<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nx6fXXppL4GRT7hfKtTkVDQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000500005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400505</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000500005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica: estudo com ventriculografia de contraste radiol&#243;gico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; M&#225;rio M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miziara</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo Luiz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Moys&#233;s O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ayres-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Elias M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>376</fpage>
      <lpage>380</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar a exist&#234;ncia e freq&#252;&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica em &#225;reas mioc&#225;rdicas discin&#233;rgicas de pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica estudados por ventriculografia de contraste radiol&#243;gico. M&#201;TODOS: An&#225;lise retrospectiva semiquantitativa da ventriculografia de contraste radiol&#243;gico em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, consecutivamente estudados para avalia&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos de taquicardia ventricular. RESULTADOS: De 72 pacientes inicialmente inclu&#237;dos, apenas em 20 o ventriculograma foi analis&#225;vel para os prop&#243;sitos do estudo. O fen&#244;meno da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica foi verificado em 11 (55%) desses pacientes, obtendo-se melhora de 15,31% no escore de contra&#231;&#227;o, da situa&#231;&#227;o basal para a de p&#243;s-extra-s&#237;stole (p= 0,0001). Sua ocorr&#234;ncia verificou-se mesmo em segmentos ventriculares com d&#233;ficit intenso de contratilidade. CONCLUS&#195;O: O fen&#244;meno da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica &#233; verific&#225;vel em propor&#231;&#227;o significante de pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica em que, angiograficamente, foi poss&#237;vel analisar o fen&#244;meno, indicando a exist&#234;ncia de reserva contr&#225;til, potencialmente recrut&#225;vel, em regi&#245;es ventriculares, exibindo discinergia acentuada. Estudos adicionais para se entender os mecanismos subjacentes s&#227;o requeridos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>cardiopatia chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>ventriculografia de contraste</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. Estudo com ventriculografia de contraste radiol&#243;gico </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; M&#225;rio M. Brand&#227;o; Andrea Miziara; Geraldo Luiz de Figueiredo; Moys&#233;s O. Lima-Filho; Elias M. Ayres-Neto; Jos&#233; Antonio Marin-Neto</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP</p>
    <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP  </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar a exist&#234;ncia e freq&#252;&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica em &#225;reas mioc&#225;rdicas discin&#233;rgicas de pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica estudados por ventriculografia de contraste radiol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>An&#225;lise retrospectiva semiquantitativa da ventriculografia de contraste radiol&#243;gico em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, consecutivamente estudados para avalia&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos de taquicardia ventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>De 72 pacientes inicialmente inclu&#237;dos, apenas em 20 o ventriculograma foi analis&#225;vel para os prop&#243;sitos do estudo. O fen&#244;meno da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica foi verificado em 11 (55%) desses pacientes, obtendo-se melhora de 15,31% no escore de contra&#231;&#227;o, da situa&#231;&#227;o basal para a de p&#243;s-extra-s&#237;stole (p= 0,0001). Sua ocorr&#234;ncia verificou-se mesmo em segmentos ventriculares com d&#233;ficit intenso de contratilidade. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O fen&#244;meno da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica &#233; verific&#225;vel em propor&#231;&#227;o significante de pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica em que, angiograficamente, foi poss&#237;vel analisar o fen&#244;meno, indicando a exist&#234;ncia de reserva contr&#225;til, potencialmente recrut&#225;vel, em regi&#245;es ventriculares, exibindo discinergia acentuada. Estudos adicionais para se entender os mecanismos subjacentes s&#227;o requeridos. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>cardiopatia chag&#225;sica; potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica; ventriculografia de contraste</p>
    <p> O fen&#244;meno do aumento da for&#231;a contr&#225;til, que ocorre em batimento seguinte a uma extra-s&#237;stole foi observado h&#225; mais de 100 anos por Langerdoff. Posteriormente, Cooper MW, 1993 o denominaram potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica<sup>1</sup>. V&#225;rios estudos se seguiram na tentativa de explicar, fisiologicamente, o fen&#244;meno, mas at&#233; hoje seu mecanismo permanece controverso<sup>2-6</sup>. A potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica ocorre tanto em cora&#231;&#245;es normais como nos que apresentam d&#233;ficits de contratilidade<sup>3,4</sup>. &#201; poss&#237;vel demonstr&#225;-la, experimentalmente (ex. em mi&#243;citos isolados de ratos), de forma a permitir o estudo dos v&#225;rios fatores que a influenciam<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
    <p>A potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica foi observada em pacientes com d&#233;ficits contr&#225;teis regionais, portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, durante ventriculografia por contraste radiol&#243;gico, ou ecocardiografia<sup>7-9</sup>. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o demonstrou que o mioc&#225;rdio era capaz de recrutar sua reserva contr&#225;til e que, portanto, aquelas &#225;reas acin&#233;ticas ou hipocontr&#225;teis estavam essencialmente vi&#225;veis<sup>7-9</sup>. Demonstrou-se, posteriormente, que o grau de potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica era inversamente proporcional ao grau de isquemia, em estudos experimentais, empregando oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria descendente anterior de c&#227;es<sup>1</sup>, ou seja, segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos com mais intensa isquemia poderiam n&#227;o apresent&#225;-la. </p>
    <p>Na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, analogamente ao que se verifica na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, registra-se, caracteristicamente, a ocorr&#234;ncia precoce de discinergia ventricular regional<sup>10,11</sup>. Todavia, distintamente da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, as art&#233;rias subepic&#225;rdicas na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica s&#227;o usualmente isentas de processos obstrutivos<sup>12,13</sup> e suas peculiaridades fisiopatol&#243;gicas tornam atraente a in&#233;dita explora&#231;&#227;o do fen&#244;meno da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica em pacientes chag&#225;sicos estudados com ventriculografia de contraste radiol&#243;gico. Foi o prop&#243;sito deste trabalho de pesquisa focalizar an&#225;lise de ventriculogramas contrastados em pacientes chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos com taquicardia ventricular, que realizavam esses exames para estudos correlativos da eletrofisiologia ventricular e da mobilidade segmentar<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, por an&#225;lise retrospectiva, 72 pacientes consecutivos com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (m&#237;nimo de duas