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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">33QTpF3H5vGJqdJjNFB5jkR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000500004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Troca de valva com a pr&#243;tese valvar modelo Omnicarbon: seguimento cl&#237;nico de 10 anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Florez</surname>
            <given-names>Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Di Stefano</surname>
            <given-names>Salvatore</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carrascal</surname>
            <given-names>Yolanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bustamante</surname>
            <given-names>Juan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fulquet</surname>
            <given-names>Enrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Echevarria</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ram&#243;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elena</surname>
            <given-names>Casquero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gualis</surname>
            <given-names>Javier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fiz</surname>
            <given-names>Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitario de Valladolid</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servicio de Cirug&#237;a Card&#237;aca </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Ciencias del Corazon (ICICOR)</institution>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>371</fpage>
      <lpage>375</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar retrospectivamente os resultados de 264 pacientes submetidos &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de v&#225;lvula modelo Omnicarbon entre abril 1985 e maio 1995. M&#201;TODOS: No momento da cirurgia, a m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes que receberam essa pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica era de 57&#177;11 anos. As v&#225;lvulas modelo Omnicarbon foram colocadas em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica em 36% dos casos, na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral em 44% dos casos, e nas duas posi&#231;&#245;es em 20% dos casos. O seguimento cl&#237;nico foi feito cuidadosamente, com a maioria dos pacientes submetidos ao exame f&#237;sico em nossa cl&#237;nica. Levando em conta o hist&#243;rico do caso, os cardiologistas faziam perguntas aos pacientes sobre as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; v&#225;lvula. RESULTADOS: O seguimento acumulado dos pacientes foi de 1291 anos, com m&#233;dia de seguimento de 5,4 anos. A sobrevida ap&#243;s 10 anos foi de 79,4&#177;3,9%, incluindo todas as causas de morte e os casos de mortalidade precoce. As complica&#231;&#245;es relatadas durante os 11 anos de estudo incluem: tromboembolismo (0,1 %), hemorragia (0,4%), endocardite (0,2%), e insufici&#234;ncia n&#227;o-estrutural (1,2%). N&#227;o foram detectadas anemia hemol&#237;tica, trombose valvar, ou insufici&#234;ncia estrutural durante esse longo per&#237;odo de estudo. A capacidade funcional desses pacientes foi avaliada subjetivamente pelo sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA. Com o tempo de seguimento maior do que 5 anos em m&#233;dia, nossos pacientes que receberam a v&#225;lvula modelo Omnicarbon se encontram na classe I ou II da NYHA. CONCLUS&#195;O: As pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas modelo Omnicarbon apresentam um bom desempenho cl&#237;nico por at&#233; 10 anos, tanto em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica quanto mitral. Os resultados indicam uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo e complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca mec&#226;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>morbidade</kwd>
        <kwd>sobrevida</kwd>
        <kwd>tromboembolismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Troca de valva com a pr&#243;tese valvar modelo Omnicarbon. Seguimento cl&#237;nico de 10 anos </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Santiago Florez; Salvatore Di Stefano; Yolanda Carrascal; Juan Bustamante; Enrique Fulquet; Jos&#233; Ram&#243;n Echevarria; Casquero Elena; Javier Gualis; Luis Fiz</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Valladolid, Espanha</p>
    <p>Instituto de Ciencias del Corazon (ICICOR), Servicio de Cirug&#237;a Card&#237;aca. Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Spain </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estudar retrospectivamente os resultados de 264 pacientes submetidos &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de v&#225;lvula modelo Omnicarbon entre abril 1985 e maio 1995. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>No momento da cirurgia, a m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes que receberam essa pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica era de 57&#177;11 anos. As v&#225;lvulas modelo Omnicarbon foram colocadas em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica em 36% dos casos, na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral em 44% dos casos, e nas duas posi&#231;&#245;es em 20% dos casos. O seguimento cl&#237;nico foi feito cuidadosamente, com a maioria dos pacientes submetidos ao exame f&#237;sico em nossa cl&#237;nica. Levando em conta o hist&#243;rico do caso, os cardiologistas faziam perguntas aos pacientes sobre as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; v&#225;lvula. