocity of the followed negative flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). Both measurements were made in three consecutive cardiac cycles, using the average values from three measurements.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The function of the left atrium was assessed through the velocities of filling (V1) and ejection (V2) of the left atrial appendix (LAA) and the peak velocity of the atrial reverse flow in the pulmonary vein. </p>
      <p>The patients with atrial fibrillation, pacemaker or important mitral regurgitation, which is subjectively defined by the assessment of the area of the regurgitant jet in relation to the left atrium area using the color Doppler, were excluded. </p>
      <p>The continuing variables were analyzed through their descriptive statistics and the differences among the means were compared by the <italic>t</italic> test of Student, regarding the samples as independent. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed whenever appropriate. The discreet and categorical variables were tabulated by their absolute and relative frequency. The chi-square test of Pearson was applied to test association and/or homogeneity. The relation between the clinical and Doppler echocardiographic variables was analyzed through the simple linear regression method. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The average age of the patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy was 48&#177;13 years old (26-73), without any difference in relation to the control group (52&#177;15 years old). The proportion of men was 69% among the chagasic and 60% in control. Most of chagasic patients were in functional class I and II (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>History of cerebral thromboembolism took place in 14 (19%) patients. There were 70 patients under the use of ECA inhibitor, 29 of amiodarone, 24 of diuretics, 13 of anticoagulants, 10 of digital and only 3 of beta-blockers. Thirteen (18%) patients were using oral anticoagulant. </p>
      <p>The most frequent electrocardiographic changes were the blocking of the right branch (54%) and ventricular extra-systoles (53%). The left branch blocking happened in 18% of the patients and atrial fibrillation rhythm in 5%. </p>
      <p>The mean of the ejection fraction of the left ventricle was 39&#177;13 %. The M mode measurement can be found on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. </p>
      <p>The classification of patients in accordance to the diastolic function is in<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2"> figure 3</xref>. The parameters used for the assessment of the diastolic function were associated to those of the systolic function and the functional class. Except for the maximum velocity of the atrial reverse flow, all other parameters employed for the assessment of the left atrial function were different in the patients with pseudonormal and restrictive pattern in relation to the others (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The maximum velocities of the atrial reverse in the patients with pseudonormal and restrictive pattern were similar, but different in their duration. </p>
      <p>There was no difference of V1 and V2 among the patients with normal pattern and ARR and the control group (p=0.21 and p=0.46). The atrial reverse velocity was also similar among the groups. </p>
      <p>The velocities in the LAA correlated with the diastolic dysfunction pattern. Changes of the ventricular filling pressure, as occurred in the cases with pseudonormal and restrictive pattern, resulted in lower velocities in the LAA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). The diameter of the left atrium was associated to the diastolic function pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Thrombus inside the LAA was found in four (5%) patients, and it did not associate with cerebral thromboembolism or the flow velocities, although low velocities (V1=32.0 cm/s) tended to be associated to thrombus (p=0.07). The flow velocities in the LAA correlated negatively (r= -0.7) with the LA diameter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">fig. 5</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0452-00004-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Many methods have been developed to estimate the contractile function of the left atrium. Generally, they are difficult and time-consuming and they are not used in clinical practice. The velocities in the left atrial appendix appear as a clinically applicable method to estimate the atrial function<sup>1</sup>. Our objective was to estimate the left atrial function through such technique and correlate that function with the diastolic dysfunction in the chagasic dilated myocardiopathy. </p>
      <p>Unlike it happens in the rheumatic mitral stenosis, in patients with sinus rhythm, there is not a clear association between the diameter of the left atrium and the velocities in the atrial appendix<sup>22,23</sup>. In the patients with atrial fibrillation, the appendix flow is irregular as demonstrated in the literature. Therefore, its values were not measured in the present study<sup>24-29</sup>. </p>
