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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NxNg7Mj48s74nyBtqFkdvNQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000500013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400513</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000500013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Custo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Denizar Vianna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ver&#237;ssimo</surname>
            <given-names>Renata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Bosi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>422</fpage>
      <lpage>427</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever custo direto e indireto do tratamento ambulatorial e hospitalar da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, durante 2002, no Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo sobre utiliza&#231;&#227;o e valora&#231;&#227;o de recursos em 70 pacientes, selecionados de forma consecutiva, em tratamento ambulatorial e hospitalar. Foram utilizados question&#225;rios e prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes para coleta dos dados. Os recursos utilizados foram valorados em reais (ano 2002). O ponto de vista do estudo foi a perspectiva da sociedade. Os dados foram analisados no programa EPINFO, vers&#227;o 2002. RESULTADOS: A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada constou de 70 pacientes (39 mulheres), idade m&#233;dia de 60,3 anos. Ocorreram 465 di&#225;rias hospitalares (28,5% dos pacientes). Houve 386 interna&#231;&#245;es em enfermaria e 79 em unidade de tratamento intensivo. O custo com consulta ambulatorial foi de R$ 14,40. O gasto com medicamentos ambulatoriais totalizou R$ 83.430,00 (custo por paciente/ano de R$ 1.191,86). O custo por paciente internado foi de R$ 4.033,62. O custo com exames complementares totalizou R$ 39.009,50 (custo por paciente/ ano de R$ 557,28). Foram aposentados pela insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 20 pacientes, representando perda de produtividade de R$ 182.000,00. O custo total foi de R$ 444.445,20. Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o representou 39,7% e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos 38,3% do custo direto. CONCLUS&#195;O: O custo com hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e os gastos com medicamentos representaram os principais componentes do custo direto. Os custos indiretos representaram impactos econ&#244;micos semelhantes aos custos diretos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>custo da doen&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>economia da sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Custo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Denizar Vianna Araujo; Leandro Reis Tavares; Renata Ver&#237;ssimo; Marcos Bosi Ferraz; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
    </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Niter&#243;i, RJ</p>
    <p>Escola Paulista de Medicina e Universidade Federal Fluminense </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Descrever custo direto e indireto do tratamento ambulatorial e hospitalar da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, durante 2002, no Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo transversal, retrospectivo sobre utiliza&#231;&#227;o e valora&#231;&#227;o de recursos em 70 pacientes, selecionados de forma consecutiva, em tratamento ambulatorial e hospitalar. Foram utilizados question&#225;rios e prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes para coleta dos dados. Os recursos utilizados foram valorados em reais (ano 2002). O ponto de vista do estudo foi a perspectiva da sociedade. Os dados foram analisados no programa EPINFO, vers&#227;o 2002. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada constou de 70 pacientes (39 mulheres), idade m&#233;dia de 60,3 anos. Ocorreram 465 di&#225;rias hospitalares (28,5% dos pacientes). Houve 386 interna&#231;&#245;es em enfermaria e 79 em unidade de tratamento intensivo. O custo com consulta ambulatorial foi de R$ 14,40. O gasto com medicamentos ambulatoriais totalizou R$ 83.430,00 (custo por paciente/ano de R$ 1.191,86). O custo por paciente internado foi de R$ 4.033,62. O custo com exames complementares totalizou R$ 39.009,50 (custo por paciente/ ano de R$ 557,28). Foram aposentados pela insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 20 pacientes, representando perda de produtividade de R$ 182.000,00. O custo total foi de R$ 444.445,20. Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o representou 39,7% e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos 38,3% do custo direto. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O custo com hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e os gastos com medicamentos representaram os principais componentes do custo direto. Os custos indiretos representaram impactos econ&#244;micos semelhantes aos custos diretos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>custo da doen&#231;a, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, economia da sa&#250;de</p>
    <p> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca representa a principal causa de interna&#231;&#227;o no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), a partir dos 65 anos. A preval&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225; em ascen&#231;&#227;o, em decorr&#234;ncia do incremento na expectativa de vida de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o e maior efetividade dos novos medicamentos para o tratamento, prolongando a vida. </p>
    <p>Os estudos nacionais para dimensionamento do impacto s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico e da epidemiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o escassos. H&#225; necessidade de se implementar metodologias econ&#244;micas para estimar o custo, ao inv&#233;s simplesmente, de despesas incorridas com a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A estimativa do impacto s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico da sindrome fornecer&#225; aos formuladores de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de, maior embasamento para tomada de decis&#227;o, frente a um cen&#225;rio de escassez de recursos e necessidade de prioriza&#231;&#227;o em sua aloca&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Stewart e cols.<sup>1</sup> realizaram estudo com objetivo de examinar o custo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no Reino Unido e estimaram que 988 mil indiv&#237;duos necessitaram de tratamento durante o ano 1995. </p>
