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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BRxdvXjHKDBTS3df96pn5vx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000600003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000600003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise do atendimento intra-hospitalar de eventos simulados de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular/taquicardia ventricular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moretti</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bento</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quilici</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>449</fpage>
      <lpage>451</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar os intervalos de tempo entre o in&#237;cio da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular/Taquicardia Ventricular (FV/TV) e os principais procedimentos realizados. M&#201;TODOS: Foram realizadas e filmadas 20 simula&#231;&#245;es de FV/TV em ambiente hospitalar, utilizando-se manequim est&#225;tico, ocorridas em dia e hora aleat&#243;rios. Todas as equipes tinham o mesmo n&#237;vel de habilidades. Foram analisados os tempos (em s) relativos ao suporte b&#225;sico de vida (SBV) - chegada da equipe (TC) confirma&#231;&#227;o da parada (TCP) in&#237;cio da RCP (TI) e os tempos relativos ao suporte avan&#231;ado de vida (SAV) - 1&#186; desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (TD) 1&#186; dose de adrenalina (TA) e intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal (TIOT). As vari&#225;veis foram analisadas e comparadas em dois grupos: unidade de cuidados intensivos (UCI) e enfermarias com telemetria (ETL). RESULTADOS: ETL x UCI respectivamente - TC (70,2+38,7 x 38,6+49,2); TCP (89,4+57,1 x 71+63,9); TI (166,8+81,1 x 142+66,2); TD (282,5+142,8 x 108,4+52,5); TA (401,4+161,7 x 263,3+122,8) e TIOT (470,3+150,6 x 278,8+98,8). Apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias de tempos entre os dois grupos. CONCLUS&#195;O: As diferen&#231;as observadas em rela&#231;&#227;o a TD, TA e TIOT favor&#225;veis &#224; UCI est&#227;o associadas &#224;s facilidades de realiza&#231;&#227;o das manobras de SAV nesse ambiente. Os tempos relacionados ao SBV foram semelhantes nos dois grupos, refor&#231;ando a necessidade do uso de desfibriladores semi-autom&#225;ticos mesmo em ambiente hospitalar.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>atendimento intra-hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>eventos simulados</kwd>
        <kwd>FV/TV</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise do atendimento intra-hospitalar de eventos simulados de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular/taquicardia ventricular  </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Miguel Ant&#244;nio Moretti; Andr&#233; Moreira Bento; Ana Paula Quilici; M&#225;rcia Martins; Lu&#237;s Francisco Cardoso; S&#233;rgio Timerman </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar os intervalos de tempo entre o in&#237;cio da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Ventricular/Taquicardia Ventricular (FV/TV) e os principais procedimentos realizados. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram realizadas e filmadas 20 simula&#231;&#245;es de FV/TV em ambiente hospitalar, utilizando-se manequim est&#225;tico, ocorridas em dia e hora aleat&#243;rios. Todas as equipes tinham o mesmo n&#237;vel de habilidades. Foram analisados os tempos (em s) relativos ao suporte b&#225;sico de vida (SBV) - chegada da equipe (TC) confirma&#231;&#227;o da parada (TCP) in&#237;cio da RCP (TI) e os tempos relativos ao suporte avan&#231;ado de vida (SAV) - 1&#186; desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (TD) 1&#186; dose de adrenalina (TA) e intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal (TIOT). As vari&#225;veis foram analisadas e comparadas em dois grupos: unidade de cuidados intensivos (UCI) e enfermarias com telemetria (ETL). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> ETL x UCI respectivamente - TC (70,2+38,7 x 38,6+49,2); TCP (89,4+57,1 x 71+63,9); TI (166,8+81,1 x 142+66,2); TD (282,5+142,8 x 108,4+52,5); TA (401,4+161,7 x 263,3+122,8) e TIOT (470,3+150,6 x 278,8+98,8). Apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias de tempos entre os dois grupos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>As diferen&#231;as observadas em rela&#231;&#227;o a TD, TA e TIOT favor&#225;veis &#224; UCI est&#227;o associadas &#224;s facilidades de realiza&#231;&#227;o das manobras de SAV nesse ambiente. Os tempos relacionados ao SBV foram semelhantes nos dois grupos, refor&#231;ando a necessidade do uso de desfibriladores semi-autom&#225;ticos mesmo em ambiente hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>atendimento intra-hospitalar, eventos simulados, FV/TV</p>
