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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bgk3mRt4vVSCLx7KpLMDnwt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400506</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000500006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O papel do ecocardiograma como m&#233;todo isolado na indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de pacientes portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damiano</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Neusa Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Terezinha J. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nagamatsu</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia Toshie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Penha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Coimbra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Pedro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furlanetto</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salvador</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Bavaresco Crist&#243;v&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>381</fpage>
      <lpage>386</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do ecocardiograma, analisando prospectivamente, o valor do m&#233;todo na indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica sem cateterismo em portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico com os achados intra-operat&#243;rios e/ou do estudo invasivo. M&#201;TODOS: De fevereiro/2000 a janeiro/2001, foram acompanhados 493 pacientes cardiopatas cong&#234;nitos com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, submetidos a ecocardiograma com mapeamento de fluxo em cores para decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Os resultados foram comparados aos achados cir&#250;rgicos e/ou de cateterismo quando realizado para complementa&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. RESULTADOS: Dos pacientes estudados, 94,3% (465 casos) foram submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia cong&#234;nita apenas com o ecocardiograma e sem cateterismo diagn&#243;stico. O estudo invasivo foi realizado para complementa&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em 28 (5,6%) casos, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico realizado em mais de 95% dos casos e o cateterismo terap&#234;utico em 3,6%. Os achados do ecocardiograma se confirmaram em 464 (94,1%) dos casos, demonstrando uma alta acur&#225;cia do m&#233;todo. Ocorreram 8 (1,6%) casos de falso positivos e 39 (7,9%) casos de falso negativos. Segundo os cirurgi&#245;es, nenhum dos erros diagn&#243;sticos levaram a complica&#231;&#245;es ou afetaram os resultados cir&#250;rgicos adversamente. CONCLUS&#195;O: O ecocardiograma se mostrou m&#233;todo sens&#237;vel e seguro para indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, dispensando, muitas vezes, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudo invasivo, ficando este, restrito aos casos de complementa&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica ou terap&#234;utica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O papel do ecocardiograma como m&#233;todo isolado na indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de pacientes portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Lilian Maria Lopes; Ana Paula Damiano; Gl&#225;ucia Neusa Oliveira Moreira; Terezinha J. F. Azevedo; C&#233;lia Toshie Nagamatsu; Gl&#225;ucia Maria Penha Tavares; Victor Coimbra Guerra; Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva; Gl&#225;ucio Furlanetto; Andr&#233; Bavaresco Crist&#243;v&#227;o Salvador</bold>
    </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do ecocardiograma, analisando prospectivamente, o valor do m&#233;todo na indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica sem cateterismo em portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico com os achados intra-operat&#243;rios e/ou do estudo invasivo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>De fevereiro/2000 a janeiro/2001, foram acompanhados 493 pacientes cardiopatas cong&#234;nitos com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, submetidos a ecocardiograma com mapeamento de fluxo em cores para decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Os resultados foram comparados aos achados cir&#250;rgicos e/ou de cateterismo quando realizado para complementa&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Dos pacientes estudados, 94,3% (465 casos) foram submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia cong&#234;nita apenas com o ecocardiograma e sem cateterismo diagn&#243;stico. O estudo invasivo foi realizado para complementa&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em 28 (5,6%) casos, o tratamento cir&#250;rgico realizado em mais de 95% dos casos e o cateterismo terap&#234;utico em 3,6%. Os achados do ecocardiograma se confirmaram em 464 (94,1%) dos casos, demonstrando uma alta acur&#225;cia do m&#233;todo. Ocorreram 8 (1,6%) casos de falso positivos e 39 (7,9%) casos de falso negativos. Segundo os cirurgi&#245;es, nenhum dos erros diagn&#243;sticos levaram a complica&#231;&#245;es ou afetaram os resultados cir&#250;rgicos adversamente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O ecocardiograma se mostrou m&#233;todo sens&#237;vel e seguro para indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, dispensando, muitas vezes, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudo invasivo, ficando este, restrito aos casos de complementa&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica ou terap&#234;utica. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>ecocardiografia, diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</p>
    <p> O diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio dos portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, tanto do ponto de vista funcional quanto anat&#244;mico, deve ser realizado de forma a fornecer dados suficientes, que permitam ao cirurgi&#227;o planejar a abordagem cir&#250;rgica, evitando surpresas desagrad&#225;veis durante o procedimento. H&#225; alguns anos, a avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada s&#243; era poss&#237;vel utilizando-se o cateterismo card&#237;aco, m&#233;todo invasivo e de maior risco para o paciente, principalmente para os da faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica, com diversos relatos na literatura, de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a esse procedimento<sup>1-5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os avan&#231;os no campo da imagem permitiram o desenvolvimento de aparelhos, cada vez mais sofisticados, melhorando a qualidade das imagens obtidas e permitindo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada do cora&#231;&#227;o e grandes vasos. Em muitos servi&#231;os, o ecocardiograma tornou-se m&#233;todo de primeira linha no estudo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, ficando o cateterismo reservado para complementa&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. Entretanto, ainda &#233; controversa na literatura a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica sem estudo invasivo para todos os casos de defeito card&#237;aco complexo<sup>6-15</sup>, conduta aceita por algumas institui&#231;&#245;es apenas para os casos de defeitos simples, como les&#245;es isoladas com <italic>shunt</italic> intracard&#237;aco e cardiopatias apresentando fisiologia de ventr&#237;culo &#250;nico, que necessitam de cirurgia paliativa. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a acur&#225;cia do ecocardiograma na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria dos portadores de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico com os achados intra-operat&#243;rios e/ou do estudo invasivo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De fevereiro/2000 a janeiro/2001, dentre 2.004 pacientes estudados pela ecocardiografia com mapeamento de fluxo em cores em nosso servi&#231;o, 493 apresentaram indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico corretivo ou paliativo e foram, prospectivamente, acompanhados durante a fase de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Os resultados da ecocardiografia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria foram comparados com a descri&#231;&#227;o da anatomia intra-operat&#243;ria, realizada pelo cirurgi&#227;o respons&#225;vel. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via. </p>
    <p>Fazendo parte da proped&#234;utica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria foi realizado o ecocardiograma no modo bidimensional com an&#225;lise de fluxos intracard&#237;acos atrav&#233;s do Doppler puls&#225;til e cont&#237;nuo e mapeamento de fluxo em cores. Os aparelhos utilizados na realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram: <italic>HDI 5000</italic> (<italic>Advanced Technology Laboratories, Bothell, WA, USA</italic>) e <italic>Toshiba Powervision 6000</italic> e <italic>140</italic> (<italic>Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan</italic>) com transdutores de 2,5, 5,0 e 7,5 MHz. Nos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, a seda&#231;&#227;o, quando necess&#225;ria, foi realizada por via oral ou retal com hidrato de cloral a 8% em doses preconizadas para a faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica. </p>
    <p>O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico foi realizado por cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos e constituiu-se em avalia&#231;&#227;o do <italic>situs</italic> tor&#225;cico e abdominal, seguido pela determina&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de dois &#225;trios e dois ventr&#237;culos, veia cava superior, veia cava inferior, veias pulmonares e respectivos locais de drenagem, avalia&#231;&#227;o das integridades dos septos atrial e ventricular, morfologia e localiza&#231;&#227;o das valvas atrioventriculares, vias de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito e esquerdo, conex&#227;o ventr&#237;culo arterial, morfologia da art&#233;ria e ramos pulmonares e morfologia do arco a&#243;rtico. O modo de Doppler e o mapeamento de fluxo em cores foram utilizados para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos intracavit&#225;rios e transvalvares, bem como da art&#233;ria pulmonar e ramos e da aorta, al&#233;m da pesquisa de defeitos septais. N&#227;o foi objetivo de nosso estudo, comparar a ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica como m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico, embora tenha sido utilizada como m&#233;todo complementar em pacientes adultos portadores de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial e com janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica transtor&#225;cica inadequada. </p>
    <p>O cateterismo foi realizado quando n&#227;o esclarecidos pela ecocardiografia, todos os detalhes anat&#244;micos da cardiopatia e complementa&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica ou quando houvesse discord&#226;ncia entre os achados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Os pacientes adultos e com idade &lt; 40 anos foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia sem cateterismo, caso a ecocardiografia n&#227;o tivesse deixado d&#250;vidas. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram analisados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, e classificados em portadores de les&#227;o isolada (apenas um defeito) ou portadores de les&#227;o principal (associada a dois ou mais defeitos). Nos casos de les&#245;es associadas, a les&#227;o principal foi estabelecida, conforme a maior gravidade ou repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. </p>
    <p>A acur&#225;cia do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi determinada, comparando-se os dados obtidos pelo ecocardiograma no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e, achados da cirurgia e do cateterismo, quando este foi realizado. As diverg&#234;ncias encontradas foram divididas em falso positivo (quando o ecocardiograma demonstrou um achado n&#227;o confirmado pela cirurgia e/ou cateterismo) e falso negativo (quando o ecocardiograma deixou de demonstrar algum aspecto observado no cateterismo e/ou cirurgia). Os erros foram subdivididos em erros maiores quando levaram &#224; modifica&#231;&#227;o significativa do procedimento cir&#250;rgico ou afetaram o risco cir&#250;rgico e/ou evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria e erros menores, quando isto n&#227;o foi observado. </p>
    <p>Para a descri&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram utilizados a mediana e o desvio padr&#227;o e para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas, as freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, sendo os valores expressos como propor&#231;&#245;es. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foi utilizado nas amostras cont&#237;nuas o teste t de Student de amostras independentes. Nas amostras expressas em propor&#231;&#245;es, os teste qui quadrado com corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates e exato de Fisher. Foram considerados de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica os resultados onde o n&#237;vel descritivo (p) foi menor do que 0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 493 pacientes, prospectivamente, acompanhados durante a fase de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, 447 (90,6%) foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca sem cateterismo e 46 necessitaram de estudo invasivo. A idade dos pacientes variou de um dia a 64 anos (m&#233;dia de 5 anos e 110 dias e mediana de 365 dias). Foram do sexo feminino 48% e 52% do masculino. </p>
    <p>Ocorreram 8 casos em que o ecocardiograma demonstrou achado n&#227;o confirmado pela cirurgia e/ou cateterismo (falso positivos, 1,6%): comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (3); sendo um dos casos associado a aumento importante de c&#226;maras direitas e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide por displasia valvar e dois associados &#224; drenagem an&#244;mala de veias pulmonares na forma parcial; colaterais sist&#234;mico-pulmonares em tetralogia de Fallot (2); estenose valvar pulmonar discreta (1); <italic>truncus arteriosus comunis</italic> tipo I (1) e atresia pulmonar com comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (1). </p>
