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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xGmqHw7VhXCr5zNDvKMMFMx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000500007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400507</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000500007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular em crian&#231;as e adolescentes da rede de ensino da cidade de Macei&#243;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Roseane Mendon&#231;a Ten&#243;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alu&#237;sio Jos&#233; Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Sheyla Waleska dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana &#193;vila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>387</fpage>
      <lpage>392</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), do "risco de sobrepeso", sobrepeso, sedentarismo e tabagismo em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, de 7 a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos, da rede p&#250;blica e privada de ensino de Macei&#243;, AL. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo epidemiol&#243;gico transversal. Amostragem por conglomerados em escolas de n&#237;vel fundamental e m&#233;dio. C&#225;lculo da amostra baseado na menor preval&#234;ncia esperada das vari&#225;veis estudadas. Protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o: question&#225;rio estruturado, antropometria e medidas da press&#227;o arterial. An&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis realizada pelo m&#233;todo do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Em 2001 foram avaliados 1253 estudantes (547 do sexo masculino, m&#233;dia de idade 12,4&#177;2,9 anos), demonstrando-se que 1172 n&#227;o praticavam atividade f&#237;sica de moderada a intensa; "risco de sobrepeso" e sobrepeso presentes em 116 e 56 indiv&#237;duos, respectivamente; press&#227;o arterial no percentil &gt; de 95 identificada em 97 estudantes e apenas 30 admitiram fumar regularmente. Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o significante do "risco sobrepeso" e do sobrepeso com estudantes de escolas particulares (*p=0,0001) e do sedentarismo com o sexo feminino (*p=0,0001). CONCLUS&#195;O: A preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo, "risco de sobrepeso", sobrepeso, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e tabagismo na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 93,5%; 9,3%; 4,5%; 7,7% e 2,4%, respectivamente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>fator de risco cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;as e adolescentes</kwd>
        <kwd>preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular em crian&#231;as e adolescentes da rede de ensino da cidade de Macei&#243; </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva; Ivan Romero Rivera; Maria Roseane Mendon&#231;a Ten&#243;rio Ferraz; Alu&#237;sio Jos&#233; Tavares Pinheiro; Sheyla Waleska dos Santos Alves; Adriana &#193;vila Moura; Antonio Carlos Camargo Carvalho</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Macei&#243;, AL - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de Alagoas e Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estabelecer a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), do "risco de sobrepeso", sobrepeso, sedentarismo e tabagismo em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, de 7 a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos, da rede p&#250;blica e privada de ensino de Macei&#243;, AL. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo epidemiol&#243;gico transversal. Amostragem por conglomerados em escolas de n&#237;vel fundamental e m&#233;dio. C&#225;lculo da amostra baseado na menor preval&#234;ncia esperada das vari&#225;veis estudadas. Protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o: question&#225;rio estruturado, antropometria e medidas da press&#227;o arterial. An&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis realizada pelo m&#233;todo do qui-quadrado. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Em 2001 foram avaliados 1253 estudantes (547 do sexo masculino, m&#233;dia de idade 12,4&#177;2,9 anos), demonstrando-se que 1172 n&#227;o praticavam atividade f&#237;sica de moderada a intensa; "risco de sobrepeso" e sobrepeso presentes em 116 e 56 indiv&#237;duos, respectivamente; press&#227;o arterial no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> de 95 identificada em 97 estudantes e apenas 30 admitiram fumar regularmente. Observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o significante do "risco sobrepeso" e do sobrepeso com estudantes de escolas particulares (*p=0,0001) e do sedentarismo com o sexo feminino (*p=0,0001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo, "risco de sobrepeso", sobrepeso, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e tabagismo na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 93,5%; 9,3%; 4,5%; 7,7% e 2,4%, respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>fator de risco cardiovascular; crian&#231;as e adolescentes; preval&#234;ncia</p>
    <p> Em todos os estados brasileiros, considerando-se o conjunto de todas as faixas et&#225;rias, as doen&#231;as cardiocirculat&#243;rias s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo maior contingente de &#243;bitos, decorrentes de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>1</sup>, constituindo-se, atualmente, na principal causa de gastos em assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS)<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Cerca de 75 a 80% dos portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) apresentam fatores de risco convencionais ou cl&#225;ssicos, representados por hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, tabagismo, hipercolesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, idade avan&#231;ada, sexo masculino e antecedentes familiares, sendo acrescentados, posteriormente, sedentarismo, estresse emocional e obesidade<sup>3-6</sup>. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o processo ateroscler&#243;tico inicia-se na inf&#226;ncia, progride com a idade e exibe gravidade diretamente proporcional ao n&#250;mero de fatores de risco apresentados pelo indiv&#237;duo<sup>7</sup>, raz&#227;o pela qual acredita-se que a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares deve come&#231;ar na inf&#226;ncia<sup>8</sup>, principalmente pelo processo de educa&#231;&#227;o para a promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de cardiovascular com &#234;nfase na import&#226;ncia da dieta e da manuten&#231;&#227;o de uma pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica para toda a vida<sup>9-11</sup>. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular em indiv&#237;duos, de qualquer faixa et&#225;ria, da cidade de Macei&#243; &#233; desconhecida, o que dificulta o estabelecimento de estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o que a m&#233;dio ou a longo prazo possam mudar o perfil de mortalidade cardiovascular atualmente observado<sup>1</sup>. A&#231;&#245;es dessa natureza se revestem da maior import&#226;ncia face &#224; previs&#227;o de uma epidemia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nos pa&#237;ses menos desenvolvidos, como o Brasil, e nestes, em suas regi&#245;es mais pobres, como o estado de Alagoas<sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
