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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FMHJ8tj4fMH8vD55mjQhBpD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000500008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400508</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000500008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina e a medida ecogr&#225;fica do di&#226;metro biventricular externo em fetos an&#234;micos de gestantes isoimunizadas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Rosangela Lopes Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alamanda Kfoury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Taveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Osanan</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Medicina Fetal</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>393</fpage>
      <lpage>396</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Verificar se existe correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a medida ecogr&#225;fica do di&#226;metro biventricular externo e a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica da hemoglobina fetal pr&#233;-transfusional e se essa medida ecogr&#225;fica poder&#225; vir a ser utilizada como marcador n&#227;o invasivo da anemia fetal. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal prospectivo, no qual foram selecionadas 65 cordocenteses realizadas em 36 fetos an&#234;micos de m&#227;es portadoras de isoimuniza&#231;&#227;o pelo fator Rh. Obteve-se a medida do di&#226;metro biventricular externo (DBVE), por meio do modo M, utilizando-se aparelho de ultra-som convencional. Anterior &#224; transfus&#227;o foi obtida amostra de 0,5ml de sangue fetal, para dosagem da hemoglobina, sendo a medida imediatamente realizada atrav&#233;s de espectrofotometria, no equipamento Hemocue&#174;. Como an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi utilizada a regress&#227;o dos m&#237;nimos quadrados, aceitando-se p&lt;0,05 e an&#225;lise multivariada. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina no sangue fetal no momento pr&#233;vio &#224; transfus&#227;o e a medida do DBVE e correla&#231;&#227;o direta entre a medida do DBVE e a idade gestacional, e, tamb&#233;m, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise multivariada que, &#224; medida que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina fetal cai, o DBVE aumenta, independentemente da influ&#234;ncia da idade gestacional nesse par&#226;metro. CONCLUS&#195;O: Existe correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina no sangue fetal e a medida do DBVE, independente da idade gestacional. Os achados sugerem que o DBVE poder&#225; vir a ser um marcador ecogr&#225;fico de predi&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de hemoglobina de fetos de gestantes isoimunizadas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>anemia fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>hemoglobina</kwd>
        <kwd>isoimuniza&#231;&#227;o gestacional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina e a medida ecogr&#225;fica do di&#226;metro biventricular externo em fetos an&#234;micos de gestantes isoimunizadas </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rosangela Lopes Miranda Rodrigues; Alamanda Kfoury Pereira; Marcos Roberto Taveira; Isabela Gomes de Melo; Gabriel Costa Osanan; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Vieira Cabral</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>Centro de Medicina Fetal do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Verificar se existe correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a medida ecogr&#225;fica do di&#226;metro biventricular externo e a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica da hemoglobina fetal pr&#233;-transfusional e se essa medida ecogr&#225;fica poder&#225; vir a ser utilizada como marcador n&#227;o invasivo da anemia fetal. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo transversal prospectivo, no qual foram selecionadas 65 cordocenteses realizadas em 36 fetos an&#234;micos de m&#227;es portadoras de isoimuniza&#231;&#227;o pelo fator Rh. Obteve-se a medida do di&#226;metro biventricular externo (DBVE), por meio do modo M, utilizando-se aparelho de ultra-som convencional. Anterior &#224; transfus&#227;o foi obtida amostra de 0,5ml de sangue fetal, para dosagem da hemoglobina, sendo a medida imediatamente realizada atrav&#233;s de espectrofotometria, no equipamento Hemocue<sup>&#174;</sup>. Como an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi utilizada a regress&#227;o dos m&#237;nimos quadrados, aceitando-se <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,05 e an&#225;lise multivariada. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Foram observadas correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina no sangue fetal no momento pr&#233;vio &#224; transfus&#227;o e a medida do DBVE e correla&#231;&#227;o direta entre a medida do DBVE e a idade gestacional, e, tamb&#233;m, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise multivariada que, &#224; medida que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina fetal cai, o DBVE aumenta, independentemente da influ&#234;ncia da idade gestacional nesse par&#226;metro. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Existe correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina no sangue fetal e a medida do DBVE, independente da idade gestacional. Os achados sugerem que o DBVE poder&#225; vir a ser um marcador ecogr&#225;fico de predi&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de hemoglobina de fetos de gestantes isoimunizadas. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>ecocardiografia, anemia fetal, hemoglobina, isoimuniza&#231;&#227;o gestacional</p>
    <p> A isoimuniza&#231;&#227;o materna pelo fator Rh &#233; uma doen&#231;a fetal potencialmente grave, caracterizada pela passagem transplacent&#225;ria de hem&#225;cias fetais Rh positivo para a circula&#231;&#227;o de m&#227;es Rh negativo, desencadeando na gestante uma produ&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos que poder&#227;o causar hem&#243;lise e, conseq&#252;entemente, anemia fetal<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Finn e cols. descobriram a profilaxia materna efetiva com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da imunoglobulina anti-Rh<sup>2</sup>. Embora a imunoprofilaxia tenha reduzido, em muito, o surgimento de novos casos de imuniza&#231;&#227;o materna, ainda se observa incid&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 1,5 por 1000 nascimentos. No nosso meio, considerando-se a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, ocorre uma para cada 200 a 300 gravidezes<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>A anemia fetal em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da hem&#243;lise leva a uma defici&#234;ncia de eritr&#243;citos (cuja fun&#231;&#227;o principal &#233; o transporte de hemoglobina), que ocasiona baixa de oxig&#234;nio nos tecidos<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em resposta a essas altera&#231;&#245;es, tem-se a estimula&#231;&#227;o dos focos eritropoi&#233;ticos medulares que, esgotando a sua capacidade de produ&#231;&#227;o, levam &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o de focos extramedulares, principalmente f&#237;gado e ba&#231;o<sup>4</sup>, quando o n&#237;vel de hemoglobina atinge 7g% ou menos<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
    <p>O feto &#233; capaz de suportar n&#237;veis extremamente baixos de hemoglobina, possibilitando o desenvolvimento dos mecanismos de compensa&#231;&#227;o, sendo o principal o aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, respons&#225;vel pela manuten&#231;&#227;o do aporte de oxig&#234;nio tissular<sup>7, 8</sup>. </p>
    <p>&#192; medida que o processo an&#234;mico evolui, os mecanismos de compensa&#231;&#227;o fetal esgotam-se ou tornam-se ineficazes. Ocorre uma redu&#231;&#227;o do volume intravascular com a perda de l&#237;quido para o compartimento extravascular nas cavidades pleural, peric&#225;rdica peritoneal e intersticial, levando, numa fase terminal, &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e inefici&#234;ncia do mecanismo contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio, instalando-se a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva fetal<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na anemia fetal grave, portanto, ocorre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de alto d&#233;bito, onde o cora&#231;&#227;o fetal aumenta seu d&#233;bito mediante o aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e/ou volume de eje&#231;&#227;o, para suprir as necessidades de oxig&#234;nio perif&#233;rico. Como resultado, o aumento do trabalho card&#237;aco leva ao aumento da demanda de oxig&#234;nio, que, eventualmente, excede o suprimento de oxig&#234;nio ao mioc&#225;rdio, culminando numa cardiomiopatia dilatada<sup>9</sup>. Em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia a essas altera&#231;&#245;es, define-se que o di&#226;metro biventricular externo (DBVE) &#233; um m&#233;todo proped&#234;utico n&#227;o invasivo, de grande acur&#225;cia na detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiomegalia<sup>3,10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Essa medida foi sendo desenvolvida e aperfei&#231;oada por Allan e cols. e Kleinam e cols. quando iniciaram uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica mais completa por meio da ecocardiografia bidimensional, com a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o direta do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal. Posteriormente, foi associada &#224; t&#233;cnica do modo M, permitindo, assim, a obten&#231;&#227;o das medidas com maior grau de precis&#227;o<sup>11,12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Wladimiroff e cols. apresentaram um normograma para o desenvolvimento do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal em v&#225;rias fases da gravidez<sup>13</sup> e forma seguido por Allan e cols.