    <p> A morte s&#250;bita decorrente de arritmias malignas, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou taquicardia ventricular (FV/TV), &#233; importante causa de morbimortalidade, mesmo em ambiente hospitalar<sup>1-3</sup>. A frequ&#234;ncia desses eventos, em cerca de 5% de pacientes internados, levou &#224; cria&#231;&#227;o de unidades especiais e formas de monitora&#231;&#227;o para pacientes de maior risco<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Manter uma equipe treinada e preparada para essas situa&#231;&#245;es, melhora a taxa de sucesso nas tentativas de revers&#227;o da morte s&#250;bita<sup>5</sup>. Outros fatores tamb&#233;m contribuem para o sucesso: etiologia e mecanismo da parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, local de ocorr&#234;ncia do evento, presen&#231;a de testemunhas e intervalo de tempo para in&#237;cio das manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar<sup>6</sup>. Por&#233;m, a de maior impacto na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes continua sendo a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o precoce da FV/TV sem pulso, avaliada pelo intervalo de tempo entre o in&#237;cio da FV/TV e o primeiro choque<sup>7</sup>. Em ambiente hospitalar, o intervalo de tempo entre o in&#237;cio da FV/TV e o primeiro choque &#233; de 60s para pacientes monitorados em unidades de cuidados intensivos e 300s para os n&#227;o monitorados<sup>8-10</sup>. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o intervalo de tempo entre o in&#237;cio de um evento e o in&#237;cio do tratamento e a forma como &#233; realizado, em situa&#231;&#245;es simuladas dentro de um hospital. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram realizadas 20 simula&#231;&#245;es de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria seguidas de atendimento, em hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio e selecionados setores onde os pacientes encontravam-se monitorados e tinham ou n&#227;o a presen&#231;a de m&#233;dicos 24h (Unidades de Interna&#231;&#227;o com Telemetria, Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos e Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia). Todas as simula&#231;&#245;es foram filmadas, com o consentimento (por escrito) das pessoas envolvidas e sua realiza&#231;&#227;o autorizada pela diretoria do hospital ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o do projeto pela comiss&#227;o cient&#237;fica e de &#233;tica em pesquisa. Os funcion&#225;rios de cada setor foram avisados do dia do evento, mas n&#227;o da hora em que ocorreria. Setores, dias e horas foram sorteados e realizados at&#233; tr&#234;s eventos simulados para cada setor. </p>
    <p>Utilizou-se um manequim est&#225;tico <italic>Amb&#250;</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> semi-autom&#225;tico capaz de reproduzir arritmias, permitir ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (incluindo intuba&#231;&#227;o endotraqueal - IOT) e acesso venoso. Atrav&#233;s de sua programa&#231;&#227;o computadorizada utilizaram-se os mesmos par&#226;metros em todas as simula&#231;&#245;es. O manequim foi mantido em fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular por 15min, independente das atitudes da equipe de atendimento, simulando uma fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular refrat&#225;ria. </p>
    <p>Cada membro da equipe que atendeu &#224; parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria simulada, teve que responder a um question&#225;rio com os seguintes quesitos: profiss&#227;o, especialidade, idade, sexo, tempo de formado, se fez ou n&#227;o os cursos de Suporte B&#225;sico (SBV) ou Avan&#231;ado (SAV) e h&#225; quanto tempo. O atendimento foi registrado com base no modelo de Utestein<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foram analisados os intervalos de tempo entre o in&#237;cio da fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e o in&#237;cio do principais procedimentos, divididos entre: relacionados ao SBV (chegada da equipe, confirma&#231;&#227;o da parada, inicio das manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar) e ao SAV (1&#186; desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, 1&#186; adrenalina e IOT). </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi baseada na compara&#231;&#227;o simples (t-student) dos valores (m&#233;dias e DP) de tempo observados e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o local de ocorr&#234;ncia do evento simulado. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram 10 eventos simulados em unidades de interna&#231;&#227;o geral (enfermarias) com pacientes monitorados atrav&#233;s de telemetria e 10 em unidades de interna&#231;&#227;o de cuidados intensivos (UTIs, Unidades Coronarianas e Unidades de Emerg&#234;ncia). </p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de pessoas na equipe de atendimento foi quatro, e pelo menos duas delas possu&#237;am treinamento em SBV e/ou SAV, realizado h&#225; mais de 6 e menos 18 meses. Ainda de acordo com o question&#225;rio todos os participantes acharam v&#225;lido e importante esse tipo de a&#231;&#227;o, pela sua capacidade de reciclar e treinar, e que deveria ser repetido periodicamente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as equipes que atuaram nas unidades de interna&#231;&#227;o geral ou de cuidados intensivos no que diz respeito ao treinamento pr&#233;vio em SBV ou SAV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0449-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os erros mais comuns, cometidos por todas as equipes, durante as manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar foram relacionados &#224;s manobras de compress&#227;o tor&#225;cica (posi&#231;&#227;o das m&#227;os e freq&#252;&#234;ncia) e ventila&#231;&#227;o (efic&#225;cia e freq&#252;&#234;ncia). A maior parte dos participantes, independente do local de realiza&#231;&#227;o da simula&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o realizou tais manobras segundo as orienta&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) e n&#227;o houve uma predomin&#226;ncia de ocorr&#234;ncia desses erros no in&#237;cio ou no fim das manobras. </p>
    <p>Os intervalos de tempo e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os locais de simula&#231;&#227;o encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0449-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os v&#225;rios grupos que estudaram ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar geraram informa&#231;&#245;es que, at&#233; o momento, s&#227;o confluentes quanto &#224; import&#226;ncia da estrutura&#231;&#227;o do atendimento aos eventos de parada cardiorespirat&#243;ria em ambiente hospitalar. O assunto j&#225; foi explorado de diversas maneiras e com v&#225;rios enfoques, como treinamento, estrutura&#231;&#227;o de equipes, introdu&#231;&#227;o de normas de atendimento e at&#233; a cria&#231;&#227;o de sistemas, como o c&#243;digo azul e equipes espec&#237;ficas para esse tipo de atendimento<sup>12-15</sup>. Assim, mesmo para eventos intra-hospitalares, o tempo de atendimento e de in&#237;cio dos procedimentos continua sendo t&#227;o importante quanto nos eventos extra-hospitalares. Em geral esse atraso &#233; devido ao tempo necess&#225;rio para o reconhecimento do evento, a tomada de decis&#227;o, o transporte do desfibrilador at&#233; o local, o manuseio e preparo do aparelho e, finalmente, a realiza&#231;&#227;o da desfibrila&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>No intuito de minimizar os fatores que colaboram para esse atraso, nosso servi&#231;o adota os cursos da AHA como base de treinamento para as equipes hospitalares<sup>7, 15</sup>. Mesmo que a introdu&#231;&#227;o desses cursos e m&#233;todos de padroniza&#231;&#227;o sejam relativamente recentes no Brasil<sup>16</sup>, j&#225; &#233; poss&#237;vel observar seus efeitos quando se constata que o intervalo de tempo real entre o in&#237;cio de uma fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e sua desfibila&#231;&#227;o, em nossa UTI &#233; de 47s. </p>
    <p>Pelo presente estudo, observamos que com as equipes possuindo um mesmo n&#237;vel de habilidades em SBV e SAV, apesar dos tempos estarem dentro dos padr&#245;es sugeridos como ideais, existe um atraso na desfibrila&#231;&#227;o, assim como nos procedimentos, que requerem a presen&#231;a de um m&#233;dico, principalmente nos locais onde esse profissional n&#227;o fica presente nas 24h do dia. Este estudo mostra tamb&#233;m, que os tempos dependentes do primeiro atendimento est&#227;o dentro do esperado, ressaltando a import&#226;ncia da enfermagem apta e treinada para o atendimento, sugerido segundo dados publicados<sup>17</sup>, que o uso do DEA em ambiente hospitalar, principalmente em locais onde n&#227;o haja m&#233;dico o tempo todo, possa ser &#250;til e eficaz para reduzir de forma importante o intervalo de tempo para desfibrila&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O tipo de simula&#231;&#227;o utilizada no presente estudo vem inovar o que existe em termo de avalia&#231;&#227;o e reten&#231;&#227;o de aprendizado, pois ao inv&#233;s de ser realizado em sala espec&#237;fica foi realizado dentro do pr&#243;prio ambiente de trabalho, junto com todas as condi&#231;&#245;es habituais de atividade. Um maior cuidado foi tomado no que diz respeito &#224; n&#227;o coincid&#234;ncia de simula&#231;&#227;o com eventos verdadeiros. Outra caracter&#237;stica importante da simula&#231;&#227;o foi a manuten&#231;&#227;o do manequim em fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, que diminuiu a chance dos profissionais encarar o evento como uma simula&#231;&#227;o, pois, alguns minutos ap&#243;s observar o envolvimento do profissional, chega-se por algum momento a esquecer que se trata de uma simula&#231;&#227;o, dando-se mais credibilidade aos dados obtidos e passando-se a encarar como um atendimento real. Talvez seja este um aspecto interessante de se analisar em estudos futuros, pois pode-se supor que os erros cometidos no in&#237;cio das manobras tenham ocorrido por se tratar de uma simula&#231;&#227;o com um manequim. Entretanto os mesmos erros cometidos no final da simula&#231;&#227;o, quando os participantes encontram-se mais imersos no atendimento, seriam por falta de treinamento ou de conhecimento. </p>