    <p>O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular (hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo, "risco de sobrepeso", sobrepeso e sedentarismo), em crian&#231;as e adolescentes da rede de ensino da cidade de Macei&#243;. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizado estudo epidemiol&#243;gico observacional, transversal, no ano letivo de 2001, em amostra representativa de crian&#231;as (7 a&lt;10 anos) e adolescentes (10 a 17 anos) de ambos os sexos, matriculados nas escolas de ensino fundamental e m&#233;dio das redes p&#250;blica (municipal, estadual e federal) e particular da cidade de Macei&#243;. Estabeleceu-se o limite de 7 a 17 anos, considerando-se que a partir dos 18 anos muitos adolescentes j&#225; completaram o estudo no n&#237;vel m&#233;dio. O n&#250;mero de escolas e de alunos por institui&#231;&#227;o foi obtido no Censo Escolar fornecido pela Secretaria de Educa&#231;&#227;o do Estado de Alagoas, que estabeleceu um n&#250;mero total de 185.702 matr&#237;culas<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo da amostra levou em considera&#231;&#227;o a menor preval&#234;ncia esperada dentre as vari&#225;veis escolhidas para estudo (7% para hipertens&#227;o arterial), n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95% e precis&#227;o de 2%. A amostra final deveria constituir-se de 623 estudantes, de um universo de 185.702 matriculados<sup>15</sup>, optando-se por duplic&#225;-la para aumentar a precis&#227;o deste levantamento. Realizada amostragem por conglomerados, de forma que cada escola foi considerada um conglomerado. Foram sorteadas 40 das 396 escolas cadastradas na Secretaria Estadual de Educa&#231;&#227;o-Alagoas, com a finalidade de obter-se melhor precis&#227;o nas estimativas de preval&#234;ncia a serem encontradas. Como as escolas apresentam diferentes n&#250;meros de alunos, para obter-se uma representa&#231;&#227;o, na amostra final, proporcional ao tamanho de cada uma delas, foram sorteados 2,7% dos alunos matriculados das escolas sorteadas. </p>
    <p>Para o sorteio das escolas, as mesmas foram listadas, seq&#252;encialmente, com os respectivos n&#250;meros de alunos e, ao lado da coluna de freq&#252;&#234;ncias, feita uma coluna de freq&#252;&#234;ncias acumuladas. Dividiu-se o total de alunos por 40 (para sortear 40 escolas) obtendo-se o intervalo amostral de 4.642,55. Usando-se a tabela de n&#250;meros casuais foi sorteado um n&#250;mero entre 1 e o valor do intervalo amostral. O n&#250;mero sorteado, 531, caiu dentro da escola 1, que possui 767 alunos, sendo esta, ent&#227;o, sorteada. Somando sucessivamente o intervalo amostral aos valores encontrados, as 40 escolas foram sorteadas. Obteve-se uma amostra que apresentava 1 escola federal, 20 estaduais, 8 municipais e 11 particulares (existindo, respectivamente, 1 escola federal, 124 estaduais, 69 municipais e 202 particulares, cadastradas). </p>
    <p>Em cada escola o sorteio dos alunos foi realizado obtendo-se seu valor do intervalo amostral (n&#250;mero total de alunos dividido pelo n&#250;mero de alunos a serem sorteados), sorteando-se a seguir um valor entre o n&#250;mero 1 e o intervalo amostral (identificando o primeiro aluno). A seguir, foi somado, sucessivamente, o valor do intervalo amostral ao n&#250;mero anteriormente obtido, identificando-se os alunos que constituiriam a amostra, por escola. O sorteio foi realizado ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o das listas dos alunos que constitu&#237;am as diversas classes da escola em quest&#227;o, que, colocadas em seq&#252;&#234;ncia e tendo-se enumerado os alunos do primeiro (primeiro da primeira turma) ao &#250;ltimo (&#250;ltimo da &#250;ltima turma), forneceram a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos alunos sorteados. </p>
    <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo os diretores das escolas sorteadas foram convidados a participar de reuni&#227;o com a equipe executora do projeto, para apresenta&#231;&#227;o de sua import&#226;ncia, objetivos e metodologia. Ap&#243;s obten&#231;&#227;o do consentimento da dire&#231;&#227;o (100% das escolas sorteadas), a equipe teve acesso &#224;s listas de freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos alunos, sendo realizado o respectivo sorteio, seguindo o procedimento j&#225; descrito. Os alunos sorteados, bem como seus pais, foram informados sobre o projeto, e convidados a participar mediante assinatura de termo de consentimento (pelos pais no caso de escolares e adolescentes at&#233; 16 anos ou pelo pr&#243;prio adolescente maior de 16 anos). Em caso de recusa &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo ou quando sorteados estudantes com idade superior a 17 anos, foi realizado sorteio de um outro estudante, da mesma escola, seguindo a metodologia j&#225; descrita. </p>
    <p>Os dados foram coletados em entrevista pessoal e individual com um dos pais, ou ambos, e complementada, individualmente, com o estudante, sob a forma de question&#225;rio (dados de identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pais e do estudante, s&#243;cio-econ&#244;micos, fatores de risco cardiovascular nos pais, h&#225;bito de fumar e pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica do estudante). Ap&#243;s a entrevista os estudantes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica e medidas da press&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, as vari&#225;veis estudadas foram: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, "risco de sobrepeso", sobrepeso, sedentarismo e tabagismo e analisadas suas distribui&#231;&#245;es, segundo o sexo, o tipo de escola (p&#250;blica ou particular) e a classe econ&#244;mica. </p>
    <p>Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica foi escolhido o Crit&#233;rio de Classifica&#231;&#227;o Econ&#244;mica Brasil (CCEB)<sup> 16</sup>, que permite estratificar a popula&#231;&#227;o em cinco classes econ&#244;micas (de A at&#233; E), baseada nas respostas do entrevistado, quanto &#224; posse de bens, presen&#231;a de empregada mensalista e grau de instru&#231;&#227;o do chefe da fam&#237;lia. A classifica&#231;&#227;o em pontos permite uma infer&#234;ncia sobre a m&#233;dia da renda familiar: classe A - R$ 6.220,50; classe B - R$ 2236,50; classe C - R$ 927,00; classe D - R$ 424,00 e classe E - R$ 207,00. </p>
    <p>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi considerada como a m&#233;dia (de duas medidas) da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> a 95 para a idade e sexo, ajustadas para o percentil de altura<sup>17,18</sup>. Foi utilizado man&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio, de marca Tycos, com bra&#231;adeiras de tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es diferentes (adulto, adolescente, crian&#231;a) e estetosc&#243;pio pedi&#225;trico de marca Littman. Todas as medidas foram realizadas pelo mesmo m&#233;dico, ap&#243;s receber treinamento espec&#237;fico. Foram seguidas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas do III Consenso Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e do <italic>Update on the 1987 Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents</italic>, resumidas por Koch<sup>19</sup>. </p>
    <p>O "risco de sobrepeso" foi definido como o &#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 e &lt; 95, identificado em tabela popula&#231;&#227;o-espec&#237;fica, e em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade <sup>20,21</sup>. O IMC no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> de 95, da mesma tabela, foi utilizado para definir sobrepeso<sup>20,21</sup>. Para a medida do peso foi utilizada balan&#231;a digital da marca Filizola<sup>&#174;</sup>, com precis&#227;o de 100g. Para a medida da altura foi utilizado estadi&#244;metro com cursor, ambos de madeira, com escala de precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm. As medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram realizadas, segundo as normas padronizadas pela OMS <sup>22</sup>, por uma &#250;nica pesquisadora. Os dados de peso e altura (m&#233;dia de duas medidas) foram utilizados para o c&#225;lculo do IMC. </p>