provas sorol&#243;gicas espec&#237;ficas positivas - ELISA, imunofluoresc&#234;ncia ou hemaglutina&#231;&#227;o indiretas), submetidos a exames hemodin&#226;mico e cineangiocardiogr&#225;fico ap&#243;s consentimento por escrito, de acordo com protocolo de investiga&#231;&#227;o aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa desta Institui&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s coronariografia seletiva direita e esquerda, mediante inje&#231;&#227;o manual de contraste em cada &#243;stio, realizou-se a ventriculografia contrastada radiologicamente, sempre por inje&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica de 20-35ml de contraste no interior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com velocidade de fluxo nominal variando entre 10 e 15ml/seg na depend&#234;ncia de ser o cateter utilizado do tipo Sones 8F (abordagem braquial) ou do tipo <italic>pigtail</italic> 6-8F (abordagem femoral). Sempre foram usadas duas incid&#234;ncias: obl&#237;qua anterior direita (OAD) a &#187; 30&#186; e obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda (OAE) a &#187; 45&#186;, permitindo analisar a excurs&#227;o diast&#243;lica-sist&#243;lica segundo modelo de 10 segmentos: anterior-basal, &#226;ntero-lateral, &#226;ntero-apical, apical, inferior, e inferior-basal, OAD, e septal, p&#243;stero-lateral baixo, p&#243;stero-lateral alto, e &#237;nfero-apical OAE. </p>
    <p>Dos 72 pacientes selecionados, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo os que atenderam, durante a ventriculografia, aos tr&#234;s seguintes crit&#233;rios: a) batimento ect&#243;pico ventricular prematuro "espont&#226;neo" durante a contrasta&#231;&#227;o ventricular; b) pelo menos um batimento ventricular normal analis&#225;vel, precedendo o batimento prematuro; c) pelo menos um batimento normal analis&#225;vel ap&#243;s o batimento ect&#243;pico prematuro. Tais crit&#233;rios estiveram presentes em apenas 20 dos 72 (37,8%) pacientes. Em 34 (47,2%) pacientes n&#227;o ocorreram batimentos extra-sist&#243;licos prematuros; 18 (25%) tiveram taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada ou n&#227;o apresentaram batimento de padr&#227;o normal pr&#233;-extra-sist&#243;lico analis&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>Em cada segmento, a excurs&#227;o diast&#243;lico-sist&#243;lica foi avaliada segundo escores semiquantitativos, em duas ocasi&#245;es distintas: 1) durante s&#237;stole precedendo a extra-s&#237;stole "espont&#226;nea"; 2) no 1&#186; batimento que se seguia ao da extra-s&#237;stole. A escala de escores, em 5 pontos, atribu&#237;a valores num&#233;ricos aos diferentes padr&#245;es de excurs&#227;o diast&#243;lico-sist&#243;lico: 0 (contra&#231;&#227;o normal), 1 (hipocinesia moderada), 2 (hipocinesia intensa), 3 (acinesia), 4 (discinesia). A atribui&#231;&#227;o de escores foi sempre realizada comparando-se os batimentos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;licos. A atribui&#231;&#227;o de escores foi sempre realizada por dois investigadores experientes na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da cineventriculografia de contraste radiol&#243;gico. O &#237;ndice de concord&#226;ncia foi elevado (estat&#237;stica <italic>kappa</italic> = 0.96). Quando havia discord&#226;ncia, o escore foi reavaliado em conjunto, e decidido por consenso. </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon, para compara&#231;&#227;o entre escores de contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular na s&#237;stole normal e no batimento imediatamente posterior &#224; extra-s&#237;stole. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os 20 pacientes estudados apresentaram art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias subepic&#225;rdicas, angiograficamente, normais ou com m&#237;nimas altera&#231;&#245;es luminais (sempre obstru&#231;&#245;es &lt; 30% de redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro luminal) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Em 11 (55%) dos 20 pacientes verificou-se a ocorr&#234;ncia de potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica: pelo menos 1 segmento ventricular discin&#233;rgico ap&#243;s a s&#237;stole normal, que exibia melhora da excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lico-diast&#243;lica no batimento normal ap&#243;s a extra-s&#237;stole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). Nos 9 outros pacientes, em nenhum segmento se verificou potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica. No grupo apresentando potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica, o escore de contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular m&#233;dio variou, em m&#233;dia grupal de 2.22 durante a s&#237;stole normal para 1.88 durante a contra&#231;&#227;o com potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica (-0.34 ou melhora contr&#225;til global de 15,31%, p=0,0001, teste de Wilcoxon). A potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica foi detectada em segmentos ventriculares exibindo, em condi&#231;&#227;o basal, discinergia ventricular de intensidade vari&#225;vel, desde hipocinesia moderada at&#233; acinesia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>) e n&#227;o foi verificada em segmentos exibindo discinesia. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0376-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0376-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0376-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0376-00005-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O fen&#244;meno da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica, habitualmente verificado em pacientes com coronariopatia obstrutiva em n&#237;vel subepic&#225;rdico, ainda n&#227;o havia sido descrito na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. Sua exist&#234;ncia foi determinada neste estudo, bem como foi comprovado ser um fen&#244;meno bastante freq&#252;ente, inclusive em &#225;reas ventriculares com acentuado grau de discinergia. Deve ser assinalado que, pelo menos na popula&#231;&#227;o de chag&#225;sicos com disritmia ventricular, a an&#225;lise do ventriculograma de contraste prestou-se ao estudo da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica em apenas um ter&#231;o dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>Sendo o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lico, usualmente mais longo, ensejando maior enchimento ventricular, seria natural interpretar-se o fen&#244;meno da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica como inserido no contexto da regula&#231;&#227;o heterom&#233;trica card&#237;aca; mais especificamente, seria plaus&#237;vel que estivesse ligado ao mecanismo de Frank-Starling. Entretanto, em trabalho de revis&#227;o, conceituou-se a potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica como fen&#244;meno intr&#237;nseco do mioc&#225;rdio, n&#227;o exclusivamente dependente da pr&#233;-carga (ou enchimento ventricular), ou seja, n&#227;o seria o mecanismo de Frank-Starling respons&#225;vel, primordialmente, pelo incremento na for&#231;a contr&#225;til<sup>1</sup>. Os estudos avaliados sugerem que mudan&#231;as transit&#243;rias no influxo de c&#225;lcio, envolvendo o ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico e os canais de s&#243;dio e c&#225;lcio, estariam implicadas no surgimento da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica<sup>5,6</sup>, que apresenta magnifica&#231;&#227;o progressiva, em propor&#231;&#227;o direta &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do intervalo entre a s&#237;stole normal e a extra-s&#237;stole<sup>2</sup>. Embora usualmente observada ap&#243;s a extra-s&#237;stole ventricular, a potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica pode igualmente se manifestar seguindo uma extra-s&#237;stole atrial. </p>
