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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sdf68BV7Zmv643vxtxSKRTn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000500010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400510</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000500010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil lip&#237;dico de indiv&#237;duos sem cardiopatia com sobrepeso e obesidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamada</surname>
            <given-names>Alice T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Marinalva V. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Latorre</surname>
            <given-names>Maria do Ros&#225;rio D. O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>405</fpage>
      <lpage>409</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil lip&#237;dico de indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesidade submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica e que n&#227;o mostraram evid&#234;ncias de cardiopatia. M&#201;TODOS: Amostra com 684 indiv&#237;duos, 389 (56,9%) mulheres e 295 (43,1%) homens, com idade de 14 a 74 (m&#233;dia 40,6) anos, sem evid&#234;ncias de cardiopatia ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e an&#225;lise do eletrocardiograma, radiografia do t&#243;rax, teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira e ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler. Foi estudado o perfil s&#233;rico de l&#237;pides e glicose quanto ao sexo e faixas do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) - eutr&#243;ficos at&#233; 24,9 Kg/m&#178;, sobrepeso 25-29,9 Kg/m&#178; e obesos &gt; 30 Kg/m&#178;. RESULTADOS: Apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos (m&#233;dias): glicose (mg/dL) de mulheres 90,21&#177;23,13 e homens 95,28&#177;28,64 (p&lt;0.001); triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL) de mulheres 97,27&#177;55,24 e homens 141,47&#177;57,06 (p&lt;0,001) e HDL-C (mg/dL) de mulheres 52,63&#177;13,92 e homens 43&#177;10,88 (p&lt;0,001). O IMC m&#233;dio das mulheres foi 26,15 e dos homens 26,33 (p=ns). Na an&#225;lise por faixas de IMC houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os sexos (p=0,037). Na faixa de sobrepeso e obesidade, apenas as m&#233;dias de triglic&#233;rides das mulheres mostraram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa: mulheres com sobrepeso 102,25&#177;60,68 mg/dL e obesas 121,64&#177;63,57 mg/dL (p=0,034). CONCLUS&#195;O: Mulheres sem cardiopatia apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose, triglic&#233;rides e HDL-colesterol inferiores aos homens. Em ambos os sexos, as m&#233;dias s&#227;o menores na compara&#231;&#227;o entre eutr&#243;ficos e com excesso de peso, e apenas as m&#233;dias dos triglic&#233;rides das mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentou diferen&#231;a significativamente estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>l&#237;pides, obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>&#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Perfil lip&#237;dico de indiv&#237;duos sem cardiopatia com sobrepeso e obesidade </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernando Ara&#250;jo; Alice T. Yamada; Marinalva V. M. Ara&#250;jo; Maria do Ros&#225;rio D. O. Latorre; Alfredo J. Mansur</bold>
    </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o perfil lip&#237;dico de indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesidade submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica e que n&#227;o mostraram evid&#234;ncias de cardiopatia. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Amostra com 684 indiv&#237;duos, 389 (56,9%) mulheres e 295 (43,1%) homens, com idade de 14 a 74 (m&#233;dia 40,6) anos, sem evid&#234;ncias de cardiopatia ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e an&#225;lise do eletrocardiograma, radiografia do t&#243;rax, teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira e ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler. Foi estudado o perfil s&#233;rico de l&#237;pides e glicose quanto ao sexo e faixas do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) - eutr&#243;ficos at&#233; 24,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, sobrepeso 25-29,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> e obesos &gt; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos (m&#233;dias): glicose (mg/dL) de mulheres 90,21&#177;23,13 e homens 95,28&#177;28,64 (p&lt;0.001); triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL) de mulheres 97,27&#177;55,24 e homens 141,47&#177;57,06 (p&lt;0,001) e HDL-C (mg/dL) de mulheres 52,63&#177;13,92 e homens 43&#177;10,88 (p&lt;0,001). O IMC m&#233;dio das mulheres foi 26,15 e dos homens 26,33 (p=ns). Na an&#225;lise por faixas de IMC houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os sexos (p=0,037). Na faixa de sobrepeso e obesidade, apenas as m&#233;dias de triglic&#233;rides das mulheres mostraram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa: mulheres com sobrepeso 102,25&#177;60,68 mg/dL e obesas 121,64&#177;63,57 mg/dL (p=0,034). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Mulheres sem cardiopatia apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose, triglic&#233;rides e HDL-colesterol inferiores aos homens. Em ambos os sexos, as m&#233;dias s&#227;o menores na compara&#231;&#227;o entre eutr&#243;ficos e com excesso de peso, e apenas as m&#233;dias dos triglic&#233;rides das mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentou diferen&#231;a significativamente estat&#237;stica. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>l&#237;pides, obesidade, sobrepeso, epidemiologia, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea</p>