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O seguimento acumulado dos pacientes foi de 1291 anos, com m&#233;dia de seguimento de 5,4 anos. A sobrevida ap&#243;s 10 anos foi de 79,4&#177;3,9%, incluindo todas as causas de morte e os casos de mortalidade precoce. As complica&#231;&#245;es relatadas durante os 11 anos de estudo incluem: tromboembolismo (0,1 %), hemorragia (0,4%), endocardite (0,2%), e insufici&#234;ncia n&#227;o-estrutural (1,2%). N&#227;o foram detectadas anemia hemol&#237;tica, trombose valvar, ou insufici&#234;ncia estrutural durante esse longo per&#237;odo de estudo. A capacidade funcional desses pacientes foi avaliada subjetivamente pelo sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA. Com o tempo de seguimento maior do que <italic>5 ano</italic>s em m&#233;dia, nossos pacientes que receberam a v&#225;lvula modelo Omnicarbon se encontram na classe I ou II da NYHA. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> As pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas modelo Omnicarbon apresentam um bom desempenho cl&#237;nico por at&#233; 10 anos, tanto em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica quanto mitral. Os resultados indicam uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo e complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca mec&#226;nica, morbidade, sobrevida, tromboembolismo</p>
    <p>Desde de que Hufnagel implantou a primeira pr&#243;tese valvar na aorta descendente em 1960, avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos cont&#237;nuos foram feitos na estrutura e no design para obter a v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca artificial ideal. Entretanto, os avan&#231;os obtidos na engenharia biom&#233;dica nem sempre refletem uma melhora nos resultados cl&#237;nicos. Nesse sentido, consideramos os estudos retrospectivos com seguimento cl&#237;nico de longo prazo para avaliar as melhorias t&#233;cnicas, particularmente interessantes do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico. </p>
    <p>Nosso departamento come&#231;ou a utilizar a v&#225;lvula de Omnicarbon (<italic>Medical Incorporated, Minneapolis, USA</italic>) em 1985. O presente estudo selecionou pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de abril de 1985 a maio de 1995. Nosso estudo foi baseado nas diretrizes publicadas por Edmunds para descrever eventos de mortalidade e morbidade<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>A v&#225;lvula de Omnicarbon &#233; uma v&#225;lvula de disco lenticular simples feita de carbono pirol&#237;tico, com dois piv&#244;s que se estendem da arma&#231;&#227;o feita do mesmo material. A v&#225;lvula &#233; montada em um anel de sutura muito flex&#237;vel feito de teflon sem costuras. &#201; importante enfatizar a facilidade de adapta&#231;&#227;o do anel de sutura ao anel original, e tamb&#233;m que &#233; poss&#237;vel virar a arma&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um total de 318 pr&#243;teses valvares modelo Omnicarbon foram implantadas em 264 pacientes no Hospital Cl&#237;nico Universit&#225;rio de Valladolid. Essa popula&#231;&#227;o foi distribu&#237;da igualmente entre 133 homens (50,4%) e 131 mulheres (49,6%). A idade media no momento da cirurgia foi 56,7&#177;11,2 anos, com idades variando de 24 a 80 anos. </p>
    <p>Houve 95 (36%) cirurgias de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (CVA), 115 (44%) mitral (CVM), e 54 (20%) casos com cirurgia nas duas v&#225;lvulas (CDV). O tamanho da v&#225;lvula (di&#226;metro do anel) mais utilizado na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica foi 25<italic>, e</italic> 29 na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>) </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0371-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Oitenta e nove cirurgias foram previamente realizadas em 67 pacientes (25%) incluindo 35 trocas de v&#225;lvula, 26 comissurotomias, 14 anuloplastias, 12 implantes de marcapasso, e 2 outras interven&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. No momento da cirurgia, 66% (174/264) dos pacientes apresentavam classe III ou IV da NYHA, 32% (84/264) estavam na classe II, e apenas 2% (6/264) na classe I. Cirurgia eletiva foi feita em 89% dos casos (235/264), e as outras 11% (29/264) foram cirurgias de emerg&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>A cirurgia foi feita com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e hipotermia sist&#234;mica moderada. No geral, a pr&#243;tese valvular mitral foi orientada com o orif&#237;cio maior direcionado para a via sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. As pr&#243;teses a&#243;rticas foram orientadas com a movimenta&#231;&#227;o do disco em dire&#231;&#227;o anterior direita. Nossa t&#233;cnica de sutura usou em sua maioria as suturas interrompidas de linha de poli&#233;ster apoiadas com almofadas de teflon (pledgets). </p>