    <p>Podemos concluir, portanto, que esse tipo de simula&#231;&#227;o se mostrou adequada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de aprendizado e reten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es e as diferen&#231;as observadas nos tempos relacionadas ao SAV est&#227;o possivelmente relacionadas &#224;s facilidades de realiza&#231;&#227;o dessas manobras em UTI.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Miguel Ant&#244;nio Moretti </p>
        <p> Rua Marina Crespi 195/1181 </p>
        <p> 03112-090 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="moretti@cardiol.br">moretti@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 21/03/2004 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/11/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of the intra-hospital attending of ventricular fibrilation/ventricular taquicardia simulated events</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To analyze the time intervals between the beginning of the Ventricular Fibrilation/Ventricular Taquicardia (VF/VT) and the main procedures made. METHODS: Twenty VF/VT simulations were performed and filmed in a hospital environment, using a static mannequin, on random days at random times. All teams had the same level of skills. The times (in sec.) related to basic life support (BLS) - arrival of the team (AT), confirmation of the arrest (CAT), beginning of the CPR (IT) and the times related to the advanced life support (ALS) - 1st defibrillation (DT), 1st dose of adrenalin (AT) and orotracheal intubation (OTIT). The variables were analyzed and compared in two groups: intensive care unit (ICU) and wards with telemetry (TLW). RESULTS:The results in both groups was in that order (GW x ICU ) - AT (70.2+38.7 x 38.6+49.2); CCA (89.4+57.1 x 71+63.9); SC (166.8+81.1 x 142+66.2); FD (282.5+142.8 x 108.4+52.5); FE (401.4+161.7 x 263.3+122.8) e OI (470.3+150.6x278.8+98.8). Shows the comparison of the average times between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The differences noted in relation to DT, AT and OTIT favorable to ICU are associated to the facility of performance of the ALS maneuvers in such environment. The BLS-related times were similar in both groups, which reinforce the need for the use of semi-automatic defibrillators, even in a hospital environment.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>intra-hospital attending</kwd>
        <kwd>simulated events</kwd>
        <kwd>VF/VT</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Analysis of the intra-hospital attending of ventricular fibrilation/ventricular taquicardia simulated events</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Miguel Ant&#244;nio Moretti; Andr&#233; Moreira Bento; Ana Paula Quilici; M&#225;rcia Martins; Lu&#237;s Francisco Cardoso; S&#233;rgio Timerman </bold>
      </p>
      <p>InCor of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJETIVE: </bold>To analyze the time intervals between the beginning of the Ventricular Fibrilation/Ventricular Taquicardia (VF/VT) and the main procedures made.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Twenty VF/VT simulations were performed and filmed in a hospital environment, using a static mannequin, on random days at random times. All teams had the same level of skills. The times (in sec.) related to basic life support (BLS) - arrival of the team (AT), confirmation of the arrest (CAT), beginning of the CPR (IT) and the times related to the advanced life support (ALS) - 1st defibrillation (DT), 1st dose of adrenalin (AT) and orotracheal intubation (OTIT). The variables were analyzed and compared in two groups: intensive care unit (ICU) and wards with telemetry (TLW).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The results in both groups was in that order (GW x ICU ) - AT (70.2+38.7 x 38.6+49.2); CCA (89.4+57.1 x 71+63.9); SC (166.8+81.1 x 142+66.2); FD (282.5+142.8 x 108.4+52.5); FE (401.4+161.7 x 263.3+122.8) e OI (470.3+150.6x278.8+98.8). Shows the comparison of the average times between the two groups.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The differences noted in relation to DT, AT and OTIT favorable to ICU are associated to the facility of performance of the ALS maneuvers in such environment. The BLS-related times were similar in both groups, which reinforce the need for the use of semi-automatic defibrillators, even in a hospital environment. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>intra-hospital attending, simulated events, VF/VT</p>