<sup>14</sup>, e Silverman e cols.<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>De Vore e cols. realizaram um estudo correlacionando o di&#226;metro dos ventr&#237;culos com o di&#226;metro biparietal, como par&#226;metro do crescimento fetal, onde foi observada a impossibilidade do uso dessa medida na avalia&#231;&#227;o do crescimento de fetos com doen&#231;as intracranianas. Em seguida, demonstraram, por meio de um novo estudo, a efic&#225;cia da medida do f&#234;mur para avaliar crescimento fetal e correlacionaram-na com o di&#226;metro dos ventr&#237;culos<sup>10,16</sup>. </p>
    <p>De acordo com esses estudos, e na busca de elucidar a resposta card&#237;aca fetal frente ao processo an&#234;mico, realizamos o presente estudo, que teve como objetivo verificar se existe correla&#231;&#227;o entre a medida ecogr&#225;fica do di&#226;metro biventricular externo e a concentra&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina fetal pr&#233;-transfusional e, ainda, se essa medida ecogr&#225;fica poder&#225; vir a ser utilizada como marcador n&#227;o invasivo da anemia fetal. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram acompanhadas 36 gestantes isoimunizadas provenientes do Centro de Medicina Fetal (CEMEFE) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG, no per&#237;odo de julho/1997 a fevereiro/2002. Todas as gravidezes eram &#250;nicas e, portanto, os 36 fetos foram submetidos a 65 cordocenteses (m&#233;dia de 1,8 transfus&#227;o por feto). A idade gestacional variou entre 21 e 34 (28,5&#177;3,2) semanas. </p>
    <p>A hemoglobina fetal foi obtida imediatamente antes, das transfus&#245;es intravasculares por via intravascular, colhido 0,5ml de sangue do cord&#227;o em uma seringa de insulina, que foi colocado em uma microcuvita e analisado por meio do aparelho HEMOCUE<sup>&#174;</sup>, para se conhecer a concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina fetal no in&#237;cio do procedimento invasivo. </p>
    <p>A idade gestacional foi corrigida com base em exame ultra-sonogr&#225;fico realizado no 1&#186; trimestre da gravidez. </p>
    <p>Os exames para a determina&#231;&#227;o do DBVE foram realizados nos aparelhos de ecografia SONOACE 8800 (Medsom) ou Sonoline Prima (Siemens), sempre por membro efetivo do CEMEFE, previamente ao procedimento transfusional. </p>
    <p>Inicialmente, foi obtida imagem ecogr&#225;fica do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal sob vis&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras por meio de uma imagem transversa do abdome fetal, com leve angula&#231;&#227;o cef&#225;lica, num n&#237;vel intermedi&#225;rio entre a imagem transversa do abdome e da calota craniana. A seguir, com o septo interventricular perpendicular ao transdutor e colocado o cursor do modo M no n&#237;vel das valvas atrioventriculares, detectou-se o tra&#231;ado de ondas e a imagem foi congelada. A partir da&#237;, foi tomada a medida do di&#226;metro biventricular externo entre o epic&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito e o epic&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no momento da di&#225;stole, e realizada nesse mesmo momento, a medida do comprimento do f&#234;mur feita ao longo da di&#225;fise, excluindo-se a ep&#237;fise distal. </p>
    <p>A medida foi considerada normal ou alterada levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o valor do comprimento do f&#234;mur <italic>versus</italic> a medida do di&#226;metro biventricular externo, conforme curva de normalidade de De Vore e cols.<sup>16</sup>,1985 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Foram considerados alterados os valores do DBVE que se mostraram acima do percentil 95 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida do comprimento do f&#234;mur. O estudo realizado foi o transversal prospectivo. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi utilizada a regress&#227;o dos m&#237;nimos quadrados com o objetivo de avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o de depend&#234;ncia entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas hemoglobina fetal pr&#233;-transfusional e idade gestacional em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida do DBVE, aceitando-se <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,05. </p>