    <p>Em 39 casos, o ecocardiograma deixou de demonstrar algum aspecto observado no cateterismo e/ou cirurgia (falso negativo, 7,9%), sendo o mais comum a persist&#234;ncia de canal arterial (18) em doen&#231;as com hipertens&#227;o ou hiperfluxo pulmonar como comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta e defeito do septo atrioventricular. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram feitos diagn&#243;sticos: anomalia de coron&#225;rias (4); persist&#234;ncia de veia cava superior esquerda (4); drenagem an&#244;mala de veias pulmonares (3); coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta (2); atresia pulmonar (2); estenose valvar pulmonar (1); estenose supravalvar a&#243;rtica (1); estenose subvalvar a&#243;rtica (1); banda an&#244;mala de ventr&#237;culo direito (1), dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito (1) e presen&#231;a de colaterais sist&#234;mico-pulmonares (1). Quando comparamos falso positivos em doen&#231;as simples ou complexas o resultado n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo, por&#233;m nos casos de falso negativo a compara&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se significativa (p&lt;0,004). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> demonstra os resultados totalmente corretos, falso positivos e falso negativos relacionados a cada cardiopatia, bem como o n&#250;mero de casos em que o cateterismo foi realizado em cada doen&#231;a. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref> encontram-se discriminados os achados que foram considerados falso negativo ou falso positivo (discrep&#226;ncias) para cada tipo de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita diagnosticada ao ecocardiograma, seja em forma isolada ou em forma associada. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0381-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0381-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A acur&#225;cia do diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi determinada atrav&#233;s da compara&#231;&#227;o com resultados do cateterismo, achados cir&#250;rgicos e/ou de necr&#243;psia. O diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico esteve completamente correto em 464 (94,1%) casos. O grupo das les&#245;es principalmente associadas tiveram maior taxa de acerto do ecocardiograma em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s les&#245;es consideradas isoladas, demonstrada estatisticamente significante, (p&lt;0,001). Em nosso servi&#231;o, a taxa de acerto do m&#233;todo foi de 94,1%. Segundo os cirurgi&#245;es, nenhum dos erros diagn&#243;sticos levaram a complica&#231;&#245;es ou afetaram adversamente os resultados cir&#250;rgicos. </p>
    <p>O cateterismo diagn&#243;stico foi realizado em 28 (5,6%) pacientes, com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia para complementa&#231;&#227;o da investiga&#231;&#227;o nas doen&#231;as mais complexas. Entretanto n&#227;o se observou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando comparado ao n&#250;mero de vezes em que foi realizado nas doen&#231;as de menor complexidade, onde o cateterismo foi mais indicado nas comunica&#231;&#245;es interatriais, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o pulmonar em 5 casos; para avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o pulmonar e presen&#231;a de coronariopatias em adultos &gt; 40 anos em 2 casos e por idade &gt; 40 anos em 2 casos. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar nesses pacientes variou entre 60mmHg a 100mmHg. </p>
    <p>Em 18 (3,6%) pacientes foi realizado procedimento hemodin&#226;mico invasivo com finalidade terap&#234;utica: coloca&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese de Amplatzer em comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (2), coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>coil</italic> em canal arterial persistente (1) e valvoplastia pulmonar (7). Em oito casos o cateterismo foi realizado para procedimento de atriosseptostomia por cateter bal&#227;o [transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (4), atresia tric&#250;spide (2), atresia pulmonar com septo interventricular &#237;ntegro (1) e tetralogia Fallot com atresia pulmonar (1)]. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo observamos a alta confiabilidade do ecocardiograma, como m&#233;todo para avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria dos portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, a serem submetidos a primeiro procedimento cir&#250;rgico. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria desses pacientes j&#225; foi investigada em alguns centros de cirurgia card&#237;aca e ecocardiografia e, assim como em nosso estudo, houve concord&#226;ncia significativa entre o diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico e os achados transoperat&#243;rios e/ou do cateterismo quando realizado<sup>16-18</sup>. Entretanto, na maioria dos estudos citados na literatura, n&#227;o foram considerados, separadamente, os casos submetidos a primeiro procedimento cir&#250;rgico, incluindo-se tamb&#233;m os pacientes que seriam submetidos &#224; cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o tipo univentricular, onde o cateterismo, muitas vezes, se faz necess&#225;rio para avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria da press&#227;o pulmonar. </p>
    <p>O uso do cateterismo tem se restringido, cada vez mais, aos casos de procedimento terap&#234;utico, e diversos estudos na literatura comprovam resultados satisfat&#243;rios, com menor risco para os pacientes, como nos casos de fechamento de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, canal arterial patente, dilata&#231;&#227;o da valva pulmonar e de coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta bem como recoarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta<sup>19-21</sup>. Jarrar e cols. encontraram uma taxa de reestenose pulmonar ap&#243;s um seguimento de 10 anos, de apenas 4,8% nos pacientes submetidos a valvoplastia por cateter bal&#227;o<sup>22</sup>. O cateterismo diagn&#243;stico, por sua vez, &#233; mais freq&#252;entemente realizado nos casos de cardiopatias complexas, onde se observa a associa&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias les&#245;es <sup>9,15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Concomitantemente com o reduzido n&#250;mero de cateterismos diagn&#243;sticos, notamos uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de falhas no diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico. As causas mais freq&#252;entes de erro diagn&#243;stico ou diagn&#243;stico incompleto ocorreram pela n&#227;o detec&#231;&#227;o adequada das estruturas extracard&#237;acas, principalmente a presen&#231;a de canal arterial patente nos portadores de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, defeito do septo atrioventricular e coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta, o que pode ser devido &#224; dificuldade de avalia&#231;&#227;o das estruturas extracard&#237;acas pelo ecocardiograma, j&#225; descrito por D'Orsogna e cols<sup>23</sup>, j&#225; que tais estruturas apresentam ecodensidade semelhante entre si. </p>