      <p>The sudden death resulting from malign arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia (VF/VT), is an important cause of morbid-mortality, even in a hospital environment<sup>1-3</sup>. The frequency of such events in about 5% of hospitalized patients, has led to the creation of special units and ways of monitoring for greater risk patients<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>Keeping a trained and prepared team for those situations improves the success rate in attempts of reversion of sudden death<sup>5</sup>. Other factors also contribute for the success: etiology and mechanism of the cardio-respiratory arrest, place where the event took place, presence of witnesses, time interval for the beginning of the maneuvers of cardiopulmonary resuscitation<sup>6</sup>. However the no-pulse VF/VT precocious defibrillation has been that of major impact on the patients' evolution, which is measured through the time interval between the beginning of the VF/VT and the first shock<sup>7</sup>. In a hospital environment, the time interval between the beginning of the VF/VT and the first shock is 60s for patients monitored in intensive care units and 300s for those who are not monitored<sup>8-10</sup>. </p>
      <p>The present study has as an objective to measure the time interval between the beginning of an event and the beginning of the treatment and how it is performed in simulated situations in a hospital. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty cardio-respiratory arrest simulations, followed by attending, were performed in a tertiary university hospital and sectors were selected where the patients were monitored and had or did not have the presence of 24-hour physicians (Hospitalization Units with Telemetry, Intensive Care Units and Emergency Unit). All simulations were filmed, with the written authorization by the people involved and its realization authorized by the board of the hospital after the approval of the project by the scientific and ethics in research commission. The staff of each sector was informed on the day of the event, but not on the time it would take place. Sectors, days, times were cast and up to three simulated events were realized for each sector. </p>
      <p>A semi-automatic <italic>Amb&#250;</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> static mannequin able to reproduce arrhythmias, allow for mechanic ventilation (including endotracheal intubation - EI) and venous access. Through its computer-based programming, the same parameters were used in all simulations. The mannequin was kept under ventricular fibrillation for 15min, regardless of the attitudes of the attending team, simulating a refractory ventricular fibrillation. </p>
      <p>Every team member who assisted the simulated cardio-respiratory arrest had to answer a questionnaire with the following queries: profession, specialty, age, sex, graduation time, whether he/she attended the Basic Support (BLS) or Advanced Support (ALS) courses and when. The attending was recorded based on the model of Utestein<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>The time intervals between the beginning of the ventricular fibrillation and the beginning of the main procedures were analyzed and divided between: the ones related to the BLS (team arrival, confirmation of the arrest, beginning of the maneuvers of cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and to the ALS (1st defibrillation, 1st adrenalin and EI). </p>
      <p>The statistic analysis was based on the simple (t-student) comparison of the values (means and SD) of time observed and their relationship with the place where the simulated event took place.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were 10 simulated events in general hospitalization units (wards) with patient monitored through telemetry and 10 in intensive care hospitalization units (ICUs, Coronary Units and Emergency Units). </p>