    <p>Foi utilizado o teste T de Mean para correlacinar os n&#237;veis de Hb com DBVE. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada foi obtida para avaliar a persist&#234;ncia da correla&#231;&#227;o entre a hemoglobina fetal pr&#233;-transfusional e o di&#226;metro em quest&#227;o, independentemente do efeito de outras vari&#225;veis como a idade gestacional. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionadas 65 cordocenteses em 36 fetos. As condi&#231;&#245;es fetais no momento da transfus&#227;o intravascular, caracterizadas pelo n&#237;vel da hemoglobina pr&#233;-transfusional, pela medida do DBVE e do f&#234;mur encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>, observa-se o grau de dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, avaliado pela medida do DBVE em fun&#231;&#227;o da medida do f&#234;mur. Levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o percentil 95, foram encontrados 17 (26%) fetos com DBVE acima do valor de refer&#234;ncia para a normalidade. Todos os fetos apresentavam-se an&#234;micos com hemoglobina abaixo de 10g%. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Observou-se a exist&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina no sangue fetal, no momento pr&#233;vio &#224; transfus&#227;o intravascular, e a medida do DBVE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). &#192; medida, portanto, que o grau de anemia fetal se acentua, caracterizado neste estudo pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina fetal, o DVBE aumenta em tamanho. </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Por meio do teste T de Mean, conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>, onde os fetos foram selecionados por n&#237;vel de Hb em rela&#231;&#227;o ao DBVE observou-se que, o grupo de fetos com Hb=7g% apresentou DBVE maior que o grupo de fetos com Hb entre 7 e 12g% e =12g%. Portanto, os fetos com Hb abaixo de 7g% apresentaram as maiores medidas do DBVE. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Constatou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o direta entre a medida do DBVE e a idade gestacional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). Assim, &#224; medida que a gesta&#231;&#227;o evolui, o DBVE aumenta em tamanho. </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a intera&#231;&#227;o entre os dois fatores desencadeantes de modifica&#231;&#227;o do DBVE (a concentra&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina fetal e a idade gestacional) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>), observa-se que &#224; medida que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina fetal cai, o DBVE aumenta (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o -0,06, <italic>p</italic>&lt;0,0001, r<sup>2</sup> de 51,6%), independentemente da influ&#234;ncia da idade gestacional nesse par&#226;metro. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A anemia fetal foi reconhecida h&#225; mais de seis d&#233;cadas como doen&#231;a fetal, sendo respons&#225;vel por elevada morbimortalidade perinatal. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de anemia do feto ainda s&#243; pode ser estabelecida de forma invasiva direta, por meio da determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis hematim&#233;tricos no sangue fetal coletado pela cordocentese; de forma invasiva indireta e pode ser diagnosticada pelo estudo espectofotom&#233;trico do l&#237;quido amni&#243;tico obtido por meio da amniocentese, em que se determina o n&#237;vel de bilirrubina levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a idade gestacional. </p>
    <p>Esses m&#233;todos invasivos, apesar de apresentarem baixos n&#237;veis de morbiletalidade materno-fetal, podem levar a um aumento do risco de hemorragia feto-materna, piorando o grau de sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o e, at&#233; mesmo, a sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o a outros ant&#237;genos sang&#252;&#237;neos, pelo aumento na produ&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos, agravando a condi&#231;&#227;o fetal<sup>17,18</sup>. </p>
    <p>As taxas de perda fetal relacionadas ao procedimento oscilaram entre 1,5 e 5%, e condicionadas &#224; experi&#234;ncia do examinador<sup>19</sup>. </p>
    <p> H&#225; algum tempo j&#225; se procura um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo para determina&#231;&#227;o do grau de anemia fetal. Entretanto, ainda n&#227;o se conseguiu estabelecer um que seja efetivo em reconhecer o n&#237;vel de anemia fetal visando &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o de terapia invasiva, apenas nos casos em que houve necessidade. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a d&#233;cada de 80, a sofistica&#231;&#227;o cada vez maior dos aparelhos de ultra-sonografia e o desenvolvimento da tecnologia do Doppler com mapeamento de fluxo em cores possibilitaram avaliar a perfus&#227;o uterina, a unidade fetoplacent&#225;ria e os diversos vasos fetais. Mais uma vez os estudos realizados n&#227;o foram suficientes para predizer, como m&#233;todo &#250;nico, o n&#237;vel de comprometimento do feto an&#234;mico. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo foram selecionados 36 fetos de gestantes isoimunizadas pelo fator Rh, submetidos a 65 transfus&#245;es intravasculares, numa m&#233;dia de 1,8 por feto. A idade gestacional variou entre 21 e 34 semanas, com 28,5 semanas, em m&#233;dia. </p>