    <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a do que ocorre na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>7-9</sup>, a potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica demonstrada na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica indica a ocorr&#234;ncia de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel, embora sem exibir movimenta&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso, nessas &#225;reas discin&#233;rgicas. Como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, afasta-se a exist&#234;ncia de fibrose predominante, nessas regi&#245;es ventriculares discin&#233;rgicas em que a potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica foi detectada. </p>
    <p>O estudo da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica em cardiopatas isqu&#234;micos por doen&#231;a coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica obstrutiva, a exemplo do que se faz mediante utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos testes com estimula&#231;&#227;o inotr&#243;pica por a&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica<sup>15-18</sup>, revelou-se &#250;til para compreens&#227;o dos processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos de hiberna&#231;&#227;o e "atordoamento" mioc&#225;rdico<sup>19,20</sup>. Seu significado em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, contudo, &#233; de mais dif&#237;cil entendimento. </p>
    <p>Em pacientes chag&#225;sicos com precordialgia at&#237;pica para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, por&#233;m suficientemente intensa e freq&#252;ente para requerer clinicamente a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cinecoronariografia, diversas investiga&#231;&#245;es demonstraram a ocorr&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios compat&#237;veis com a ocorr&#234;ncia de isquemia em n&#237;vel microvascular<sup>11-13</sup>, em associa&#231;&#227;o a virtual normalidade angiogr&#225;fica, mas com anomalias da regula&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana subepic&#225;rdica<sup>21,22</sup>. Tais altera&#231;&#245;es em humanos s&#227;o tamb&#233;m correspondentes a dist&#250;rbios microcirculat&#243;rios verificados em modelos experimentais da infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T. cruzi</italic>, atenuados por f&#225;rmacos vasodilatadores<sup>23-25</sup>. Torna-se, ent&#227;o, poss&#237;vel especular sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de fen&#244;meno semelhante ao da hiberna&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica detectada em pacientes coronariopatas obstrutivos<sup>17</sup>, que, em indiv&#237;duos com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, fosse causado por processo de isquemia microvascular. </p>
    <p>Como j&#225; descrito, tamb&#233;m no presente estudo comprovou-se que em pacientes com as manifesta&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias subepic&#225;rdicas s&#227;o usualmente livres de obstru&#231;&#227;o significante hemodinamicamente. Assim, nas &#225;reas ventriculares discin&#233;rgicas em repouso, por&#233;m exibindo potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica, uma vez que a fibrose transmural &#233; afastada, como fator respons&#225;vel pela discinergia, os mecanismos subjacentes ao d&#233;ficit contr&#225;til em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica plausivelmente s&#227;o de natureza variada: uma primeira possibilidade envolveria dist&#250;rbios microcirculat&#243;rios conseq&#252;entes a processos inflamat&#243;rios causados por rea&#231;&#227;o parasit&#225;ria ou de base imunol&#243;gica<sup>26-28</sup>. Como segunda hip&#243;tese mecanic&#237;stica, altera&#231;&#245;es microcirculat&#243;rias coronarianas poderiam ser conseq&#252;entes &#224; perda do controle auton&#244;mico do cora&#231;&#227;o, dist&#250;rbio esse bastante freq&#252;ente em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica<sup>29,30</sup>. Em ambas essas vertentes fisiopatol&#243;gicas esses dist&#250;rbios seriam associados aos defeitos perfusionais revers&#237;veis e paradoxais, anteriormente descritos, em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, durante cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica efetuada em vig&#234;ncia de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico ou mesmo em repouso<sup>12, 21</sup>. Finalmente, pode-se aventar a hip&#243;tese de que, em vez de representar real recupera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til das regi&#245;es hipocontr&#225;teis em repouso, a revers&#227;o dessa discinergia elicitada pela potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica, na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, poderia decorrer de mascaramento desse defeito localizado, durante o mais vigoroso desempenho das regi&#245;es adjacentes. Estudos adicionais tornam-se necess&#225;rios para explorar essas distintas possibilidades fisiopatol&#243;gicas que explicariam a verifica&#231;&#227;o, neste estudo, do fen&#244;meno da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <p>&#201; bem estabelecido que o contraste radiol&#243;gico possa induzir cronotropismo e, principalmente, inotropismo negativo. Tais efeitos poderiam, em tese, mascarar a express&#227;o de potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica em outras regi&#245;es que n&#227;o as documentadas nesta pesquisa. </p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m o fato de terem sido estudados apenas pacientes com taquicardia ventricular nos quais se empreendiam investiga&#231;&#245;es dos mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela sustentabilidade ou n&#227;o da arritmia, impede extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos presente resultados para outras amostras populacionais com doen&#231;a de Chagas. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, embora a verifica&#231;&#227;o de potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica em &#225;reas ventriculares discin&#233;rgicas seja sugestiva de que nelas n&#227;o ocorra fibrose predominante (ou transmural), &#233; tamb&#233;m poss&#237;vel que o tracionamento dessas regi&#245;es pela contra&#231;&#227;o mais vigorosa dos segmentos adjacentes, contribua para a aparente recupera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til que caracteriza a pr&#243;pria potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica. </p>
    <p>Concluindo, este estudo descreve, pela primeira vez, o fen&#244;meno da potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica em pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. A exist&#234;ncia desse fen&#244;meno em pacientes chag&#225;sicos sugere a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#225;reas de tecido mioc&#225;rdico vi&#225;vel, e n&#227;o de fibrose transmural em segmentos discin&#233;rgicos na condi&#231;&#227;o basal, como ocorre em pacientes coronariopatas por obstru&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;vel subepic&#225;rdico. A exist&#234;ncia dessa real reserva contr&#225;til, pass&#237;vel de recrutamento assim verificado, poder&#225; ser &#250;til para aperfei&#231;oar o entendimento da fisiopatologia da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica e ter relev&#226;ncia em desdobramentos de escolha da terap&#234;utica a ser empregada. Contudo, primeiramente dever&#227;o os resultados deste estudo ser confirmados por m&#233;todos como o da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o, para real aprecia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica nos segmentos exibindo potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-extra-sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Antonio Marin-Neto </p>
        <p> Rua &#194;ngelo de Paschoal, 105 </p>