      <p>The average number of people in the attending team was four, and at least two of them had training in BLS and/or ALS, done for more than 6 and less than 18 months. Also in accordance to the questionnaire, all participants thought such kind of action valid and important, for its capacity of recycling and training, and that it should be repeated periodically. There was no difference between the teams that acted either in the general hospitalization units or intensive care units, regarding the prior training in BLS or ALS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0449-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The most common mistakes, made by all teams during the cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers were related to the thoracic compression maneuvers (hand position and frequency) and ventilation (efficacy and frequency). Most participants, regardless of the place of the simulation, did not do such maneuvers following the <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) guidelines and there was not a predominance of occurrence of those mistakes in the beginning or in the end of the maneuvers. </p>
      <p>The time intervals and the comparison between the simulation places are on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-06-0449-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The many groups that studied cardiopulmonary resuscitation have generated information which, up to the moment, has been confluent as for the importance of attending structuring to the cardio-respiratory arrest in a hospital environment. The subject has been already explored of many ways and with many approaches, such as training, team structuring, introduction of attending standards, and even the creation of systems, such as the blue code and specific teams for this kind of attending<sup>12-15</sup>. So, even for intra-hospital events, the time of attending and beginning of procedures has been as important as in the extra-hospital events. In general that delay is due to the necessary time for the identification of the event, the decision making, the transport of the defibrillator to the place, the handling and preparation of the apparatus and, finally the realization of the defibrillation. </p>
      <p>With the aim of minimizing the factors that corroborate for such delay, our service uses the AHA courses as a training base for the hospital teams <sup>7, 15</sup>. Even that the introduction of such courses and methods of standardization are relatively recent in Brazil<sup>16</sup>, it is already possible to note their effects when it is certified that the real time interval between the beginning of a ventricular fibrillation and its defibrillation, in our ICU, is 47s. </p>
      <p>According to the present study we note that with the teams on the same skill level on BLS and ALS, despite the times being within the standards suggested as ideal, there is a delay in the defibrillation, as well as in the procedures, which require the presence of a physician, especially where that professional is not present 24 hours a day. This study also shows that the times that depend on the first attending are within the expected, which emphasizes the importance of an able and attending-trained ward staff, suggested in accordance to published data<sup>17</sup>, that the use of the DEA in a hospital, especially in places where there is no physician all the time, can be useful and efficient to reduce dramatically the time interval for defibrillation. </p>
      <p>The kind of simulation used in the current study innovates what there is in terms of assessment and retention of learning, as instead of being performed in an specific room, it was in fact done in the working environment itself, along with all usual conditions of the activity. A greater care was taken concerning the non-coincidence of simulation with real events. Another important characteristic of the simulation was keeping the mannequin under ventricular fibrillation, which decreases the chance of the professional facing the event as a simulation, as some minutes after observing the involvement of the professional, at some moment it is forgotten that it is a simulation, which gives more credibility to the data obtained and it is faced as a real attending. Maybe this is an interesting aspect to be analyzed in future studies, as it may be supposed that the mistakes made at the beginning of the maneuvers had happened because it was a simulation with a mannequin. However, the same mistakes made at the end of the simulation, when the participants were more immersed in the attending, would be due to the lack of training or knowledge. </p>
      <p>Therefore we can conclude that such kind of simulation showed appropriate for the assessment of learning and retention of information, and the differences noted at the ALS-related times are possibly related to the easiness of realization of those maneuvers in ICU. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Miguel Antonio Moretti</p>
          <p> Rua Marina Crespi, 195/1181</p>
          <p> 03112-090 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="moretti@cardiol.br">moretti@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publishing on 03/21/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on 11/08/2004</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