    <p>A medida do DBVE variou entre 2,1 e 4,8cm, numa m&#233;dia de 3,3cm. Foram encontrados 17 casos com percentil acima de 95, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o normograma de De Vore e clos.<sup>16</sup>, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>). Esse achado &#233; realmente indicativo de que o cora&#231;&#227;o fetal responde ao estado hiperdin&#226;mico circulat&#243;rio decorrente da anemia com aumento na medida do DBVE. </p>
    <p>Por meio de uma an&#225;lise multivariada, observou-se que, independentemente do fator fisiol&#243;gico de crescimento fetal levando ao crescimento concomitante das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, a queda da hemoglobina fetal leva ao aumento da medida do DBVE, apontando para uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante permitindo afirmar que quanto maior o grau de anemia do feto, maior o di&#226;metro de suas c&#226;maras card&#237;acas. </p>
    <p>Com base nos achados deste estudo, verificamos que a medida do DBVE &#233; um m&#233;todo proped&#234;utico n&#227;o invasivo, promissor para a detec&#231;&#227;o da anemia fetal e acompanhamento dos fetos &#224; medida que a gravidez evolui, uma vez que a correla&#231;&#227;o entre esse par&#226;metro e a hemoglobina fetal n&#227;o se mostrou influenciada pela idade gestacional. Podemos, assim, ressaltar que o DBVE pode vir a ser um marcador ecogr&#225;fico de predi&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de hemoglobina de fetos de gestantes isoimunizadas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rosangela Lopes Miranda Rodrigues </p>
        <p> Rua Gon&#231;alves Dias, 344 - Apto. 02 </p>
        <p> 30140-090 - Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rosalmr@terra.com.br">rosalmr@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 05/02/2004 - Aceito em 13/08/2004</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of the correlation between hemoglobin concentration and the echographic measurement of biventricular outer diameter in anemic fetuses of isoimmunized women</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess whether a significant correlation exists between the echographic measurement of biventricular outer diameter and the pretransfusional serum concentration of fetal hemoglobin and whether that echographic measurement can be used as a noninvasive marker of fetal anemia. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out comprising 65 cordocenteses performed in 36 anemic fetuses of mothers with isoimmunization to the Rh antigen. The biventricular outer diameter (BOD) was obtained by M-mode evaluation. Previous to the transfusion, a 0.5-mL fetal blood sample was obtained for hemoglobin measurement with spectrophotometry in the Hemocue device. The minimum square regression was used with p &lt; 0.05 and multivariate analysis were used as statistical analysis. RESULTS: An inverse correlation was observed between the fetal hemoglobin concentration before transfusion and the BOD measurement, and a direct correlation was observed between the BOD measurement and gestational age. In addition, multivariate analysis showed that fetal hemoglobin concentration decreases as BOD increases, independently of the influence of gestational age on that parameter. CONCLUSION: An inverse correlation exists between fetal hemoglobin concentration and BOD measurement, regardless of gestational age. The findings suggest that BOD may become an echographic predictor of the hemoglobin level of fetuses of isoimmunized pregnant women.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ecocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>fetal anemia</kwd>
        <kwd>hemoglobin</kwd>
        <kwd>isoimmunized pregnant women</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Assessment of the Correlation Between Hemoglobin Concentration and the Echographic Measurement of Biventricular Outer Diameter in Anemic Fetuses of Isoimmunized Women</p>
      <p>Rosangela Lopes Miranda Rodrigues; Alamanda Kfoury Pereira; Marcos Roberto Taveira; Isabela Gomes de Melo; Gabriel Costa Osanan; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Vieira Cabral</p>