    <p>O custo direto da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos de sa&#250;de para esses pacientes foi estimada em $ 716 milh&#245;es de <italic>pounds </italic>(US$ 1,136 bi), que representou 1.83% do gasto total do <italic>National Health System</italic> (NHS). As despesas com hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es [$ 489.7 milh&#245;es de <italic>pounds </italic>(US$ 776 milh&#245;es)] e medicamentos prescritos [$ 128.6 milh&#245;es de <italic>pounds</italic> (US$ 203 milh&#245;es)] representaram 69 e 18% dessas despesas, respectivamente. Os autores projetaram os custos para o ano 2000 e estimaram que o custo direto total da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca atingiria $ 905 milh&#245;es de <italic>pounds </italic>(US$ 1,436 bi), equivalente a 1.91% do total de despesas do NHS. </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca representa grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o para provedores de cuidados de sa&#250;de na Su&#233;cia em consequ&#234;ncia do aumento de sua preval&#234;ncia e os custos ascendentes. A preval&#234;ncia estimada de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nesse pa&#237;s &#233; de aproximadamente 2%<sup>2</sup>, sendo que o custo para tratamento e acompanhamento representa 2% do or&#231;amento global para sa&#250;de no pa&#237;s. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; a principal causa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes &gt; 65 anos e 75% do or&#231;amento para esta s&#237;ndrome &#233; gasto com hospital e cuidados de enfermagem domiciliar. Em 1996, o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar variou entre 3,5 a 9,5 (m&#233;dia de 6,5) dias em diferentes hospitais. As despesas com reembolso de medicamentos aumentaram de 8,4 para 14,9% do total do or&#231;amento para sa&#250;de, no per&#237;odo de 1990 a 1997, o que representou aumento absoluto de 81% em termos monet&#225;rios. O custo do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi estimado em 11% do total de custos para esta s&#237;ndrome e os cuidados ambulatoriais representaram 6% do total do custo com o tratamento. </p>
    <p>Xuan e cols.<sup>3</sup> examinaram o impacto econ&#244;mico e os padr&#245;es de tratamento para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em popula&#231;&#227;o de <italic>managed care</italic> e analisaram, retrospectivamente, os dados de solicita&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos m&#233;dico e farmac&#234;utico. Durante o per&#237;odo de 1994, 378 pacientes dos 2.777 com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (14%) foram internados em hospitais, totalizando um custo de aproximadamente US$ 3 milh&#245;es, representando m&#233;dia de US$ 7,863 por paciente hospitalizado. Da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada 78% recebeu prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos, com uma m&#233;dia de US$ 942 por paciente/ano. A hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o representou 54% do total de custo para o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos 38% dos custos. </p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar o custo direto e indireto do tratamento ambulatorial e hospitalar da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no SUS. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, que estimou a utiliza&#231;&#227;o e valora&#231;&#227;o de recursos, no per&#237;odo de 12 meses, nos pacientes em seguimento ambulatorial de Cardiologia da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). Elaboramos question&#225;rios para coleta dos dados demogr&#225;ficos, s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micos, cl&#237;nicos, uso de recursos no Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP), uso de recursos em outras unidades de sa&#250;de. Os prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes selecionados foram revisados com objetivo de quantificar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos. </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da UFF e os participantes foram esclarecidos do prop&#243;sito do estudo e assinaram termo de consentimento informado. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes tinham mais de 18 anos, classificados em est&#225;gios C e D de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca definido pelo crit&#233;rio do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> e <italic>American Heart Association</italic>. </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 70 pacientes, selecionados consecutivamente, conforme ordem de atendimento no ambulat&#243;rio da UFF e entrevistados por uma equipe de m&#233;dicos treinados para a tarefa de aplica&#231;&#227;o dos question&#225;rios. </p>
    <p>Foram computados como custo direto aqueles diretamente resultantes das interven&#231;&#245;es, especificamente os custos de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, de exames complementares, de medicamentos, de honor&#225;rios profissionais, custos operacionais e transporte do paciente ao hospital. </p>
    <p>A estimativa do custo indireto foi obtida atrav&#233;s da abordagem do capital humano, onde a perda salarial no ano de 2002 foi calculada e expressou o capital humano em termos monet&#225;rios. </p>
    <p>O ponto de vista do estudo foi &#224; perspectiva da sociedade quanto ao impacto econ&#244;mico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>Aos recursos utilizados foram atribu&#237;dos custos em reais, valores do ano 2002. </p>
    <p>Foi atribu&#237;do a cada unidade hospitalar o respectivo custo operacional (<italic>overhead</italic>), baseado em pesquisa realizada pelo Programa de Estudos Avan&#231;ados em Administra&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar e de Sistemas de Sa&#250;de da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (PROAHSA) em 40 hospitais p&#250;blicos, nos estados de S&#227;o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais que estimou a composi&#231;&#227;o de custos hospitalares nessas unidades<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>A valora&#231;&#227;o da consulta ambulatorial considerou honor&#225;rios do m&#233;dico coordenador e dos m&#233;dicos residentes, acrescidos do custo operacional do HUAP. Atribuiu-se &#224; unidade ambulatorial um custo operacional (<italic>overhead</italic>) de 12% do total de custos do HUAP. Para estimar o valor do honor&#225;rio m&#233;dico, definiu-se o rateio do sal&#225;rio pelo n&#250;mero de horas dedicadas ao ambulat&#243;rio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pelos residentes e coordenador. </p>