    <p>Nos casos de canal arterial, o baixo fluxo entre a aorta e o tronco pulmonar ocorre pela equaliza&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es entre essas c&#226;maras devido &#224; hipertens&#227;o ou hiperfluxo pulmonar, que pode dificultar sua visibiliza&#231;&#227;o. Sendo o corte supraesternal uma rotina obrigat&#243;ria do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico em cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, &#233; conhecida a dificuldade de avalia&#231;&#227;o das estruturas extracard&#237;acas por esta janela, principalmente em crian&#231;as pequenas. Esta limita&#231;&#227;o, sem d&#250;vida contribuiu para o diagn&#243;stico incompleto nos portadores de veia cava superior esquerda persistente, principalmente quando n&#227;o se observou dilata&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano, que poderia sugerir anomalia de drenagem venosa sist&#234;mica. </p>
    <p>Observamos alguns resultados falso positivos e falso negativos na avalia&#231;&#227;o das estenoses valvares em cardiopatias com hiperfluxo pulmonar, como a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial e a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular. Estes achados foram considerados secund&#225;rios a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o super ou subestimada da estenose relativa da valva, por fluxo pulmonar elevado. Sugerimos, nestes casos, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada da morfologia valvar para o correto diagn&#243;stico diferencial, assim como a an&#225;lise do fluxo pulmonar sub e p&#243;s valvar, que se apresentar&#227;o com velocidades diferentes. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da valva pulmonar tamb&#233;m pode ser dificultada nos casos de tetralogia de Fallot com obstru&#231;&#227;o importante da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, quando a valva pulmonar costuma ser muito hipopl&#225;sica<sup>24</sup> e, neste caso, a pesquisa com a amostra do Doppler puls&#225;til locada, logo ap&#243;s a valva pulmonar, ajudaria a diferenciar a atresia pulmonar funcional da atresia pulmonar anat&#244;mica. Ainda com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; tetralogia de Fallot, a presen&#231;a de estenose suba&#243;rtica, como les&#227;o associada, j&#225; foi comentada por Snider e cols.<sup>25</sup>, podendo estar presente na forma de uma fina membrana ou anel fibromuscular. Entretanto devido &#224; presen&#231;a da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular, o gradiente transvalvar pode n&#227;o ser percebido ao Doppler, mesmo quando muito significativo e a avalia&#231;&#227;o ao modo bidimensional se torna de extrema import&#226;ncia. </p>
    <p>Finalizando a discuss&#227;o sobre os falso negativos e positivos encontrados na tetralogia de Fallot, &#233; fato, ainda controverso na literatura, a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre tetralogia de Fallot e dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>26</sup>. Alguns autores consideram essencial a presen&#231;a de duplo infund&#237;bulo completo bilateral para diagn&#243;stico de dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito. Seguimos o pensamento de Tynan e cols.<sup>27</sup>, os quais consideram que este crit&#233;rio torna dif&#237;cil o diagn&#243;stico de dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito com tetralogia de Fallot, optando por definir, como dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, os casos em que a aorta apresenta mais de 50% da sua circunfer&#234;ncia relacionada ao ventr&#237;culo direito, independente da natureza das estruturas que as suportam<sup>28</sup>. Dessa forma alguns exemplos de dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito passam a ter tamb&#233;m tetralogia de Fallot. Consideramos que, para a programa&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica sem estudo invasivo, &#233; interessante esta diferencia&#231;&#227;o, pois a extens&#227;o do <italic>patch</italic> colocado para o fechamento da comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular &#233; mais ampla nos casos de dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito "tipo Fallot", com maior risco de obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Sabendo-se que o eixo longo para-esternal &#233; o mais recomendado para avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de cavalgamento da aorta, o caso de dupla via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito "tipo Fallot" interpretado como tetralogia de Fallot cl&#225;ssica ocorreu em um paciente com deformidade tor&#225;cica importante que n&#227;o permitiu a realiza&#231;&#227;o adequada deste corte e o alinhamento correto da aorta em rela&#231;&#227;o ao septo, subestimando-se seu cavalgamento. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias mostrou-se adequada pela ecocardiografia, uma vez que em 27 casos de transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias nenhum caso de anomalia coronariana foi perdido e, em 72 casos de tetralogia de Fallot houve apenas 4 (5,5%) falso negativos. Recomendamos a avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias durante o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, utilizando inclusive a avalia&#231;&#227;o com Doppler colorido, j&#225; que esta anomalia pode estar presente em at&#233; 31% dos pacientes com tetralogia de Fallot, onde a forma mais comum &#233; representada por uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita dilatada (sinal indireto) da qual se origina a art&#233;ria descendente anterior, cruzando anteriormente a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>29</sup>. Nos quatro casos de falso negativo, de nossa s&#233;rie, o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita apresentava-se normal, n&#227;o sendo observado este sinal indireto valioso que levantaria tal hip&#243;tese. </p>
