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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tWs4VyCTwDsvLV48Gnf9Zwh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000500014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400514</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000500014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica em paciente portadora de marcapasso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maldonado</surname>
            <given-names>Jaime Giovany Arnez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Euda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Karina Rabelo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Julia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia e Marcapasso </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Dona Francisca Mendes</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>428</fpage>
      <lpage>430</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Mulher de 24 anos, portadora de marcapasso dupla c&#226;mara, com hipertens&#227;o intracraniana e perda visual progressiva, e v&#225;rios exames de tomografia de cr&#226;nio inconclusivos. Foi submetida &#224; Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica, mesmo sendo este m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico uma contra-indica&#231;&#227;o absoluta em portadores de marcapasso.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica em paciente portadora de marcapasso </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jaime Giovany Arnez Maldonado; Maria Euda Pereira; Karina Rabelo de Albuquerque; Jorge Pires</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Manaus, AM</p>
    <p>Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia e Marcapasso - Manaus, Hospital Santa Julia e Hospital Universit&#225;rio Dona Francisca Mendes </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Mulher de 24 anos, portadora de marcapasso dupla c&#226;mara, com hipertens&#227;o intracraniana e perda visual progressiva, e v&#225;rios exames de tomografia de cr&#226;nio inconclusivos. Foi submetida &#224; Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica, mesmo sendo este m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico uma contra-indica&#231;&#227;o absoluta em portadores de marcapasso.</p>
    <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) &#233; um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo que fornece imagens de alta defini&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, sendo utilizada amplamente no campo da neurologia. </p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o da RM est&#225; formalmente contra-indicada em portadores de marcapasso (MP); isto significa que pacientes portadores destas pr&#243;teses que t&#234;m uma outra patologia associada e que necessitam deste exame, est&#227;o privados de realiz&#225;-lo, devido &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es e riscos que pode provocar. </p>
    <p>Relatamos um caso de paciente portadora de marcapasso que foi submetida &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente de 24 anos portadora de marcapasso dupla c&#226;mara DDDR (marca <italic>Guidant</italic> modelo <italic>Ins&#237;gnia I Plus</italic>) implantado h&#225; 15 meses devido a s&#237;ncope de repeti&#231;&#227;o causada por s&#237;ndrome neurocardiog&#234;nica tipo cardioinibit&#243;ria. Ap&#243;s o implante a paciente teve melhora significativa da sintomatologia. </p>
    <p>Sete meses ap&#243;s traumatismo cr&#226;nio-encef&#225;lico por acidente, a paciente evoluiu com quadro neurol&#243;gico de hipertens&#227;o intracraniana e perda progressiva do campo visual. Foi submetida a m&#250;ltiplas tomografias computadorizadas de cr&#226;nio e a deriva&#231;&#227;o lombo-peritoneal sem, no entanto, ter-se chegado a uma conclus&#227;o diagn&#243;stica sobre a causa da patologia. Foi solicitada a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e angioresson&#226;ncia de cr&#226;nio pela equipe de neurocirurgi&#245;es para definir o diagn&#243;stico; no entanto havia a preocupa&#231;&#227;o na realiza&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos pelo fato da paciente ser portadora de marcapasso card&#237;aco. Foi optado pela realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, considerando os riscos e benef&#237;cios. </p>
    <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame foi seguido o seguinte protocolo: conhecimento por parte da paciente dos riscos na realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame; paciente n&#227;o dependente do uso do marcapasso; termo de consentimento assinado pela paciente e por um familiar; controle por telemetria do marcapasso pr&#233; e p&#243;s-RM; suporte de equipe m&#233;dica composta por cardiologista com conhecimento em estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;ca, anestesiologista e radiologista; material completo para reanima&#231;&#227;o. Rx de T&#243;rax em PA pr&#233; e p&#243;s-RM. </p>