        <p> 14025-640 - Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jamarin@cardiol.br">jamarin@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 10/02/2004 - Aceito em 15/09/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Cooper MW. Post-extrasystolic potentiation.    Do we really know what it means and how to use it? Circulation 1993;88:2962-71.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Post-extrasystolic potentiation: Do we really know what it means and how to use it?</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2962</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>MW.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Drake Holland AJ, Mills CJ, Noble MI, Pugh    S. Responses to changes in filling and contractility of indices of human left    ventricular mechanical performance. J Physiol 1990; 422:29-39. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Responses to changes in filling and contractility of indices of human left ventricular mechanical performance</article-title>
          <source>J Physiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
          <volume>422</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Drake</surname>
              <given-names>Holland AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mills</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noble</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pugh</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Kuijer P, van der Werf T, Meijler F. Post-extrasystolic    potentiation without a compensatory pause in normal and diseased hearts. Br    Heart J 1990;63:286-348. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Post-extrasystolic potentiation without a compensatory pause in normal and diseased hearts</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>286</fpage>
          <lpage>348</lpage>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuijer</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Werf</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meijler</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Phillips PJ, Gwathmey JK, Feldman MD, Schoen    FJ, Grossman W, Morgan JP. Post-extrasystolic potentiation and force-frequency    relationship: differential augmentation of myocardial contractility in working    myocardium from patients with end stage heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1990;22:99-110.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Post-extrasystolic potentiation and force-frequency relationship: differential augmentation of myocardial contractility in working myocardium from patients with end stage heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Cell Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>99</fpage>
          <lpage>110</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Phillips</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gwathmey</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoen</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grossman</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morgan</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Vassalo E Q Lima, Mill JG. Mechanisms underlying    the genesis of post-extrasystolic potentiation in rat cardiac muscle. Braz J    Med Biol Research 1995;28:377-83. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mechanisms underlying the genesis of post-extrasystolic potentiation in rat cardiac muscle</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Research</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vassalo</surname>
              <given-names>E Q Lima</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mill</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Asgrimsson HJ, Wohlfart B, Brandt J, Johannsson    M. Effects of [ Na+], [Ca++] and cyclopiazonic acid on decline of post-extrasystolic    potentiation and twitch kinetics in guinea-pig and human myocardial preparations.    Acta Physiol Scand 1999;166:377-83. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of [ Na+], [Ca++] and cyclopiazonic acid on decline of post-extrasystolic potentiation and twitch kinetics in guinea-pig and human myocardial preparations</article-title>
          <source>Acta Physiol Scand</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <volume>166</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Asgrimsson</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wohlfart</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brandt</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johannsson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Helfant R H, Shah R, Bodenheimer MM, Banka    VS. Interventional Ventriculography. Comparative Value of Nitroglycerin, Post-extrasystolic    potentiation and Nitroglycerin Plus Post- extrasystolic potentiation. Circulation    1976; 53:632-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Interventional Ventriculography: Comparative Value of Nitroglycerin, Post-extrasystolic potentiation and Nitroglycerin Plus Post- extrasystolic potentiation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1976</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>632</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Helfant</surname>
              <given-names>R H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bodenheimer</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Banka</surname>
              <given-names>VS.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Cohn PF, Angoff GH, Zoll PM et al. A new noninvasive    technique for inducing post-extrasystolic potentiation during Echocardiography.    Circulation 1977; 56:598-604. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A new noninvasive technique for inducing post-extrasystolic potentiation during Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1977</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>598</fpage>
          <lpage>604</lpage>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cohn</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Angoff</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zoll</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Swan HJC, Wyatt, HL, Luz Protasio L, Forrester    JS, Diamond GA. Post- extrasystolic potentiation of ischemic myocardium by atrial    stimulation. Am Heart J 1978; 95:204-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Post- extrasystolic potentiation of ischemic myocardium by atrial stimulation</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>204</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Swan</surname>
              <given-names>HJC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wyatt,</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luz</surname>
              <given-names>Protasio L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forrester</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diamond</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Maciel BC, Almeida-Filho OC, Schmidt A, Marin-Neto    JA. Ventricular function in Chagas'heart disease. S&#227;o Paulo Medical Journal/RPM    1995;113:814-20. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ventricular function in Chagas'heart disease</article-title>
          <source>S&#227;o Paulo Medical Journal/RPM</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>814</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maciel</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>OC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Rassi J&#250;nior A, Marin-Neto JA. Estado    da Arte. Cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. Rev Soc Cardiol ESP 2000,10:vi-xxxii.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Estado da Arte: Cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Cardiol ESP</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>vi</fpage>