    <p>Nos casos <italic>truncus arteriosus</italic> ocorreram um diagn&#243;stico de falso positivo e um de falso negativo. No caso de falso positivo, a art&#233;ria pulmonar por ser muito hipopl&#225;sica n&#227;o foi definida, e as art&#233;rias pulmonares pareciam originar-se diretamente da aorta, considerada como um tronco arterial comum. Durante o ato cir&#250;rgico, observou-se uma atresia pulmonar com hipoplasia importante da art&#233;ria pulmonar proximal e comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular. No caso de falso negativo, houve erro de classifica&#231;&#227;o de um <italic>truncus</italic> tipo III, interpretado como tipo I. Os achados intra-operat&#243;rios mostraram duas art&#233;rias pulmonares individualizadas, com art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda longa e art&#233;ria pulmonar direita bem menor que a esquerda. O erro pode ser explicado pelo fato de n&#227;o se ter visibilizado a art&#233;ria pulmonar direita e o longo ramo esquerdo foi interpretado como tronco pulmonar. Esta dificuldade ocorre no <italic>truncus </italic>tipo III em raz&#227;o das art&#233;rias pulmonares geralmente n&#227;o serem visibilizadas conjuntamente no mesmo plano para-esternal, sendo a origem de uma art&#233;ria pulmonar vista no eixo curto para-esternal e a origem da outra art&#233;ria pulmonar observada no plano supraesternal com maior dificuldade<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>Fato que pode ocorrer com certa freq&#252;&#234;ncia &#233; a impress&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial em pacientes adultos, pela dificuldade de janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica, uma vez que o septo interatrial se posiciona muito distante do transdutor, n&#227;o definindo o tecido do forame oval que &#233; bem mais fino que o restante do septo. Dois dos falso positivos de nossa s&#233;rie ocorreram associados &#224; drenagem an&#244;mala parcial de veias pulmonares, podendo ser explicados pelo fato da maioria das drenagens parciais serem associadas &#224; comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, o que deve ter sugestionado o ecocardiografista na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de uma imagem duvidosa. O terceiro diagn&#243;stico de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial n&#227;o confirmado, ocorreu em paciente adulta jovem, com imagem sugestiva de descontinuidade septal associada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide importante e dilata&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras direitas. O achado cir&#250;rgico demonstrou uma displasia valvar tric&#250;spide isolada, corrigida por plastia e redu&#231;&#227;o de anel valvar. </p>
    <p>Em um portador de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular n&#227;o se percebeu uma banda an&#244;mala de ventr&#237;culo direito, e foi interpretada como hipertrofia reacional din&#226;mica, tamb&#233;m conhecida como "les&#227;o de jato". </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que a cirurgia pode ser realizada sem estudo invasivo pr&#233;vio, mesmo nos casos de maior complexidade, uma vez que o ecocardiograma tem se apresentado como m&#233;todo de alta sensibilidade e especificidade. A evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica tem permitido uma constante melhora na qualidade da imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica e crescente confiabilidade como ferramenta diagn&#243;stica no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, evitando a realiza&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo card&#237;aco, o qual aumenta os riscos e custos para o paciente e para o sistema de sa&#250;de. Com base nestes achados, conclu&#237;mos que a ecocardiografia pode ser usada como m&#233;todo seguro e sens&#237;vel na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria dos portadores de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, ficando o cateterismo restrito a casos com indica&#231;&#245;es precisas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Lilian M. Lopes </p>
        <p> Al. Santos, 211 - Cj. 1307 </p>
        <p> 01419-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lilianlopes@ecokid.com.br">lilianlopes@ecokid.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 02/07/2003 - Aceito em 03/09/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The role of echocardiography as an isolated method for indicating surgery in patients with congenital heart disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of echocardiography for indicating surgery without catheterization in patients with congenital heart disease through a prospective analysis and comparison of the echocardiographic diagnosis with the intraoperative findings, or invasive study, or both. METHODS: From February 2000 to January 2001, 493 patients with congenital heart diseases indicated for surgery were followed up. They underwent echocardiography with color-flow mapping for a therapeutic decision. The results were compared with the findings of surgery or catheterization, or both, when the latter were performed for diagnostic reasons. RESULTS: Of the patients studied, 94.3% (465 cases) underwent congenital heart disease correction based only on echocardiographic findings, without a diagnostic catheterization. The invasive study was performed for diagnostic reasons in 28 (5.6%) patients, the surgical treatment was performed in more than 95% of the patients, and therapeutic catheterization was performed in 3.6%. The echocardiographic findings were confirmed in 464 (94.1%) patients, which showed the high accuracy of the method. False-positive findings occurred in 8 (1.6%) patients, and false-negative findings in 39 (7.9%). According to surgeons, no diagnostic error led to complications or adversely affected the surgical results. CONCLUSION: Echocardiography proved to be a sensitive and safe method for indicating surgery, making catheterization, often, unnecessary. The invasive study was restricted to diagnostic or therapeutic uses.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>noninvasive diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>congenital heart disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE </bold>
      </p>
      <p> The role of echocardiography as an isolated method for indicating surgery in patients with congenital heart disease</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lilian Maria Lopes; Ana Paula Damiano; Gl&#225;ucia Neusa Oliveira Moreira; Terezinha J. F. Azevedo; C&#233;lia Toshie Nagamatsu; Gl&#225;ucia Maria Penha Tavares; Victor Coimbra Guerra; Jos&#233; Pedro da Silva; Gl&#225;ucio Furlanetto; Andr&#233; Bavaresco Crist&#243;v&#227;o Salvador</bold>
      </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the diagnostic accuracy of echocardiography for indicating surgery without catheterization in patients with congenital heart disease through a prospective analysis and comparison of the echocardiographic diagnosis with the intraoperative findings, or invasive study, or both. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> From February 2000 to January 2001, 493 patients with congenital heart diseases indicated for surgery were followed up. They underwent echocardiography with color-flow mapping for a therapeutic decision. The results were compared with the findings of surgery or catheterization, or both, when the latter were performed for diagnostic reasons. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Of the patients studied, 94.3% (465 cases) underwent congenital heart disease correction based only on echocardiographic findings, without a diagnostic catheterization. The invasive study was performed for diagnostic reasons in 28 (5.6%) patients, the surgical treatment was performed in more than 95% of the patients, and therapeutic catheterization was performed in 3.6%. The echocardiographic findings were confirmed in 464 (94.1%) patients, which showed the high accuracy of the method. False-positive findings occurred in 8 (1.6%) patients, and false-negative findings in 39 (7.9%). According to surgeons, no diagnostic error led to complications or adversely affected the surgical results.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Echocardiography proved to be a sensitive and safe method for indicating surgery, making catheterization, often, unnecessary. The invasive study was restricted to diagnostic or therapeutic uses. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>echocardiography, noninvasive diagnosis, congenital heart disease</p>