    <p>O equipamento utilizado foi um aparelho de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de 0,5 Tesla, Modelo <italic>Contour</italic>, fabricado pela <italic>General Eletric</italic>. </p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento teve a seguinte sequ&#234;ncia: avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via por telemetria do gerador de marcapasso, imped&#226;ncia dos eletrodos, controle de limiares e sensibilidade, programa&#231;&#227;o do pacing e sensing em bipolar, modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o DDD; pun&#231;&#227;o venosa, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, oximetria de pulso cont&#237;nua durante todo o procedimento; o tempo total que a paciente permaneceu exposta ao equipamento de RM foi de aproximadamente 50 minutos. Normalmente s&#227;o realizadas 6 sequ&#234;ncias tendo cada uma a dura&#231;&#227;o de 5 minutos. No caso espec&#237;fico desta paciente, em cada seq&#252;&#234;ncia ela pedia para sair de dentro do t&#250;nel da RM (c&#226;mara onde se encontra o magneto que gera o campo magn&#233;tico e a radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia) aumentando desta forma o tempo total de perman&#234;ncia na sala. </p>
    <p>Durante a primeira seq&#252;&#234;ncia, percebeu-se um ritmo card&#237;aco irregular compat&#237;vel com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Em cada sa&#237;da, do t&#250;nel da RM a paciente era interrogada com rela&#231;&#227;o a sintomas. Ap&#243;s a primeira seq&#252;&#234;ncia a paciente referiu sensa&#231;&#227;o de "queimor" em regi&#227;o precordial e no local do gerador associado a vibra&#231;&#227;o e palpita&#231;&#245;es. Nas &#250;ltimas seq&#252;&#234;ncias a paciente persistia com o quadro de queimor precordial sendo este de maior intensidade chegando a provocar dificuldade respirat&#243;ria associada a rouquid&#227;o. Foi feita seda&#231;&#227;o e corticoterapia venosa com a qual foi poss&#237;vel melhorar a sintomatologia e terminar a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. </p>
    <p>Todos os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos se mantiveram est&#225;veis durante todo o procedimento. Finalizado o exame, a paciente foi transferida para Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, tendo seu marcapasso reavaliado. Ap&#243;s monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, o ritmo observado era sinusal. </p>
    <p>O MP foi reavaliado por telemetria, sem dificuldades na interroga&#231;&#227;o. Evidenciou-se unicamente um aumento no limiar de comando atrial de 0,4 volts com 0,4 ms para 0,7 volts com 0,4 ms e os eletrodos permaneceram com a mesma imped&#226;ncia, as sensibilidades atriais e ventriculares n&#227;o foram alteradas, a programa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es, nem foram detectados danos no circuito do marcapasso e/ou na bateria do gerador. A fun&#231;&#227;o contador de eventos documentou uma fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>) e uma taquicardia atrial (TA) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>) que coincidiu com a entrada da paciente dentro do t&#250;nel da RM e a ativa&#231;&#227;o do campo de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia. O Rx de t&#243;rax de controle n&#227;o evidenciou nenhuma mudan&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao posicionamento dos eletrodos e gerador (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0428-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0428-00014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0428-00014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quanto ao resultado das imagens de cr&#226;nio obtidas atrav&#233;s da RM, nenhum tipo de artefato foi gerado pela presen&#231;a do marcapasso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">5</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0428-00014-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0428-00014-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Devido aos riscos de efeitos adversos do magneto e do sinal de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia gerado pelo sistema da RM sobre o marcapasso, &#233; considerada atualmente contra-indica&#231;&#227;o absoluta a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste exame em pacientes portadores desta pr&#243;tese<sup>1-4</sup>. As intera&#231;&#245;es adversas potenciais entre marcapasso e RM incluem a inibi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#237;da do marcapasso, aquecimento, vibra&#231;&#227;o, estimula&#231;&#227;o assincr&#244;nica, indu&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, indu&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, mau-funcionamento do modo <italic>switch</italic>, estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial r&#225;pida, estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular r&#225;pida e altera&#231;&#227;o da programa&#231;&#227;o com potencial dano ao circuito do marcapasso ou deslocamento do sistema<sup>5-8</sup>. </p>