    <p>Sistematicamente, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foi iniciada com heparina s&#243;dica at&#233; que fosse alcan&#231;ada a prote&#231;&#227;o efetiva com dicumar&#237;nicos. A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com dicumar&#237;nicos foi iniciada quando o dreno foi removido, e foi mantida indefinidamente. O potencial tromboembol&#237;tico valvular p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi individualizado, com &#234;nfase especial no per&#237;odo de risco m&#225;ximo representado pelas primeiras horas ou dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Nesse sentido, &#233; ben&#233;fico o tratamento r&#225;pido com heparina simultaneamente com os anticoagulantes orais at&#233; que o paciente alcance o n&#237;vel desejado de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. A associa&#231;&#227;o de dicumar&#237;nicos com dipiridamol foi utilizada em pacientes com risco elevado de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboembol&#237;ticas, como por exemplo, na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. A dose de dicumar&#237;nicos foi ajustada respeitando-se o tempo de protrombina (TP) expresso em percentagem de atividade (25-35%) ou, em anos mais recentes de acordo com a raz&#227;o normalizada internacional (RNI). A terapia com anticoagulante foi ajustada para cada paciente para manter a RNI entre 2,5 e 3,5 em pacientes na (CDV) ou na (CVM) e entre 2,0 e 3,0 nos pacientes de (CVA). </p>
    <p>O seguimento cl&#237;nico foi ambulatorial para a maioria dos pacientes (180/226 pacientes, 80%), por telefone em 26 pacientes (12%), por carta em 6 pacientes (3%), e em 14 pacientes (6%) foi feito atrav&#233;s da revis&#227;o dos registros cl&#237;nicos. Foi imposs&#237;vel contatar 13 pacientes, portanto esse estudo de 11 anos teve informa&#231;&#227;o do seguimento cl&#237;nico para 95,1% dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>O seguimento cl&#237;nico m&#225;ximo foi de 11,1 anos com m&#233;dia de 5,4&#177;0,2 anos, com um total de 1291 paciente-anos, incluindo 239 pacientes em risco (CVA: 491, CVM: 546, e CDV: 254). </p>
    <p>O seguimento ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi feito com ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico convencional. Quando os ecocardiografistas encontravam uma anomalia, a ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica era feita para definir o problema. </p>
    <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o das causas de morbidade e mortalidade foi feita seguindo as diretrizes publicadas pela <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons </italic>(Sociedade de Cirurgi&#245;es Tor&#225;cicos)<italic> e American Association for Thoracic Surgery </italic>(Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica)<sup> 1</sup>. Os dados foram expressos quando apropriados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, porcentagens simples, ou raz&#227;o linear de eventos com erro padr&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Todas as curvas de sobrevida e curvas livres de eventos foram calculadas utilizando o m&#233;todo atuarial e as probabilidades est&#227;o expressas com o erro padr&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vinte e cinco pacientes morreram durante o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (&lt;30 dias ou antes da alta hospitalar), a taxa de mortalidade precoce foi de 9,5% (4,2% CVA, 12,2% CVM, 13% CDV). A idade media desse grupo foi 59,6&#177;13,2 anos, significativamente maior do que idade m&#233;dia de todos os pacientes (p&lt;0,001). </p>
    <p>A causa mais comum de morte foi baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (7/25), seguido por fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os em 6 casos, hemorragia n&#227;o-controlada em 3 casos, arritmia ventricular maligna em 2 casos, embolia cerebral em 1 caso, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em 1 caso, septicemia generalizada em 1 caso. Os 4 pacientes restantes morreram de outras causas n&#227;o-card&#237;acas. </p>
    <p>Trinta pacientes (9 CVA, 14 CVM, 7 CDV) morreram ap&#243;s sobreviverem ao p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, levando a uma taxa linear de 2,3&#177;0,4%/paciente-ano (1,8&#177;0,6% para CVA, 2,6&#177;0,7% para CVM e 2,8&#177;1,0% para CDV). Onze pacientes morreram devido a complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; v&#225;lvula, de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o de Edmunds<sup>1</sup>: morte s&#250;bita (5), hemorragia (2), endocardite (2), e extravasamento perivalvular (2). O mesmo n&#250;mero de pacientes (11/30) morreram de doen&#231;as ligadas a causas card&#237;acas: 10 por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e 1 por arritmia. A causa de morte de 3 pacientes &#233; desconhecida e nos outros 5 pacientes a morte foi atribu&#237;da a causas n&#227;o-card&#237;acas. </p>
    <p>A sobrevida total em 10 anos, considerando todas as causas de morte e incluindo mortalidade precoce, &#233; de 79,4&#177;3,9% (81,2&#177;6,4% em CVA, 78,5&#177;5,5% em CVM, e 78,8&#177;7,5% em CDV). As curvas de sobrevida de acordo com cada grupo de pacientes se encontram na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>. Se apenas a mortalidade tardia associada &#224; troca valvar for considerada, a sobrevida em 10 anos &#233; de 95,5&#177;1,8% (95,7&#177;2,5% na CVA, 90,2&#177;4,4% na CVM, e 93,3&#177;4,6% na CDV). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0371-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento cl&#237;nico, a curva atuarial livre de eventos tromboembol&#237;ticos em 10 anos foi de 99,5&#177;0,5% (97,6&#177;2,4% para CDV). Apenas um paciente apresentou evento tromboembol&#237;tico (CDV, n&#227;o-fatal). A taxa linear &#233; de 0,1&#177;0,1%/pta (0,4&#177;0,4%/pta CDV). N&#227;o houve casos de trombose valvar. </p>