      <p>Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>Centro de Medicina Fetal of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the UFMG </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess whether a significant correlation exists between the echographic measurement of biventricular outer diameter and the pretransfusional serum concentration of fetal hemoglobin and whether that echographic measurement can be used as a noninvasive marker of fetal anemia. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out comprising 65 cordocenteses performed in 36 anemic fetuses of mothers with isoimmunization to the Rh antigen. The biventricular outer diameter (BOD) was obtained by M-mode evaluation. Previous to the transfusion, a 0.5-mL fetal blood sample was obtained for hemoglobin measurement with spectrophotometry in the Hemocue device. The minimum square regression was used with P &lt; 0.05 and multivariate analysis were used as statistical analysis. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>An inverse correlation was observed between the fetal hemoglobin concentration before transfusion and the BOD measurement, and a direct correlation was observed between the BOD measurement and gestational age. In addition, multivariate analysis showed that fetal hemoglobin concentration decreases as BOD increases, independently of the influence of gestational age on that parameter. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>An inverse correlation exists between fetal hemoglobin concentration and BOD measurement, regardless of gestational age. The findings suggest that BOD may become an echographic predictor of the hemoglobin level of fetuses of isoimmunized pregnant women. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>ecocardiography, fetal anemia, hemoglobin, isoimmunized pregnant women </p>
      <p>Maternal isoimmunization to the Rh antigen is a potentially severe fetal disease characterized by transplacental transfer of fetal Rh-positive red blood cells to the circulation of Rh-negative mothers, triggering in the pregnant woman the production of antibodies that can cause hemolysis, and, consequently, fetal anemia<sup> 1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Finn et al <sup>2 </sup>discovered the effective maternal prophylaxis by using the anti-Rh immunoglobulin. Although immunoprophylaxis has greatly reduced the appearance of new cases of maternal immunization, its incidence is approximately 1.5 per 1000 life births. Considering our general population, one case of Rh isoimmunization occurs in each 200 to 300 pregnancies <sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>The fetal anemia consequent to hemolysis leads to a deficiency in red blood cells (whose major function is hemoglobin transportation), which causes a decrease in oxygen concentration in the tissues <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>As a response to those alterations, stimulation of medullary erythropoietic foci occurs, resulting in exhaustion of the capacity of production, leading to stimulation of extramedullary foci, mainly in the liver and spleen <sup>4</sup>, when the hemoglobin level reaches 7g/dL or less <sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The fetus can support extremely low levels of hemoglobin, allowing the development of mechanisms of compensation, the major one being the increase in cardiac output responsible for maintenance of tissue oxygen supply <sup>7, 8</sup>. </p>
      <p>As the anemic process evolves, the mechanisms of fetal compensation disappear or become ineffective. A reduction in intravascular volume occurs with fluid loss to the extravascular compartment in the pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, and interstitial cavities, leading, in a terminal phase, to dilation in the cardiac chambers and inefficiency of the contractile myocardium, which result in fetal congestive heart failure <sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore, in severe fetal anemia, high output heart failure occurs, in which the fetal heart increases its output through an increase in heart rate or in stroke volume, or in both, to supply the peripheral oxygen needs. Consequently, the increase in heart workload leads to an increase in oxygen demand, which eventually exceeds the oxygen supply to the myocardium, culminating in dilated cardiomyopathy <sup>9</sup>. Based on these alterations, biventricular outer diameter (BOD) can be used as a highly accurate noninvasive method to detect cardiomegaly <sup>3,10</sup>. </p>
      <p>This measurement was developed and perfected by Allan et al<sup>11</sup> and Kleinam et al <sup>12</sup>, when they initiated a more complete cardiological evaluation by using 2-dimensional echocardiography with direct visualization of the fetal heart. Later, that technique was associated with the M-mode technique, therefore allowing the obtainment of more precise measurements. </p>