    <p>RM gera potentes for&#231;as eletromagn&#233;ticas na forma de campo magn&#233;tico est&#225;tico e campo magn&#233;tico de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia puls&#225;til<sup>9</sup>. O mau funcionamento dos MP &#233; resultado da interfer&#234;ncia da radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da RM podendo causar uma total inibi&#231;&#227;o da sa&#237;da atrial e ventricular ou, ao contr&#225;rio, podendo causar estimula&#231;&#227;o perigosa em altas freq&#252;&#234;ncias nas c&#226;maras, provocando fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou ventricular, causando efeitos delet&#233;rios<sup>3,5-7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outro efeito adverso provocado pela energia de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia &#233; o aquecimento dos eletrodos que deve ser considerado quando expomos pacientes a RM, sendo este o fator causal do desconforto precordial durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame e da mudan&#231;a no limiar de comando do MP<sup>1,6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Devido a estes fatos, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de RM em pacientes portadores de MP est&#225; formalmente contra-indicada. </p>
    <p>A seguran&#231;a e viabilidade da RM em pacientes com MP &#233; um assunto que est&#225; ganhando import&#226;ncia<sup>10</sup>. Existem situa&#231;&#245;es na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica nas quais a RM &#233; necess&#225;ria para prover valiosas informa&#231;&#245;es. Negar a estes pacientes a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste procedimento pode ter significativo impacto na sua conduta. </p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma RM em pacientes n&#227;o-dependentes de marcapasso eliminaria as complica&#231;&#245;es potenciais, caso a estimula&#231;&#227;o fosse inibida durante o exame<sup>1,11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Martin e cols.<sup>1</sup>, em uma s&#233;rie de 54 pacientes portadores de marcapasso (n&#227;o-dependentes) submetidos a 62 exames de RM usando sistema de 1,5T, sendo avaliados 61 geradores de pulso e 107 eletrodos mostrou um perfil de seguran&#231;a nesta s&#233;rie de pacientes. </p>
    <p>Vahlhaus e cols.<sup>10</sup>, em um estudo prospectivo de 32 pacientes submetidos a 34 exames de RM a 0,5T, sendo avaliados os limiares de estimula&#231;&#227;o e sensibilidade, imped&#226;ncia de eletrodo e a voltagem, corrente e imped&#226;ncia da bateria mostrou que RM a 0,5T n&#227;o causa mudan&#231;as irrevers&#237;veis no sistema do MP. </p>
    <p>Lauck e cols.<sup>12</sup> analisaram a influencia da RM de 0,5T sob a nova gera&#231;&#227;o dos MP, utilizado modelos fantasmas e usando os seguintes modos de estimula&#231;&#227;o: VVI, VVIR, VOO, DDD, DDDR e DOO. N&#227;o foi identificada influ&#234;ncia na fun&#231;&#227;o de estimula&#231;&#227;o e nem na programa&#231;&#227;o do MP. A fun&#231;&#227;o contador de eventos permaneceu intacta. </p>
    <p>No presente caso, a sensa&#231;&#227;o de "queimor" precordial, presen&#231;a de arritmia supraventricular (FA/TA) e mudan&#231;a no limiar de comando do MP podem ser atribu&#237;das ao aquecimento e vibra&#231;&#227;o do sistema de eletrodos provocado pela energia de radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia emitida durante a obten&#231;&#227;o das imagens. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi evidenciada nenhuma outra altera&#231;&#227;o no sistema do marcapasso. </p>
    <p>Nesta paciente n&#227;o dependente de MP a RM com 0,5T apresentou certos riscos e complica&#231;&#245;es (sintomas e arritmias) por&#233;m mostrou-se potencialmente segura com riscos baixos e calculados. Assim, podemos concluir que a contra-indica&#231;&#227;o absoluta &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de RM em portadores de MP vem sendo reavaliada.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jaime Giovany Arnez Maldonado </p>
        <p> Rua "O", 133 - Apto 702 - Parque 10 </p>
        <p> 69050-290 - Manaus, AM </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jaimearnez@cardiol.br">jaimearnez@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 08/07/2004 - Aceito em 06/10/04</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with pacemaker</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The patient is a 24-year-old female with a dual-chamber pacemaker, who had intracranial hypertension, progressive visual loss, and several inconclusive cranial tomographies. She underwent magnetic resonance imaging, even though that diagnostic method is absolutely contraindicated in patients with pacemakers.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with pacemaker</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jaime Giovany Arnez Maldonado; Maria Euda Pereira; Karina Rabelo de Albuquerque; Jorge Pires</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Manaus, AM - Brazil</p>