    <p> O excesso de peso e a dislipidemia aumentam o risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ateroscler&#243;ticas<sup>1,2</sup>, que representam importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade no Brasil<sup>3</sup>. Interven&#231;&#245;es para manuten&#231;&#227;o de peso saud&#225;vel e valores normais de l&#237;pides fazem parte de medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria para preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, tamb&#233;m em indiv&#237;duos sem evid&#234;ncias de cardiopatia<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O conceito de excesso de peso re&#250;ne indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso (&#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea de 25 a 29,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e obesidade (&#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>); admite-se correla&#231;&#227;o do aumento do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea com o aumento do risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre excesso de peso e dislipidemia foi verificada em diferentes estudos<sup>1</sup>. Nos indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesidade, freq&#252;entemente, encontramos eleva&#231;&#245;es leves a moderadas dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglic&#233;rides, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais baixos de HDL-colesterol; contudo, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de LDL-colesterol podem ou n&#227;o estar aumentados<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os estudos populacionais que identificaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre excesso de peso e dislipidemia basearam-se em portadores de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>8-11</sup>. Esta associa&#231;&#227;o foi menos estudada em indiv&#237;duos com estes fatores de risco, mas sem cardiopatia, e que, freq&#252;entemente, procuram atendimento m&#233;dico cardiol&#243;gico com a finalidade preventiva ou de exame de sa&#250;de. </p>
    <p>Os mecanismos pelos quais o aumento de peso contribui para o aumento da incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o m&#250;ltiplos, entre eles, as altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo de glicose e l&#237;pides<sup>12-14</sup>. Formulamos a hip&#243;tese, que as taxas s&#233;ricas de glicose e l&#237;pides, diferem entre os indiv&#237;duos sem cardiopatia classificados como em estado de sobrepeso e obesidade. </p>
    <p>Realizamos este estudo para comparar as taxas s&#233;ricas de glicose e l&#237;pides de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos sem evid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia, quanto ao &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea categorizado como condi&#231;&#227;o eutr&#243;fica, sobrepeso e obesidade. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizamos um estudo de corte transversal numa coorte de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos e sem evid&#234;ncias de cardiopatia da Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Ambulat&#243;rio Geral do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Esta Unidade oferece atendimento m&#233;dico em diferentes n&#237;veis de complexidade - prim&#225;rio, secund&#225;rio e terci&#225;rio. A coorte foi desenvolvida a partir de pacientes submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica (<italic>check up</italic>) no &#226;mbito do projeto Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cardiol&#243;gica. </p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos eleg&#237;veis para o protocolo, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o descritos abaixo foram convidados a participar do protocolo, e os que concordaram, assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. </p>
    <p>Foram crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: a) indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, qualquer ra&#231;a, e com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 14 anos, assintom&#225;ticos e sem antecedentes de cardiopatia; b) exames f&#237;sico geral e especial normais realizados pelo m&#233;dico; c) eletrocardiograma normal; d) radiografia do t&#243;rax com &#225;rea card&#237;aca e campos pleuro-pulmonares normais; e crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: a) hist&#243;ria pregressa ou atual de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou sintomas cardiol&#243;gicos; b) antecedentes de: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a de Chagas, hipertireoidismo, hipotireoidismo, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, asma, insufici&#234;ncia renal, doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas, anemia, neoplasias e doen&#231;as osteoarticulares, uma vez que estas afec&#231;&#245;es podem desencadear cardiopatias ou impossibilitar a correta avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica; c) exames laboratoriais compat&#237;veis com diabetes mellitus, tireopatias, anemia, doen&#231;a de Chagas e insufici&#234;ncia renal; d) teste ergom&#233;trico compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou comportamento hipertensivo da press&#227;o arterial; e) ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler com dilata&#231;&#227;o das cam&#226;ras card&#237;acas, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica e valvopatias. </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 684 indiv&#237;duos, 389 (56,9%) mulheres e 295 (43,1%) homens, com idades variando de 14 a 74 (m&#233;dia 40,6) anos; a m&#233;dia de idade das mulheres foi 40,85&#177;11,61 anos e a dos homens 40,29&#177;11,37 anos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o da etnia dos participantes foi: 516 (75%) brancos, 117 (17,1%) mulatos, 32 (4,7%) amarelos e 22 (3,2%) negros. </p>