      <p>The preoperative diagnosis of congenital heart disease from both the functional and anatomical points of view should be performed to provide enough data to allow the surgeon to plan the surgical approach, avoiding unpleasant surprises during the procedure. Some years ago, adequate assessment was only possible by use of cardiac catheterization, an invasive method with greater risk for patients, mainly children; in addition, several complications related to that procedure have been reported <sup>1-5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Advances in the field of imaging have allowed the development of increasingly more sophisticated devices that have improved the quality of the images obtained, allowing a detailed assessment of the heart and great vessels. In several services, echocardiography has become the first-line approach for preoperative study, catheterization being reserved for diagnostic backup. However in the literature, controversy still exists about the indication for surgery with no invasive study for all patients with complex cardiac defects <sup>6-15</sup>, an approach adopted by some institutions only for the simple defects, such as isolated lesions with intracardiac shunt and heart diseases with single ventricle physiology that require palliative surgery. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at analyzing the accuracy of echocardiography in the preoperative assessment of patients with congenital heart diseases, by comparing the echocardiographic diagnosis with intraoperative or catheterization findings, or both. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From February 2000 to January 2001, of 2,004 patients studied through echocardiography with color-flow mapping in our service, 493 were indicated for corrective or palliative surgical treatment and were prospectively followed up during the in-hospital phase. The results of preoperative echocardiography were compared with the intraoperative anatomic description developed by the attending surgeon. Patients with previous cardiac surgery were excluded from the study. </p>
      <p>The preoperative investigation comprised 2-dimensional echocardiography with analysis of intracardiac flows by using pulsed and continuous Doppler and color-flow mapping. The following devices were used for performing the echocardiographic examinations: HDI 5000 (Advanced Technology Laboratories, Bothell, WA, USA) and Toshiba Powervision 6000 and 140 (Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan) with 2.5-, 5.0-, and 7.5-MHz transducers. In pediatric patients, sedation, when necessary, was performed through the oral or rectal route with 8% chloral hydrate at the dosages recommended for the pediatric age group. </p>
      <p>The transthoracic echocardiographic study was performed by pediatric cardiologists and comprised the following: evaluation of the thoracic and abdominal situs; determination of the presence of 2 atria and 2 ventricles, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins, and their respective drainage sites; assessment of the integrity of the atrial and ventricular septa, of the morphology and location of the atrioventricular valves, right and left ventricular outflow tract, arterial ventricular connection, morphology of the pulmonary artery and branches, and morphology of the aortic arch. Doppler and color-flow mapping were used to assess the flows in the pulmonary artery, its branches, and the aorta, as well as the intracavitary and transvalvular flows, in addition to researching septal defects. Our study did not aim at a comparison with transesophageal echocardiography as a diagnostic method, although that examination was used as a complementary technique in adult patients with atrial septal defects and an inadequate transthoracic echocardiographic window. </p>
      <p>Catheterization was performed when echocardiography did not clarify all anatomic details of the heart disease and of diagnostic complementation or when discordance existed between the clinical and echocardiographic findings. The adult patients aged &lt; 40 years underwent surgery without catheterization when no doubts existed on echocardiography. </p>
      <p>The patients were analyzed in regard to the distribution of their congenital heart diseases and classified as having an isolated lesion (only one defect) or as having a major lesion (associated with 2 or more defects). In the cases of associated lesions, the major lesion was established according to the greatest severity or hemodynamic repercussion. </p>
      <p>Accuracy of the transthoracic echocardiography was determined by comparing the data obtained on the preoperative echocardiography and the findings of the surgery and catheterization, when the latter was performed. The divergences found were divided into false-positive (when the echocardiogram showed a finding not confirmed on surgery or catheterization, or both) and false-negative (when the echocardiogram did not show a feature observed on catheterization or surgery, or both). The errors were subdivided into major errors, when they led to a significant modification in the surgical procedure or affected the surgical risk or postoperative evolution, and minor errors, when the preceding aspects were not observed. </p>
      <p>For the description of quantitative variables, the median and standard deviation were used; for qualitative variables, the absolute and relative frequencies were used, and the values were expressed as proportions. For comparing the groups, the Student <italic>t</italic> test was used in the independent continuous samples. For the samples expressed as proportions, the chi-square test with Yates correction and the Fisher exact test were chosen. The results whose descriptive level (P) was lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 493 patients prospectively followed up during the in-hospital phase, 447 (90.6%) underwent cardiac surgery without catheterization, and 46 required invasive study. The patient's ages ranged from one day to 64 years (mean, 5 years and 110 days; median, 365 days). The female sex accounted for 48% of the sample and the male sex for 52%. </p>
      <p>The echocardiographic finding was confirmed neither on surgery, nor on catheterization in 8 patients (false-positive, 1.6%) as follows: 1) 3 patients had atrial septal defect: one patient had an associated significant enlargement in the right chambers and an increase in tricuspid regurgitation due to valvular dysplasia, and 2 patients had associated partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage; 2) 2 patients had systemic-pulmonary collaterals in tetralogy of Fallot; 3) one patient had mild pulmonary valvular stenosis; 4) one patient had type I truncus arteriosus comunis; and 5) one patient had pulmonary atresia with a ventricular septal defect. </p>