    <p>A pesquisa de sedentarismo foi feita a partir da investiga&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica realizada pelos estudantes, utilizando-se como instrumento o <italic>Physical Activity Questionaire</italic> (PAQ), j&#225; validado para a faixa et&#225;ria sob investiga&#231;&#227;o <sup>23,24</sup> e adaptado a fim de excluir atividades f&#237;sicas n&#227;o praticadas no Brasil<sup>25</sup>. O PAQ investiga atividades f&#237;sicas moderadas e intensas nos sete dias anteriores ao seu preenchimento (incluindo, portanto, o final de semana). Este question&#225;rio &#233; composto de 9 quest&#245;es sobre a pr&#225;tica de esportes e jogos, atividades f&#237;sicas na escola e lazer; cada quest&#227;o tem valor de 1 a 5 e o escore final &#233; a m&#233;dia das quest&#245;es. Ao final, o escore obtido estabelece um intervalo de muito sedent&#225;rio a muito ativo (de 1 a 5): 1 - muito sedent&#225;rio; 2 - sedent&#225;rio; 3 - moderadamente ativo; 4 - ativo e 5 - muito ativo. </p>
    <p>O tabagismo foi considerado presente se o participante apresentava, no momento, o h&#225;bito de fumar tabaco, independente da quantidade di&#225;ria e do tempo de in&#237;cio do h&#225;bito. As quest&#245;es sobre o h&#225;bito de fumar foram realizadas em entrevista individual, isolada, com cada estudante, informado sobre o compromisso da equipe em manter o sigilo das respostas obtidas. </p>
    <p>Considerando a multiplicidade das vari&#225;veis investigadas, o amplo universo de escolas e alunos, a complexidade do instrumento de investiga&#231;&#227;o e a multidisciplinaridade da equipe, foi realizado no ano de 2000 um estudo-piloto, com a finalidade de averiguar a exeq&#252;ibilidade do projeto (evidenciando as dificuldades, para resolv&#234;-las ou minimiz&#225;-las) e promover o treinamento da equipe reduzindo a possibilidade de vi&#233;ses na coleta de dados<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para o estudo de preval&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis foram utilizadas as freq&#252;&#234;ncias, ap&#243;s identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de corte para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e pela presen&#231;a/aus&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis discretas. Foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado para tabelas de associa&#231;&#227;o, a fim de comparar os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, tipo de escola (se p&#250;blica ou privada) e classe econ&#244;mica, estabelecendo-se em 0,05 ou 5% o n&#237;vel de rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade, sendo assinalados com um asterisco os valores significantes. </p>
    <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Alagoas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 1.253 estudantes (7 al&#233;m do previsto, em fun&#231;&#227;o de pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es na matr&#237;cula em algumas escolas), sendo 547 (43,7%) do sexo masculino e 706 (56,3%) do sexo feminino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 12,4&#177;2,9 anos. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0387-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ao longo da sele&#231;&#227;o, 4 deles (ou seus pais) recusaram-se a participar do estudo (0,3%) e 198 (15,8%) apresentavam idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 ou &lt; 7 anos, obrigando-nos a novo sorteio seguindo-se o mesmo procedimento. </p>
    <p>Dentre os estudantes, 267 (21,3%) eram de escolas privadas e 986 (78,7%) de escolas p&#250;blicas, provenientes de escolas estaduais (741), municipais (193) e federal (52). </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica observou-se que 70 (5,6%) estudantes pertenciam &#224; classe A, 155 (12,3%) &#224; classe B, 341 (27,1%) &#224; classe C, 567 (45,2%) &#224; classe D e 120 (9,8%) &#224; classe E. Para a pesquisa de associa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis, consideraram-se, conjuntamente, as classes A+B e as classes C+D+E e verificou-se que 72,3% dos estudantes pertencentes &#224;s classes A e B estudavam em escolas particulares e 89,8% dos pertencentes &#224;s classes C, D e E em escolas p&#250;blicas. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante entre classes A+B e escola privada (*p&lt; 0,0001). </p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis em categorias e segundo o sexo, tipo de escola e classe econ&#244;mica encontram-se nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabelas II</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab03">III</xref>, respectivamente. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0387-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab03"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0387-00007-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Foram identificados 97 estudantes com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica (m&#233;dia de duas medidas) no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> a 95, determinando uma preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica de 7,7% (IC: 6,5 - 9,5) na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o com o sexo (p=0,33) e o tipo de escola, se p&#250;blica ou privada (p=0,19). Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante com as classes econ&#244;micas A+B (*p=0,02). </p>
    <p>O "risco de sobrepeso" foi identificado em 116 estudantes, determinando uma preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de 9,3% (IC: 7,8 - 11,2). Houve igual freq&#252;&#234;ncia desta vari&#225;vel em ambos os g&#234;neros (p=0,28), por&#233;m predomin&#226;ncia significante em estudantes de escolas privadas (*p=0,0001) e nas classes A+B (*p&lt;0,0001). O sobrepeso foi identificado em 56 estudantes, determinando uma preval&#234;ncia de 4,5% (IC: 3,4 - 5,6). Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante desta vari&#225;vel com estudantes de escolas privadas (*p=0,0002). </p>
    <p>O h&#225;bito de fumar foi relatado por apenas 30 dos estudantes determinando uma baixa preval&#234;ncia desse fator de risco de 2,4% (IC: 1,6 - 3,2). Muitos estudantes, entretanto, relataram j&#225; haver experimentado o consumo de cigarros previamente. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tabagismo e o sexo (p=0,35), o tipo de escola (p=0,82) ou a classe econ&#244;mica (p=0,09). </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise das respostas ao question&#225;rio sobre atividade f&#237;sica (PAQ) identificou 1.172 estudantes como sedent&#225;rios (somat&#243;rio de sedent&#225;rios e muito sedent&#225;rios), de forma que essa vari&#225;vel esteve presente em 93,5% (IC: 92,2 - 94,8) da amostra. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante de sedentarismo com o g&#234;nero feminino (*p&lt;0,0001), por&#233;m sua freq&#252;&#234;ncia n&#227;o diferiu em escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas (p=0,78), nem nas classes econ&#244;micas agrupadas (p=0,45). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Investiga&#231;&#245;es no mundo inteiro t&#234;m demonstrado a import&#226;ncia da pesquisa de fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em crian&#231;as e adolescentes <sup>27-36</sup>, considerando ser esse o per&#237;odo em que os padr&#245;es de dieta e o estilo de vida encontram-se em estrutura&#231;&#227;o, com profundas implica&#231;&#245;es no risco de desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a na vida adulta<sup>37,38</sup>. Tem-se demonstrado, tamb&#233;m, que a interven&#231;&#227;o, mesmo nessa fase, sobre os fatores de risco detectados, principalmente atrav&#233;s do envolvimento das crian&#231;as e adolescentes nas estrat&#233;gias educativas adotadas, determina mudan&#231;as ben&#233;ficas no perfil de risco identificado<sup>39-42</sup>. Este aspecto &#233; relevante uma vez que os fatores de risco identificados em crian&#231;as e adolescentes tendem a persistir na vida adulta <sup>43-47</sup>, concorrendo para o estabelecimento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana em faixas et&#225;rias cada vez mais precoces. </p>