    <p>Foram estudadas as correla&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose, triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol, VLDL-colesterol, rela&#231;&#227;o colesterol total/HDL-colesterol e rela&#231;&#227;o LDL-colesterol/HDL-colesterol com o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea de mulheres e homens assim categorizado: <underline>&gt;</underline> 24,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> indiv&#237;duo eutr&#243;fico, 25 a 29,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> indiv&#237;duo com sobrepeso e &gt; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> indiv&#237;duo obeso. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva foi feita por meio de porcentagens, m&#233;dias, desvios-padr&#227;o e valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada pelo teste de Komolgorov-Smirnov. A compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias dos &#237;ndices de massa corp&#243;rea, de tabagistas e n&#227;o tabagistas, segundo sexo foi feita pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. As compara&#231;&#245;es das m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis laboratoriais (glicose e l&#237;pides) quanto ao sexo e quanto ao &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea foram feitas pelo teste de <italic>Tukey Honest Significant Differences </italic>(<italic>Tukey-HSD</italic>). Foram considerados significantes valores de <italic>p</italic>&lt;5%. Foi utilizado programa estat&#237;stico SPSS para Windows (vers&#227;o 10.0). </p>
    <p>O projeto foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa do Hospital. Todos os participantes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cento e sessenta participantes (23,4%) eram fumantes e 524 (76,6%) n&#227;o fumantes. Os &#237;ndices de massa corp&#243;rea de mulheres e homens n&#227;o diferiram significativamente quanto ao tabagismo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0405-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As m&#233;dias de colesterol total e de LDL-colesterol n&#227;o diferiram significativamente quanto ao sexo, mas as m&#233;dias das raz&#245;es colesterol total/HDL-colesterol e de LDL-colesterol/HDL-colesterol apresentaram uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de outras vari&#225;veis quanto ao sexo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0405-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A m&#233;dia do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea das mulheres (m&#233;dia 26,15&#177;4,72) Kg/m<sup>2 </sup>e dos homens (m&#233;dia 26,33&#177;4,04) Kg/m<sup>2</sup> n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante. Para o prosseguimento da an&#225;lise 9 mulheres com &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea inferior a 18,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, e que n&#227;o apresentavam evid&#234;ncias de anormalidade cl&#237;nica, foram agrupadas juntamente com os indiv&#237;duos eutr&#243;ficos (IMC at&#233; 24,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos participantes da casu&#237;stica quanto ao sexo e quanto a categorias do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea mostrou diferen&#231;a (<italic>p</italic>=0,037) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0405-00010-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Analisamos a glicemia e a taxa s&#233;ria de l&#237;pides quanto &#224;s categorias do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (eutrofia, sobrepeso, obesidade) e quanto ao sexo (mulheres na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela IV</xref> e homens na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela V</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0405-00010-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0405-00010-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p> As m&#233;dias de glicose apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre mulheres eutr&#243;ficas e com sobrepeso e obesidade, nos homens n&#227;o se verificou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Os valores lip&#237;dicos apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa tanto em mulheres quanto em homens eutroficos em compara&#231;&#227;o com sobrepeso e obeso. Na an&#225;lise comparativa entre o grupo com sobrepeso e obesidade, apenas nas mulheres as m&#233;dias de triglic&#233;rides apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra constitutiu-se de 56,1% de indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 25Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), dos quais 60,2% homens e 43% mulheres. Num estudo de preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesidade na regi&#227;o nordeste e sudeste do Brasil<sup>15</sup>, com idade m&#233;dia dos indiv&#237;duos de 29 anos e 5 meses, a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso foi de 30% para homens e 26,6% para mulheres, e a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade foi 6,7% para homens e 12,7 para mulheres. Nosso estudo apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e sobrepeso, provavelmente devido &#224; maior m&#233;dia de idade dos indiv&#237;duos envolvidos no estudo (40,6 anos). Para 2005, a previs&#227;o &#233; de 57,5% de homens e 44,9% de mulheres com algum grau de sobrepeso ou obesidade<sup>16</sup>. Nossos resultados j&#225; sugerem este crescente aumento de indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso. </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da obesidade (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 30Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), verificamos maior percentual de mulheres (17% de homens e 19,4% das mulheres). No estudo de Gigante e cols.<sup>17</sup>, a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade foi de 21%, sendo de 25% entre as mulheres e 15% entre os homens. No estudo de Schieri e cols.<sup>18</sup>, a obesidade tamb&#233;m foi mais prevalente nas mulheres que homens. Esses achados n&#227;o diferiram quando foi analisada popula&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o nordeste do Brasil<sup>19</sup>. Os resultados do nosso estudo reproduzem a tend&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a quanto ao excesso de peso entre os sexos (p=0,037), com predomin&#226;ncia no sexo feminino na categoria obesidade e do sexo masculino na categoria sobrepeso. </p>