    <p>A di&#225;ria hospitalar englobou o leito para o paciente, roupa de cama e banho, limpeza e higieniza&#231;&#227;o da enfermaria ou UTI, cuidados de higiene do paciente, administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos (via oral ou t&#243;pica) e controle de sinais vitais, diurese e peso. </p>
    <p>Para estimativa do custo-dia de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, foram analisados, prospectivamente, 3 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome. O objetivo foi estabelecer a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos, inclusive medicamentos e exames complementares durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, para c&#225;lculo do valor m&#233;dio da di&#225;ria hospitalar. Atribuiu-se a unidade de interna&#231;&#227;o um custo operacional (<italic>overhead</italic>) de 15,7% do total de custos do HUAP. </p>
    <p>Os pre&#231;os dos medicamentos foram calculados atrav&#233;s da tabela Bras&#237;ndice no ano 2002. Para as apresenta&#231;&#245;es em que existiam medicamentos gen&#233;ricos, utilizou-se esta modalidade. Atribuiu-se ader&#234;ncia de 100% dos pacientes ao tratamento medicamentoso. </p>
    <p>Os valores dos exames complementares foram obtidos na Lista de Procedimentos M&#233;dicos da Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Brasileira, valores referenciais de 1999. </p>
    <p>Os dados foram compilados e analisados no programa EPINFO - 2002. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra constou de 70 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 55,7% do sexo feminino. A idade m&#233;dia era de 60,3 (varia&#231;&#227;o de 34 a 90) anos. Quarenta e dois pacientes eram brancos. </p>
    <p>Dos 70 entrevistados, 47,1% pertenciam &#224; classe funcional I pela classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association, 41,4% &#224; classe funcional II, 8,5% &#224; classe funcional III e 2,8% &#224; classe funcional IV. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 30% padeciam de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, 24,2% com cardiopatia hipertensiva, 27,1% apresentavam associa&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e cardiopatia hipertensiva, 11,4% padeciam de cardiomiopatia dilatada de etiologia alco&#243;lica, 4,2% em decorr&#234;ncia de sequelas da doen&#231;a orovalvar reum&#225;tica, 1,4% com doen&#231;a peric&#225;rdica e 1,4% com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita acian&#243;tica. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; escolaridade, 20% eram analfabetos, 62,8% possu&#237;am somente 1&#186; grau e 17,1% completaram o 2&#186; grau de instru&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A renda familiar mensal caracterizou-se por 12,8% na faixa de 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo (R$ 200), 21,4% entre 1 e 2 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (R$ 200 a R$ 400), 35,7% entre 2 e 4 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (R$ 400 a R$ 800), 21,4% entre 4 e 6 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (R$ 800 a R$ 1.200) e 7,1% acima de 6 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (&gt; R$ 1.200). Um paciente relatou n&#227;o dispor de renda pr&#243;pria e familiar para sua subsist&#234;ncia, necessitando do aux&#237;lio de terceiros para sua sobreviv&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes compareceram, no per&#237;odo de 12 meses pr&#233;vios, para consulta ambulatorial e urg&#234;ncia, realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares, interna&#231;&#227;o no HUAP ou em outras unidades de sa&#250;de, num total de 1.248 vezes (m&#233;dia de 17,8 paciente/ano). As consultas ambulatoriais representaram seis consultas por paciente no ano, em m&#233;dia. </p>
    <p>Vinte pacientes (28,5%) necessitaram de interna&#231;&#227;o e/ou reinterna&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses, perfazendo um total de 386 di&#225;rias em enfermaria (m&#233;dia 19,3 dias/paciente/ano, se considerarmos somente os pacientes internados) e 79 di&#225;rias em unidade de tratamento intensivo (m&#233;dia de 3,9 dias/paciente/ano, se considerarmos somente os pacientes internados). </p>
    <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de medicamentos utilizados, nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses, para controle ambulatorial da cardiopatia encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> e a descri&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de exames complementares realizados nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0422-00013-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0422-00013-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A estimativa do custo unit&#225;rio, por consulta ambulatorial, foi de R$ 14,40. Os pacientes foram consultados nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses, com periodicidade m&#233;dia bimestral, totalizando estimativa de custo de R$ 6.048,00. </p>
    <p>Os medicamentos de uso ambulatorial foram adquiridos pelos pacientes, sem nenhum subs&#237;dio governamental, nas farm&#225;cias e drogarias da cidade de Niter&#243;i. O custo total na aquisi&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos ambulatoriais foi de R$ 83.430,00. </p>
    <p>A estimativa do custo total com exames complementares, acrescidos do custo operacional do hospital para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o foi de R$ 39.009,50, com estimativa de custo m&#233;dio por paciente/ano de R$ 557,28. </p>
    <p>O custo estimado da di&#225;ria hospitalar em enfermaria foi de R$ 139,54 e em UTI de R$ 250,58. </p>
    <p>A estimativa do custo total com interna&#231;&#227;o foi de R$ 84.706,70 para os 386 dias em enfermaria e 79 dias de UTI. </p>
    <p>A estimativa do custo m&#233;dio com interna&#231;&#227;o foi de R$ 4.033,62/por paciente internado/no ano de 2002. </p>
    <p>O gasto com transporte coletivo para pacientes e acompanhante realizarem consultas, interna&#231;&#245;es ou exames complementares totalizou R$ 11.580,80, representando R$ 165,43 por paciente/ano. Este total representou 2.496 e 1.264 trechos de ida e volta, respectivamente para pacientes e acompanhantes. </p>
    <p>O pre&#231;o unit&#225;rio do trecho era de R$ 3,08, referente a m&#233;dia do valor do transporte em &#244;nibus, na cidade de Niter&#243;i. Todos os pacientes utilizaram &#244;nibus como meio de transporte. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes que tinham v&#237;nculo de trabalho (n=36), perderam 772 dias de trabalho e possu&#237;am renda mensal m&#233;dia de 3,29 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos em 2002, equivalentes a R$ 658,00, representando um valor de R$ 21,93/dia. </p>