      <p>Hospital Santa J&#250;lia e Hospital Universit&#225;rio Dona Francisca Mendes - Manaus </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 24-year-old female with a dual-chamber pacemaker, who had intracranial hypertension, progressive visual loss, and several inconclusive cranial tomographies. She underwent magnetic resonance imaging, even though that diagnostic method is absolutely contraindicated in patients with pacemakers. </p>
      <p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive diagnostic method that provides highly defined anatomic images and is widely used in neurology. </p>
      <p>Magnetic resonance imaging is formally contraindicated in patients with pacemakers (PM). This means that patients wearing these prostheses, who have another pathology associated that requires MRI, cannot undergo that examination because of the complications and risks. </p>
      <p>We report the case of a patient with a pacemaker who underwent MRI. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 24 year-old female with a dual-chamber pacemaker DDDR (Guidant, Ins&#237;gnia I Plus model) implanted 15 months earlier, due to repeated syncope caused by neurocardiogenic syndrome of the cardioinhibitory type. After implantation, the patient's symptoms significantly improved. </p>
      <p>Seven months after craniocerebral trauma due to an accident, the patient evolved with neurologic findings of intracranial hypertension and progressive loss of the visual field. Then the patient underwent multiple cranial computed tomographies and lumboperitoneal shunt; however, no diagnostic conclusion was reached about the cause of the pathology. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging and angioresonance were requested by the neurosurgical team to define the diagnosis; these examinations, however, were contraindicated because the patient had a cardiac pacemaker. We chose to perform the procedures considering the risks and benefits. </p>
      <p>The following protocol was followed for performing the examination: 1) The patient must know the risks of undergoing the exami nation; 2) Nonpacemaker-dependent patient; 3) Consent agreement signed by the patient and a family member; 4) Telemetric control of the pacemaker before and after MRI; 5) Medical team support comprising a cardiologist specialized in cardiac stimulation, an anesthesiologist, and a radiologist; 6) Complete material for reanimation; 7) Chest X-ray in PA view before and after MRI. </p>
      <p>The equipment used was a magnetic resonance device at 0.5 Tesla, Contour model, manufactured by General Electric. </p>
      <p>The procedure sequence was as follows: </p>
      <p>Previous assessment through telemetry of the pacemaker generator, impedance of the electrodes, threshold and sensitivity control, bipolar programming of pacing and sensing, DDD mode of stimulation. </p>
      <p>Venous puncture, cardiac monitoring, continuous pulse oximetry during the entire procedure. </p>
      <p>The patient was exposed to the RMI device for approximately 50 minutes. Normally, 6 sequences are performed with a duration of 5 minutes. In the specific case of this patient, she asked to leave the MRI tunnel (chamber where the magnet generating the magnetic field and radiofrequency is located) at every sequence, which increased the total length of stay at the room. </p>
      <p>During the first sequence, an irregular cardiac rhythm compatible with atrial fibrillation was observed. Every time the patient left the MRI tunnel, she was asked about symptoms. After the first sequence, the patient reported a "burning" sensation in the precordial region and at the site of the generator associated with vibration and palpitations. In the last sequences, the patient persisted with the precordial burning, which was then more intense, causing breathing difficulty associated with hoarseness. Sedation and venous corticoid therapy were performed to improve the symptoms and allow completion of the examination. </p>
      <p>All hemodynamic parameters were kept stable during the entire procedure. At the end, the patient was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit, and her pacemaker was reassessed. After monitoring, sinus rhythm was observed. </p>