    <p>A taxa linear para hemorragia &#233; de 0,4&#177;0,2%/pta (0,6&#177;0,4%/pta CVA e 0,8&#177;0,6%/pta CDV). A sobrevida atuarial livre de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos em 10 anos foi de 96,1%&#177;2,5 (94,2&#177;4,3% em CVA e 92,3&#177;3,1% em CVD). Cinco acidentes s&#233;rios relacionados ao uso de anticoagulantes ocorreram em 3 pacientes (2 CVA, 1 CVD). Em 3 ocasi&#245;es, a hemorragia teve origem digestiva; houve tamb&#233;m um caso fatal de hemorragia intracraniana e um sangramento urol&#243;gico n&#227;o fatal. Os dois pacientes que morreram de hemorragia tiveram diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de extravasamento a&#243;rtico perivalvular com repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica e estavam aguardando a reopera&#231;&#227;o. O terceiro paciente (CDV) que apresentou sangramento tamb&#233;m apresentava hipertens&#227;o pulmonar severa e insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita com deteriora&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica secund&#225;ria, necessitando hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es devido ao sangramento digestivo e hemat&#250;ria. Esse paciente morreu 2 anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia realizada com a finalidade de melhorar a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia combinada de tromboembolismo e hemorragia &#233; de 0,5&#177;0,2%/pta. </p>
    <p>Foram diagnosticados dois casos de endocardite da pr&#243;tese no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio (CVM, 1 CVD). Isso corresponde a uma taxa linear de 0,2&#177;0,1%/pta (0,2&#177;0,2%/pta em CVM e 0,4&#177;0,4%/pta em CVD). Os dois pacientes foram reoperados, trocando as v&#225;lvulas infectadas, e ambos morreram durante o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A sobrevida atuarial livre de endocardite em 10 anos foi de 98,0&#177;0,6% (98,2&#177;1,3% para CVM e 96,1&#177;2,1% para CDV). </p>
    <p>Defici&#234;ncia n&#227;o-estrutural foi diagnosticada de acordo com os dados da ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, e conforme dito na se&#231;&#227;o material e m&#233;todos, a ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica foi realizada quando os ecocardiografistas precisavam definir o problema. As decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas foram feitas utilizando os crit&#233;rios padr&#245;es, de acordo com os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e a situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (envolvimento hemodin&#226;mico e anemia hemol&#237;tica). </p>
    <p>As defici&#234;ncias n&#227;o estruturais foram detectadas na forma de deisc&#234;ncia valvular ou crescimento do <italic>pannus</italic> (<bold><italic>pannus</italic></bold> &#233; constitu&#237;do por tecido sinovial hiperplasiado e hipertrofiado) em 15 pacientes (6 CVA, 6 CVM, 3 CDV). Correspondente a uma taxa linear de 1,2&#177;0,3%/pta (1,2&#177;0,5%/pta para CVA, l,1&#177;0,4%/pta para MYR, e 1,2&#177;0,7%/pta para CDV). A sobreviva atuarial livre de defici&#234;ncia n&#227;o estrutural em 10 anos &#233; de 87,9&#177;3,9% (89,1&#177;5,4% para CVA, 80,7&#177;10,3% para MYR, e 92,2&#177;4,3% para CVD). Nesse grupo de 15 pacientes, 13 (87%) apresentaram deisc&#234;ncia perivalvular significante com envolvimento hemodin&#226;mico e/ou anemia hemol&#237;tica (6 CVA, 5 CVM, 2 CDV). N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel corrigir cirurgicamente esse problema em 3 pacientes: 2 morreram antes da cirurgia por hemorragia severa (previamente discutida), e a cirurgia n&#227;o foi considerada para o terceiro devido a situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica extremamente grave. Dois dos 10 pacientes remanescentes n&#227;o sobreviveram &#224; cirurgia. Epis&#243;dios de deisc&#234;ncia corresponderam a uma taxa linear de 1,0&#177;0,3%/pta (1,2&#177; O,5%/pta em CVA, 0,9&#177;0,4%pta em CVM, e O,8&#177;O,6% /pta em CDV). </p>
    <p>Dois pacientes (1 CVM, 1 CDV) necessitaram reopera&#231;&#227;o para corrigir um pannus periprot&#233;tico. &#201; interessante evidenciar que os dois casos apresentaram discreto (sem signific&#226;ncia hemodin&#226;mica) extravasamento perivalvular. A taxa linear de complica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-estrutural &#233; de 0,2&#177;0,1% (0,2&#177;0,2% para CVM, 0,4&#177;0,4% para CDV). </p>
    <p>Exceto nos casos de extravasamento perivalvular acompanhado de hem&#243;lise, n&#227;o observamos pacientes com v&#225;lvula de Omnicarbon com anemia hemol&#237;tica. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o ocorreram casos de insufici&#234;ncia estrutural. </p>
    <p>Quatorze pacientes (6 CVA, 6 CVM, 2 CDV) foram submetidos a reopera&#231;&#227;o representando uma taxa linear de 11&#177;0,3%/pta (l,2&#177;O,5%/pta para CVA, 11&#177;0,4%/pta para CVM, e 0,8&#177;0,6%/pta para CDV). As indica&#231;&#245;es para reopera&#231;&#227;o foram deisc&#234;ncia (10), <italic>pannus</italic> (2), e endocardite (2). Desse grupo de pacientes reoperados, 4 n&#227;o sobreviveram &#224; cirurgia ou morreram durante o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio inicial (2 por extravasamento perivalvular e 2 por endocardite). A taxa de mortalidade associada com a reopera&#231;&#227;o foi de 28,6%. A sobrevida atuarial livre de reopera&#231;&#227;o em 10 anos foi de 88,7&#177;3,9% (88,8&#177;2,6% para CVA, 89,6&#177;4,1 para CVM, e 92,3&#177;3,8% para CDV). </p>