          <lpage>xxxii</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi J&#250;nior</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Marin-Neto JA, Marzullo P, Marcassa C et    al. Myocardial perfusion abnormalities in chronic Chagas' disease. Assessment    with Thallium-201 scintigraphy. Am J Cardiol 1992, 69: 780-4. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Myocardial perfusion abnormalities in chronic Chagas' disease: Assessment with Thallium-201 scintigraphy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>780</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marzullo</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcassa</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Marin-Neto JA, Sim&#245;es MV, Ayres-Neto    EM et al. Studies of the coronary circulation in Chagas' heart disease. S&#227;o    Paulo Medical Journal/RPM 1995; 113:826-34. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Studies of the coronary circulation in Chagas' heart disease</article-title>
          <source>S&#227;o Paulo Medical Journal/RPM</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>826</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayres-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Sarabanda AVL, Sosa E, Sim&#245;es MV,    Figueiredo GL, Pintya AO, Marin-Neto JA. Ventricular tachycardia in chagas'    disease: a comparison of clinical, angiographic, electrophysiologic and myocardial    perfusion disturbances between patients presenting with either sustained or    non-sustained forms. Int J Cardiol (no prelo). </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ventricular tachycardia in chagas' disease: a comparison of clinical, angiographic, electrophysiologic and myocardial perfusion disturbances between patients presenting with either sustained or non-sustained forms</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarabanda</surname>
              <given-names>AVL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sosa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pintya</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Cigarroa CG, de Filippi CR, Brickner ME.    Dobutamine stress echocardiography identifies hibernating myocardium and predicts    recovery of left ventricular function after coronary revascularization. Circulation    1993; 88:430-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Dobutamine stress echocardiography identifies hibernating myocardium and predicts recovery of left ventricular function after coronary revascularization</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>430</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cigarroa</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de</surname>
              <given-names>Filippi CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brickner</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Afridi I, Kleiman NS, Raizner AE. Dobutamine    echocardiography in myocardial hibernation. Optimal dose and accuracy in predicting    recovery of ventricular function after coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1995;    91:663-70. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Optimal dose and accuracy in predicting recovery of ventricular function after coronary angioplasty</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>663</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Afridi</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleiman</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raizner</surname>
              <given-names>AE.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Perrone-Filardi P, Bacharach SL, Dilsizian    V et al. Metabolic evidence of viable myocardium in regions with reduced regional    wall tickness and absent wall tickening in patients with chronic ischemic left    ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20: 161-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Metabolic evidence of viable myocardium in regions with reduced regional wall tickness and absent wall tickening in patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>161</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Perrone-Filardi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacharach</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dilsizian</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Sun KT, Czernin J, Krivokipich J. Effects    of dobutamine stimulation on myocardial blood flow, glucose metabolism and wall    motion in normal and dysfunctional myocardium. Circulation 1996;94: 3146-54.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of dobutamine stimulation on myocardial blood flow, glucose metabolism and wall motion in normal and dysfunctional myocardium</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>3146</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Czernin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krivokipich</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Barletta G, Di Donato M, Fantini F, Baroni    M. Effects of positive inotropic stimulation (post-extrasystolic potentiation)    on nonuniformity of left ventricular contraction in patients with coronary artery    disease. Eur Heart J 1993;14:1056-64. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of positive inotropic stimulation (post-extrasystolic potentiation) on nonuniformity of left ventricular contraction in patients with coronary artery disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1056</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barletta</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di</surname>
              <given-names>Donato M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fantini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baroni</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Rambaldi R, Poldermans D, BaxJJ, Bountioukos    M, Roelandt JR. Post-extrasystolic potentiation recruits incremental contractile    reserve of dyssynergic myocardium during dobutamine stress testing: evidence    by pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging. Eur J Echocardiogr 2003;4: 148-51. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Post-extrasystolic potentiation recruits incremental contractile reserve of dyssynergic myocardium during dobutamine stress testing: evidence by pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>148</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rambaldi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poldermans</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>BaxJJ,</surname>
              <given-names>Bountioukos M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roelandt</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Sim&#245;es MV, Pintya AO, Marin GB et    al. Relation of regional sympathetic denervation and myocardial perfusion disturbances    to wall motion impairment in Chagas' cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86:    975-81. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relation of regional sympathetic denervation and myocardial perfusion disturbances to wall motion impairment in Chagas' cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>975</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pintya</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Torres FW, Acquatella H, Condado JA, Dinsmore    R, Palacios IF. Coronary vascular reactivity is abnormal in patients with Chagas'    heart disease. Am Heart J 1995; 129:995. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary vascular reactivity is abnormal in patients with Chagas' heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>995</fpage>
          <volume>129</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Torres</surname>
              <given-names>FW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Acquatella</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Condado</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dinsmore</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palacios</surname>