    <p>Alagoas apresenta um perfil de morbi-mortalidade no qual coexistem doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (como causa mais freq&#252;ente de morte) com um dos maiores &#237;ndices de mortalidade infantil do pa&#237;s (82,8 por mil nascidos vivos), determinando a necessidade urgente de estrat&#233;gias econ&#244;micas, que minimizem as gritantes diferen&#231;as sociais, e estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de, que erradiquem a desnutri&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade infantil. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos semelhantes ao nosso poderia auxiliar no planejamento de a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica prim&#225;ria em crian&#231;as e adolescentes varia de 0,5 a 15% nos diversos estudos, em fun&#231;&#227;o da metodologia utilizada na medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, do par&#226;metro de defini&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, da faixa et&#225;ria investigada e do n&#250;mero de medidas de press&#227;o arterial realizadas<sup>27-36,48,49</sup>. O III Consenso Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (III CBHA)<sup>17</sup> estabelece que, no Brasil, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em crian&#231;as e adolescentes ocorre numa preval&#234;ncia que varia entre 6 e 8%. Analisando essa vari&#225;vel em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com idades de 6 a 18 anos, em Belo Horizonte, Oliveira e cols.<sup>48</sup> encontraram uma preval&#234;ncia de 3,9% de estudantes com press&#227;o arterial no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 95. O presente estudo, utilizando protocolo semelhante ao de Oliveira e cols.<sup>48</sup>, demonstrou uma preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o de 7,7%; essa diferen&#231;a poderia ser, em parte, explicada pelo fato da faixa et&#225;ria estudada por aqueles autores ter inclu&#237;do crian&#231;as de menor idade, contribuindo para reduzir a preval&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Ao contr&#225;rio do que ocorre em adultos, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre os crit&#233;rios antropom&#233;tricos mais adequados para classificar sobrepeso e obesidade na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia<sup>50</sup>, j&#225; se tendo utilizado, para esta finalidade, tabelas de crescimento, curvas de refer&#234;ncia do IMC para a idade, IMC percentual, &#237;ndice de massa corporal magra e medidas de pregas cut&#226;neas <sup>50,51</sup>, dificultando a compara&#231;&#227;o de resultados. Em nosso estudo, optou-se pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o da curva de refer&#234;ncia do IMC para a idade, popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, oriunda do <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I</italic> (NHANES I) <sup>20,21</sup>, tamb&#233;m utilizada pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de <sup>22</sup>. Os resultados demonstraram uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 9,3% de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com IMC no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 85 e &lt; de 95 e 4,5% com IMC no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> 95, determinando que 13,8% dos estudantes de 7 a 17 anos em Macei&#243; apresentam algum grau de excesso de peso. Utilizando os mesmos crit&#233;rios, Albano e Souza <sup>52</sup> identificaram, em estudantes de 11 a 17 anos de escola p&#250;blica em S&#227;o Paulo, 19,1% de indiv&#237;duos com "risco de sobrepeso" e 10,5% com sobrepeso, de forma que 29,6% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentaram excesso de peso. Tamb&#233;m com os mesmos crit&#233;rios, Balaban e Silva <sup>53</sup> identificaram, em 762 crian&#231;as e adolescentes de uma escola privada do Recife (com perfil econ&#244;mico semelhante ao de Macei&#243;), uma preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso de 34,3%, muito acima do observado no presente estudo, mesmo quando considerado apenas o conjunto das escolas particulares (65/267 estudantes com IMC no percentil <underline>&gt;</underline> de 85, correspondendo a 24,3%). Em conjunto, esses dados demonstraram, que atualmente em Macei&#243;, a preval&#234;ncia do excesso de peso em crian&#231;as e adolescentes pode ser considerada mais baixa do que o observado em alguns grupos espec&#237;ficos, al&#233;m de oferecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a import&#226;ncia das a&#231;&#245;es preventivas, no presente, e um par&#226;metro para futuras an&#225;lises populacionais. </p>
    <p>O h&#225;bito de fumar entre estudantes dos n&#237;veis m&#233;dio e fundamental no Brasil tem variado de 1 a 34% <sup>54-57</sup>. Em 1989, um estudo realizado em 10 capitais brasileiras apontou o consumo de tabaco em 20% dos estudantes desses n&#237;veis <sup>57</sup>, sendo essa a preval&#234;ncia esperada no presente estudo que, entretanto, registrou a presen&#231;a dessa vari&#225;vel em apenas 2,4% dos entrevistados. N&#227;o se pode descartar a possibilidade de que alguns dos entrevistados tenham omitido seu envolvimento com o h&#225;bito de fumar, contribuindo para uma preval&#234;ncia abaixo da real. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; como desprezar a possibilidade de que as campanhas anti-tabaco promovidas nos &#250;ltimos anos tenham, realmente, determinado uma redu&#231;&#227;o importante no n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos que iniciam o h&#225;bito na inf&#226;ncia ou adolesc&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>A pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica tem sido recomendada n&#227;o apenas para a preven&#231;&#227;o e reabilita&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, mas como estrat&#233;gia importante de promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de<sup>58,59</sup>. Apesar disso, as pesquisas no Brasil apontam para uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia de sedentarismo entre os adultos que varia de 55,8 a 80,8% <sup>60-63</sup>. Os estudos em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, utilizando diferentes par&#226;metros, t&#234;m demonstrado uma preval&#234;ncia de sedentarismo de at&#233; 89,5% <sup>23,64-66</sup>. Em estudo realizado em estudantes de 14 a 15 anos, de ambos os sexos, da rede p&#250;blica de ensino de Niter&#243;i, utilizando o PAQ-C <sup>21-23</sup>, Silva e Malina<sup>25</sup> identificaram 89,5% sedent&#225;rios. Na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, em indiv&#237;duos de 7 a 17 anos e utilizando-se o mesmo instrumento de investiga&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica, 93,5% dos estudantes foram considerados sedent&#225;rios, resultado n&#227;o muito diferente do observado por Silva e Malina<sup>25</sup>. Pelo estudo de Macei&#243; ter inclu&#237;do indiv&#237;duos mais jovens, esperar-se-ia inclusive uma menor preval&#234;ncia dessa vari&#225;vel, considerando-se que o maior decr&#233;scimo da atividade f&#237;sica ocorre na adolesc&#234;ncia <sup>67</sup> e que a participa&#231;&#227;o em atividades f&#237;sicas diminui com a idade para todos os tipos de exerc&#237;cio<sup>67</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estabelecer a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, "risco de sobrepeso", sobrepeso, sedentarismo e tabagismo em crian&#231;as e adolescentes da cidade de Macei&#243; utilizando-se par&#226;metros vigentes na defini&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis em quest&#227;o, de forma que o mesmo possa ser reproduzido em outras cidades do estado de Alagoas e de outros estados, construindo-se dessa forma um perfil (estadual e/ou nacional) quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis em foco. Os dados obtidos com o nosso estudo refor&#231;am a necessidade da obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es individualizadas nas diferentes cidades brasileiras, em fun&#231;&#227;o da grande heterogeneidade apresentada pelo Brasil nos mais diversos aspectos (econ&#244;micos, geogr&#225;ficos, &#233;tnicos, comportamentais, etc), que determinam, por sua vez, modifica&#231;&#245;es incontest&#225;veis no perfil de sa&#250;de dos grupos populacionais. </p>