    <p> As <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabelas I</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab02">II</xref> resumem a taxa linear de complica&#231;&#245;es e as probabilidades atuariais livres de morbidade. No seguimento cl&#237;nico atual (p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio m&#233;dio de 5,4 anos), 96,9% dos pacientes estavam na classe I ou II da NYHA. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0371-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab02"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0371-00004-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica de Omnicarbon ficou dispon&#237;vel na Espanha como uma v&#225;lvula substituta em 1984. A investiga&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica para produzir a terceira gera&#231;&#227;o do design da omni (disco m&#243;vel e uma lateral integral) resultou na v&#225;lvula de Omnicarbon; suas antecessoras foram a Lillehei-Kaster e a pr&#243;tese de omniscience <sup>2</sup>. A v&#225;lvula de Omnicarbon &#233; uma pr&#243;tese simples de suporte &#250;nico e feita totalmente de carbono pirol&#237;tico. </p>
    <p>Nesse estudo retrospectivo, s&#227;o analisados os resultados a longo prazo obtidos de um n&#250;mero significante de estudos de pacientes, 264 com 318 v&#225;lvulas implantadas. O per&#237;odo de seguimento cl&#237;nico (media de 5,4&#177;0,2 anos, com um m&#225;ximo de 11,1 anos) permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho cl&#237;nico da v&#225;lvula de Omnicarbon a longo prazo. </p>
    <p>A mortalidade hospitalar nessa s&#233;rie foi de 9,5%, semelhante aos resultados obtidos por outros investigadores <sup>3-6</sup>. A mortalidade hospitalar est&#225; relacionada &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o funcional pr&#233;-operatoria dos pacientes, o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e a idade. A principal causa da mortalidade precoce em nosso grupo foi a s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (28% de todas as mortes). </p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento cl&#237;nico, um total de 30 pacientes morreram, representando uma taxa linear de 2,3&#177;0,4%/pta. Onze (37%) devido a causas relacionadas &#224; troca valvar (hemorragia, endocardite, disfun&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-estrutural, e morte s&#250;bita), e outros 11 pacientes morreram por raz&#245;es card&#237;acas (principalmente insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). Portanto, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva &#233; considerada a causa predominante de mortalidade tardia. Nesse sentido &#233; importante a considera&#231;&#227;o feita por Nitter-Hauge <sup>7</sup> que a durabilidade e a baixa trombogenicidade das v&#225;lvulas mec&#226;nicas dispon&#237;veis atualmente justificam indicar a cirurgia precocemente, antes de ocorrer um dano mioc&#225;rdico irrevers&#237;vel, melhorando assim a expectativa de vida a longo prazo <sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos resultados, a taxa de sobrevida atuarial em 10 anos &#233; de 95,5&#177;1,8%, considerando apenas a mortalidade tardia associada &#224; troca valvular. A expectativa de vida &#233; mais baixa para os pacientes de troca de v&#225;lvula mitral. Outros estudos relacionados a pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas com tempo de seguimento cl&#237;nico igual ao nosso demonstrou taxas de sobrevida semelhantes <sup>9-13</sup>. </p>
    <p>O tromboembolismo, que &#233; o problema predominante relacionado &#224;s v&#225;lvulas mec&#226;nicas, foi mais baixo em nossos pacientes com v&#225;lvula de Omnicarbon. N&#227;o ocorreram casos de trombose da pr&#243;tese. A sobrevida atuarial livre de epis&#243;dios tromboemb&#243;licos &#233; de 99,5+0,5%. &#201; &#243;bvio que a g&#234;nese dessa complica&#231;&#227;o &#233; multifatorial com o design da v&#225;lvula sendo um componente. Nossos resultados s&#227;o claramente favor&#225;veis para a pr&#243;tese de Omnicarbon e est&#227;o de acordo com outros autores que estudaram esta v&#225;lvula<sup>9,10,14-17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nossa taxa combinada de tromboembolismo e hemorragia &#233; baixa de 0,5&#177;0,2%/pta <sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>A terapia antitromb&#243;tica na cirurgia de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca continua sendo um assunto controverso. O momento de iniciar a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, o tipo de heparina a ser utilizada, os controles, a intensidade do tratamento, e a associa&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o com medicamento antiadesivo plaquet&#225;rio est&#225; sendo continuamente revisado. Os resultados apresentados em nossa s&#233;rie podem ser uma conseq&#252;&#234;ncia do esquema de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o individualizado e precoce que utilizamos. A identifica&#231;&#227;o e separa&#231;&#227;o de subgrupos de pacientes com riscos tromboemb&#243;licos diferentes <sup>19,20</sup> e a padroniza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da RNI permite a individualiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, reduzindo o risco de hemorragia sem reduzir a prote&#231;&#227;o tromboembol&#237;tica. </p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios da pr&#243;tese de Omnicarbon em outros hospitais n&#227;o relataram em nenhum caso de anemia hemol&#237;tica. Knott e cols.