    <p>Quando analisamos apenas hipercolesterolemia (colesterolemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dL) observamos freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 46% da popula&#231;&#227;o em nosso estudo; e n&#227;o verificamos diferen&#231;a significativa entre os sexos. Outros estudos, com id&#234;ntico valor de corte, mostraram preval&#234;ncia de hipercolesterolemia de 37%, em funcion&#225;rios de uma ind&#250;stria metal&#250;rgica de S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo, (SP)<sup>20</sup> e de 35% em estudo com adultos do munic&#237;pio de Cotia<sup>21</sup>. Estudo para determina&#231;&#227;o do colesterol envolvendo 81.262 indiv&#237;duos de outras cidades brasileiras, al&#233;m de S&#227;o Paulo<sup>22</sup>, mostrou que 40% deles apresentavam colesterol acima de 200 mg/dL, e como no achado do nosso estudo, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos. </p>
    <p>Os valores da colesterolemia mostraram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre indiv&#237;duos eutr&#243;ficos e com sobrepeso, curiosamente esse achado n&#227;o ocorreu na compara&#231;&#227;o de eutr&#243;ficos e com obesidade. O estudo de Souza e cols.<sup>23</sup> que avaliou a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia em outra regi&#227;o do Brasil revelou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia entre indiv&#237;duos com e sem sobrepeso, o mesmo n&#227;o tendo sido verificado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade. </p>
    <p>Com respeito &#224;s m&#233;dias de LDL-colesterol, homens e mulheres n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (128 e 123 mg/dL respectivamente). Curiosamente, homens eutr&#243;ficos n&#227;o apresentaram m&#233;dias de LDL-colesterol com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o aos obesos, mas houve diferen&#231;a na rela&#231;&#227;o de eutr&#243;ficos com sobrepeso. Obesos e indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso n&#227;o apresentaram m&#233;dias estatisticamente diferentes. Nas mulheres, as m&#233;dias de LDL-colesterol entre eutr&#243;ficas e sobrepeso foram diferentes, bem como entre eutr&#243;fico e obeso. Observamos que 44% da popula&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo, apresentou n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos desta lipoprote&#237;na <underline>&gt;</underline> 130mg/dL, acima dos n&#237;veis recomendados pela III Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemia<sup>1</sup>. Estudos que utilizaram o ponto de corte <underline>&gt;</underline> 130mg/dL observaram preval&#234;ncias inferiores &#224; encontrada em nosso estudo, como o realizado por Bertolami e cols.<sup>20</sup> com metal&#250;rgicos de S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo (SP), que encontraram 37% de indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-colesterol, e o de Cardoso e cols.<sup>24</sup>, em Cotia, observou uma preval&#234;ncia de 34% desta dislipidemia. O estudo de Cercato e cols.<sup>25</sup> n&#227;o revelou nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o entre elevala&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de colesterol total e LDL-colesterol e obesidade. </p>
    <p>Observamos na presente casu&#237;stica que 14% de mulheres e 19% de homens apresentaram n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol <underline>&lt;</underline> 40 mg/dL. Os valores m&#233;dios de HDL-colesterol foram mais elevados para mulheres, o que tamb&#233;m foi observado em outros estudos brasileiros<sup>21,26</sup>. A diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as m&#233;dias de HDL-colesterol de mulheres e homens provavelmente explica o achado das diferentes m&#233;dias das raz&#245;es colesterol total/HDL-colesterol e LDL-colesterol/HDL-colesterol, uma vez que colesterol total e LDL-colesterol n&#227;o mostraram significativa diferen&#231;a entre os sexos. </p>
    <p>Os valores de triglic&#233;rides diferiram quanto ao sexo (p&lt;0,001), os n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides foram superiores nos homens. Nas mulheres, as m&#233;dias de triglic&#233;rides diferiram entre eutr&#243;ficas, com sobrepeso e obesas. Nos homens com sobrepeso e obesidade n&#227;o se verificou diferen&#231;a significativa das m&#233;dias das taxas de l&#237;pides s&#233;ricos. Outros estudos brasileiros tamb&#233;m encontraram preval&#234;ncias superiores dos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides s&#233;ricos em indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino<sup>27,28</sup>. Nesta casu&#237;stica observamos 6% de mulheres e 22% de homens com n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides maiores que 150mg/dL, ponto de corte a partir do qual as medidas preventivas devem ser institu&#237;das. </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados quanto ao HDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides est&#227;o de acordo com os achados de outros estudos, ou seja, com o incremento do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea h&#225; discreto a moderado aumento de triglic&#233;rides e redu&#231;&#227;o do HDL-colesterol<sup>29-31</sup>, contudo, comparando indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesidade, as diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas ocorreram apenas nas m&#233;dias s&#233;ricas de triglic&#233;rides de mulheres. </p>