    <p>Os resultados encontrados possibilitam, na cidade de Macei&#243;, a ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de educa&#231;&#227;o e sa&#250;de, que permitam aos jovens discutir as quest&#245;es de promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as futuras, decorrentes da presen&#231;a de fatores de risco desde a inf&#226;ncia, bem como a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas de sa&#250;de que intervenham, urgentemente, no perfil identificado. O perfil de risco aqui demonstrado, permite ainda que as a&#231;&#245;es pertinentes do Estado possam privilegiar programas de atividade f&#237;sica e controle de peso para crian&#231;as e adolescentes, considerando serem estas, no momento, as vari&#225;veis de maior preval&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#193; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa no Estado de Alagoas (FAPEAL) e ao Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica-CNPq/Universidade Federal de Alagoas (PIBIC/CNPq/UFAL) pelo apoio financeiro recebido.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva </p>
        <p> Av. M&#225;rio de Gusm&#227;o, 12811/404 </p>
        <p> 57035-000 - Macei&#243;, AL </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="malayde@cardiol.br">malayde@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 06/04/2004 - Aceito em 26/05/2004</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in child and adolescent students in the city of Macei&#243;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), "risk of overweight," overweight, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking in children and adolescents from 7 to 17 years of age, of both sexes, in public and private schools in the city of Macei&#243;, in the state of Alagoas. METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological study with sampling from a population pool was carried out. It comprised elementary and middle schools, randomly selected. The sample was calculated based on the expected lower prevalence of the variables studied. The assessment protocol comprised a structured questionnaire, anthropometry, and blood pressure measurements. The chi-square test was used to analyze the association among variables. RESULTS: In 2001, 1,253 students (547 of the male sex; mean age, 12.4&#177;2.9 years) were assessed. The results were as follows: 1.172 students participated in no moderate to intense physical activity; "risk of overweight" and overweight were present in 116 and 56 individuals, respectively; blood pressure in the &gt; 95th percentile was identified in 97 students; and only 30 students admitted smoking regularly. The following significant associations were observed: "risk of overweight" and overweight in private school students (*P=0.0001) and sedentary lifestyle in the female sex (*P=0.0001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle, "risk of overweight," overweight, systemic arterial hypertension, and smoking in the population studied was 93.5%, 9.3%, 4.5%, 7.7%, and 2.4%, respectively.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>cardiovascular risk factor</kwd>
        <kwd>children and adolescents</kwd>
        <kwd>prevalence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in child and adolescent students in the city of Macei&#243;</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva; Ivan Romero Rivera; Maria Roseane Mendon&#231;a Ten&#243;rio Ferraz; Alu&#237;sio Jos&#233; Tavares Pinheiro; Sheyla Waleska dos Santos Alves; Adriana &#193;vila Moura; Antonio Carlos Camargo Carvalho</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Macei&#243;, AL / S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de Alagoas and Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), "risk of overweight," overweight, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking in children and adolescents from 7 to 17 years of age, of both sexes, in public and private schools in the city of Macei&#243;, in the state of Alagoas.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A cross-sectional epidemiological study with sampling from a population pool was carried out. It comprised elementary and middle schools, randomly selected. The sample was calculated based on the expected lower prevalence of the variables studied. The assessment protocol comprised a structured questionnaire, anthropometry, and blood pressure measurements. The chi-square test was used to analyze the association among variables. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>In 2001, 1,253 students (547 of the male sex; mean age, 12.4&#177;2.9 years) were assessed. The results were as follows: 1.172 students participated in no moderate to intense physical activity; "risk of overweight" and overweight were present in 116 and 56 individuals, respectively; blood pressure in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 95th percentile was identified in 97 students; and only 30 students admitted smoking regularly. The following significant associations were observed: "risk of overweight" and overweight in private school students (*P=0.0001) and sedentary lifestyle in the female sex (*P=0.0001). </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle, "risk of overweight," overweight, systemic arterial hypertension, and smoking in the population studied was 93.5%, 9.3%, 4.5%, 7.7%, and 2.4%, respectively. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>cardiovascular risk factor; children and adolescents; prevalence</p>
      <p>In all Brazilian states, considering all age groups, cardiocirculatory diseases have accounted for the greatest number of deaths due to coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, and heart failure <sup>1</sup>, and are currently the major cause of expenses in medical care in the Brazilian Public Health System (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de - SUS) <sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Approximately 75 to 80% of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) have conventional or classic risk factors, represented by systemic arterial hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, advanced age, male sex, familial antecedents, sedentary lifestyle, emotional stress, and obesity <sup>3-6</sup>. Evidence exists that the atherosclerotic process begins during childhood, progresses with age, and has a directly proportional severity to the number of risk factors possessed by the individual <sup>7</sup>. That is why it is believed that the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases should begin in childhood <sup>8</sup>, mainly through education to promote cardiovascular health with emphasis on the importance of diet and maintenance of regular physical activity throughout life <sup>9-11</sup>. </p>