      <p>The pacemaker was reassessed by use of telemetry, with no difficulties on interrogation. An increase was observed in the atrial command threshold from 0.4 volts with 0.4 ms to 0.7 volts with 0.4 ms, and the electrodes remained with the same impedance. The atrial and ventricular sensitivities were not altered. The programming showed no alteration, and no damage was detected in the pacemaker circuit or in the generator's battery. The event counter function documented one atrial fibrillation (AF) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>) and one atrial tachycardia (AT) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>), which coincided with the patient's entrance into the MRI tunnel and activation of the radiofrequency field. The control chest X-ray showed no change in regard to the position of the electrodes and generator (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0428-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0428-00014-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0428-00014-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Regarding the result of the cranial images obtained through MRI, no type of artifact was generated by the presence of the pacemaker (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">5</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0428-00014-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0428-00014-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Due to the risks of adverse effects of the magnet and the signal of radiofrequency generated by the MRI system on the pacemaker, MRI performance is currently considered absolutely contraindicated in patients with that prosthesis<sup>1-4</sup>. The potential adverse interactions between the pacemaker and MRI include the inhibition of pacemaker exit, pacemaker warming, pacemaker vibration, asynchronic stimulation of the pacemaker, induction of atrial fibrillation, induction of ventricular fibrillation, switch mode malfunction, rapid atrial stimulation, rapid ventricular stimulation, and alteration in the pacemaker programming with potential damage to the pacemaker circuit or system dislocation<sup>5-8</sup>. </p>
      <p>MRI generates potent electromagnetic forces in the form of a static magnetic field and pulsatile radiofrequency magnetic field<sup>9</sup>. Malfunction of the PM results from interference with radiofrequency during MRI performance and may cause total inhibition in the atrial and ventricular exit, or, on the contrary, may cause dangerous stimulation at high frequencies in the chambers, leading to atrial or ventricular fibrillation and consequent deleterious effects<sup> 3,5-7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Another adverse effect caused by the radiofrequency energy is warming of the electrodes, which should be considered when patients are exposed to MRI, this being the factor that causes precordial discomfort during the examination and change in the PM command threshold<sup>1,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore, MRI performance in patients with PM is formally contraindicated. </p>
      <p>Safety and viability of MRI in patients with PM is an issue that has gained importance<sup>10</sup>. Some situations in clinical practice require the performance of MRI to provide valuable information. To deny the performance of that procedure to patients may have a significant impact on patient management. </p>
      <p>The performance of MRI in nonpacemaker-dependent patients would eliminate potential complications, if the stimulation was inhibited during the examination<sup>1,11</sup>. </p>
      <p> Edward T. Martin et al<sup>1</sup> in a case series of 54 patients with pacemakers (nondependent) undergoing 62 MRI examinations at 1.5T, assessing 61 pulse generators and 107 electrodes, showed a safety profile in that series of patients. </p>
      <p>Vahlhaus et al<sup>10</sup> carried out a prospective study with 32 patients undergoing 34 MRI examinations at 0.5T. They assessed the stimulation and sensitivity thresholds, impedance of the electrode, the voltage, current, and impedance of the battery, and showed that MRI at 0.5T does not cause irreversible changes in the PM system. </p>
      <p>Lauck et al<sup>12</sup> assessed the influence of MRI at 0.5T on the new generation of PM, using ghost models and the following stimulation modes: VVI, VVIR, VOO, DDD, DDDR, and DOO. Influence was identified neither on the stimulation function nor on the programming of the PM. The function "event counter" remained intact. </p>
      <p>In our patient, the precordial burning sensation, presence of supraventricular arrhythmia (AF/AT), and change in the PM command threshold may be attributed to warming and vibration of the electrode system caused by the radiofrequency energy emitted during image obtainment. In addition, no other alteration was observed in the pacemaker system. </p>
      <p>In this non-PM-dependent patient, MRI at 0.5 T caused certain risks and complications (symptoms and arrhythmias), but proved to be potentially safe, with low and calculated risks. In conclusion, the absolute contraindication to performing MRI in patients with PM has been reassessed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jaime Giovany Arnez Maldonado</p>
          <p> Rua "O", 133 - Apto 702 - Parque 10 </p>
          <p> Cep 69050-290 - Manaus, AM, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jaimearnez@cardiol.br">jaimearnez@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publication: 07/08/2004 </p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 10/06/04 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