    <p>Os acompanhantes que tinham ocupa&#231;&#227;o definida perderam 1.037 dias de trabalho. Este grupo possu&#237;a renda mensal m&#233;dia de 3 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos em 2002, equivalente a R$ 600,00. Esta renda representava um valor de R$ 20,00/dia. </p>
    <p>Vinte pacientes foram aposentados precocemente em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e tinham renda m&#233;dia mensal, antes da aposentadoria, de 3,5 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (R$ 700). </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref> refere-se a estimativa do total de custos em reais para os 70 pacientes nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses de tratamento. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0422-00013-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 60,3 anos, similar aos dados do Projeto EPICA-Niter&#243;i<sup>5</sup> sobre a epidemiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em Niter&#243;i, realizado em 2001. No <italic>Framingham Heart Study </italic><sup>6</sup>, a idade m&#233;dia de surgimento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi de 65 anos. A idade mais precoce, na amostra do munic&#237;pio de Niter&#243;i, revelou que a popula&#231;&#227;o do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de manifestou a s&#237;ndrome em faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem e produtiva, determinando uma carga de doen&#231;a maior para a sociedade, como demonstrado pelos custos indiretos estimados na amostra estudada. </p>
    <p>Ratificando esta hip&#243;tese, Philbin e cols.<sup>7</sup>, identificaram o status s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico como determinante para o desenvolvimento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e qualificado como fator de risco independente para a readmiss&#227;o hospitalar em decorr&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p> Os dados s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micos dos pacientes revelaram a baixa escolaridade, com 20% de analfabetos e 62,8% com apenas o 1&#186; grau. Este baixo grau de instru&#231;&#227;o pode ser um fator limitante para a educa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes no auto-cuidado e seguimento das recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas. </p>
    <p>A renda familiar mensal concentrava-se na faixa entre 2 e 4 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (35,7%), demonstrando limitada capacidade de auto-financiar os recursos necess&#225;rios para o tratamento, principalmente os medicamentos de uso cr&#244;nico. </p>
    <p>O elevado &#237;ndice de interna&#231;&#227;o e reinterna&#231;&#227;o, no horizonte de tempo analisado, est&#225; de acordo com a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica realizada por Berry e cols.<sup>8</sup>, que relataram que, at&#233; um ter&#231;o dos pacientes s&#227;o reinternados dentro do 1&#186; ano ap&#243;s alta hospitalar. </p>
    <p>O perfil de utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos espec&#237;ficos para o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca revelou fato pouco freq&#252;ente na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica no mundo real. Na amostra estudada houve grande ades&#227;o aos medicamentos recomendados no protocolo de tratamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Este achado n&#227;o &#233; o usual, mesmo nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. No estudo sueco realizado por Cline e cols.<sup>9</sup>, apenas 24% da amostra utilizava o inibidor da ECA, apesar de toda a evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel na literatura m&#233;dica demonstrando o benef&#237;cio na morbi-mortalidade com o uso desta classe terap&#234;utica nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Esta ades&#227;o incomum aos protocolos cl&#237;nicos, recomendados pelas principais sociedades de cardiologia do mundo, &#233; atribu&#237;da ao fato do HUAP ser um hospital universit&#225;rio, onde a pr&#225;tica da medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias &#233; orientada aos m&#233;dicos residentes, no sentido de obter o m&#225;ximo de benef&#237;cio medicamentoso com o tratamento dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>A estimativa do custo unit&#225;rio, por consulta ambulatorial, foi de R$ 14,40. O SUS reembolsou ao HUAP no ano de 2002 o valor de R$ 2,54 por consulta cardiol&#243;gica, demonstrando a defasagem de 82% entre o reembolso e o custo estimado da consulta. </p>
    <p>Os medicamentos foram financiados, exclusivamente, pelo paciente e seus familiares, pois n&#227;o havia programa de fornecimento gratuito de medicamentos para os mesmos. A aus&#234;ncia de pol&#237;tica de assist&#234;ncia farmac&#234;utica no SUS naquele momento onerou o paciente, que comprou o medicamento no varejo, sem descontos, tornando-se um determinante importante para descompensa&#231;&#245;es da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e repetidas interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares pela falta de continuidade do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, pois freq&#252;entemente h&#225; um descompasso entre o incremento na renda do 1999. A decis&#227;o de utilizar estes valores foi baseada na dificuldade t&#233;cnica de realizar o custeio de cada exame complementar. </p>
    <p>A estimativa do custo por paciente internado nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses foi de R$ 4.033,62. O SUS contabilizou o valor de R$ 533,52 em 2002, para um total de 372.594 interna&#231;&#245;es com diagn&#243;stico principal de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>10</sup>. Esta diferen&#231;a de valores expressa a car&#234;ncia de dados sobre o custo real dos pacientes cr&#244;nicos no SUS, comprometendo a gest&#227;o dos escassos recursos dispon&#237;veis para o sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de. </p>
