<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7qfpNx58XtTwmry8N5dP9bT</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000500011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400511</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000500011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Textura de biopr&#243;tese mitral, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo: an&#225;lise por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica e aplica&#231;&#227;o de bioescore</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abensur</surname>
            <given-names>Henry</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>410</fpage>
      <lpage>415</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Diante da hip&#243;tese da participa&#231;&#227;o do estresse mec&#226;nico como causa de disfun&#231;&#227;o de biopr&#243;tese mitral, decidimos avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o da preserva&#231;&#227;o da textura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese mitral com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, adicionalmente &#224; eventual forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda desde o implante da biopr&#243;tese mitral. M&#201;TODOS: Estudados 40 pacientes com biopr&#243;tese mitral por ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico multiplanar, que foram divididos em dois grupos: com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FE=0,40&#177;0.09) desde o implante da biopr&#243;tese (20 pacientes: idade 47,75&#177;11,10 anos e tempo de cirurgia 5,3&#177;2,6 anos) e com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal (FE=0,73&#177;0.06) desde o implante (20 pacientes: idade 49,75&#177;13,59 anos e tempo de cirurgia 5,7&#177;3 anos). A textura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese foi analisada atrav&#233;s de um escore ecocardiogr&#225;fico transesof&#225;gico (Bioescore FACIME): 1) fus&#227;o de folhetos (escore 1 a 3); 2) aposi&#231;&#227;o de tecidos (escore 1 a 3); 3) c&#225;lcio em folhetos (escore 1 a 5); 4) integridade dos folhetos (escore 1 a 3); 5) mobilidade dos folhetos (escore 1 a 4) e 6) Espessura dos folhetos (escore 1 a 3). A presen&#231;a de trombos em &#225;trio esquerdo foi avaliada pela varredura multiplanar do &#225;trio e ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdos no estudo transesof&#225;gico. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na textura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese mitral entre os dois grupos, tanto para o escore total (8,7&#177;2,4 vs 7,9&#177;2,1, p=0,259), quanto para cada item analisado. Maior incid&#234;ncia de trombos encontrada em &#225;trio e ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdos nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (65% vs 20%, p=0,004). CONCLUS&#195;O: A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda n&#227;o foi fator protetor da textura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio. Os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda apresentam um ambiente mais prop&#237;cio &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos em &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>biopr&#243;tese mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica</kwd>
        <kwd>forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Textura de biopr&#243;tese mitral, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. An&#225;lise por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica e aplica&#231;&#227;o de bioescore </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Henry Abensur; Max Grinberg; Jos&#233; A. F. Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Diante da hip&#243;tese da participa&#231;&#227;o do estresse mec&#226;nico como causa de disfun&#231;&#227;o de biopr&#243;tese mitral, decidimos avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o da preserva&#231;&#227;o da textura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese mitral com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, adicionalmente &#224; eventual forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda desde o implante da biopr&#243;tese mitral. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudados 40 pacientes com biopr&#243;tese mitral por ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico multiplanar, que foram divididos em dois grupos: com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FE=0,40&#177;0.09) desde o implante da biopr&#243;tese (20 pacientes: idade 47,75&#177;11,10 anos e tempo de cirurgia 5,3&#177;2,6 anos) e com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal (FE=0,73&#177;0.06) desde o implante (20 pacientes: idade 49,75&#177;13,59 anos e tempo de cirurgia 5,7&#177;3 anos). A textura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese foi analisada atrav&#233;s de um escore ecocardiogr&#225;fico transesof&#225;gico (Bioescore FACIME): 1) fus&#227;o de folhetos (escore 1 a 3); 2) aposi&#231;&#227;o de tecidos (escore 1 a 3); 3) c&#225;lcio em folhetos (escore 1 a 5); 4) integridade dos folhetos (escore 1 a 3); 5) mobilidade dos folhetos (escore 1 a 4) e 6) Espessura dos folhetos (escore 1 a 3). A presen&#231;a de trombos em &#225;trio esquerdo foi avaliada pela varredura multiplanar do &#225;trio e ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdos no estudo transesof&#225;gico. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na textura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese mitral entre os dois grupos, tanto para o escore total (8,7&#177;2,4 vs 7,9&#177;2,1, p=0,259), quanto para cada item analisado. Maior incid&#234;ncia de trombos encontrada em &#225;trio e ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdos nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (65% vs 20%, p=0,004). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda n&#227;o foi fator protetor da textura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio. Os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda apresentam um ambiente mais prop&#237;cio &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos em &#225;trio esquerdo. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>biopr&#243;tese mitral, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos</p>
    <p> Admite-se que o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco pr&#233;-implante de biopr&#243;tese valvar mitral maior do que 2,0 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> seja fator de acelera&#231;&#227;o do processo de degenera&#231;&#227;o estrutural dos folhetos valvulares<sup>1</sup>; esta hip&#243;tese sugere a participa&#231;&#227;o do estresse mec&#226;nico como causa de disfun&#231;&#227;o da biopr&#243;tese<sup>2-4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Observa&#231;&#245;es de nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica sugerem uma poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre a preserva&#231;&#227;o da textura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese mitral e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Assim, portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, submetidos a menor tens&#227;o de fechamento dos folhetos, desde o implante da biopr&#243;tese mitral, de certa forma apresentariam menor desenvolvimento do processo degenerativo. Da mesma forma estes portadores de biopr&#243;tese mitral e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, submetidos a um ambiente de maior estase pela disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, poderiam estar mais predispostos &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos intracavit&#225;rios. </p>
    <p>A introdu&#231;&#227;o da modalidade transesof&#225;gica permitiu superar dificuldades t&#233;cnicas apresentadas ao exame transtor&#225;cico, principalmente gra&#231;as &#224; proximidade do es&#244;fago com o &#225;trio esquerdo; ela permite a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de transdutores de maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia, em aus&#234;ncia de estruturas que se interponham ao cora&#231;&#227;o, resultando em imagens card&#237;acas de melhor qualidade de sinal e maior grau de resolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>5, 6,7</sup>. O m&#233;todo traz melhor defini&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; textura e mobilidade dos folhetos, presen&#231;a de massas an&#244;malas, ou descontinuidade da sutura do anel da pr&#243;tese<sup>8-10</sup>. Contamos atualmente com a tecnologia multiplanar, que oferece transdutores com capacidade de realizar todas as modalidades de Doppler, sendo tamb&#233;m multifreq&#252;enciais que produzem um cont&#237;nuo de imagens transversas e longitudinais pela rota&#231;&#227;o do arranjo dos cristais, tornando mais f&#225;cil visibilizar imagens intermedi&#225;rias fora do eixo entre os planos prim&#225;rios, transverso e longitudinal. H&#225;, desta forma, aumento na qualidade das informa&#231;&#245;es tomogr&#225;ficas obtidas em compara&#231;&#227;o com as obtidas pelos transdutores biplanares<sup>11-14</sup>. </p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo transesof&#225;gico &#233; tamb&#233;m relevante na detec&#231;&#227;o de trombos intracard&#237;acos. A imagem pela ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica tem sensibilidade limitada para o trombo atrial, em grande parte devido ao trombo forma-se, em geral, no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, que &#233; bem visibilizado pela modalidade transesof&#225;gica<sup>15-17</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica multiplanar, se pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda desde o implante da biopr&#243;tese mitral teriam maior grau de preserva&#231;&#227;o da textura de seus folhetos e maior risco de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos no &#225;trio esquerdo, quando comparados a um grupo controle. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 40 portadores de biopr&#243;tese mitral h&#225; mais de dois anos, acompanhados no Ambulat&#243;rio da Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Cardiopatias Valvares do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o. Vinte pacientes consecutivos (m&#233;dia de idade de 47,7&#177;11,1 anos) foram selecionados por apresentarem disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo desde o implante, verificada pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 0,45 (Modo unidimensional - m&#233;todo cubo) nos ecocardiogramas de acompanhamento, e constitu&#237;ram o grupo fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular anormal (FVA). Outros 20 pacientes (media de idade de 49,7&#177;13,6 anos), com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o maior que 0,65) desde o implante, foram pareados e compuseram o grupo controle de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal (FVN). Pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o entre 0,45 e 0,65 foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.Os dados cl&#237;nicos, incluindo classe funcional, ritmo card&#237;aco, uso de medica&#231;&#227;o e controles laboratoriais do n&#237;vel de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foram obtidos pela an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0410-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foram adicionalmente anotados o ritmo card&#237;aco (eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es), a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de terapia anticoagulante (dados de anamnese e prontu&#225;rio) e tempo de normatiza&#231;&#227;o internacional (INR - m&#233;todo turbidim&#233;trico, automatizado). </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiograma utilizando-se aparelho <italic>Power Vision 7000 </italic>da Toshiba. Da modalidade transtor&#225;cica, obtiveram-se as vari&#225;veis: dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE), dimens&#227;o sist&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSFVE), FE pelo m&#233;todo do Cubo<sup>18</sup> e dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo realizada no final da eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>19</sup>, tendo sido obtidas no modo unidimensional e guiadas pelo modo bidimensional. Com ajuda do mapeamento de fluxos em cores, foi verificada a exist&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o das valvas a&#243;rtica e tric&#250;spide. Na presen&#231;a de regurgita&#231;&#227;o, esta era quantificada de forma qualitativa pelo mapeamento de fluxo em cores. Com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Doppler cont&#237;nuo nos pacientes que apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, obtivemos a diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e o &#225;trio direito, que, acrescida da press&#227;o estimada do &#225;trio direito, reflete a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito e, por conseguinte, a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PAP)<sup>20</sup>. A &#225;rea da pr&#243;tese mitral foi calculada pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Doppler Cont&#237;nuo e da metodologia do tempo de meia press&#227;o<sup>21</sup>. O gradiente atrav&#233;s da valva a&#243;rtica foi calculado pelo Doppler cont&#237;nuo, aplicando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o modificada de Bernoulli<sup>22</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ao t&#233;rmino do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, o paciente, que j&#225; havia sido orientado para estar em jejum h&#225; 4h, assinava o termo de consentimento p&#243;s-informa&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico multiplanar. O exame foi realizado segundo m&#233;todo j&#225; consagrado e estabelecido na praticam clinica<sup>11,23,24</sup>. Todos os pacientes receberam anestesia t&#243;pica, com solu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica local a base de lidoca&#237;na a 10%, aplicada na orofaringe, palato duro e mole. </p>
    <p> Ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o do transdutor no es&#244;fago e a localiza&#231;&#227;o da biopr&#243;tese mitral, realizava-se a varredura da pr&#243;tese em m&#250;ltiplos planos (0 a 180&#186;). </p>
    <p>Trombos e presen&#231;a de forma&#231;&#227;o de contraste espont&#226;neo nos &#225;trios e no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foram observados atrav&#233;s de varredura multiplanar. </p>
    <p>Estimulados pela not&#243;ria aplicabilidade do escore ecocardiogr&#225;fico para decis&#245;es sobre valvuloplastia mitral por cateter bal&#227;o<sup>25</sup>, desenvolvemos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transesof&#225;gica das biopr&#243;tese em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, composta por seis itens; a qual denominamos FACIME, (acr&#244;nimo de fus&#227;o de folhetos, aposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido, c&#225;lcio em folhetos, integridade dos folhetos, mobilidade dos folhetos e espessura dos folhetos - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01">quadro 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="qdr01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0410-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia central da biopr&#243;tese ou periprot&#233;tica foi analisada atrav&#233;s do mapeamento de fluxo em cores. </p>
    <p>Trombos e presen&#231;a de forma&#231;&#227;o de contraste espont&#226;neo nos &#225;trios e no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foram observados atrav&#233;s de varredura multiplanar. </p>
    <p>Os estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos transtor&#225;cico e transesof&#225;gico foram gravados em fitas de VHS. Na leitura da fita era aplicado o Bioescore FACIME e analisados os itens do estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico delineados acima. A leitura da fita foi feita por dois observadores isoladamente e os dados discordantes foram resolvidos por consenso em uma terceira leitura realizada pelos dois observadores em conjunto. </p>
    <p>Inicialmente todas as vari&#225;veis foram analisadas descritivamente. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, esta analise foi feita atrav&#233;s da observa&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, e do c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias e desvio-padr&#227;o e medianas. Para as vari&#225;veis classificat&#243;rias, calcularam-se freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas. </p>
    <p>Para a analise da hip&#243;tese de igualdade de propor&#231;&#245;es entre os dois grupos, utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado, ou o teste exato de Fisher<sup>26</sup>. A hip&#243;tese de igualdade entre duas m&#233;dias foi verificada fazendo uso do teste t de student<sup>26</sup>. Para a vari&#225;vel escore total foi utilizado o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney<sup>26</sup>. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o do escore total entre v&#225;rios grupos foi utilizado o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado para os testes foi de 5%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dois grupos foram semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea da biopr&#243;tese mitral, presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia central e periprot&#233;tica, &#224; presen&#231;a de estenose a&#243;rtica, &#224; presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide e ao valor estimado da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). No grupo FVA foram detectados dois casos de insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica, visibilizado somente no estudo transesof&#225;gico. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0410-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o do Bioescore FACIME n&#227;o identificou diferen&#231;a significativa quanto ao escore total (8,70&#177;2,39 e 7,95&#177;2,14, p=0,259) entre os grupos FVA e FVN. An&#225;lise individualizada dos itens do Bioescore FACIME tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as significativas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0410-00011-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Trombos em &#225;trio esquerdo foram encontrados no grupo FVA em propor&#231;&#227;o maior do que no FVN. O grupo FVA apresentou trombos em 10, 20 e 35%, respectivamente, em ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, &#225;trio esquerdo e ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e &#225;trio esquerdo simult&#226;neos. No grupo FVN trombos foram encontrados na distribui&#231;&#227;o de 10, 5 e 5% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0410-00011-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Contraste espont&#226;neo esteve presente em 85% dos pacientes do grupo FVA e em 60% do grupo FVN, mostrando uma tend&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica mais favor&#225;vel &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de contraste espont&#226;neo no grupo FVA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
    <p>O emprego da terapia anticoagulante foi semelhante nos dois grupos. No grupo FVA, 75% dos pacientes n&#227;o estavam recebendo anticoagulantes orais, e, no grupo FVN, 90% tamb&#233;m n&#227;o estavam, apenas tr&#234;s tinham &#237;ndice de normatiza&#231;&#227;o internacional (INR) atualizados na &#233;poca do estudo, sendo que nenhum deles estava adequadamente anticoagulados. No grupo FVN, dois pacientes apenas recebiam terapia anticoagulante oral, estando com INR de 3,4 e 4,7, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>O ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial esteve presente em 85 e 65% nos pacientes dos grupos FVA e FVN, respectivamente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre estes valores. </p>
    <p>A dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo foi significantemente maior no grupo FVA em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo FVN (58,2&#177;13,4 versus 50,6&#177; 8,6 mm, p=0,040). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o das biopr&#243;teses est&#225; bem caracterizada por meio de curvas atuariais. As altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais de repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica das biopr&#243;teses ocorrem, em m&#233;dia, entre 5 a 10 anos ap&#243;s o seu implante, com estenose devido &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o e espessamento dos folhetos, e incompet&#234;ncia pela inadequada justaposi&#231;&#227;o das comissuras nos s&#237;tios de infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio<sup>27-30</sup>. Pareceu-nos importante elaborar um escore, no qual, de maneira quantitativa, pud&#233;ssemos documentar este fen&#244;meno biol&#243;gico da degenera&#231;&#227;o das biopr&#243;teses, dando &#234;nfase aos aspectos que mais s&#227;o analisados na literatura em rela&#231;&#227;o aos folhetos das biopr&#243;teses. Utilizamos, o acr&#244;nimo FACIME, seis distintas letras com as quais pretendemos facilitar a memoriza&#231;&#227;o dos itens do bioescore: F de fus&#227;o de folhetos, A de aposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido, C de c&#225;lcio de folhetos, I de integridade dos folhetos, M de mobilidade dos folhetos e E de espessura dos folhetos. Esperamos, desta forma, nos valer de um m&#233;todo de diagn&#243;stico apropriado que seja uma linguagem de comunica&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea entre cl&#237;nicos e cirurgi&#245;es. </p>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de implante das biopr&#243;teses foi de 5,3&#177;2,6 e 5,7&#177;3 anos, respectivamente, para os grupos FVA e FVN. Com mais de cinco anos de implante das biopr&#243;teses havia 10 e 8 pacientes, respectivamente, para os grupos FVA e FVN. </p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda n&#227;o foi fator de prote&#231;&#227;o da textura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese mitral, pois, tanto o valor do escore total, como o de cada item do Bioescore FACIME, mostraram-se semelhantes nos dois grupos. Na literatura estudada, existe uma &#250;nica refer&#234;ncia sobre fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e textura dos folhetos<sup>1</sup>, onde foi observada acelera&#231;&#227;o do processo de disfun&#231;&#227;o das biopr&#243;teses nos pacientes com &#237;ndice card&#237;aco maior do que 2,0 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>, na tentativa de explicar a menor durabilidade das biopr&#243;teses em pacientes mais jovens. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise individual dos itens do Bioescore FACIME torna-se &#250;til: por exemplo, o paciente n&#186; 23 do grupo FVN e 5 do grupo FVA obtiveram escore total igual a 12. Contudo, o paciente 5 do grupo FVA obteve 3 no item aposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido e o paciente 23 do grupo FVN obteve, neste item, 1. Desta maneira o paciente 5 do grupo FVA tinha trombose de um dos seus folhetos, situa&#231;&#227;o esta que determina conduta terap&#234;utica espec&#237;fica. Portanto, &#233; essencial a an&#225;lise individual de cada item do escore para conhecermos a real situa&#231;&#227;o da textura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese. Esta situa&#231;&#227;o foi presenciada quando da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do escore ecocardiogr&#225;fico da valva mitral para valvoplastia mitral por cateter bal&#227;o, em que foi demonstrado que o item aparelho subvalvar era de import&#226;ncia prognostica maior para o sucesso do procedimento; n&#227;o obstante, esta hierarquia n&#227;o invalida a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do escore rotineiramente<sup>31</sup>. </p>
    <p>S&#243; foi poss&#237;vel identificar as altera&#231;&#245;es da textura dos folhetos, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo transesof&#225;gico. O estudo pela ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica tem seu valor, principalmente, na an&#225;lise dos fatores funcionais relacionados &#224;s biopr&#243;teses, como &#225;rea, gradientes, presen&#231;a de regurgita&#231;&#245;es e altera&#231;&#245;es grosseiras dos folhetos das pr&#243;teses<sup>6,9,32-35</sup>. A ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de transdutores de maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia e pela maior proximidade das estruturas analisadas, nos permite uma avalia&#231;&#227;o fina da textura dos folhetos, uma quantifica&#231;&#227;o mais precisa do grau das regurgita&#231;&#245;es das biopr&#243;teses mitrais e a detec&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es, como vegeta&#231;&#245;es, trombos e regurgita&#231;&#245;es periprot&#233;ticas<sup>5,6,10,36,37</sup>. Nesta casu&#237;stica, foi detectada insufici&#234;ncia periprot&#233;tica em dois pacientes do grupo FVA, n&#227;o detectadas ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, situa&#231;&#227;o esta demonstrada por Khanderia e cols.<sup>36</sup>. </p>
    <p>A posi&#231;&#227;o mitral da biopr&#243;tese favorece a degenera&#231;&#227;o primaria dos folhetos mais precocemente, provavelmente por um maior estresse de fechamento, ocorrida na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral durante a s&#237;stole<sup>27,38-40</sup>. Na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, o tempo de abertura dos folhetos chega a ser tr&#234;s vezes o tempo de abertura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica <sup>41</sup>. Quando o ritmo &#233; sinusal existe duplo movimento de abertura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese mitral; em um estudo realizado n&#227;o foi demonstrada rela&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de ritmo e a degenera&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da biopr&#243;tese<sup>42</sup>. At&#233; o presente momento n&#227;o existe confirma&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho da biopr&#243;tese e a preval&#234;ncia de degenera&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da pr&#243;tese. Quanto ao sexo, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o existe consenso. Neste estudo foi demonstrado que o fator fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda n&#227;o exerceu influ&#234;ncia na textura da biopr&#243;tese. </p>
    <p>Trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo e em seu ap&#234;ndice foi dominante no grupo FVA (65% contra 20%, p=0,004), por&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de ritmo (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou sinusal) e quanto &#224; terapia anticoagulante nos grupos estudados. Ficou demonstrado que os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda apresentam um ambiente mais prop&#237;cio &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos em &#225;trio esquerdo e ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo, o grupo FVA apresentou o &#225;trio esquerdo um pouco maior (58,2&#177;13,4 vs 50,6&#177;8,6 mm, p=0,040). </p>
    <p>Edmunds e cols.<sup>43</sup> mostraram que houve necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em 40 a 60% dos pacientes com pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral; que a incid&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios tromboemb&#243;licos &#233; maior nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses de implante das biopr&#243;teses; que a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial aumenta o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas; que ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro o papel da presen&#231;a de trombos atriais, do tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo e da hist&#243;ria de eventos emb&#243;licos pr&#233;vios, no aumento da incid&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; o principal fator identificado na literatura respons&#225;vel pelo aumento do risco de tromboembolismo sist&#234;mico nos pacientes com valvopatia mitral<sup>44-47</sup>. Relatos na literatura mostram menor incid&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos nos pacientes com biopr&#243;teses de peric&#225;rdio bovino ou dura-m&#225;ter em compara&#231;&#227;o com as biopr&#243;teses porcinas<sup>48-50</sup>. </p>
    <p>Tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo, idade maior que 60 anos, possivelmente a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e a hipertens&#227;o arterial sem tratamento somam riscos para tromboembolismo em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>51</sup>. Estes pacientes devem receber terapia anticoagulante prolongada, mantendo um &#237;ndice de normatiza&#231;&#227;o internacional entre 2,0 e 3,0. Por motivos provavelmente sociais, a maioria de nossos pacientes n&#227;o estava com a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o adequadamente controlada. </p>
    <p>Contraste espont&#226;neo em &#225;trio esquerdo e ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo foi mais freq&#252;ente no grupo FVA, por&#233;m este dado n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (85% contra 60%, p=0,077). Destaque-se que a presen&#231;a de contraste espont&#226;neo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e aneurisma do septo interatrial s&#227;o fatores positivos independentes preditores da presen&#231;a de trombos em &#225;trio esquerdo e eventos c&#233;rebro-vasculares; em adi&#231;&#227;o, a dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo e eventos c&#233;rebro-vasculares s&#227;o preditores positivos independentes da presen&#231;a de contraste espont&#226;neo e de trombos em &#225;trio esquerdo<sup>52</sup>. </p>
    <p>Concluimos que a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda n&#227;o foi fator determinante da evolu&#231;&#227;o da textura dos folhetos de biopr&#243;tese mitral, o Bioescore FACIME mostrou-se &#250;til na an&#225;lise evolutiva da textura dos folhetos da biopr&#243;tese mitral e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda associou biopr&#243;tese mitral &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos em &#225;trio esquerdo e ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Henry Abensur </p>
        <p> Rua Gaivota, 222/21 </p>
        <p> 04522-030 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="henryab@terra.com.br">henryab@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 13/07/2004 - Aceito em 02/12/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Magilligan DJ, Lewis JW, Stein P, Alam M.    The porcine bioprosthetic heart valva: experience at 15 years. Ann Thorac Surg    1989; 48:324-30. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The porcine bioprosthetic heart valva: experience at 15 years</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>324</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Magilligan</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewis</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alam</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Sabbah HN, Hamid MS, Stein PD. Mechanical    stress on closed cusps of porcine bioprosthetic valves: correlation with sites    of calcification. Ann Thorac Surg 1986; 42:93-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mechanical stress on closed cusps of porcine bioprosthetic valves: correlation with sites of calcification</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>93</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sabbah</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamid</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Thubrikar MJ, Deck JD, Aovad J, Nolan SP.    Role of mechanical stress in calcification of aortic bioprosthetic valves. J    Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 86:115-25. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Role of mechanical stress in calcification of aortic bioprosthetic valves</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>115</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thubrikar</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deck</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aovad</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nolan</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Stein PD, Sabbah HN, Magilligan DJJr. Can    we delay the ocurrence of spontaneous degeneration of bioprosthetic valves?    J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988;96:343. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Can we delay the ocurrence of spontaneous degeneration of bioprosthetic valves?</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabbah</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magilligan</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Nelessen U, Schnittger I, Appleton CP. Transesophageal    two-dimensional echocardigraphy and color Doppler flow velocity mapping in the    evaluation of cardiac valve prastheses. Circulation 1988; 78:848-55. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Transesophageal two-dimensional echocardigraphy and color Doppler flow velocity mapping in the evaluation of cardiac valve prastheses</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>848</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nelessen</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schnittger</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appleton</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Chaudhry FA, Herrera C, Defrino PF, Mehlman    DJ, Zabalgoitia M. Pathologic and angiographic correlations of transesophageal    echocardigraphy in prosthetic heart valve dysfunction. Am Heart J 1991;122:1057-64.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pathologic and angiographic correlations of transesophageal echocardigraphy in prosthetic heart valve dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1057</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chaudhry</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrera</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Defrino</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehlman</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zabalgoitia</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Herrera CJ, Chaudhry FA, Defrino PF. Value    limitations of transesophageal echocardiography in evaluating prosthetic or    bioprosthetic valve dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69:697-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Value limitations of transesophageal echocardiography in evaluating prosthetic or bioprosthetic valve dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>697</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Herrera</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaudhry</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Defrino</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Khandheria BK. Transesophageal echocardiography    in the evaluation of prosthetic valves. Cardiol Clin 1993; 11:427-36. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of prosthetic valves</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Clin</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>427</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Daniel WG, M&#252;gge A, Grote J. Comparison    of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography for detection of abnormalities    of prosthetic and bioprosthetic valves in the mitral and aortic positions. Am    J Cardiol 1993; 71: 210-15. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography for detection of abnormalities of prosthetic and bioprosthetic valves in the mitral and aortic positions</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>210</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Daniel</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#252;gge</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grote</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Groundstroem RD, Hoffman P, Bloomfield P,    Sutherland GR. Additional value of biblane transesophageal imaging in assesment    of mitral valve prostheses. Br Heart J 1993; 70:259-65. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Additional value of biblane transesophageal imaging in assesment of mitral valve prostheses</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>259</fpage>
          <lpage>65</lpage>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Groundstroem</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bloomfield</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sutherland</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Freeman WK, Seward JB, Khanderia BK. Transesophageal    echocardiography. Boston, Little Brown, 1993. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Transesophageal echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Freeman</surname>
              <given-names>WK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khanderia</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Pandian NG, Hsu TL, Schwartz SL et al. Multiplane    transesophageal echocardiography. Imaging planes, echocardigraphic anatomy,    and clinical experience with a prototype phased array OmniPlane probe. Echocardiography.    Echocardiography 1992; 9:649-66. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography: Imaging planes, echocardigraphic anatomy, and clinical experience with a prototype phased array OmniPlane probe</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>649</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pandian</surname>
              <given-names>NG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsu</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Roelandt JR, Thomsom IR, Vletter WB. Multiplane    transesophageal echocardiography: latest evolution in imaging revolution. J    Am Soc Echocardiogr 1992; 5: 361-7. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography: latest evolution in imaging revolution</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>361</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roelandt</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomsom</surname>
              <given-names>IR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vletter</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Seward JB, Khandheria BK, Freeman WK. Multiplane    transesophageal echocardiography: image orientation technique, anatomic correlations,    and clinical applications. Mayo Clin Proc 1993; 68:1-29. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography: image orientation technique, anatomic correlations, and clinical applications</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freeman</surname>
              <given-names>WK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Aschenberg W, Schluter M, Kremer P. Transesophageal    two-dimensional echocardiography for the detection of left atrial appendage    thrombus. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: 163-7. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography for the detection of left atrial appendage thrombus</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>163</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aschenberg</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schluter</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kremer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Dressler FA, Labovitz AJ. Systemic arterial    emboli and cardiac masses: assesment with transesophageal echocardiography.    Cardiol Clin 1993; 11: 447-60. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Systemic arterial emboli and cardiac masses: assesment with transesophageal echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Clin</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>447</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dressler</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Labovitz</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Olsen JD, Goldenberg IF, Pederson W. Exclusion    of atrial thrombus by transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr    1992; 5: 52-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Exclusion of atrial thrombus by transesophageal echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>52</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Olsen</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldenberg</surname>
              <given-names>IF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pederson</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Triulzi MO, Wilkins GT, Gillam LD. Normal    adult cross-sectional echocardiographic valves: LV volumes. Echocardiography    1985; 2:153-70. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Normal adult cross-sectional echocardiographic valves: LV volumes</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>153</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Triulzi</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkins</surname>
              <given-names>GT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillam</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Sahn DJ, Demaria A, Kisslo J, Weyman A. The    commitee on M-mode standartization of the American Society of Echocardiography.    Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiographic measurements.    Circulation 1978; 58: 1072. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The commitee on M-mode standartization of the American Society of Echocardiography: Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiographic measurements</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1072</fpage>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sahn</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demaria</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kisslo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weyman</surname>
              <given-names>A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Yock PG, Popp RL. Non-invasive estimation    of right ventricular systolic pressure by Doppler ultrasound in patients with    tricuspid regurgitation. Circulation 1984; 70: 657-62. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Non-invasive estimation of right ventricular systolic pressure by Doppler ultrasound in patients with tricuspid regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>657</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yock</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popp</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Hatle L, Angelsen B, Tromsdal B. Nom-invasive    assesment of pressure half-time by Doppler ultrasound. Circulation 1980; 60:1096.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Nom-invasive assesment of pressure half-time by Doppler ultrasound</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1096</fpage>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hatle</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Angelsen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tromsdal</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Hatle L, Angelsen B, Tromsdal B. Noninvasive    assesment of aortic stenosis by Doppler ultrasound. Br Heart J 1980; 43: 284.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Noninvasive assesment of aortic stenosis by Doppler ultrasound</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>284</fpage>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hatle</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Angelsen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tromsdal</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Seward JB, Khandheria BK, Edwards WD. Biplanar    transesophageal echocardiography: anatomic correlations, image orientation,    and clinical applications. Mayo Clin. Proc., v.65, p.1193-213, 1990. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Biplanar transesophageal echocardiography: anatomic correlations, image orientation, and clinical applications</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin. Proc.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1193</fpage>