      <p>In 39 patients, the echocardiogram did not show some aspect observed on catheterization or surgery, or both, (false-negative, 7.9%), persistence of the ductus arteriosus (18) being the most common in diseases with pulmonary hypertension or increased blood flow, such as ventricular septal defect, coarctation of the aorta, and atrioventricular septal defect. The following were not also diagnosed: coronary artery anomaly (4); persistence of the left superior vena cava (4); anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (3); coarctation of the aorta (2); pulmonary atresia (2); pulmonary valvular stenosis (1); aortic supravalvular stenosis (1); aortic subvalvular stenosis (1); anomalous right ventricular band (1); double-outlet right ventricle (1); and presence of systemic-pulmonary collaterals (1). The comparison of the false-positive results in simple and complex diseases was not statistically significant, but that of the false-negative results was statistically significant (P &lt; 0.004). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> shows the totally correct results, the false-positive and false-negative results related to each heart disease, as well as the number of patients in whom catheterization was performed in each disease. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table II</xref> shows the false-negative and false-positive results (discrepancies) identified for each type of congenital heart disease diagnosed on echocardiography, both in the isolated and associated form. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0381-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0381-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The accuracy of the echocardiographic diagnosis was determined by comparison with the results of catheterization, surgical or autopsy findings, or both. The echocardiographic diagnosis was completely correct in 464 (94.1%) patients. The accuracy rate for the major associated lesions on the echocardiogram was greater than that for the lesions considered in isolation, and this difference was statistically significant (P &lt; 0.001). In our hospital, the accuracy rate of the method was 94.1%. According to the surgeons, the diagnostic errors neither led to complications nor had an adverse effect on the surgical results. </p>
      <p>Diagnostic catheterization was performed in 28 (5.6%) patients and complemented the investigation more frequently in more complex diseases; however, no statistical significance was observed when that frequency was compared with the number of times catheterization was performed in less complex diseases, such as atrial septal defects, for assessing pulmonary pressure (5 cases); for assessing pulmonary pressure and the presence of coronary heart diseases in adults &gt; 40 years (2 cases); and due to age &gt; 40 years (2 cases). Systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery in these patients ranged from 60 mmHg to 100 mmHg. </p>
      <p>Eighteen (3.6%) patients underwent invasive hemodynamic procedures with therapeutic finality as follows: Amplatzer prosthesis placement in atrial septal defect (2); coil placement in persistent ductus arteriosus (1); and pulmonary valvuloplasty (7). In 8 patients, balloon catheterization was performed for the atrial septostomy procedure [transposition of the great arteries (4), tricuspid atresia (2), pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (1), and tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia (1)]. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, the echocardiogram proved to be highly reliable as a method of preoperative assessment of patients with congenital heart disease undergoing their first surgical procedure. The sensitivity and specificity of the echocardiographic diagnosis in the preoperative assessment of those patients has already been investigated in some centers of cardiac surgery and echocardiography, and similarly to the findings in our study, a significant concordance was observed between the echocardiographic diagnosis and the surgical findings or the findings of catheterization, when performed, or both <sup>16-18</sup>. However, most studies cited in the literature do not separately consider the patients undergoing the surgical procedure first, including also the patients undergoing surgery for correction of the univentricular type, in which catheterization is frequently required for preoperative assessment of pulmonary pressure. </p>
      <p> Catheterization has been progressively restricted to therapeutic use, and several studies in the literature have confirmed satisfactory results with fewer risks for the patients with closure of atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, dilation of the pulmonary valve, coarctation of the aorta, and recoarctation of the aorta <sup>19-21</sup>. Jarrar et al <sup>22 </sup>reported a rate of pulmonary restenosis after a 10-year follow-up of only 4.8% in patients undergoing valvuloplasty with a balloon catheter. Diagnostic catheterization is more frequently performed in patients with complex heart diseases, who have several associated lesions <sup>9,15</sup>. </p>
      <p>Concomitantly with the reduced number of diagnostic catheterization, we observed a low incidence of flaws in the echocardiographic diagnosis. The most frequent causes of diagnostic error or incomplete diagnosis occurred due to the lack of adequate detection of the extracardiac structures, mainly the presence of patent ductus arteriosus in patients with ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect, and coarctation of the aorta. This has already been described by D'Orsogna et al <sup>23 </sup>and may be due to the difficulty in assessing the extracardiac structures on echocardiography, because such structures have similar echodensities. </p>
      <p>In the cases of ductus arteriosus, the low flow between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk occurs due to equalization of the pressures between those chambers due to pulmonary hypertension or increased flow, which may hinder its visualization. Because the suprasternal section is mandatory in routine echocardiographic examination of congenital heart diseases, the assessment of extracardiac structures through that window is known to be difficult, mainly in small children. That limitation, undoubtedly contributes to the incomplete diagnosis in patients with persistent left superior vena cava, mainly when no dilation of the coronary sinus is observed, which may suggest anomalous systemic venous drainage. </p>
      <p>We found some false-positive and false-negative results in the assessment of valvular stenoses in heart diseases with increased pulmonary flow, such as atrial and ventricular septal defects. Those findings were considered secondary to an over- or underestimated assessment of the relative valvular stenosis due to increased pulmonary flow. In these cases, we suggest a more detailed evaluation of the valvular morphology for the correct differential diagnosis, as well as the analysis of the sub- and postvalvular pulmonary flow, which will appear with different velocities. </p>