              <given-names>IF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Figueiredo F, Marin-Neto JA, Rossi MA. The    evolution of experimental <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> cardiomyopathy in rabbits:    further parasitological, morphological and functional studies. Int J Cardiol    1986; 10: 277-90. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The evolution of experimental Trypanosoma cruzi cardiomyopathy in rabbits: further parasitological, morphological and functional studies</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>277</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossi</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Tanowitz HB, Burns ER, Sinha K et al. Enhanced    platelet adherence and aggregation in Chagas' disease: a potential pathogenic    mechanism for cardiomyopathy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990;43:274-81. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Enhanced platelet adherence and aggregation in Chagas' disease: a potential pathogenic mechanism for cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>274</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tanowitz</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burns</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sinha</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Chandra M, Shirani J, Shtutin V et al. Cardioprotective    effects of verapamil on myocardial structure and function in a murine model    of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection (Brazil Strain): an echocardiographic    study. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32: 207-15. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardioprotective effects of verapamil on myocardial structure and function in a murine model of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection (Brazil Strain): an echocardiographic study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Parasitol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>207</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chandra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shirani</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shtutin</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Bellotti G, Bocchi EA, de Moraes AV et al.    In vivo detection of Trypanosoma cruzi antigens in hearts of patients with chronic    Chagas' disease. Am Heart J 1996; 131:301. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>In vivo detection of Trypanosoma cruzi antigens in hearts of patients with chronic Chagas' disease</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>301</fpage>
          <volume>131</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bellotti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Teixeira AR, Teixeira ML, SantosBuch CA.    The immunology of experimental Chagas' disease. IV. Production of lesions in    rabbits similar to those of chronic Chagas' disease in man. Am J Pathol 1975;    80:163. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The immunology of experimental Chagas' disease: IV</article-title>
          <source>Production of lesions in rabbits similar to those of chronic Chagas' disease in man. Am J Pathol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>163</fpage>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>SantosBuch</surname>
              <given-names>CA.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Cunha-Neto E, Coelho V, Guilherme L, Fiorelli    A, Stolf N, Kalil J. Autoimmunity in Chagas' disease. Identification of cardiac    myosinB13 Trypanosoma cruzi protein crossreactive T cell clones in heart lesions    of a chronic Chagas' cardiomyopathy patient. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:1709. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Autoimmunity in Chagas' disease: Identification of cardiac myosinB13 Trypanosoma cruzi protein crossreactive T cell clones in heart lesions of a chronic Chagas' cardiomyopathy patient</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Invest</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1709</fpage>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cunha-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guilherme</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fiorelli</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stolf</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalil</surname>
              <given-names>J.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Amorim, DS, Man&#231;o, JC, Gallo Jr, L,    MarinNeto, JA. Chagas' heart disease as an experimental model for studies of    cardiac autonomic function in man. Mayo Clin Proc 1982; 57:48. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Chagas' heart disease as an experimental model for studies of cardiac autonomic function in man</article-title>
          <source>Mayo Clin Proc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>48</fpage>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amorim,</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Man&#231;o,</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallo Jr</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MarinNeto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Marin-Neto JA, Bromberg-Marin G, Pazin Filho    A, Sim&#245;es MV, Maciel BC. Cardiac autonomic impairment and early myocardial    damage involving the right ventricle are independent phenomena in Chagas'disease.    Int J Cardiol 1998,65:261-69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac autonomic impairment and early myocardial damage involving the right ventricle are independent phenomena in Chagas'disease</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>261</fpage>
          <lpage>69</lpage>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bromberg-Marin</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pazin Filho</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maciel</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Post-extrasystolic potentiation in chronic Chagas' heart disease: a radiologic contrast ventriculography study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the existence and frequency of the phenomenon of post-extrasystolic potentiation in dysynergic myocardial areas of patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease studied by use of radiologic contrast ventriculography. METHODS: This study is a semiquantitative retrospective analysis of radiologic contrast ventriculography in patients with chronic Chagas' disease, who were consecutively studied to assess the mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia. RESULTS: Of the 72 patients initially included, in only 20 patients was possible the ventriculographic analysis for the purposes of this study. The phenomenon of post-extrasystolic potentiation was observed in 11 (55%) of these patients, and a 15.31% improvement was observed in the contractility score from the baseline to the post-extrasystole condition (P=0.0001). That phenomenon occurred even in ventricular segments with an intense deficit in contractility. CONCLUSION: The phenomenon of post-extrasystolic potentiation is observed in a significant proportion of patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease, in whom the phenomenon could be angiographically analyzed, indicating the existence of potentially recruitable contractile reserve in ventricular regions, showing marked dysynergy. Additional studies for clarifying the underlying mechanisms are required.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas' heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>post-extrasystolic potentiation</kwd>