      <p>The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in individuals of any age group in the city of Macei&#243;, in the Brazilian state of Alagoas, is unknown, which hinders the establishment of intervention strategies that can change the current profile of cardiovascular mortality in the medium and long run <sup>1</sup>. This type of action is highly important due to the foretelling of an epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countries, such as Brazil, mainly in their poorer regions, such as the state of Alagoas <sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at determining the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (arterial hypertension, smoking, "risk of overweight," overweight, and sedentary lifestyle) in children and adolescents attending school in the city of Macei&#243;, in the Brazilian state of Alagoas. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>An epidemiological, observational, cross-sectional study was carried out during the 2001 school year in a representative sample comprising children (from 7 to &lt; 10 years) and adolescents (from 10 to 17 years) of both sexes registered in the elementary and middle levels of public (municipal, state, and federal) and private schools in the city of Macei&#243;. The age limits were established as 7 and 17 years, considering that, by the age of 18 years, some adolescents have already completed the middle level study. The number of schools and students per institution was obtained in the school census provided by the Secretariat of Education of the State of Alagoas, which had a total number of 185,702 registrations <sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p> Calculation of the sample considered the lower prevalence expected in the variables chosen for the study (7% for arterial hypertension), 95% confidence level, and 2% accuracy. The final sample should comprise 623 students, representing a universe of 185,702 registered students <sup>15</sup>. We chose to double the sample to increase the accuracy of the research. Sampling from a population pool was performed, each school being considered a population pool. Forty of the 396 schools registered in the Secretariat of Education of the State of Alagoas were randomly selected, aiming at obtaining the greater accuracy in the estimates of prevalence. The schools have different numbers of students; therefore, to obtain a representation in the final sample that is proportional to the size of each school, 2.7% of all students registered in each school were randomly selected. </p>
      <p>For the draw of the schools, all 396 schools were sequentially listed with their respective number of students, and, beside the attendance column, an accumulated attendance column was created. The total number of students was divided by 40 (for the 40 schools randomly selected), and the sample interval of 4,642.55 was obtained. Using the table of casual numbers, a number between one and the value of the sampling interval was randomly selected. The randomly selected number, 531, was found in school # 1, which had 767 students, and that school was, then, randomly selected. Adding successively the sampling interval to the values found, the 40 schools were randomly selected. The sample obtained comprised one federal school, 20 state schools, 8 municipal schools, and 11 private schools, representing, respectively, the registered schools: one federal, 124 state, 69 municipal, and 202 private. </p>
      <p>At each school, the students were randomly selected based on the sampling interval value (total number of students divided by the number of students to be randomly selected), and then a number between one and the sampling interval was randomly selected, constituting the first student. Then the value of the sampling interval was successively added to the previously obtained number, identifying the students comprising the sample at each school. The draw was performed after obtaining the lists of students comprising the different classes of the school in question, which, sequentially arranged and having the students enumerated from the first (first student in the first class) to the last (last student in the last class), provided the identification of the students randomly selected. </p>
      <p>The headmasters of the randomly chosen schools were invited to meet the primary investigators of the project to learn about the importance of the study, its objectives, and methodology. After obtaining the consent of the headmasters (100% of the schools chosen), the research team had access to the attendance lists of students, who were then randomly selected according to the already described procedure. The randomly selected students and their parents were informed about the project and invited to sign a written informed consent (the parents, in the case of students below the age of 16, and the students themselves, when they were older than 16 years). When a student refused to participate, or when the student randomly selected was older than 17 years, another student at the same school was randomly selected according to the already described methodology. </p>
      <p>Data were collected in personal and individual interviews with one or both of the parents and added to data from the student, obtained individually, with a questionnaire (identification and socioeconomic data of the parents and student, parents' cardiovascular risk factors, smoking practices, and physical activity of the student). After the interview, the students underwent anthropometric assessment and blood pressure measurement. </p>
      <p>In this study, the variables studied were as follows: systemic arterial hypertension, "risk of overweight," overweight, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking practices. The distributions of those variables were analyzed according to sex, type of school (public or private), and socioeconomic class. </p>
      <p>For economic classification, the Brazilian Criterion of Economic Classification (Crit&#233;rio de Classifica&#231;&#227;o Econ&#244;mica Brasil - CCEB)<sup>16</sup> was used. It allows the stratification of the population into 5 economic classes (from A to E), based on the responses of the interviewees in regard to standard of living, daily presence of a maid at the student's house, and educational level of the head of the household. The classification in points allows an inference about the mean familial income: class A - R$ 6,220.50; class B - R$ 2,236.50; class C - R$ 927.00; class D - R$ 424.00; and class E - R$ 207.00. </p>
      <p>Systemic arterial hypertension was considered the mean (of 2 measurements) of systolic or diastolic blood pressure, or both, in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 95th percentile for age and sex adjusted for the percentile of height <sup>17,18</sup>. A Tycos mercury column manometer with cuffs of 3 different dimensions (adult, adolescent, child) and a pediatric Littman stethoscope were used. All measurements were performed by the same physician after receiving specific training. The methodological recommendations of the III Brazilian Consensus on Arterial Hypertension (III Consenso Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial) and of the Update on the 1987 Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents, summarized by Koch, were used <sup>19</sup>. </p>
      <p>The "risk of overweight" was defined as body mass index (BMI) in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 85th percentile, identified in a population-specific table as a function of age <sup>20,21</sup>. The BMI in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 95th percentile, in the same table, was used to define overweight <sup>20,21</sup>. Weight was measured with a Filizola digital scale, with an accuracy of 100 g. Height was measured with a stadiometer with a cursor, both made of wood, with a 0.1-cm accuracy. The anthropometric measurements were taken by a single researcher according to the norms standardized by WHO <sup>22</sup>. Weight and height data (mean of 2 measurements) were used to calculate BMI. </p>