    <p>A aposentadoria precoce e o absente&#237;smo demonstram a import&#226;ncia do custo indireto na carga da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para a sociedade brasileira. Este componente de custo &#233;, freq&#252;entemente, subestimado pelos formuladores de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de sa&#250;de. A estimativa do custo indireto na amostra estudada revelou-se t&#227;o importante, quantitativamente, quanto o custo direto. Os aspectos qualitativos para a sociedade s&#227;o ainda maiores, pois representam sa&#237;da precoce do mercado de trabalho, com grande preju&#237;zo para a auto-estima do indiv&#237;duo e necessidade de &#226;mparo previdenci&#225;rio. Este cen&#225;rio tamb&#233;m ocorreu no sistema de sa&#250;de americano, ano 2001, quando o custo indireto relativo a IC atingiu a cifra de US$ 53,6 bi e o custo direto &#224; soma de US$ 58,2 bi, demonstrando o mesmo impacto quantitativo<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>A separa&#231;&#227;o dos custos diretos por tipos de utiliza&#231;&#227;o revelou achado discordante das publica&#231;&#245;es sobre o custo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Na amostra estudada, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o representou 39,73% e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos 38,93%. Estudo transversal, baseado em preval&#234;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, no horizonte de tempo de 1 ano, realizado no Reino Unido<sup>12</sup> revelou que a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o contribuiu com 69% e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos com 18% do total de custo direto. Outro estudo transversal, baseado em preval&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome, no horizonte de tempo de 1 ano, realizado na Su&#233;cia<sup>13</sup> revelou que a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o representou 74% e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos 11% do total de custo direto. A explica&#231;&#227;o para esta diferen&#231;a pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; falta de um programa de assist&#234;ncia farmac&#234;utica no SUS, determinando um &#244;nus financeiro ao paciente, que necessita adquirir os medicamentos no varejo, sem nenhum poder de barganha. </p>
    <p>Este achado revela a necessidade de implementa&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;tica de facilita&#231;&#227;o do acesso aos medicamentos de uso cr&#244;nico no SUS, sob risco de onerar, ainda mais o sistema, com hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es decorrentes da falta de medicamentos ambulatoriais. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo &#233; uma iniciativa que objetiva conscientizar os v&#225;rios atores do sistema para a import&#226;ncia do custo na tomada de decis&#227;o em sa&#250;de, contribuindo para melhor aloca&#231;&#227;o dos recursos escassos, maior acesso da popula&#231;&#227;o aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e melhor qualidade da assist&#234;ncia aos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Sra. Suely pela colabora&#231;&#227;o na log&#237;stica das entrevistas; aos m&#233;dicos do HUAP pela ajuda t&#233;cnica e a Novartis Bioci&#234;ncias pelo aux&#237;lio recebido. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Denizar Vianna Araujo </p>
        <p> Av. Visconde Albuquerque, 1400/501 </p>
        <p> 22450-000 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="denizar@cardiol.br">denizar@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 30/08/2004 - Aceito em 03/12/2004 </p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cost of heart failure in the Unified Health System</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To describe the direct and indirect costs of ambulatory and in-patient treatments of heart failure during 2002, in the University Hospital Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i. METHODS: A cross-sectional and retrospective study on utilization and valuation of resources in 70 patients, consecutively selected, under ambulatory and in-patient treatment. Questionnaires and records of the patients were used for data collection. The resources used were valuated in Brazilian Reais (2002). The study's point of view was the perspective from society. The data were analyzed in the EPINFO program, 2002 version. RESULTS: The studied population consisted of 70 patients (39 women), with average age of 60.3 years old. 465 in-patients days (28.5% of the patients) took place. There were 386 ward hospitalizations and 79 in ICUs. The cost with ambulatory appointments was R$ 14.40. The expenses with ambulatory medications amounted R$ 83,430.00 (R$ 1,191.86/patient/year). The cost per hospitalized patient was R$ 4,033.62. The cost with complementary examinations totaled R$ 39,009.50 (R$ 557.28/patient/year). Twenty patients retired due to heart failure, which represented a loss in productivity of R$ 182,000.00. The total cost was R$ 444,445.20. Hospitalization represented 39.7% and the use of medications 38.3% from direct costs. CONCLUSION: The hospitalization cost and the expenses with medications represented the main components of direct costs. Indirect costs represented economic impacts similar to direct costs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>cost of disease</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>health economy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cost of heart failure in the Unified Health System</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Denizar Vianna Araujo; Leandro Reis Tavares; Renata Ver&#237;ssimo; Marcos Bosi Ferraz; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
      </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP e Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Escola Paulista de Medicina and Universidade Federal Fluminense </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To describe the direct and indirect costs of ambulatory and in-patient treatments of heart failure during 2002, in the University Hospital Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A cross-sectional and retrospective study on utilization and valuation of resources in 70 patients, consecutively selected, under ambulatory and in-patient treatment. Questionnaires and records of the patients were used for data collection. The resources used were valuated in Brazilian Reais (2002). The study's point of view was the perspective from society. The data were analyzed in the EPINFO program, 2002 version. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The studied population consisted of 70 patients (39 women), with average age of 60.3 years old. 465 in-patient days (28.5% of the patients) took place. There were 386 ward hospitalizations and 79 in ICUs. The cost with ambulatory appointments was R$ 14.40. The expenses with ambulatory medications amounted R$ 83,430.00 (R$ 1,191.86/patient/year). The cost per hospitalized patient was R$ 4,033.62. The cost with complementary examinations totaled R$ 39,009.50 (R$ 557.28/patient/year). Twenty patients retired due to heart failure, which represented a loss in productivity of R$ 182,000.00. The total cost was R$ 444,445.20. Hospitalization represented 39.7% and the use of medications 38.3% from direct costs.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The hospitalization cost and the expenses with medications represented the main components of direct costs. Indirect costs represented economic impacts similar to direct costs. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>cost of disease, heart failure, health economy</p>