    <p>As m&#233;dias de glicose diferiram entre os sexos, e foram mais elevada nos homens. A preval&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi bem inferior do que as relatadas por Gus e cols.<sup>32</sup>. O fato de que os indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de diabetes mellitus foram exclu&#237;dos do presente estudo, estaria contribuindo para a redu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. </p>
    <p>A casu&#237;stica estudada foi composta por 684 indiv&#237;duos adultos selecionados a partir da clientela que demandava a Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Ambulat&#243;rio Geral do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica limitando o estudo. Uma amostra populacional aleat&#243;ria e ponderada da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo necessitaria da inclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos das mais variadas regi&#245;es da cidade, e de acordo com a representatividade populacional desta regi&#227;o, contudo esta informa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel, impossibilitando este tipo de an&#225;lise. Al&#233;m disso outros fatores de risco como sedentarismo, hist&#243;ria familiar de cardiopatia n&#227;o foram quantificados. </p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea possui a limita&#231;&#227;o de ser pouco descritivo quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de tecido adiposo muscular de um paciente individual. Os m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal, embora eficazes, n&#227;o foram suficientemente avaliados como indicadores de risco cardiovascular, n&#227;o sendo utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, na casu&#237;stica da amostra populacional em estudo, sem evid&#234;ncias de cardiopatia, as mulheres apresentaram m&#233;dias dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de glicose, HDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides menores que homens. Em ambos os sexos, estas m&#233;dias s&#227;o menores na compara&#231;&#227;o entre eutr&#243;ficos e com excesso de peso, e apenas as m&#233;dias de triglic&#233;rides das mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fernando Ara&#250;jo </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="grafernando@incor.usp.br">grafernando@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 05/09/2004 - Aceito em 16/12/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Lipidic profile of individuals without cardiopathy with overweight and obesity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the lipidic profile of overweight and obese individuals submitted to cardiologic assessment and who did not show evidences of cardiopathy. METHODS: Sample with 684 individuals, 389 (56.9%) women and 295 (43.1%) men, with age ranging from 14 to 74 (average of 40.6) years old, without evidences of cardiopathy after clinical assessment and analysis of electrocardiogram, thorax radiography, ergometric test on treadmill and two-dimensional Doppler echocardiogram. The serum profile of lipids and glucose regarding sex and ranges of body mass index (BMI) - eutrophic up to 24.9 Kg/m&#178;, overweight 25-29.9 Kg/m&#178; and obese &gt; 30 Kg/m&#178;, was studied. RESULTS: The following means showed a significant statistic difference between the sexes: glucose (mg/dL) in women 90.21&#177;23.13 and men 95.28&#177;28.64 (p&lt;0.001); triglycerides (mg/dL) in women 97.27&#177;55.24 and men 141.47&#177;57.06 (p&lt;0.001) and HDL-C (mg/dL) in women 52.63&#177;13.92 and men 43&#177;10.88 (p&lt;0.001). The average BMI in women was 26.15 and in men 26.33 (p=ns). In the analysis through BMI ranges there was a significant difference between the sexes (p=0.037). In the categories of overweight and obesity, only the means of triglycerides in women showed a significant statistic difference: overweight women with 102.25&#177;60.68 mg/dL and obese 121.64&#177;63.57 mg/dL (p=0.034). CONCLUSION: Women without cardiopathy showed serum levels of glucose, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol lower than men's. In both sexes, the means are lower in the comparison with eutrophic and overweight, and only the triglycerides average of women with overweight and obesity showed significant statistic difference.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>lipids</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>body mass index</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Lipidic profile of individuals without cardiopathy with overweight and obesity</p>
      <p>Fernando Ara&#250;jo; Alice T. Yamada; Marinalva V. M. Ara&#250;jo; Maria do Ros&#225;rio D. O. Latorre; Alfredo J. Mansur</p>
      <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the lipidic profile of overweight and obese individuals submitted to cardiologic assessment and who did not show evidences of cardiopathy. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Sample with 684 individuals, 389 (56.9%) women and 295 (43.1%) men, with age ranging from 14 to 74 (average of 40.6) years old, without evidences of cardiopathy after clinical assessment and analysis of electrocardiogram, thorax radiography, ergometric test on treadmill and two-dimensional Doppler echocardiogram. The serum profile of lipids and glucose regarding sex and ranges of body mass index (BMI) - eutrophic up to 24.9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, overweight 25-29.9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> and obese &gt; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, was studied. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The following means showed a significant statistic difference between the sexes: glucose (mg/dL) in women 90.21&#177;23.13 and men 95.28&#177;28.64 (p&lt;0.001); triglycerides (mg/dL) in women 97.27&#177;55.24 and men 141.47&#177;57.06 (p&lt;0.001) and HDL-C (mg/dL) in women 52.63&#177;13.92 and men 43&#177;10.88 (p&lt;0.001). The average BMI in women was 26.15 and in men 26.33 (p=ns). In the analysis through BMI ranges there was a significant difference between the sexes (p=0.037). In the categories of overweight and obesity, only the means of triglycerides in women showed a significant statistic difference: overweight women with 102.25&#177;60.68 mg/dL and obese 121.64&#177;63.57 mg/dL (p=0.034). </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Women without cardiopathy showed serum levels of glucose, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol lower than men's. In both sexes, the means are lower in the comparison with eutrophic and overweight, and only the triglycerides average of women with overweight and obesity showed significant statistic difference. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>lipids, obesity, overweight, epidemiology, body mass index</p>