        <kwd>contrast ventriculography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Post-extrasystolic potentiation in chronic Chagas' heart disease. A radiologic contrast ventriculography study</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; M&#225;rio M. Brand&#227;o; Andrea Miziara; Geraldo Luiz de Figueiredo; Moys&#233;s O. Lima-Filho; Elias M. Ayres-Neto; Jos&#233; Antonio Marin-Neto</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence </xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To determine the existence and frequency of the phenomenon of post-extrasystolic potentiation in dysynergic myocardial areas of patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease studied by use of radiologic contrast ventriculography. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This study is a semiquantitative retrospective analysis of radiologic contrast ventriculography in patients with chronic Chagas' disease, who were consecutively studied to assess the mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the 72 patients initially included, in only 20 patients was possible the ventriculographic analysis for the purposes of this study. The phenomenon of post-extrasystolic potentiation was observed in 11 (55%) of these patients, and a 15.31% improvement was observed in the contractility score from the baseline to the post-extrasystole condition (P=0.0001). That phenomenon occurred even in ventricular segments with an intense deficit in contractility. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The phenomenon of post-extrasystolic potentiation is observed in a significant proportion of patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease, in whom the phenomenon could be angiographically analyzed, indicating the existence of potentially recruitable contractile reserve in ventricular regions, showing marked dysynergy. Additional studies for clarifying the underlying mechanisms are required. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Chagas' heart disease; post-extrasystolic potentiation; contrast ventriculography</p>
      <p> The phenomenon of increased contractile force, which occurs in the beat following an extrasystole was observed more than 100 years ago by Langerdoff. Later, Cooper MW, 1993 <sup>1 </sup>called it post-extrasystolic potentiation. Several studies followed in an attempt to physiologically explain the phenomenon, but its mechanism remains controversial <sup>2-6</sup>. The post-extrasystolic potentiation occurs both in healthy hearts and in those with contractility deficits <sup>3,4</sup>. Post-extrasystolic potentiation may be experimentally demonstrated, as in isolated myocytes of rats, and the several factors that influence it may be studied <sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Post-extrasystolic potentiation was observed in patients with ischemic heart disease and regional contractile deficits during radiologic contrast ventriculography or echocardiography <sup>7-9</sup>. That observation showed that the myocardium could recruit its contractile reserve, and that, therefore, those akinetic or hypocontractile areas were essentially viable <sup>7-9</sup>. Later, the degree of post-extrasystolic potentiation was shown to be inversely proportional to the degree of ischemia in experimental studies using occlusion of the anterior descending artery in dogs <sup>1</sup>, ie, more intensely ischemic myocardial segments could not show post-extrasystolic potentiation. </p>
      <p>In chronic Chagas' heart disease, similarly to that which occurs in ischemic heart disease due to coronary heart disease, the early occurrence of regional ventricular dysynergy is characteristically observed <sup>10,11</sup>. However, unlike coronary heart disease, the subepicardial arteries in chronic Chagas' heart disease usually lack obstructive processes <sup>12,13</sup>, and their pathophysiological peculiarities make the exploration of the phenomenon of post-extrasystolic potentiation in chagasic patients studied with radiologic contrast ventriculography attractive. This study aimed at analyzing the contrast ventriculograms of chronic chagasic patients with ventricular tachycardia undergoing correlative studies of ventricular electrophysiology and segmentary mobility <sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This retrospective study comprised 72 consecutive patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease (minimum of 2 positive specific serologic tests: ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence, or hemaglutination) undergoing hemodynamic and cineangiocardiographic examinations after giving written consent, according to the research protocol approved by the committee on ethics in research at our institution. After selective right and left coronary angiography through manual injection of contrast medium in each ostium, radiologic contrast ventriculography was performed always with automate injection of 20-35 mL of contrast medium inside the left ventricle with nominal flow velocity, ranging from 10 to 15 mL, depending on whether the catheter used was an 8F Sones (brachial approach) or a 6-8F pigtail (femoral approach). Two positions were always used: right anterior oblique (RAO) at approximately 30<sup>o</sup>, and left anterior oblique (LAO) at approximately 45<sup>o</sup>. That allowed the analysis of the diastolic-systolic excursion according to the following 10-segment model: 1) RAO view: anterobasal, anterolateral, anteroapical, apical, inferior, and inferobasal; and 2) LAO view: septal, low posterolateral, high posterolateral, and inferoapical. </p>
      <p>Of the 72 patients selected, those who met the following 3 criteria during ventriculography were included in the study: a) "spontaneous" premature ectopic ventricular beat during ventricular contrast administration; b) at least one analyzable normal ventricular beat preceding the premature beat; c) at least one analyzable normal ventricular beat after the premature ectopic beat. Such criteria were present in only 20 of the 72 (37.8%) patients. In 34 (47.2%) patients, no premature extrasystolic beat occurred; 18 (25%) had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia or had no analyzable normal pre-extrasystolic beat. </p>
      <p>In each segment, the diastolic-systolic excursion was assessed by using semiquantitative scores on 2 distinct occasions: 1) during the systole preceding the "spontaneous" extrasystole; 2) on the first beat following that of the extrasystole. The 5-point score scale attributed numerical values to different patterns of diastolic-systolic excursion: 0 (normal contractility), 1 (moderate hypokinesia), 2 (intense hypokinesia), 3 (akinesia), 4 (dyskinesia). Score attribution was always performed by comparing the pre- and post-extrasystolic beats. Score attribution was always performed by 2 researchers with experience in interpretation of radiologic contrast cineventriculography. The concordance index was elevated (kappa statistic = 0.96). In case of discordance, the score was reassessed by both researchers and a consensus was obtained. </p>
      <p>In statistical analysis, the Wilcoxon test was used for comparison between the scores of ventricular contractility during normal systole and during the beat immediately after extrasystole. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All 20 patients studied had angiographically normal subepicardial coronary arteries or minimum luminal alterations (obstructions &lt; 30% luminal diameter reduction) in those arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). Of the 20 patients, 11 (55%) had post-extrasystolic potentiation as follows: at least one dysynergic ventricular segment after the normal systole, which showed improvement in the systolic-diastolic excursion during the normal beat after the extrasystole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figs. 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>). The other 9 patients had no post-extrasystolic potentiation in any segment. In the group with post-extrasystolic potentiation, the mean score of ventricular contractility ranged from 2.22 during normal systole to 1.88 during contractility with post-extrasystolic potentiation (-0.34 or overall contractile improvement of 15.31%; P = 0.0001, Wilcoxon test). The post-extrasystolic potentiation was detected in ventricular segments exhibiting, at baseline, ventricular dysynergy of variable intensity (range: from moderate hypokinesia to akinesia) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>), and it was not observed in segments with dyskinesia. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0376-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0376-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0376-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0376-00005-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The phenomenon of post-extrasystolic potentiation, usually observed in patients with obstructive coronary heart disease at the subepicardial level, had not yet been reported in chronic Chagas' heart disease. Its existence was determined in this study, and it was confirmed as an extremely frequent phenomenon, including in ventricular areas with a marked degree of dysynergy. It should be stressed that, at least in the chagasic population with ventricular dysrhythmia, the analysis of the contrast ventriculogram allowed the study of post-extrasystolic potentiation in only one third of the patients. </p>