      <p> Heart failure is the major cause of hospitalization in Unified Health System - Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), from 65 years of age. The prevalence of heart failure is ascending, arising out of the increase in life expectancy of our population and a greater effectiveness of new medications for the treatment, which extends life. </p>
      <p>There are few national studies for the dimensioning of the socioeconomic impact and epidemiology of heart failure. There is the need for implementing economic methods to estimate the costs, instead of simply incurring expenses with heart failure. The estimate of the socioeconomic impact of the syndrome will provide the health policy formulators with a greater base for decision-making, before a scenario of lack of funds and need for prioritizing in its allocation. </p>
      <p>Stewart et al.<sup>1</sup> did a study aiming at examine the cost of heart failure in the United Kingdom and estimated that 988 thousand individuals needed treatment in 1995. </p>
      <p>The direct cost of health fund utilization for those patients was estimated in $ 716 million pounds (US$ 1.136 billion), which represented 1.83% from total expenses of National Health System (NHS). Expenses with hospitalizations [$ 489.7 million pounds (US$ 776 million)] and medications prescribed [$ 128.6 million pounds (US$ 203 million)] represented 69 and 18% of those expenses, respectively. The authors projected the costs for the year 2000 and estimated that the total direct cost of heart failure would reach $ 905 million pounds (US$ 1.436 billion), equivalent to 1.91% from the total expenses of NHS. </p>
      <p>Heart failure represents a great worrying for health care providers in Sweden due to the increase of its prevalence and growing costs. The estimated prevalence of heart failure in that country is approximately 2%<sup>2</sup>, and the cost for treatment and follow-up represents 2% from the global health budget in the country. Heart failure is the main hospitalization cause in patients &gt; 65 years old and 75% from the budget for that syndrome is spent with hospital and home care. In 1996, the length of hospital stay varied between 3.5 to 9.5 (average of 6.5) days in different hospitals. The expenses with medication refund increased from 8.4 to 14.9% of the total health budget, from 1990 to 1997, which represented an absolute increase of 81% in monetary terms. The cost of pharmacological treatment in heart failure was estimated in 11% from the total cost for that syndrome and ambulatory care represented 6% from the total cost of the treatment. </p>
      <p>Xuan et al.<sup>3</sup> examined the economic impact and the standards of treatment for heart failure in managed care population and analyzed, retrospectively, the medical and pharmaceutical procedure request data. During the period of 1994, 378 patients from 2.777 with heart failure diagnosis (14%) were admitted in hospitals, totaling an approximate cost of US$ 3 million, an average of US$ 7.863 per hospitalized patient. From the studied population, 78% had medication prescriptions, with an average of US$ 942 per patient/year. Hospitalization represented 54% from the total cost for heart failure treatment and medication prescription for 38% of the costs. </p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to estimate the direct and indirect costs of ambulatory and in-patient treatment of heart failure in SUS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional retrospective study that estimated the use and valuation of funds, in 12 months, in patients under ambulatory follow-up of Cardiology of Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). We elaborated questionnaires for the survey of demographic, socioeconomic, clinical data, use of funds at Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP), use of funds in other healthcare units. The records of selected patients were reviewed with the aim of quantifying the use of funds. </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research from the College of Medicine of UFF and the participants were clarified on the purpose of the study. They signed an informed consent term. </p>
      <p>The patients were over 18 years old, classified in C and D stages of heart failure defined by the criterion of <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> and <italic>American Heart Association</italic>. </p>
      <p>Seventy consecutively selected patients were included, in accordance to the order of attendance in UFF ambulatory and interviewed by a medical team trained for the task of application of questionnaires. </p>
      <p>Those costs directly resulting from interventions, specifically cost from hospital admission, complementary examinations, medications, professional fees, operational costs and transport of the patient to the hospital, were calculated as direct costs. </p>
      <p>The estimate of indirect costs was obtained through human capital approach, in which the salary loss in 2002 was calculated and expressed the human capital in monetary terms. </p>
      <p>The study's point of view was the perspective from society regarding the economic impact of heart failure. </p>
      <p>Costs in Brazilian Reais were attributed to the funds used, values from 2002. </p>
      <p>The respective operational cost (overhead) was attributed to each hospital unit, based on a survey carried out by the Program of Advanced Studies in Hospital and Healthcare System Administration - Programa de Estudos Avan&#231;ados em Administra&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar e de Sistemas de Sa&#250;de of Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (PROAHSA) in 40 public hospitals, in the states of S&#227;o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais that estimated the hospital cost arrangement in such units<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>The valuation of ambulatory appointment considered fees of the coordinating physician and the resident physicians, added by the operational cost of HUAP. An operational cost (overhead) of 12% from the total costs of HUAP was attributed to the ambulatory unit. In order to estimate the medical fee cost, the salary apportionment was defined by the number of hours dedicated at the ambulatory of heart failure by the residents and coordinator. </p>