      <p>The values of the velocities in the LAA, which were obtained in our study, in the patients with normal diastolic function or abnormal diastolic relaxation, are within the limits of normality, when compared to the control group. The size of the atrium was correlated with those velocities. The atrial dilatation was more frequent in the patients with an intense compromising of the left ventricular contractile function, showing advanced diastolic function and depressed ejection fraction, with the changes associated to the dysfunction of the LAA. Agmon et al. considered that the contractility of the appendix is affected by the systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction, primarily due to the rising of the ventricular filling pressure<sup>22</sup>. Triposkiadis et al.<sup>30</sup>, on the other hand, suggested that there is a left atrial myopathy in the dilated myocardiopathy, which contributes to the depression of the atrial function. That can precede, develop simultaneously or follow the ventricular the myopathic process. </p>
      <p>Ito et al.<sup>31</sup> have made clear that the function of the LAA improves after the treatment of the cardiac insufficiency and demonstrated a correlation between the fraction of ejection of the left ventricle and the velocity of dissection of the atrial appendix (r=0.8, p&lt;0.0005). </p>
      <p>The outline of the pulmonary venous flow is another strategy currently employed for the study of the left atrium function. The analysis of the record of the atrial reverse can be limited to the transthoracic, even with the evolution of the transducers<sup>32</sup>. The transesophageal stays as a useful strategy, allowing for a clear tracing and accurate measurements of the velocities of the pulmonary venous flow. Hoit and Gabel<sup>33</sup>, in an experimental study, demonstrated that the reverse flow, during the atrial systole, was absent in the cases of isolated or combined atrial dysfunction, and showed increased velocity after isolated left ventricular dysfunction. In the chagasic myocardiopathy, the loss of the effective atrial systole can cause the decrease of the cardiac output, which can explain the differences in the clinical evolution of the patients and an unfavorable diagnostic. </p>
      <p>The left atrium is directly exposed to the diastolic pressure of the left ventricle. Therefore, its dimension is determined by the same factors that influence the diastolic filling. It is regarded as a more stable indicator, which reflects the duration and severity of the diastolic function<sup>4</sup>. The chronic rising of the left atrial pressure in the carriers of restrictive pattern pf diastolic dysfunction can cause atrial mechanic failure, which leads to the decrease of the velocity of the atrial reverse, as it occurred in the present study, without any difference among the patients with milder ways of onset of diastole<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>The increase of the size of the left atrium is associated to a cardiovascular disease and represents a risk factor for atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular accident and death<sup>34,35</sup>. Moller et al.<sup>4</sup> demonstrated that the increase of the left atrial volume was a strong mortality predictor after acute myocardial infarction. The prognostic value persisted after stratification for clinical predictors of events and for conventional Doppler echocardiographic indexes of systolic and diastolic function of the left ventricle. Those authors also verified the association between the volume and size of the left atrium (p&lt;0.001). The volume of the left atrium was not analyzed in the present study. </p>
      <p>In another study, Tsang et al.<sup>36</sup> showed that the size of the left atrium was a predictor of development of a nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. The chronic diastolic function reflects the extent of the changes in the atrial substratum, which predisposes electrophysiological abnormalities and development of arrhythmias. That mechanism can also contribute for thromboembolic complications, which are classically associated with the cardiac insufficiency of chagasic etiology. So, patients with a restrictive pattern of diastolic dysfunction show a greater predisposition for the occurrence of atrial fibrillation and thromboembolic events. However, in the present study, the patients with restrictive pattern were not homogenous concerning the atrial function. The atrial reverse velocity in those patients varied from increased, suggesting atrial function preserved and diastolic dysfunction, to normal or reduced, in the presence of atrial dysfunction. </p>
      <p>Concluding, the left atrial function constitutes an important parameter in the assessment of the patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy, and it is related to the systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Maria do Carmo Pereira Nunes</p>
          <p> Rua Ludgero Dolabela, 801/601</p>
          <p> 30430-130 - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail-</p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mcarmo@waymail.com.br">mcarmo@waymail.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publishing on 04/13/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on 11/08/2004</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