      <p>Considering that the post-extrasystolic period is usually longer, thereby allowing greater ventricular filling, it would be natural to interpret the phenomenon of post-extrasystolic potentiation as inserted in the context of cardiac heterometric autoregulation; more specifically, it could be linked to the Frank-Starling mechanism. However, in a review study <sup>1</sup>, post-extrasystolic potentiation has been conceptualized as an intrinsic phenomenon of the myocardium, not exclusively dependent on preload (or ventricular filling), ie, the Frank-Starling mechanism would not be the major mechanism responsible for the increment in contractile force. The studies assessed have suggested that transient changes in calcium inflow involving the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the sodium and calcium channels are implicated in the appearance of post-extrasystolic potentiation <sup>5,6</sup>, which progressively increases in a directly proportional manner to the reduction in the interval between the normal systole and extrasystole <sup>2</sup>. Although usually observed after ventricular extrasystole, post-extrasystolic potentiation may equally manifest after atrial extrasystole. </p>
      <p>Similarly to that which occurs in atherosclerotic ischemic heart disease <sup>7-9</sup>, post-extrasystolic potentiation demonstrated in chronic Chagas' heart disease indicates the occurrence of viable myocardium, although no systolic mobility is observed at rest in these dysynergic areas. Consequently, the existence of predominant fibrosis is ruled out in these dysynergic ventricular regions, in which post-extrasystolic potentiation is detected. </p>
      <p>The assessment of post-extrasystolic potentiation in patients with ischemic heart disease due to atherosclerotic obstructive coronary artery disease, as performed by use of tests of inotropic stimulation with pharmacologic action <sup>15-18</sup>, has proved to be useful for understanding the pathophysiological processes of myocardial hibernation and "stunning" <sup>19,20</sup>. Its meaning in patients with chronic Chagas' disease, however, is difficult to understand. </p>
      <p>Some chagasic patients may have precordialgia atypical of coronary artery disease, but sufficiently intense and frequent to clinically require the performance of cine coronary angiography. Several studies carried out in such patients have shown the presence of disorders compatible with the occurrence of ischemia at the microvascular level<sup>11-13</sup>, in association with virtual angiographic normality, but with anomalies in the subepicardial coronary circulation regulation<sup>21,22</sup>. Such alterations in human beings also correspond to microcirculatory disorders observed in experimental models of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection, attenuated by vasodilating agents<sup>23-25</sup>. Therefore, one may speculate about the occurrence of a phenomenon similar to that of myocardial hibernation detected in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease <sup>17</sup>, which, in individuals with chronic Chagas' heart disease would be caused by a process of microvascular ischemia. </p>
      <p>As already reported, the present study also confirmed that, in patients with typical manifestations of chronic Chagas' heart disease, the subepicardial coronary arteries usually have no hemodynamically significant obstruction. Thus, in dysynergic ventricular areas at rest and with post-extrasystolic potentiation, once transmural fibrosis is ruled out as a factor responsible for dysynergy, the mechanisms subjacent to contractile deficit in patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease may be varied in nature. One first possibility could involve microcirculatory disorders consequent to inflammatory processes caused by parasitic reaction or an immune-based reaction <sup>26-28</sup>. In the second possibility, the mechanical hypothesis, the coronary microcirculatory alterations could be consequent to the loss of autonomic control of the heart, an extremely frequent disorder in patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease<sup>29,30</sup>. In both pathophysiological possibilities, these disorders could be associated with the previously described reversible and paradoxical perfusion defects in patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease during myocardial scintigraphy performed during physical exercise or even at rest <sup>12, 21</sup>. Finally, one can consider the hypothesis that, instead of representing a real contractile recovery of the hypocontractile regions at rest, the reversion of that dysynergy elicited by post-extrasystolic potentiation in chronic Chagas' heart disease could result from masking the local defect during the most vigorous performance of the adjacent regions. Additional studies are required to explore those distinct pathophysiological possibilities that could explain the phenomenon of post-extrasystolic potentiation in patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease. </p>
      <p>It has been well established that the radiologic contrast may induce chronotropism, and mainly negative inotropes. Such effects could theoretically mask the expression of post-extrasystolic potentiation in regions other than those reported in this study. </p>
      <p>In addition, only chagasic patients with ventricular tachycardia undergoing investigation about the mechanisms responsible for sustainability or not of the arrhythmia have been studied. This does not allow the extrapolation of the present results to other population samples with Chagas' disease. </p>
      <p>Finally, although the observation of post-extrasystolic potentiation in dysynergic ventricular areas suggests that no predominant (or transmural) fibrosis occurs in them, pulling of those regions by a more vigorous contractility of the adjacent segments may also contribute to the apparent contractile recovery that characterizes post-extrasystolic potentiation itself. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, this study describes for the first time the phenomenon of post-extrasystolic potentiation in patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease. The existence of this phenomenon in chagasic patients suggests the occurrence of areas of viable myocardial tissue, and not of transmural fibrosis in dysynergic segments at baseline, similarly to that which occurs in patients with heart disease due to subepicardial obstruction. The existence of this real contractile reserve may be useful for perfecting the understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic Chagas' heart disease and be relevant in the therapeutic choice to be used. However, the results of this study should first be confirmed by use of methods, such as perfusion myocardial scintigraphy, for the real appreciation of myocardial viability in the segments with post-extrasystolic potentiation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Jos&#233; Antonio Marin-Neto</p>
          <p> Rua &#194;ngelo de Paschoal, 105 </p>
          <p> Cep 14025-640 - Ribeiro Preto, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jamarin@cardiol.br">jamarin@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 02/10/2004 </p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 09/15/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