      <p>The excess of weight and dyslipidemia increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease<sup>1,2</sup>, which represent and important cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil<sup>3</sup>. Interventions to maintain a healthy weight and normal values of lipids are part of prevention measures for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, also in individuals without cardiopathy evidences<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The concept of excess of weight includes individuals with overweight (body mass index from 25 to 29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and obesity (body mass index <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>); it is acknowledged the correlation between the increases of body mass index with the increase of risk of cardiovascular diseases<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The association between excess of weight and dyslipidemia was verified in different studies<sup>1</sup>. In individuals with overweight and obesity, we frequently find little to moderate increases in the serum levels of triglycerides, lower serum levels of HDL-cholesterol; however, the serum levels of LDL-cholesterol may or may not be increased<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>The population studies that identified the association between excess of weight and dyslipidemia were based on atherosclerotic disease carriers<sup>8-11</sup>. That association was less studied in individuals with those risk factors, but without cardiopathy, and that frequently seek cardiologic medical assistance with preventive objectives or health examination. </p>
      <p>There are many mechanisms by which the weight increase contributes for the increase of incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Among those we can mention the changes in the metabolism of glucose and lipids<sup>12-14</sup>. We formulated the hypothesis that the serum rates of glucose and lipids differ among the individuals without cardiopathy classified as under overweight and obesity condition. </p>
      <p>We carried out this study to compare the serum rates of glucose and lipids in asymptomatic individuals without evidence of cardiopathy, regarding the body mass index, categorized as eutrophic, overweight and obesity conditions. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We carried out a cross-section study in a cohort of asymptomatic individuals and without evidences of cardiopathy of Clinical Unit of General Ambulatory of Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of Medicine College of Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. That Unit provides medical attendance in three different levels of complexity - primary, secondary and tertiary. The cohort was developed from patients submitted to medical assessment (<italic>check up</italic>) in the scope of Cardiologic Assessment project. </p>
      <p> Asymptomatic individuals eligible for the protocol, in accordance to the criteria of inclusion and exclusion described below, were invited to participate in the protocol, and those who agreed, signed a free and clarified consent term. </p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: a) individuals from both sexes, of any race and with age <underline>&gt;</underline> 14 years old, asymptomatic and without previous cardiopathy; b) regular general and special physical examinations performed by a physician; c) regular electrocardiogram; d) thorax radiography with normal cardiac area and pleuropulmonary fields. The exclusion criteria were: a) previous or current history of cardiovascular disease or cardiologic symptoms; b) antecedents of: systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, Chagas' disease, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, renal insufficiency, chronic inflammatory diseases, anemia, neoplasias and osteo-articular diseases, as those affections can unleash cardiopathies or make impossible the correct cardiologic assessment; c) laboratory exams compatible with diabetes mellitus, tireopathies, anemia, Chagas' disease and renal insufficiency; d) ergometric test compatible with myocardial ischemia or hypertensive behavior of blood pressure; e) two-dimensional Doppler echocardiogram with dilatation of cardiac chambers, systolic or diastolic dysfunctions and valvopathies. </p>
      <p>Six hundred and eighty-four individuals were studied, 389 (56.9%) women and 295 (43.1%) men, with ages varying from 14 to 74 (average of 40.6) years old. The average age of women was 40.85&#177;11.61 years old and men's was 40.29&#177;11.37 years old. The ethnic distribution was: 516 (75%) whites, 117 (17.1%) mulattos, 32 (4.7%) far eastern individuals and 22 (3.2%) blacks. </p>
      <p>The correlations of serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol total, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol /HDL-cholesterol relation and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol relation with the body mass index of women and men were studied, and categorized as follows: <underline>&lt;</underline> 24.9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> eutrophic individual, 25 to 29.9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> overweight individual and &gt; 30 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> obese individual. </p>