<sup>21</sup> do Instituto Helmholtz de Engenharia Biom&#233;dica (Alemanha) estudou as caracter&#237;sticas hidrodin&#226;micas de 10 v&#225;lvulas mec&#226;nicas diferentes, e demonstrou que a pr&#243;tese de Omnicarbon apresenta uma velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o e volume relativamente menor e portanto uma capacidade menor de induzir hem&#243;lise <sup>22</sup>. Nosso grupo detectou a hem&#243;lise laboratorial ou cl&#237;nica apenas nas v&#225;lvulas de Omnicarbon com deisc&#234;ncia perivalvular. </p>
    <p>Apesar de ser completamente claro que a deisc&#234;ncia perivalvular e a endocardite est&#227;o diretamente relacionadas &#224; t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica e/ou &#224;s circunst&#226;ncias dos pacientes mais do que ao design da v&#225;lvula, essas complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o importantes para se ter em conta quando se estiver avaliando os resultados da troca valvar. Em nosso departamento, o extravasamento periprot&#233;tico &#233; normalmente avaliado pelo exame cl&#237;nico e o Eco-Doppler em cores. A literatura nesse assunto demonstra uma grande diversidade de resultados <sup>22-25</sup>, parcialmente pela varia&#231;&#227;o da sensitividade dos diferentes m&#233;todos de diagn&#243;sticos utilizados, pela dificuldade de avaliar clinicamente a gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o para incluir como uma complica&#231;&#227;o valvular, e a dificuldade de diferenciar uma regurgita&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica de uma regurgita&#231;&#227;o transvalvular normal principalmente na presen&#231;a de alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Como o Ecodoppler a cores tornou-se rotineiro para os pacientes com pr&#243;teses valvares, a detec&#231;&#227;o de extravasamento perivalvular com graus leves ou moderados de regurgita&#231;&#227;o, &#233; provavelmente hoje em dia, mais simples e freq&#252;ente. </p>
    <p>O comportamento hemodin&#226;mico da v&#225;lvula de Omnicarbon demonstrou um desempenho cl&#237;nico igual ao de outras v&#225;lvulas mec&#226;nicas atuais <sup>15-17</sup>. Nossos dados est&#227;o de acordo com aqueles da Universidade de Bonn <sup>26</sup> e da Universidade de Montpellier <sup>27</sup> que estabeleceu os valores hemodin&#226;micos esperados para tamanhos diferentes da v&#225;lvula Omnicarbon nas posi&#231;&#245;es mitral e a&#243;rtica. Saber o perfil hemodin&#226;mico de cada v&#225;lvula facilita a identifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica, caso esteja presente. </p>
    <p>Consideramos uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo a aus&#234;ncia de uma an&#225;lise exaustiva dos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Estes s&#227;o importantes para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e sua repercuss&#227;o na massa ventricular, e para estabelecer a exata magnitude da falha n&#227;o estrutural. Nesse sentido estamos preparando um novo estudo prospectivo. </p>
    <p>Os resultados cl&#237;nicos obtidos ap&#243;s uma experi&#234;ncia de longo prazo com a v&#225;lvula de Omnicarbon estabelecem essa v&#225;lvula como a v&#225;lvula mec&#226;nica preferida. A incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboembol&#237;ticas foi notadamente baixa. A sobrevida e a qualidade de vida foram satisfat&#243;rias.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Salvatore Di Stefano </p>
        <p> ICICOR of Cardiac Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid </p>
        <p> Av. Ram&#243;n y Cajal, 3 </p>
        <p> 47011 - Valladolid, Spain </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="sdst@atenet.edu">sdst@atenet.edu</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 04/05/2004 - Aceito em 19/11/2004</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Valve replacement with the Omnicarbon valve prosthesis: a 10-year follow-up</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: We retrospectively examined the outcomes of 264 patients who underwent consecutive Omnicarbon valve implantation surgery between April 1985 and May 1995. METHODS: At the time of surgery, patients who received this mechanical prosthesis averaged 57&#177;11 years of age. Omnicarbon valves were placed in the aortic position in 36% of the cases, in the mitral position in 44%, and in both positions in 20%. Follow-up was carefully performed, with most patients undergoing physical examination at our clinic. While taking the case history, cardiac physicians specifically questioned the patient about valve-related complications. RESULTS: Accumulated total patient-years is 1291, with a mean follow-up time of 5.4 years. Survival at 10 years is 79.4&#177;3.9%, including all causes of death and early mortality. Complications recorded during the 11-year study include: thromboembolism (0.1%), hemorrhage (0.4%), endocarditis (0.2%), and nonstructural failure (1.2%). No hemolytic anemia, valve thrombosis, or structural failure was detected during this long-term experience. Functional capability of these patients was subjectively assessed by the NYHA classification system. With follow-up time averaging over 5 years, 97% of our Omnicarbon valve patients are in NYHA I or II. CONCLUSION: The Omnicarbon mechanical prosthesis provides a good clinical performance for up to 10 years in both the aortic and mitral positions. Results indicated a low incidence of thromboembolism and of hemorrhagic complications.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>mechanical heart valve</kwd>