          <lpage>213</lpage>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Seward JB, Khandheria BK, Freeman WK. Multiplane    transesophageal echocardiography: image orientation, examination technique,    anatomic correlations, and clinical applications. Mayo Clin Proc 1993, 68:1-29.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography: image orientation, examination technique, anatomic correlations, and clinical applications</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freeman</surname>
              <given-names>WK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Wilkins GT, Weyman AE, Abascal VM. Percutaneous    balloon dilatation of mitral valve. Analysis of echocardiographic variables    related to outcome and the mechanism of dilatation. Br Heart J1988; 60: 299-308.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Percutaneous balloon dilatation of mitral valve: Analysis of echocardiographic variables related to outcome and the mechanism of dilatation</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>299</fpage>
          <lpage>308</lpage>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilkins</surname>
              <given-names>GT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weyman</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abascal</surname>
              <given-names>VM.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Rosner B. Fundamentals of biostatistics.    2<sup>nd</sup> ed. Boston, PWS Publishers, Second edition, 1986. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Fundamentals of biostatistics</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosner</surname>
              <given-names>B.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Jones EL, Weintraub WS, Craver JM et al.    Tem-year experience with the porcine bioprosthetic valve: interrelationship    of valve survival and patient survival in 1,050 valve replacements. Ann Thorac    Surg 1990; 49: 370-84. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Tem-year experience with the porcine bioprosthetic valve: interrelationship of valve survival and patient survival in 1,050 valve replacements</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>370</fpage>
          <lpage>84</lpage>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weintraub</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Craver</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Pelletier LC, Carrier M, Leclerc Y, Lepage    G, Deguise P, Dyrda I. Porcine versus pericardial bioprostheses: a comparison    of late results in 1,583 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 47: 352-61. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Porcine versus pericardial bioprostheses: a comparison of late results in 1,583 patients</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>352</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pelletier</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carrier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leclerc</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lepage</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deguise</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dyrda</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Bortolotti U, Milano A, Thiene G. Early mechanical    failures of the Hancock pericardial xenograft. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987;    94: 200-07. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Early mechanical failures of the Hancock pericardial xenograft</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>200</fpage>
          <lpage>07</lpage>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotti</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thiene</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Cohn LH, Allred EN, Disesa VJ. Early and    late risk of aortic valve replacement: a 12 year concomitant comparison of the    porcine bioprosthetic and tilting disc prosthetic aortic valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc    Surg 1984; 88:695-705. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Early and late risk of aortic valve replacement: a 12 year concomitant comparison of the porcine bioprosthetic and tilting disc prosthetic aortic valves</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>695</fpage>
          <lpage>705</lpage>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cohn</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allred</surname>
              <given-names>EN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Disesa</surname>
              <given-names>VJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Medeiros CCJ, Moraes AV, Cardoso LF. S&#227;o    os componentes do aparelho valvar mitral de mesmo valor preditivo na valvoplastia    mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o? Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico. Arq Bras Cardiol    1991; 57:11-20. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>S&#227;o os componentes do aparelho valvar mitral de mesmo valor preditivo na valvoplastia mitral por cateter-bal&#227;o? Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Medeiros</surname>
              <given-names>CCJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Cooper DM, Stewart WJ, Schiavone WA et al.    Evalation of normal prosthetic valve function by Doppler echocardiography. Am    Heart J 1987; 114: 576 -82. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evalation of normal prosthetic valve function by Doppler echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>576 </fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schiavone</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Alam M, Lakier JB, Pickard SD, Goldstein    S. Echocardiographic evaluation of porcine bioprosthetic valves: experience    with 309 normal and 59 dysfunctioning valves. Am Heart J 1983; 52:309-15. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic evaluation of porcine bioprosthetic valves: experience with 309 normal and 59 dysfunctioning valves</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>309</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alam</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lakier</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pickard</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldstein</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Formann MB, Phelan BK, Robertson RM, Virmani    R. Correlation of two-dimensional echocardiography and pathologic findings in    porcine valve dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 5: 224-30. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Correlation of two-dimensional echocardiography and pathologic findings in porcine valve dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>224</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Formann</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Phelan</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robertson</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Virmani</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Almeida J, Sep&#250;lveda F, Gomes MR.    Valor diagn&#243;stico da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica no estudo    das disfun&#231;&#245;es das pr&#243;teses mitrais. Rev Port Cardiol 1993;    12: 155-61. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Valor diagn&#243;stico da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica no estudo das disfun&#231;&#245;es das pr&#243;teses mitrais</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>155</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sep&#250;lveda</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Khandheria BK, Seward JB, Oh JK. Value and    limitations of transesophageal echocardiography in assesment of mitral valve    prostheses. Circulation 1991; 83: 1956-68. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Value and limitations of transesophageal echocardiography in assesment of mitral valve prostheses</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1956</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seward</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Scott PJ, Ettles DF, Wharton GA, Williams    GJ. The value of transesophageal echocardiography in the investigation of acute    prosthetic valve dysfunction. Clin Cardiol 1990; 13: 541-4. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The value of transesophageal echocardiography in the investigation of acute prosthetic valve dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>541</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scott</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ettles</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wharton</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>38. Jamieson WRE, Hayden RI, Miyagishima RT et    al. The Carpentier-Edwards standard porcine bioprosthesis: clinical performance    to 15 years. J Cardiac Surg 1991; 6: S550-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Carpentier-Edwards standard porcine bioprosthesis: clinical performance to 15 years</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S550</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jamieson</surname>
              <given-names>WRE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayden</surname>
              <given-names>RI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyagishima</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <mixed-citation>39. O'brien MF, Stafford EG, Gardner MAH, Pohlner    PG, Tesar PJ, Kear L, Smith SE. The Medtronic intact xenograft: analysis of    342 patients over a seven-year follow-up period. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: S253-7.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Medtronic intact xenograft: analysis of 342 patients over a seven-year follow-up period</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S253</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'brien</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stafford</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardner</surname>