      <p>The sedentary lifestyle was analyzed based on the investigation of the students' physical activity by using the Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ) already validated for the age group being investigated <sup>23,24</sup> and adapted to exclude physical activities not practiced in Brazil <sup>25</sup>. The PAQ investigates moderate and intense physical activities in the 7 days preceding the completion of the questionnaire (therefore, including the weekend). The questionnaire comprises 9 questions about participation in sports and games, physical activities at school and leisure time; the value of each question ranges from 1 to 5, and the final score is the mean of the questions. At the end, the score obtained establishes an interval ranging from very sedentary to very active (from 1 to 5): 1 - very sedentary; 2 - sedentary; 3 - moderately active; 4 - active; and 5 - very active. </p>
      <p>Smoking practices were analyzed when the participant had a current habit of tobacco use regardless of the daily amount and the duration of the habit. Smoking practices were inquired about during the individual interview with each student, who was informed about the commitment of the research team to maintain secrecy about the responses obtained. </p>
      <p>Considering the multiplicity of the variables investigated, the wide universe of schools and students, the complexity of the investigation tool, and the multidisciplinarity of the team, a pilot study was carried out in the year 2000, aiming at assessing the feasibility of the project, by demonstrating its difficulties and the ways to solve them or minimize them, at promoting training of the team, and reducing the possibility of bias in data collection <sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>For studying the prevalence of the variables, the frequencies were used after identification of the cut-off points for the continuous variables and the presence/absence of discreet variables. The chi-square test was used for the association tables to compare the groups in regard to sex, type of school (public or private), and economic class. The value of 0.05 or 5% was established as the level of rejection of the null hypothesis, and the significant values were marked with an asterisk. </p>
      <p>The research project was approved by the committee on ethics of the university-affiliated hospital of the Universidade Federal de Alagoas. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study assessed 1,253 students (7 more than the number predicted because of small variations in registration at some schools), 547 (43.7%) were of the male sex, 706 (56.3%) were of the female sex, and their mean age was 12.4&#177;2.9 years. The demographic characteristics of the population studied are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0387-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Throughout the selection process, 4 students, or their parents, refused to participate in the study (0.3%), and 198 (15.8%) were older than 18 years or younger than 7 years, which required a new random selection according to the established procedure. </p>
      <p>Regarding the students, 267 (21.3%) were from private schools, and 986 (78.7%) were from public schools (state schools, 741 students; municipal schools, 193; and federal schools, 52). </p>
      <p>In regard to economic classification, 70 (5.6%) students belonged to class A, 155 (12.3%) belonged to class B, 341 (27.1%) to class C, 567 (45.2%) to class D, and 120 (9.8%) to class E. For assessing the association of variables, the association of classes was considered (classes A+B and classes C+D+E), and 72.3% of the students who belonged to classes A and B attended private schools, while 89.8% of those belonging to classes C, D, and E studied in public schools. A significant association was observed between classes A and B and private school (*P &lt; 0.0001). </p>
      <p>The prevalence of the variables studied and their distribution according to sex, type of school, and economic class are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tables II</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab03-body2">III</xref>, respectively. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0387-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tab03-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0387-00007-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Ninety-seven students were identified with systolic or diastolic (mean of 2 measurements) blood pressure, or both, in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 95th percentile, identifying a prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension of 7.7% (CI=6.5 - 9.5) in the population studied. No association of the frequency of hypertension was found with sex (P=0.33) and the type of school (public or private) (P=0.19). A significant association was found with economic class A+B (*P=0.02). </p>
      <p>The "risk of overweight" was identified in 116 students, determining a prevalence of 9.3% in the population studied (CI= 7.8 - 11.2). The frequency of that variable was equal in both sexes (P=0.28), but significantly predominated among students from private schools (*P=0.0001) and from the social classes A+B (*P &lt; 0.0001). Overweight was identified in 56 students, resulting in a prevalence of 4.5% (CI=3.4 - 5.6). A significant association of overweight was observed with private school students (*P=0.0002). </p>
      <p>The smoking habit was reported by only 30 students, which resulted in a low prevalence of 2.4% of that risk factor (CI=1.6 - 3.2). Several students, however, reported that they had already smoked cigarettes. No association was observed between smoking habit and sex (P=0.35), type of school (P=0.82), and economic class (P=0.09). </p>
      <p>The analysis of the responses to the physical activity questions (PAQ) identified 1,172 students as sedentary (sum of sedentary and very sedentary); therefore, that variable was present in 93.5% (CI=92.2 - 94.8) of the sample. A significant association of sedentary lifestyle and the female sex was observed (*P &lt; 0.0001), but its frequency did not differ between public and private schools (P=0.78), not even in the grouped economic classes (P=0.45). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Worldwide investigations have shown the importance of researching risk factors for coronary heart disease in children and adolescents <sup>27-36</sup>, considering that that is the period in which the patterns of diet and lifestyle are established, with serious implications for the risk of developing the disease in adulthood <sup>37,38</sup>. It has been shown that intervention, even in this phase, on the risk factors detected, mainly through the involvement of children and adolescents in the educational strategies adopted, results in beneficial changes in the risk profile identified <sup>39-42</sup>. The risk factors identified in children and adolescents tend to persist throughout adult life <sup>43-47</sup>, contributing to the establishment of coronary heart disease in increasingly younger age groups. </p>
      <p>The state of Alagoas has a profile of morbidity and mortality in which cardiovascular diseases coexist (as the most frequent cause of death) with one of the greatest rates of infantile mortality in the country (82.8 per 1,000 live births), highlighting the urgent need for economic strategies that can minimize the dramatic social differences and health care strategies that can eradicate malnutrition and infantile mortality. Studies similar to ours could help in the planning of primary prevention actions regarding cardiovascular diseases. </p>