        <kwd>morbidity</kwd>
        <kwd>survival</kwd>
        <kwd>thromboembolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Valve replacement with the Omnicarbon valve prosthesis. A 10-year follow-up</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Santiago Florez; Salvatore Di Stefano; Yolanda Carrascal; Juan Bustamante; Enrique Fulquet; Jos&#233; Ram&#243;n Echevarria; Casquero Elena; Javier Gualis; Luis Fiz</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Valladolid, Spain</p>
      <p>Instituto de Ciencias del Corazon (ICICOR), Servicio de Cirug&#237;a Card&#237;aca. Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Spain</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence </xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> We retrospectively examined the outcomes of 264 patients who underwent consecutive Omnicarbon valve implantation surgery between April 1985 and May 1995. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>At the time of surgery, patients who received this mechanical prosthesis averaged 57&#177;11 years of age. Omnicarbon valves were placed in the aortic position in 36% of the cases, in the mitral position in 44%, and in both positions in 20%. Follow-up was carefully performed, with most patients undergoing physical examination at our clinic. While taking the case history, cardiac physicians specifically questioned the patient about valve-related complications. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Accumulated total patient-years is 1291, with a mean follow-up time of 5.4 years. Survival at 10 years is 79.4&#177;3.9%, including all causes of death and early mortality. Complications recorded during the 11-year study include<strike>:</strike> thromboembolism (0.1%), hemorrhage (0.4%), endocarditis (0.2%), and nonstructural failure (1.2%). No hemolytic anemia, valve thrombosis, or structural failure was detected during this long-term experience. Functional capability of these patients was subjectively assessed by the NYHA classification system. With follow-up time averaging over 5 years, 97% of our Omnicarbon valve patients are in NYHA I or II. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The Omnicarbon mechanical prosthesis provides a good clinical performance for up to 10 years in both the aortic and mitral positions. Results indicated a low incidence of thromboembolism and of hemorrhagic complications. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>mechanical heart valve, morbidity, survival, thromboembolism</p>
      <p> Since Hufnagel implanted the first prosthetic valve in the descending aorta in 1960, continuous technological advancements have developed in structure as well as design, directed at obtaining the ideal artificial cardiac valve. However, achievements obtained in the biomedical engineering field do not always mean an improvement in clinical results. In this sense, we find retrospective studies with long-term follow-up to evaluate technical improvement particularly interesting from a clinical point of view. </p>
      <p>Our department began using the Omnicarbon valve (Medical Incorporated, Minneapolis, USA) in 1985. The current study comprised patients who underwent surgery from April 1985 until May 1995. We based our study on the guidelines published by Edmunds<sup>1</sup> to describe mortality and morbidity events. </p>
      <p>The Omnicarbon valve is a monoleaflet valve made of a hingeless, pyrolytic carbon, curved disc supported by 2 pivots extending from the housing, which is made of the same material. The valve is mounted in a very flexible suture ring made with a seamless Teflon material. It is important to emphasize how easily the suture ring adapts to the native annulus, and that it is possible to rotate the valve housing <sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 318 Omnicarbon valvular prostheses were implanted in 264 patients in Hospital Cl&#237;nico Universitario of Valladolid. This population was equally distributed between 133 men (50.4%) and 131 women (49.6%). The mean age at the time of surgery was 56.7&#177;11.2 years, with ages ranging from 24 to 80. </p>
      <p>Procedures included 95 (36%) aortic valve replacements (AVR), 115 (44%) mitral (MVR), and 54 (20%) cases in which both of these valves were replaced (DVR). The valve size (annulus diameter) most used in the aortic position was 25, and it was 29 in the mitral position (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig.1</xref>) </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0371-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Previously, 89 operations were performed on 67 patients (25%). These included 35 valve replacements, 26 commissurotomies, 14 annuloplasties, 12 pacemaker implants, and 2 other heart repairs. At the time of surgery, 66% (174/264) of the patients were in NYHA class III or IV, 32% (84/264) were in class II, and only 2% (6/264) were in class I. Elective surgery was performed in 89% of the patients (235/264), and emergency operations were performed in the other 11% (29/264). </p>