              <given-names>MAH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pohlner</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tesar</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kear</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <mixed-citation>40. Akins CW, Carrol DL, Buckley MJ, Daggett    WM, Hilgenberg AD, Austen WG. Late results with Carpentier- Edwards porcine    bioprosthesis. Circulation 1990; 82(supp 4):IV-65-IV-74. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Late results with Carpentier- Edwards porcine bioprosthesis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>IV</fpage>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Akins</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carrol</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buckley</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daggett</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hilgenberg</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Austen</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <mixed-citation>41. Thurbrikar MJ, Deck DJ, Aouad J. Role of    mechanical stress in calcification of aortic bioprosthetic valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc    Surg 1983; 86:115. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Role of mechanical stress in calcification of aortic bioprosthetic valve</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>115</fpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thurbrikar</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deck</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aouad</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <mixed-citation>42. Pansini S, Ottino G, Caimmi F, Del Ponte    S, Morea M. Risk factors of primary tissue failure within the 11<sup>th</sup>    postoperative year in 217 patients with porcine bioprostheses. J Card Surg 1991;    6: S644-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Risk factors of primary tissue failure within the 11th postoperative year in 217 patients with porcine bioprostheses</article-title>
          <source>J Card Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S644</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pansini</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ottino</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caimmi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Ponte</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morea</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <mixed-citation>43. Edmunds LH. Thromboembolic complications    of current cardiac valvular prostheses. Ann Thorac Surg 1982; 34: 96-106. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Thromboembolic complications of current cardiac valvular prostheses</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>96</fpage>
          <lpage>106</lpage>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Edmunds</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <mixed-citation>44. Garcia-Bengechea JB, Gonz&#225;lez-Juanatey    JR, Rubio J, Dur&#225;n D, Sierra J. Thromboembolism in patients with pericardial    valves in the absence of chronic anticoagulation: 12 years' experience. Eur    J Cardiothorac Surg 1991; 5: 592-7. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Thromboembolism in patients with pericardial valves in the absence of chronic anticoagulation: 12 years' experience</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>592</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Bengechea</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonz&#225;lez-Juanatey</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rubio</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dur&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sierra</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <mixed-citation>45. Askey JM, Bernstein S. The management of    rheumatic heart disease in relation to systemic arterial embolism. Prog Cardiovasc    Dis 1960; 3: 220-32. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The management of rheumatic heart disease in relation to systemic arterial embolism</article-title>
          <source>Prog Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1960</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>220</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Askey</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernstein</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <mixed-citation>46. Bannister R. The risks of deferring valvotomy    in patients with moderate mitral stenosis. Lancet 1960; 2: 329-32. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The risks of deferring valvotomy in patients with moderate mitral stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1960</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>329</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bannister</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <mixed-citation>47. Coulshed N, Epstein EJ, Mckendrick CS, Galloway    RW, Walker E. Systemic embolism in mitral valve disease. Br Heart J 1970; 32:    26-34. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Systemic embolism in mitral valve disease</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1970</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coulshed</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Epstein</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mckendrick</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galloway</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walker</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <mixed-citation>48. Silverton NP, Tandon AD, Ionescu MI. Trombosis    embolism and anticoagulant-related hemorrhage in mitral valve disease and mitral    valve replacement. In: Ionescu MI, Cohn LH. Mitral valve disease diagnosis and    treatment. London, Butteworths, 1984, p.337-45. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Mitral valve disease diagnosis and treatment</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>337</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silverton</surname>
              <given-names>NP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tandon</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ionescu</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ionescu</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohn</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B49">
        <mixed-citation>49. Zerbini EJ, Puig LB. The dura mater allograft    valve. In: Ionescu MI. Tissue heart valves. London, Butteworths, 1979. P.253-301.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Tissue heart valves</source>
          <date>
            <year>1979</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>253</fpage>
          <lpage>301</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zerbini</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puig</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ionescu</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <mixed-citation>50. Pomerantzeff EJ, Zerbini EJ, Verginelli G,    Jatene AD. Valve replacement in the Heart Institute, University of S&#227;o    Paulo, Brazil. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 48: S41-44. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Valve replacement in the Heart Institute, University of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>S41</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zerbini</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verginelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jatene</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B51">
        <mixed-citation>51. Heras M, Chesebro JH, Fuster V et al. High    risk of thromboemboli early after bioprosthetic cardiac valve replacement. J    Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1111-19. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>High risk of thromboemboli early after bioprosthetic cardiac valve replacement</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1111</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Heras</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chesebro</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuster</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B52">
        <mixed-citation>52. Kamensky G, Drahos P, Plevov&#225; N. Left    atrial spontaneous echo contrast: its prevalence and importance in patients    undergoing transesophageal echocardiography and particularly those with a cerebrovascular    embolic event. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1996; 9: 62-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast: its prevalence and importance in patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography and particularly those with a cerebrovascular embolic event</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>62</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kamensky</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drahos</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plevov&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Texture of mitral bioprosthesis, ventricular function and formation of thrombus: analysis through transesophageal echocardiography and use of bioscore</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Facing the hypothesis of participation of mechanical stress as a cause of mitral bioprosthesis dysfunction, we decided to assess the relation of preservation of the texture of the mitral bioprosthesis leaflets with left ventricular function, in addition to the casual formation of thrombus in left atrium in patients with left ventricular dysfunction from the implant of mitral bioprosthesis. METHODS: Forty 40 patients with mitral bioprosthesis through multiplane transesophageal echocardiogram were studied and divided in two groups: with left ventricular dysfunction (FE=0.40&#177;0.09) since the bioprosthesis implant (20 patients: age 47.75&#177;11.10 years old and surgery time 5.3&#177;2.6 years) and with normal left ventricular function (FE=0.73&#177;0.06) since the implant (20 patients: age 49.75&#177;13.59 years old and surgery time 5.7&#177;3 years). The texture of bioprosthesis leaflets was analyzed through a transesophageal echocardiographic score (FACIMT Bioscore): 1) Fusion of leaflets (score 1 to 3); 2) Apposition of tissues (score 1 to 3); 3) Calcium in leaflets (score 1 to 5); 4) Integrity of leaflets (score 1 to 3); 5) Motility of leaflets (score 1 to 4) and 6) Thickness of leaflets (score 1 to 3). The presence of thrombi in left atrium was assessed through multiplane scanning of the left atrium and left atrial appendage in the transesophageal study. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the texture of bioprosthesis mitral position between the groups, for the total score (8.7&#177;2.4 vs. 7.9&#177;2.1, p=0.259), and for each analyzed item. A greater incidence of thrombi in left atrium and left atrial appendage was detected in patients with ventricular dysfunction (65% vs. 20%, p=0.004). CONCLUSION: The left ventricular dysfunction was not a protecting factor of the texture of bioprosthesis leaflets in mitral position in the tardive post-surgery period. The patients with left ventricular dysfunction showed a more favorable environment for the formation of thrombi in left atrium.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>mitral bioprosthesis</kwd>
        <kwd>left ventricular function</kwd>
        <kwd>transesophageal echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>formation of thrombi</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Texture of mitral bioprosthesis, ventricular function and formation of thrombus. Analysis through transesophageal echocardiography and use of bioscore</p>