      <p>The hospital daily rate comprised the bed for the patient, bedclothes, cleaning, hygienization of ward or ICU, hygiene care of the patient, medication administration (orally or topic), and control of vital signs, diuresis and weight. </p>
      <p>For the estimate of daily costs of hospitalization, 3 patients with syndrome diagnosis were prospectively analyzed. The objective was to establish the use of resources, including medications and complementary exams during the hospitalization, for the calculation of the average value of hospital daily rate. An operational cost (overhead) of 15.7% from the total of costs of HUAP was attributed to the hospitalization unit. </p>
      <p>The prices of medications were calculated through Bras&#237;ndice table in the year 2002. For the presentations that had generic medications, that modality was used. An adherence of 100% of the patients was attributed to medicamentous treatment. </p>
      <p>The values of complementary exams were obtained in the List of Medical Procedures of Brazilian Medical Association, reference values of 1999. </p>
      <p>The data were compiled and reviewed in EPINFO program - 2002. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample consisted of 70 patients with heart failure, 55.7% females. The average age was 60.3 (variation from 34 to 90) years old. Forty-two patients were white. </p>
      <p>From the 70 interviewees, 47.1% belonged to functional class I by the classification of New York Heart Association, 41.4% to functional class II, 8.5% to functional class III and 2.8% to functional class IV. </p>
      <p>Concerning the etiology of heart failure, 30% had coronary artery disease, 24.2% were with hypertensive cardiopathy, 27.1% showed association of coronary artery disease and hypertensive cardiopathy, 11.4% had alcoholic etiology dilated cardiomyopathy, 4.2% from sequels of rheumatic orovalvar disease, 1.4% with pericardial disease and 1.4% with acyanotic congenital cardiopathy. </p>
      <p>As for the education level, 20% were illiterate, 62.8% only had the fundamental education and 17.1% had completed the intermediate education. </p>
      <p>The monthly family income was characterized by 12.8% in 1 minimum salary (R$ 200) range, 21.4% between 1 and 2 minimum salaries (R$ 200 to R$ 400), 35.7% between 2 and 4 minimum salaries (R$ 400 to R$ 800), 21.4% between 4 and 6 minimum salaries (R$ 800 to R$ 1.200) and 7.1% over 6 minimum salaries (&gt; R$ 1.200). A patient reported he did not have his own and family income, and was in the need for the help of others for his survival. </p>
      <p>The patients attended, in the period of 12 previous months, for ambulatory and urgency appointments, submission to complementary exams, hospitalization in HUAP or in other healthcare units, in a total of 1,248 times (average of 17.8 patients/year). The ambulatory appointments represented an average of six appointments per patient per year. </p>
      <p>Twenty patients (28.5%) needed admission and/or readmission in the last 12 months, amounting 386 daily rates in ward (average of 19.3 days/patient/year, if we only consider hospitalized patients) and 79 daily rates in intensive care units (average of 3.9 days/patient/year, if we only consider hospitalized patients). </p>
      <p> The description of the number of medications used, in the last 12 months, for ambulatory control of cardiopathy is on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>, and the description of the number of complementary exams performed in the last 12 months is on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0422-00013-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0422-00013-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The estimate of unit cost, per ambulatory appointment, was R$ 14.40. The patients were seen in the last 12 months, with an average periodicity of two months, amounting a cost estimate of R$ 6,048.00. </p>
      <p>The ambulatory use medications were purchased by the patients, without any government subsidy, in the pharmacies and drugstores in the city of Niter&#243;i. The total cost in the purchase of ambulatory medications was R$ 83,430.00. </p>
      <p>The estimate of total cost with complementary exams, added by the operational cost of the hospital for their performance, was R$ 39,009.50, with an estimate of average cost per patient per year of R$ 557.28. </p>
      <p>The estimated cost of hospital daily rate in ward was R$ 139.54 and in ICU was R$ 250.58. </p>
      <p>The estimate of total cost with hospitalization was R$ 84,706.70 for the 386 days in ward and 79 days in ICU. </p>
      <p>The estimate of average cost with hospitalization was R$ 4,033.62/hospitalized patient in the year 2002. </p>
      <p>The expenses with collective transport for patients and the person with them to have an appointment, be hospitalized or have complementary exams amounted R$ 11,580.80, representing R$ 165.43 per patient/year. That total represented 2,496 and 1,264 return trips, respectively for patients and escorts. </p>
      <p>The unit price of the journey was R$ 3.08, referring to the average price of bus fare in the city of Niter&#243;i. All patients used bus as transportation means. </p>
      <p>The patients who worked (n=36), missed 772 working days and had an average monthly income of 3.29 minimum salaries in 2002, equivalent to R$ 658.00, which represented an amount of R$ 21.93/day. </p>
      <p>The escorts who had a regular job missed 1,037 working days. That group had an average monthly income of 3 minimum salaries (R$ 600.00) in 2002. Such income represented an amount of R$ 20.00/day. </p>
      <p>Twenty patients had an early retirement in consequence of heart failure and had an average monthly income, before retirement, of 3.5 minimum salaries (R$ 700). </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table III</xref> refers to the estimate of total costs in Brazilian Reais for the 70 patients in the last 12 months of treatment. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0422-00013-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The average age was 60.3 years old, similar to those in EPICA Project-Niter&#243;i<sup>5</sup> on the epidemiology of heart failure in Niter&#243;i, carried out in 2001. In Framingham Heart Study<sup>6</sup>, the average age at the appearance of heart failure was 65 years old. The earliest age, in the sample of the city of Niter&#243;i, showed that the population of public health system manifested the syndrome among a younger and more productive age range, determining a greater load of disease for the society, as demonstrated by the indirect costs estimated in the studied sample. </p>