      <p>Assessment of the pulmonary valve may also be hindered in the cases of tetralogy of Fallot with a significant obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, in which the pulmonary valve is usually very hypoplastic <sup>24</sup>. In that case, the analysis with the pulsed Doppler located right after the pulmonary valve could help to differentiate the functional pulmonary atresia from the anatomic pulmonary atresia. Still regarding tetralogy of Fallot, the presence of subaortic stenosis, as an associated lesion, has already been reported by Snider et al <sup>25</sup>, and it may be present as a thin membrane or fibromuscular ring. However, due to the presence of a ventricular septal defect, the transvalvular gradient may not be perceived on Doppler, even when very significant, and the 2-dimensional mode assessment acquires extreme importance. </p>
      <p> To conclude the discussion about the false-negative and false-positive results found in tetralogy of Fallot, the literature is still controversial about the differentiation between tetralogy of Fallot and double-outlet right ventricle <sup>26</sup>. Some authors consider the presence of complete bilateral double infundibulum essential for the diagnosis of double-outlet right ventricle. We agree with Tynan et al <sup>27</sup>, who consider that that criterion hinders the diagnosis of double-outlet right ventricle with tetralogy of Fallot. They chose to define as double-outlet right ventricle the cases in which more than 50% of the circumference of the aorta relates to the right ventricle, independently of the nature of the structures that support it <sup>28</sup>. Thus, some examples of double-outlet right ventricle also have tetralogy of Fallot. We believe that that differentiation is interesting for surgical planning without invasive study, because the extension of the patch used to close a ventricular septal defect is greater in the cases of double-outlet right ventricle of the "Fallot type," with a greater risk of postoperative obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract. Knowing that the long parasternal axis is the most recommended for assessing the degree of aortic override, one patient had double-outlet right ventricle of the "Fallot type" interpreted as classic tetralogy of Fallot. The patient had a significant chest deformity that did not allow the adequate performance of that section and the correct alignment in regard to the septum, underestimating its override. </p>
      <p>Assessment of the coronary arteries proved to be adequate on echocardiography, because, in 27 patients with transposition of the great arteries, no coronary anomaly was missed, and, in 72 patients with tetralogy of Fallot, only 4 (5.5%) false-negative results occurred. We recommend the systematic assessment of the coronary arteries during the echocardiographic examination, including the use of color Doppler, because that anomaly may be present in up to 31% of the patients with tetralogy of Fallot, whose most common form is represented by a dilated right coronary artery (indirect signal) from which the anterior descending artery originates, crossing anteriorly the right ventricular outflow tract <sup>29</sup>. In the 4 patients with false-negative results in our case series, the diameter of the right coronary artery was normal, and that valuable indirect signal that would raise that hypothesis was not observed. </p>
      <p>A false-positive and a false-negative diagnosis occurred in the patients with truncus arteriosus. In the false-positive case, the pulmonary artery was not defined because it was very hypoplastic, and the pulmonary arteries seemed to originate directly from the aorta, considered a common arterial trunk. During the surgical act, pulmonary atresia with important hypoplasia of the proximal pulmonary artery and ventricular septal defect were observed. In the false-negative case, an error occurred in the classification of a type III truncus, which was interpreted as type I. The intraoperative findings showed 2 individualized pulmonary arteries with a long left pulmonary artery and a much smaller right pulmonary artery. The error may be explained by the fact that the right pulmonary artery was not visualized, and the long left branch was interpreted as the pulmonary trunk. That difficulty occurs in type III truncus because the pulmonary arteries are not usually visualized together in the same parasternal plane, the origin of one pulmonary artery being seen in the short parasternal axis and the origin of the other pulmonary artery being more difficult to observe in the suprasternal plane <sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>The diagnostic impression of atrial septal defects may often occur in adult patients due to the difficulty of the echocardiographic window, because the atrial septum is located very far away from the transducer, resulting in lack of definition of the tissue of the oval foramen, which is much thinner than the rest of the septum. Two of the false-positive results in our case series occurred in association with partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, which may be explained by the fact that most partial drainages are associated with atrial septal defect, which may have influenced the echocardiographer when interpreting the dubious image. The third unconfirmed diagnosis of atrial septal defect occurred in a young female patient who had an image suggestive of septal discontinuity associated with important tricuspid regurgitation and right chamber dilation. The surgery revealed isolated tricuspid valve dysplasia corrected with valvuloplasty and reduction of the valvular ring. </p>
      <p>In a patient with ventricular septal defect, an anomalous right ventricular band was not identified, being interpreted as dynamic reactive hypertrophy, also known as jet lesion. </p>
      <p> The results of this study showed that the surgery could be performed without previous invasive study, even in more complex cases, because the echocardiography proved to be a highly sensitive and specific method. The technological evolution has allowed a constant improvement in the quality of the echocardiographic image and increasing reliability as a diagnostic preoperative tool, avoiding the performance of cardiac catheterization, which increases the risks and costs for the patient and health system. Based on these findings, we concluded that echocardiography may be used as a safe and sensitive method for the preoperative assessment of patients with congenital heart diseases, catheterization being reserved for cases with specific indications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Lilian M. Lopes</p>
          <p> Al. Santos, 211, Cj. 1307</p>
          <p> Cep 01419-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lilianlopes@ecokid.com.br">lilianlopes@ecokid.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 07/02/2003 </p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 09/03/2004</p>
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