      <p>Henry Abensur; Max Grinberg; Jos&#233; A. F. Ramires</p>
      <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Heart Institute of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>Facing the hypothesis of participation of mechanical stress as a cause of mitral bioprosthesis dysfunction, we decided to assess the relation of preservation of the texture of the mitral bioprosthesis leaflets with left ventricular function, in addition to the casual formation of thrombus in left atrium in patients with left ventricular dysfunction from the implant of mitral bioprosthesis. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Forty 40 patients with mitral bioprosthesis through multiplane transesophageal echocardiogram were studied and divided in two groups: with left ventricular dysfunction (FE=0.40&#177;0.09) since the bioprosthesis implant (20 patients: age 47.75&#177;11.10 years old and surgery time 5.3&#177;2.6 years) and with normal left ventricular function (FE=0.73&#177;0.06) since the implant (20 patients: age 49.75&#177;13.59 years old and surgery time 5.7&#177;3 years). The texture of bioprosthesis leaflets was analyzed through a transesophageal echocardiographic score (FACIMT Bioscore): 1) Fusion of leaflets (score 1 to 3); 2) Apposition of tissues (score 1 to 3); 3) Calcium in leaflets (score 1 to 5); 4) Integrity of leaflets (score 1 to 3); 5) Motility of leaflets (score 1 to 4) and 6) Thickness of leaflets (score 1 to 3). The presence of thrombi in left atrium was assessed through multiplane scanning of the left atrium and left atrial appendage in the transesophageal study. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> There was no significant difference in the texture of bioprosthesis mitral position between the groups, for the total score (8.7&#177;2.4 vs. 7.9&#177;2.1, p=0.259), and for each analyzed item. A greater incidence of thrombi in left atrium and left atrial appendage was detected in patients with ventricular dysfunction (65% vs. 20%, p=0.004). </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The left ventricular dysfunction was not a protecting factor of the texture of bioprosthesis leaflets in mitral position in the tardive post-surgery period. The patients with left ventricular dysfunction showed a more favorable environment for the formation of thrombi in left atrium. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> mitral bioprosthesis, left ventricular function, transesophageal echocardiography, formation of thrombi</p>
      <p>It is acknowledged that the a pre-implant cardiac index of mitral valve bioprosthesis greater than 2.0 L/min/m<sup>2</sup> is an acceleration factor of the structural degeneration process of valve leaflets<sup>1</sup>; such hypothesis suggests the participation of mechanical stress as a cause of bioprosthesis dysfunction<sup>2-4</sup>. </p>
      <p>Observations from our clinical practice suggest a possible relation between the preservation of the texture of mitral bioprosthesis leaflets and the left ventricular dysfunction. So, left ventricular dysfunction carriers, when submitted to a lower leaflet closing stress, from the implant of mitral bioprosthesis, would somehow show a lower development o degenerative process. Likewise, those mitral bioprosthesis and left ventricular dysfunction carriers, when submitted to a greater stasis environment due to left ventricular dysfunction, could be more predisposed to the formation of intracavitary thrombi. </p>
      <p>The introduction of transesophageal modality allowed for overcoming technical difficulties presented to transthoracic exam, especially thanks to the closeness of the esophagus to the left atrium; it allows for the use of higher frequency transducers, under absence of structures that obstruct the heart, which results in cardiac images with better quality of signal and better level of resolution<sup>5,6,7</sup>. The method has a better definition concerning the texture and motility of leaflets, presence of aberrant masses, or a discontinuity of suture of the prosthesis ring<sup>8-10</sup>. Currently we count on the multiplane technology, which offers transducers with the capacity of perform all Doppler modalities, being also multifrequency that produce a continuous of transversal and longitudinal images through the rotation of crystal displaying, which makes easier the view of intermediary images out of the axle among the primary, transversal and longitudinal plans. So, there is an increase in the quality of tomographic images obtained in comparison with those obtained by the biplane transducers<sup>11-14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The transesophageal method is also relevant in the detection of intracardiac thrombi. The image through transthoracic echocardiography has a limited sensitivity for the atrial thrombus. This is mostly because the thrombus usually forms in the left atrial appendage, which is well viewed through the transesophageal modality<sup>15-17</sup>. </p>
      <p>The objective of this research was verifying, through multiplane transesophageal echocardiography, if patients with left ventricular dysfunction from the implant of mitral bioprosthesis would have a greater preservation level o the texture of their leaflets and a greater risk of formation of thrombi in the left atrium, when compared to a control group. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Forty mitral bioprosthesis carriers for more than two years were studied and followed up at the Day Unit of the Clinical Unit of Valve Cardiopathies of Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o. Twenty consecutive patients (average age of 47.7&#177;11.1 years old) were selected for showing left ventricular dysfunction since the implant, which was verified by the fraction of ejection lower than 0.45 (unidimensional MODE - cube method) in the follow-up echocardiograms, and constituted the abnormal ventricular function (AVF) group. Other 20 patients (average age of 49.7&#177;13.6 years old), with normal left ventricular function (fraction of ejection greater than 0.65) since the implant, were gauged and composed the control group of normal left ventricular function (NVF). Patients with fraction of ejection between 0.45 and 0.65 were excluded from the study. The clinical data, including functional class, cardiac rhythm, use of medication and laboratory controls of the anticoagulation level were obtained through the analysis of records (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0410-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The cardiac rhythm (12-derivation electrocardiogram), the use of anticoagulation therapy (anamnesis data and records) and international normalization ratio (INR - turbidimetric, automated method) were additionally marked down. </p>
      <p>The patients were submitted to an echocardiogram using the Toshiba <italic>Power Vision 7000</italic>. From the transthoracic modality the following variables were obtained: final diastolic dimension of left ventricle (FDDLV), final systolic dimension of left ventricle (FSDLV), FE through the Cube method<sup>18</sup> and dimension of left atrium performed at the end of the ejection of the left ventricle, in accordance to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>19</sup>, having been obtained in the unidimensional mode and guided through the bidimensional mode. With the assistance of color flow mapping, the presence of regurgitation of aortic and tricuspid valves was verified. In the presence of regurgitation, it was quantified qualitatively through the color flow mapping. With the use of continuous Doppler in the patients showing tricuspid insufficiency, we obtained the pressure difference between the right ventricle and the right atrium which, added by the estimated pressure of the right atrium, reflects the systolic pressure of the right ventricle and, consequently, the systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery (PPA)<sup>20</sup>. The mitral prosthesis area was calculated using the Continuous Doppler and the methodology of pressure half-time<sup>21</sup>. The gradient through the aortic valve was calculated through the continuous Doppler, by using the modified equation of Bernoulli<sup>22</sup>. </p>
      <p>At the end of the transthoracic echocardiogram, the patient, who had already been told to be fasting for 4h, was signing the post-information consent term for the performance of the multiplane transesophageal echocardiogram. The examination was performed according to an already acclaimed and established method in the clinical practice<sup>11,23,24</sup>. All patients had topic anesthesia, with lidocaine at 10% - based local anesthetic solution, applied in the oropharinx, hard and soft palate. </p>
      <p>After the insertion of the transducer in the esophagus and the location of the mitral bioprosthesis, the multiplane (0 to 180&#186;) prosthesis scanning was performed. </p>
      <p>Thrombi and the presence of formation of spontaneous contrast in the atria and the left atrial appendage were observed through multiplane scanning. </p>
      <p>Stimulated by the well-known applicability of echocardiographic score for decisions of mitral valvoplasty through percutaneous balloon-catheter<sup>25</sup>, we developed a transesophageal echocardiography assessment of bioprostheses in mitral position, consisting of six items, which we called FACIMT, (an acronym of fusion of leaflets, apposition of tissues, calcium in leaflets, integrity of leaflets, motility of leaflets and thickness of leaflets - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="cht01-body2">chart I</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="cht01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0410-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The presence of central insufficiency of bioprosthesis or periprosthetics was analyzed through the color flow mapping. </p>
      <p>Thrombi and presence of formation of spontaneous contrast in atria and the left atrial appendage were observed through multiplane scanning. </p>
      <p>The transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms were recorded in VHS videotapes. The FACIMT Bioscore was used in the reading of the videotape and the echocardiographic study items described above were analyzed. The reading of the videotape was done by two observers singly, and the discordant data were solved through a consensus in a third reading done by both observers together. </p>
      <p> Initially all variables were descriptively analyzed. For the continuous variables that analysis was performed through the observation of maximum and minimum values, and the calculation of means and standard deviations and medians. The absolute frequencies were calculated for the classificatory variables. </p>