      <p>The descriptive analysis was carried out through percentages, means, standard deviations and minimum and maximum values. The normality of distributions was assessed through the test of Komolgorov-Smirnov. The comparison of the means of body mass indexes, of smokers and non-smokers, according to the sex, was done by the test of Mann-Whitney. The comparison of the means of laboratory variables (glucose and lipids) regarding sex and the body mass index were done through the test of Tukey Honest Significant Differences (Tukey-HSD). Significant values of p &lt; 5% were considered. The statistic program SPSS for Windows (version 10.0) was used. </p>
      <p>The project was approved by the Ethics Commission for Analysis of Projects of the Hospital. All participants signed a free and clarified consent term. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred and sixty participants (23.4%) were smokers and 524 (76.6%) non-smokers. The body mass indexes of women and men did not differ significantly regarding smoking (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0405-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The means of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol did not differ significantly as for the sex, but the means of the total cholesterol /HDL-cholesterol rate and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol rate showed a significant statistic difference between the sexes. The distribution of other sex-related variables are on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0405-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The average of body mass index of women (average of 26.15&#177; 4.72) Kg/m<sup>2 </sup>and men's (average of 26.33&#177;4.04) Kg/m<sup>2</sup> did not show statistically significant difference. For the following out of the analysis 9 women with body mass index lower than 18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and who did not show evidences of clinical abnormality, were gathered with eutrophic individuals (BMI up to 24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). The distribution of participants of the casuistry regarding sex and the categories of body mass index showed a difference (<italic>p</italic>=0.037) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0405-00010-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>We analyzed the glycemia and serum lipids rate regarding the categories of body mass index (eutrophy, overweight, obesity) and concerning sex (women on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">table IV</xref> and men on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">table V</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0405-00010-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0405-00010-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The means of glucose showed statistically significant differences among eutrophic women and those with overweight and obesity; there was no significant statistic difference among men. Lipidic values showed statistically significant difference both in eutrophic women and men, comparing with the overweight and obese. In the comparative analysis between the group with overweight and obesity only among women, the means of triglycerides showed significant statistic difference. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The sample consisted of 56.1% of individuals with excess of weight (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 25Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), from which 60.2% were men and 43% were women. In a study of prevalence of individuals with overweight and obesity in the northeast and southeast regions in Brazil<sup>15</sup>, with average age of 29 years and 5 months old, the overweight prevalence was 30% for men and 26.6% for women, and the obesity prevalence was 6.7% for men and 12.7% for women. Our study showed a greater prevalence of obesity and overweight, probably due to a higher average age of individuals involved in the study (40.6 years old). For 2005, the forecast is 57.5% of men and 44.9% of women with some level of overweight or obesity<sup>16</sup>. Our results already suggest that growing increase of individual with excess of weight. </p>
      <p>In the analysis of obesity (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 30Kg/m<sup>2</sup>), we verified a greater percentage of women (17% of men and 19.4% of women). In the study by Gigante et al.<sup>17</sup>, the obesity prevalence was 21%, 25% among women and 15% among men. In the study by Schieri et al.<sup>18</sup>, obesity was also more prevalent in women than in men. Those findings did not differ when the population from the northeast of Brazil was analyzed<sup>19</sup>. The results from our study reproduce the tendency of difference regarding the excess of weight between the sexes (p=0,037), with prevalence of women in obesity category and men in overweight category. </p>
      <p>When we only analyzed hypercholesterolemia (cholesterolemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dL) we observed a frequency of 46% from the population in our study, and we did not see significant difference between the sexes. Other studies, with identical value of reference, showed prevalence of hypercholesterolemia of 37%, in employees from a metallurgical industry in S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo, (SP)<sup>20</sup> and 35% in a study with adults in the city of Cotia<sup>21</sup>. A study for determining cholesterol involving 81,262 individuals from other Brazilian cities, besides S&#227;o Paulo<sup>22</sup>, showed that 40% of them showed cholesterol rate over 200 mg/dL, and as in the finding in our study, there was not statistically significant difference between the sexes either. </p>