      <p>Ratifying that hypothesis, Philbin et al.<sup>7</sup>, identified the socioeconomic status as determining for the development of heart failure and qualified as an independent risk factor for hospital readmission in the arising of heart failure. </p>
      <p>The socioeconomic data of the patients revealed the low education level, with 20% of illiterates and 62.8% with only fundamental education. Such low level of education can be a limiting factor for the education of patients in self-care and compliance with medical recommendations. </p>
      <p>The monthly family income was concentrated in the range from 2 to 4 minimum salaries (35.7%), showing a limited ability of self-financing the necessary funds for the treatment, especially the chronic use medications. </p>
      <p>The high rate of admission and readmission, in the analyzed length of time, is in accordance to the systematic review performed by Berry et al.<sup>8</sup>, who reported that up to a third of the patients are admitted within the first year after discharge. </p>
      <p>The utilization profile of medications specified for the treatment of heart failure showed a little frequent fact in the medical practice in the real world. In the studied sample, there was a great adhesion to medications recommended in the treatment protocol of Brazilian Cardiology Association. Such finding is not the usual one, even in developed countries. In the Swedish study carried out by Cline et al.<sup>9</sup>, only 24% of the sample used the IACE inhibitor, despite all evidences available in medical literature demonstrating the benefit of morbid-mortality with the use of that therapeutic class in patients with heart failure. Such unusual adhesion to clinical protocols, recommended by the main cardiology associations in the world, is attributed to the fact that HUAP is a university hospital, where the evidence-based medicine practice is directed to resident physicians, in the way of obtaining the most from medicamentous benefit with the treatment of patients with heart failure. </p>
      <p>The estimate of unit cost, per ambulatory appointment, was R$ 14.40. SUS refunded to HUAP, in 2002, the amount of R$ 2.54 per cardiologic appointment, demonstrating the 82% difference between the refund and the estimated cost of appointment. </p>
      <p>The medications were financed, exclusively, by the patients and their families, as there was not a free medication-supplying program for them. The absence of a pharmaceutical assistance policy in SUS at that time encumbered the patient, who bought the medication from retailers, without discounts, becoming an important determinant for descompensations of heart failure and repeated hospital admissions due to the lack of continuity in the pharmacological treatment, as there is frequently a disproportion between the increase in the income of the patient and the increase of prices of medications. EPICA Project-Niter&#243;i showed that the abandonment of medicamentous treatment was the main reason for hospital admission in SUS, in patients with heart failure. </p>
      <p>The complementary exams were valuated by the List of Medical Procedures of Brazilian Cardiology Association, version 1999. The decision for the use of such values was based on technical difficulties to carry out the costing of each complementary exam. </p>
      <p>The estimate of coast per patient hospitalized in the last 12 months was R$ 4.033.62. SUS accounted the amount of R$ 533.52 in 2002, for a total of 372.594 hospitalizations with a main diagnosis of heart failure<sup>10</sup>. Such difference of values express the lack of data on the real cost of chronic patients in SUS, compromising the management of scarce funds available for the public health system. </p>
      <p>Early retirement and abstention show the importance of indirect costs in the load of heart failure for the Brazilian society. Such component of cost is frequently underestimated by the public health policy formulators. The estimate of indirect cost in the studied sample showed as important, quantitatively, as the direct cost. The qualitative aspects for the society are even greater, as they represent an early exit from the job market, with a big damage for the self-esteem of the individual and need of social security help. That scenario also took place in the American health system, in 2001, when the CI-related indirect cost reached the amount of US$ 53.6 billion and the direct cost was US$ 58.2 billion, demonstrating the same quantitative impact<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>The separation of direct costs per types of use showed a finding inconsistent with publications on the cost of heart failure. In the studied sample, hospitalization accounted for 39.73% and the use of medications 38.93%. A transversal study, based on prevalence of heart failure, during 1 year, carried out in the United Kingdom<sup>12</sup>, showed that hospitalization contributed for 69% and the use of medications was 18% from the total direct cost. Another transversal study, based on prevalence of the syndrome, during a year, carried out in Sweden<sup>13</sup>, revealed that hospitalization represented 74% and the use of medications accounted for 11% from the total direct cost. The explanation for such difference can be attributed to the lack of a pharmaceutical assistance program in SUS, thus determining a financial burden to the patient, who needs to purchase the medications from retailers, without any power to trade. </p>
      <p>Such finding reveals the need of implementation of a policy to facilitate the access to chronic use medications in SUS, under the risk of encumber, even more, the system with hospitalizations arising from the lack of ambulatory medications. </p>
      <p>The present study is an initiative aiming at making the many actors in the system aware of the importance of the cost in decision-making process in health, which contributes for a better allocation of scarce funds, a greater access for the population to healthcare services and a better quality of assistance to patients with heart failure. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To Mrs. Suely for her cooperation in the logistics of the interviews, to the physicians of HUAP for technical help and Novartis Bioci&#234;ncias for its help.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Denizar Vianna Araujo</p>
          <p> Av. Visconde Albuquerque, 1400/501 </p>
          <p> Cep 22450-000 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="denizar@cardiol.br">denizar@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publishing on 08/30/2004 </p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/03/2004 </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