      <p>For the analysis of the hypothesis of equality of proportions between the two groups, the chi-square test or exact test of Fisher<sup>26</sup> was used. The hypothesis of equality between the two means was verified using the t test of Student<sup>26</sup>. For the total score variable, the non-parametric test of Mann-Whitney<sup>26</sup> was used. The non-parametrical test of Kruskal-Wallis<sup>26</sup> was used in the comparison of the total score among many groups. </p>
      <p>The level of significance used for the tests was 5%. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Both groups were similar in relation to the area of mitral bioprosthesis, presence of central and periprosthetic insufficiency, presence of aortic stenosis, presence of tricuspid insufficiency and the estimated value of systolic pressure of pulmonary artery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). In AVF group, two cases of periprosthetic insufficiency were detected and they were only visible in the transesophageal study. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0410-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The use of the FACIMT Bioscore did not identify any significant difference concerning the total score (8.70&#177;2.39 and 7.95&#177;2.14, p=0.259) between the AVF and NVF groups. An individual analysis of the items of FACIMT Bioscore did not show significant differences (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>), as well. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0410-00011-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Thrombi in left atrium were found in AVF group in a greater proportion than in NVF. The AVF group showed thrombi in 10, 20 and 35%, respectively, in left atrial appendage, left atrium and left atrial appendage and left atrium simultaneously. Thrombi were found in the AVF group in 10, 5 and 5% distribution (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0410-00011-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The spontaneous contrast was present in 85% of AVF group patients and in 60% of NVF group, showing a more favorable statistic tendency to the formation of spontaneous contrast in the AVF group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
      <p>The use of anticoagulant therapy was similar in both groups. In the AVF group, 75% of the patients were not using oral anticoagulants and in the NVF group, 90% were not either. Only three had updated international normalization rate (INR) at the time of the study, and none of them was properly anticoagulated. In the NVF group, only two patients had oral anticoagulant therapy, with an INR of 3.4 and 4.7, respectively. </p>
      <p>The rhythm of atrial fibrillation was present in 85 and 65% in the patients of the AVF and NVF groups, respectively. There were no statistic differences between those values. </p>
      <p>The dimension of the left atrium was significantly larger in the AVF group in relation to the NVF (58.2&#177;13.4 vs. 50.6&#177; 8.6mm, p=0.040). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The evolution of bioprostheses is well characterized by means of actuarial curves. The structural changes of clinical repercussion of bioprostheses happen, on average, between 5 and 10 years after their implant, with stenosis due to calcification and inspissation of leaflets, and incompetence due to inappropriate juxtaposition of commissures in calcium infiltration sites<sup>27-30</sup>. It seemed important to us to elaborate a score, in which we could quantitatively document that biological phenomenon of degeneration of bioprostheses, by placing emphasis on the aspects that are more analyzed in the literature, related to leaflets of bioprostheses. We used the FACIMT acronym, which are six distinct letters with which we intend to facilitate the memorization of bioscore items: F for fusion of leaflets, A for apposition of tissue, C for calcium of leaflets, I for integrity of leaflets, M for motility of leaflets and T for thickness of leaflets. So, this way we hope to make use of a suitable diagnosis method that is a homogeneous communication language between clinicians and surgeons. </p>
      <p>The average time of implant of bioprostheses was 5.3&#177;2.6 and 5.7&#177;3 years, respectively, for the AVF and NVF groups. There were 10 and 8 patients, respectively, for the AVF and NVF groups with more than five years of bioprostesis implant. </p>
      <p>The left ventricular dysfunction was not a protection factor of the texture of leaflets of mitral bioprosthesis, as both the total score and each FACIMT Bioscore item, showed similar in both groups. In the studied literature, there is only one reference on left ventricular function and texture of leaflets<sup>1</sup>, in which the acceleration of the dysfunction process of bioprostheses in patients with cardiac index greater than 2.0L/min/m<sup>2</sup> was observed, in an attempt of explaining a lower durability of bioprostheses in younger patients. </p>
      <p>The individual analysis of the items of FACIMT Bioscore becomes useful: for example, the patient #23 from NVF group and #5 from AVF group had a total score of 12. However, AVF patient #5 had 3 in apposition of tissue item and NVF patient #23 had, in that item, 1. So, AVF patient #5 had thrombosis of one of his leaflets, a situation that determines a specific therapeutic conduct. Therefore, the individual analysis of each item of the score is essential for us to know the real situation of the texture of bioprosthesis leaflets. That situation was witnessed when the echocardiographic score of mitral valve for mitral valvoplasty through balloon-catheter was used. It demonstrated that the subvalve system had a greater prognostic importance for the success of the procedure. However, such hierarchy does not invalidate the routine use of the score<sup>31</sup>. </p>
      <p>It was only possible to identify the changes in the texture of leaflets with the use of the transesophageal method. The study through transthoracic echocardiography has its own value, especially in the analysis of functional factors related to bioprostheses, such as area, gradients, presence of regurgitations and huge changes of leaflets of prostheses<sup>6,9,32-35</sup>. The transesophageal echocardiography, through the use of higher frequency transducers and through a greater closeness of the analyzed structures, allows us for a fine assessment of the texture of leaflets, a more accurate quantification of the regurgitation level of mitral bioprostheses and the detection of complications, such as periprosthetic vegetations, thrombi and regurgitations<sup>5,6,10,36,37</sup>. In that casuistry, periprosthetic insufficiency was detected in two AVF group patients, which were not detected at the transthoracic echocardiogram, a situation demonstrated by Khanderia et al.<sup>36</sup>. </p>
      <p>The mitral position of bioprosthesis favors the earlier primary degeneration of leaflets, probably because of a greater closing stress, which takes place in mitral position during the systole<sup>27,38-40</sup>. In mitral position, the opening time of leaflets is up to three times the opening time of aortic bioprosthesis leaflets<sup>41</sup>. The rhythm is sinus, there is a double opening movement of the mitral bioprosthesis leaflets; in a carried out study the relation between the type pf rhythm and the bioprosthesis primary degeneration<sup>42</sup> was not demonstrated. Up to the present moment there is no confirmation in relation to the size of bioprosthesis and the prevalence of primary degeneration of the prosthesis. Regarding sex, there is not a consensus either. The left ventricular function factor did not have any influence in the texture of the bioprosthesis, as demonstrated in this study. </p>
      <p>Thrombus in left atrium and its appendage was dominating in AVF group (65% vs. 20%, p=0.004), however there was not a significant difference in relation to the type of rhythm (atrial or sinus fibrillation) and concerning the anticoagulating therapy among the groups studied. It was demonstrated that patients with left ventricular dysfunction show a more favorable environment for the formation of thrombus in left atrium and left atrial appendage. In relation to the size of left atrium, the AVF group showed the left atrium a little larger (58.2&#177;13.4 vs. 50.6&#177;8.6 mm, p=0.040). </p>
      <p>Edmunds et al.<sup>43</sup> showed that there was a need for anticoagulation in 40 to 60% of the patients with biological prosthesis in mitral position; the incidence of thromoembolic episodes is greater in the first three months of bioprosthesis implant, the atrial fibrillation increases the risk of thromboembolic complications, the role of the presence of atrial thrombi, the size of left atrium and the history of previous embolic events is not clear yet in the increase of incidence of thromboembolic events. The atrial fibrillation is the main factor identified in the literature as responsible for the increase of risk of systemic thromboembolism in patients with mitral valvopathy<sup>44-47</sup>. Reports in the literature show a lower incidence of thromboembolic events in patients with bovine pericardium or dura mater bioprostheses in comparison with porcine biosprostheses<sup>48-50</sup>. </p>
      <p>The size of left atrium, age lower than 60 years old, possibly the left ventricular dysfunction and hypertension add risks to thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation<sup>51</sup>. Those patients must have prolonged anticoagulating therapy, by keeping an international normalization rate between 2.0 and 3.0. For probably social reasons, most of our patients did not have their coagulation properly controlled. </p>
      <p>Spontaneous contrast inleft atrium and left atrial appendage was more frequent in AVF group. However, such datum did not have statistic significance (85% vs. 60%, p=0.077). We must menton that the presence of spontaneous contrast, atrial fibrillation and intra-atrial septum aneurysm are independent positive factors, predictors of the presence of thrombi in left atrium and cerebrovascular events. In addition, the dilation of left atrium and cerebrovascular events are positive independent predictors of the presence of spontaneous contrast and thrombi in left atrium<sup>52</sup>. </p>
      <p>We concluded that the left ventricular function was not a determinant factor of the evolution of the texture of mitral bioprosthesis leaflets, FACIMT Bioscore was useful in the evolutive analysis of the texture of mitral bioprosthesis leaflets and the left ventricular dysfunction associated mitral bioprosthesis to a greater incidence of thrombi formation in left atrium and left atraial appendage. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Henry Abensur</p>
          <p> Rua Gaivota, 222/21</p>
          <p> Cep 04522-030 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="henryab@terra.com.br">henryab@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publishing on 07/13/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/02/2004</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