      <p>The values of cholesterolemia presented a significant statistic difference among eutrophic and overweight individuals. Curiously that finding did not occur in the comparison between eutrophic and obese individuals. The study by Souza et al.<sup>23</sup>, which assessed the prevalence of dyslipidemia in other region of Brazil, showed a significant statistic difference in the prevalence among individuals with and without overweight. However, the same was not seen in relation to obesity. </p>
      <p>Regarding the means of LDL-cholesterol, men and women did not show statistically significant difference (128 and 123 mg/dL respectively). Curiously, eutrophic men did not show means of LDL-cholesterol with significant statistic difference in relation to the obese ones, but there was difference in the relation of eutrophic with overweight. Obese and overweight individuals did not show statistically different means. The means of LDL-cholesterol among eutrophic and overweight women were different, as well as between eutrophic and obese. We noted that 44% from the population in the present study showed serum levels of such lipoprotein <underline>&gt;</underline> 130mg/dL, above those recommended by the 3<sup>rd</sup> Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia<sup>1</sup>. Studies that used the reference point <underline>&gt;</underline> 130mg/dL observed lower prevalences than that found in our study, as the one carried out by Bertolami et al.<sup>20</sup> with metal sheet employees from S&#227;o Bernardo do Campo (SP), that found 37% of individuals with high levels of LDL-cholesterol, and the study by Cardoso et al.<sup>24</sup>, in Cotia, observed a prevalence of 34% of that dyslipidemia. The study by Cercato et al.<sup>25</sup> did not show any association among the increase in levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and obesity. </p>
      <p>We observed in the present casuistry that 14% of women and 19% of men showed levels of HDL-cholesterol <underline>&lt;</underline> 40 mg/dL. The average values of HDL-cholesterol were higher to women, which was also noted in other Brazilian studies<sup>21,26</sup>. The statistically significant difference between the means of HDL-cholesterol in women and men probably explains the finding of different rates of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol, as the total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol did not show significant different between the sexes. </p>
      <p>The values of triglycerides differed concerning sex (p&lt;0,001), the levels of triglycerides were higher in men. In women, the means of triglycerides differed between eutrophic with overweight and obese. In overweight and obese men a significant difference of the means of serum lipids rates was not seen. Other Brazilian studies also found higher prevalences in the levels of serum triglycerides in male individuals<sup>27,28</sup>. In that casuistry, we observed 6% of women and 22% of men with levels of triglycerides higher than 150mg/dL, a reference point from which preventive measures must be instituted. </p>
      <p>Our results concerning HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides are in accordance to the findings in other studies, which means that with the increment of body mass index there is a discreet to moderate increase of triglycerides and reduction of HDL-cholesterol<sup>29-31</sup>. However, by comparing individuals with overweight and obesity, the significant statistic differences only occurred in the serum means of triglycerides in women. </p>
      <p>The glucose means differed between the sexes and were higher in men. The prevalence of hyperglycemia in our population was much lower than those reported by Gus et al.<sup>32</sup>. The fact that individuals with diagnosis of diabetes mellitus were excluded from the present study would be contributing for the reduction of the prevalence of hyperglycemia in our population in the study. </p>
      <p>The casuistry consisted of 684 adult individuals, selected from the clients that the Clinical Unit of General Ambulatory of Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o demanded for cardiologic assessment, limiting the study. A random and thoughtful population sample in the city of S&#227;o Paulo would need the inclusion of individuals from many regions in the city and in accordance to the representativeness of the population in that region. However, that information was not possible, which made this type of analysis impossible. Besides, other risk factors, such as familial history of cardiopathy, were not quantified. </p>
      <p>The body mass index has the limitation of being little descriptive concerning the distribution of muscular adipose tissue of a single patient. The assessment methods of body fat distribution, although efficient, were not sufficiently assessed as indicators of cardiovascular risk, and they are not being used in clinical practice<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Concluding, the casuistic population sample under study, without cardiopathy evidences, women showed lower means of serum levels of glucose, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides than men. In both sexes, those means are lower in comparison between eutrophic and with excess of weight, and only the triglycerides means in women with overweight and obesity showed significant statistic difference. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Fernando Ara&#250;jo - InCor</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
          <p> Cep 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="grafernando@incor.usp.br">grafernando@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publishing on 09/05/2004 </p>
      <p> Accepted on 12/16/2004</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