      <p>The prevalence of primary systemic arterial hypertension in children and adolescents has ranged from 0.5 to 15% in several studies depending on the methodology used for blood pressure measurement, the parameter used for defining diastolic blood pressure, the age group investigated, and the number of blood pressure measurements taken <sup>27-36,48,49</sup>. The III Brazilian Consensus on Arterial Hypertension (III Consenso Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - III CBHA)<sup>17</sup> established that, in Brazil, the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension in children and adolescents ranges from 6 to 8%. Analyzing the prevalence of that variable in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years in the city of Belo Horizonte, Oliveira et al <sup>48</sup> reported a 3.9% prevalence of students with blood pressure in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 95th percentile. The present study, using a protocol similar to that of Oliveira et al <sup>48</sup>, found a 7.7% prevalence of hypertension; this difference can be partially explained by the fact that the age group studied by those authors included younger children, which may have contributed to reducing the prevalence of hypertension. </p>
      <p>Contrary to that which occurs in adults, no consensus exists about the anthropometric criteria most appropriate for classifying overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence <sup>50</sup>. Growth charts, reference curves of BMI for age, percentage BMI, lean body mass index, and skinfold measures have been used for that purpose<sup>50,51</sup>, which hinders the comparison of results. In our study, we chose to use the population-specific BMI reference curve for age from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES I) <sup>20,21</sup>, also used by the World Health Organization <sup>22</sup>. The results showed a 9.3% frequency of children and adolescents with BMI in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 85th and &lt; 95th percentiles, and a 4.5% frequency of BMI in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 95th percentile, establishing that 13.8% of the 7- to 17-year-old students in the city of Macei&#243; have some degree of overweight. Using the same criteria, Albano and Souza <sup>52</sup> identified that, in 11- to 17-year-old students in public schools in S&#227;o Paulo, 19.1% of the individuals were at "risk for overweight" and 10.5% were overweight, which resulted in 29.6% of individuals with excessive weight. Using the same criteria, Balaban and Silva<sup>53</sup> identified, in 762 children and adolescents from a private school in the city of Recife (with an economic profile similar to that of the city of Macei&#243;), a 34.3% prevalence of overweight, much higher than that observed in our study, even when considering only the set of private schools (65/267 students with BMI in the <underline>&gt;</underline> 85th percentile, corresponding to 24.3%). These data show that currently in the city of Macei&#243;, the prevalence of excessive weight in children and adolescents may be considered lower than that observed in some specific groups, in addition to providing information on the importance of current preventive actions and a parameter for future population analyses. </p>
      <p>The practice of smoking among students in the elementary and middle educational levels in Brazil has ranged from 1 to 34%<sup>54-57</sup>. In 1989, a study performed in 10 Brazilian capitals reported that 20% of the students in those levels used tobacco <sup>57</sup>; that, therefore, was the expected prevalence in the present study, which, however, identified the presence of that variable in only 2.4% of the interviewees. The possibility that some interviewees might have omitted their involvement with tobacco use should not be ruled out, which may have contributed to a lower prevalence than the real one. However, one may suppose that the antitobacco campaigns promoted in recent years may have actually caused a significant reduction in the number of individuals who start the habit during childhood or adolescence. </p>
      <p>Regular participation in physical activity has been recommended not only for prevention of and rehabilitation from cardiovascular diseases, but also as an important strategy for health promotion<sup>58,59</sup>. Despite this, the studies in Brazil have indicated a frequency of sedentary lifestyle among adults ranging from 55.8 to 80.8%<sup>60-63</sup>. The studies in children and adolescents using different parameters have reported a prevalence of sedentary lifestyle of up to 89.5%<sup>23,64-66</sup>. In a study carried out with 14-to 15-year-old students of both sexes from the public school system in the city of Niter&#243;i, using the PAQ-C <sup>21-23</sup>, Silva and Malina <sup>25</sup> identified an 89.5% prevalence of sedentary individuals. In our study, which comprised 7- to 17-year-old individuals and used the same instrument to investigate physical activity, 93.5% of the students were considered sedentary, a result not very different from that reported by Silva and Malina <sup>25</sup>. Because the study in the city of Macei&#243; included younger individuals, a lower prevalence of that variable was expected, considering that the greater decrease in physical activity occurs during adolescence<sup>67</sup>, and that the participation in physical activity decreases with age for all types of exercise <sup>67</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at establishing the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension, "risk of overweight," overweight, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking in children and adolescents in the city of Macei&#243; by using current parameters for defining the variables in question, so that the study could be reproduced in other cities in the state of Alagoas and in other states. In this way, a profile (state or national, or both) could be developed in regard to the variables considered. The data obtained in our study reinforce the need for obtaining individualized information in different Brazilian cities, due to the great Brazilian heterogeneity in the most diverse aspects (economic, geographic, ethnic, behavioral, and others), which result in undeniable differences in the health profile of the population groups. </p>
      <p>The study results allow adoption of educational and health strategies in the city of Macei&#243;, which encourage youth to discuss questions about health promotion and prevention of future diseases that result from risk factors present since childhood, as well as the adoption of health measures that urgently interfere with the profile identified. The risk profile shown here is motivation for the state to take action to develop physical activity and weight control programs for children and adolescents, considering that those are currently the most prevalent variables. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>knowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank the Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa in the state of Alagoas (FAPEAL) and the Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica-CNPq/Universidade Federal de Alagoas (PIBIC/CNPq/UFAL) for the financial support received.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva</p>
          <p> Av. M&#225;rio de Gusm&#227;o, 12811/404</p>
          <p> Cep 57035-000 - Macei&#243;, AL, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="malayde@cardiol.br">malayde@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 04/06/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 05/26/2004</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