      <p>Wladimiroff et al <sup>13</sup> reported a normogram for the development of the fetal heart in several phases of pregnancy and were followed by Allan et al <sup>14</sup> and Silverman et al <sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>De Vore et al <sup>10 </sup>carried out a study correlating the diameter of the ventricles with the biparietal diameter, as a parameter of fetal growth. Those authors reported the impossibility of using that measurement for assessing the growth of fetuses with intracranial diseases. Then, in a new study <sup>16</sup>, they reported the efficacy of the femoral measurement for assessing fetal growth and correlated the former with the diameter of the ventricles. </p>
      <p>In accordance with these studies and aiming at elucidating the fetal cardiac response to the anemic process, we carried out the present study, which aimed at assessing the following: whether a correlation exists between the echographic measure of the biventricular outer diameter and the pretransfusional concentration of fetal hemoglobin; and whether that echographic measure may be used as a noninvasive marker of fetal anemia. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty-six isoimmunized pregnant women from the Fetal Medicine Center (CEMEFE) of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the UFMG were followed up from July 1997 to February 2002. All had single pregnancies, and the 36 fetuses underwent 65 cordocenteses (mean of 1.8 transfusion per fetus). The gestational age ranged from 21 to 34 (28.5&#177;3.2) weeks. </p>
      <p>Fetal hemoglobin was obtained immediately before the intravascular transfusions. A 0.5-mL sample of umbilical cord blood was collected with an insulin syringe and analyzed in the Hemocue device, to measure the fetal hemoglobin concentration at the beginning of the invasive procedure. </p>
      <p>Gestational age was corrected based on the ultrasound performed during the first gestational trimester. </p>
      <p>The examinations for determining BOD were performed in the SONOACE 8800 (Medsom) or Sonoline Prima (Siemens) echographic devices always by an appropriate member of the CEMEFE, before the transfusional procedure. </p>
      <p>Initially, a 4-chamber echographic image of the fetal heart was obtained through a transverse image of the fetal abdomen with slight cephalic angulation at an intermediate level between the transverse image of the abdomen and the skull roof. Then, with the interventricular septum perpendicular to the transducer and with the M-mode cursor placed at the level of the atrioventricular valves, the tracing of waves was detected and the image was frozen. Then, the biventricular outer diameter was measured between the right ventricular epicardium and the left ventricular epicardium during diastole, and the femur length was simultaneously measured along the diaphysis, excluding the distal epiphysis. </p>
      <p>The measurement was considered normal or altered based on the comparison of the femur length with the biventricular outer diameter, according to the normality curve of De Vore et al <sup>16</sup>, 1985 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The BOD values above the 95th percentile in regard to the femur length measurement were considered altered. This was a prospective cross-sectional study. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>For statistical analysis, the minimum square regression was used aiming at assessing the relation of dependence between the continuous variables, pretransfusional concentration of fetal hemoglobin and gestational age, in regard to the BOD measure, and a P value &lt; 0.05 was accepted. </p>
      <p>The Mean T test was used to correlate hemoglobin levels and BOD. </p>
      <p>Multivariate analysis was used to assess the persistence of the correlation between pretransfusional fetal hemoglobin and BOD, independently of the effect of other variables, such as gestational age. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study comprised 65 cordocenteses performed in 36 fetuses. The fetal conditions at the moment of intravascular transfusion, characterized by the level of pretransfusional hemoglobin, BOD, and femur measurements, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the degree of dilation of the cardiac chambers assessed by use of the BOD measurement versus the femur length curve. Considering the 95th percentile, 17 (26%) fetuses had a BOD greater than the reference value for normality. All fetuses were anemic with a hemoglobin concentration below 10 g/dL. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>An inverse correlation was observed between the pretransfusional hemoglobin concentration in fetal blood and BOD measurement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). Therefore, as the intensity of fetal anemia increases, characterized in this study by the decrease in fetal hemoglobin concentration, the BOD measurement increases in size. </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>By using the Mean T test (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>), in which the fetuses were selected according to their hemoglobin levels in regard to BOD, the following was observed: the group of fetuses with Hb=7 g/dL had a greater BOD than the groups of fetuses with Hb between 7 and 12 g/dL and =12g/dL. Therefore, the fetuses with hemoglobin below 7 g/dL had the greatest BOD measures. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>A direct correlation was observed between BOD measurement and gestational age (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). Therefore, as pregnancy progresses, BOD increases in size. </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Considering the interaction between the 2 factors triggering modifications in BOD (fetal hemoglobin concentration and gestational age) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>), multivariate analysis shows that BOD increases as fetal hemoglobin concentration decreases (correlation coefficient, -0.06; P&lt;0.0001; r<sup>2</sup>, 51.6%), independently of the influence of gestational age on that parameter. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0393-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Fetal anemia was recognized as a fetal disease more than 6 decades ago, and it accounts for elevated perinatal morbidity and mortality rates. </p>
      <p>The evaluation of the degree of fetal anemia can only be established in an invasive manner as follows: 1) directly: by determining the hematimetric levels in fetal blood collected through cordocentesis; 2) indirectly: anemia can be diagnosed by the spectophotometric study of the amniotic fluid obtained through amniocentesis by determining the bilirubin level, considering the gestational age. </p>
      <p>Although those invasive methods have low materno-fetal morbidity and mortality rates, they may increase the risk of feto-maternal hemorrhage, worsening the degree of sensitization, and even sensitization to other blood antigens, due to the increase in antibody production, aggravating the fetal condition <sup>17,18</sup>. </p>
      <p>The rates of fetal loss related to the procedure ranged from 1.5 to 5%, and they were related to the experience of the examiner<sup>19</sup>. </p>
      <p>For some time, a noninvasive method for determining the degree of fetal anemia has been sought. So far, however, we have not been able to establish a method that is effective in recognizing the level of fetal anemia, so as to consider invasive therapy. </p>
      <p>After the 1980s, the increasing sophistication of ultrasound devices and the development of Doppler technology with color-flow mapping enabled the assessment of uterine perfusion, fetus-placenta unit, and different fetal vessels. Once again, the studies performed were not sufficient to predict, by using a single method, the impairment level of the anemic fetus. </p>
      <p>Our study selected 36 fetuses of pregnant women isoimmunized to the Rh factor, who underwent 65 intravascular transfusions, with a mean of 1.8 transfusion per fetus. The gestational age ranged from 21 to 34 weeks (mean, 28.5 weeks). </p>
      <p>The BOD measurement ranged from 2.1 to 4.8 cm (mean, 3.3 cm). Seventeen fetuses were above the 95th percentile, considering the normogram by De Vore et al <sup>16</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). That finding indicates that the fetal heart responds to the hyperdynamic circulatory state resulting from anemia with an increase in the BOD measurement. </p>
      <p>Through multivariate analysis, we observed that, independently of the physiological factor of fetal growth leading to the concomitant growth of the cardiac chambers, the drop in fetal hemoglobin leads to an increase in BOD measurements, indicating a statistically significant association, which allows us to state that the greater the degree of fetal anemia, the greater the diameter of its cardiac chambers. </p>
      <p>Based on the findings of this study, we observed that BOD measurement is a promising noninvasive investigational method for detecting fetal anemia and for following up the fetuses as gestation evolves, because the correlation between that parameter and fetal hemoglobin was not influenced by gestational age. We can, therefore, emphasize that BOD can be an echographic predictor of the hemoglobin level in fetuses of isoimmunized pregnant women.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Rosangela Lopes Miranda Rodrigues </p>
          <p> Rua Gon&#231;alves Dias, 344/02</p>
          <p> Cep 30140-090 - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rosalmr@terra.com.br">rosalmr@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 02/05/2004 </p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 08/13/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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