      <p>The operation was performed with extracorporeal circulation and moderate systemic hypothermia. In general, the mitral valve prosthesis was positioned with the large orifice toward the outflow tract of the left ventricle. Aortic prostheses were positioned with the disc motion toward the right anterior direction. Our suture technique mostly used interrupted sutures of polyester 2/0 thread supported with Teflon pledgets. </p>
      <p>Systematically, anticoagulation was initiated with heparin sodium until effective protection with acenocoumarol was achieved. Oral anticoagulation with acenocoumarol was begun when drainage had been removed, and anticoagulation was maintained indefinitely. Postoperative valvular thromboembolic potential was individualized, with special emphasis on the period of maximum risk, which was the first hours or days following surgery. In this sense, very early treatment with heparin simultaneously with oral anticoagulants until the patients reached the desired level of anticoagulation was beneficial. Association of acenocoumarol with dipyridamole was combined in patients with a higher risk for thromboembolic complications, as for example atrial fibrillation and a history of embolic events. The acenocoumarol dosage was adjusted with respect to prothrombin time (PT) expressed in activity percentage (25-35%) or, in more recent years, according to the international normalized ratio (INR). Anticoagulant therapy was adjusted for each patient to maintain an INR between 2.5 and 3.5 in DVR or MVR patients and between 2.0 and 3.0 in AVR patients. </p>
      <p>We performed follow-up of most patients by outpatient examination (180/226 patients, 80%), by phone with 26 (12%), by letter with 6 (3%), and in 14 (6%) by reviewing clinical records. It was impossible to contact 13 patients; therefore, this 11-year study has follow-up information for 95.1% of the patients. </p>
      <p>The maximum follow-up was 11.1 years with an average of 5.4&#177;0.2 years, which means a total of 1291 patient-years involving 239 patients at risk (AVR: 491, MVR: 546, and DVR: 254). </p>
      <p>Echocardiographic follow-up was performed with conventional transthoracic echocardiography. Only when echocardiographers detected anomalies did they perform transesophageal echocardiography to define the problem. </p>
      <p>Classification of the causes of morbidity and mortality was performed following the guidelines published by the <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons </italic>and the <italic>American Association for Thoracic Surgery </italic><sup>1</sup>. Data are expressed when appropriate as mean &#177; standard deviation, simple percentages, or linearized rate of events with standard error. </p>
      <p>All the survival curves and event-free curves were calculated by using the actuarial method, and probabilities are expressed with the standard error. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-five patients died during the postoperative period (&lt;30 days or before hospital discharge), which means an early mortality rate of 9.5% (4.2% AVR, 12.2% MVR, 13% DVR). The mean age of this group was 59.6&#177;13.2 years, which is significantly higher than the mean age for all patients (P&lt;0.001). </p>
      <p>The most common cause of death was low cardiac output (7/25), followed by multiorgan failure on 6 occasions, 3 uncontrollable hemorrhages, 2 malignant ventricular arrhythmias, 1 cerebral embolism, 1 acute myocardial infarction, 1 generalized sepsis, and the remaining 4 patients died of noncardiac causes. </p>
      <p>Thirty patients (9 AVR, 14 MVR, 7 DVR) died after surviving the postoperative period, which yields a linearized rate of 2.3&#177;0.4%/patient-year (pty) (1.8&#177;0.6% for AVR, 2.6&#177;0.7% for MVR and 2.8&#177;1.0% for DVR). Eleven patients died due to valve-related complications, as defined by Edmunds <sup>1</sup>: sudden death (5), hemorrhage (2), endocarditis (2), and perivalvular leak (2). The same number of patients (11/30) died from heart-related causes: 10 from cardiac failure and 1 from arrhythmia. The cause of death of 3 patients is unknown and in the remaining 5 patients, death was attributed to noncardiac causes. </p>
      <p>The total survival at 10 years, considering all causes of death and including early mortality, is 79.4&#177;3.9% (81.2&#177;6.4% in AVR, 78.5&#177;5.5% in MVR, and 78.8&#177;7.5% in DVR). Survival curves according to each group of patients are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figure 2</xref>. If only late mortality associated with valve replacement is considered, survival at 10 years is 95.5&#177;1.8% (95.7&#177;2.5% in AVR, 90.2&#177;4.4% in MVR, and 93.3&#177;4.6% in DVR). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0371-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Valve related complications - During the follow-up period, the actuarial rate of freedom from suffering a thromboembolic event at 10 years was 99.5&#177;0.5% (97.6&#177;2.4% for DVR). Only one patient had a thromboembolic event (DVR, nonfatal). The linearized rate is 0.1&#177;0.1%/pty (0.4&#177;0.4%/pty DVR). No valvular thrombotic events occurred. </p>
      <p>The linearized rate for hemorrhage is 0.4&#177;0.2%/pty (0.6&#177;0.4%/pty AVR and 0.8&#177;0.6%/pty DVR). The 10-year actuarial rate of freedom from hemorrhagic events is 96. 1%&#177;2.5 (94.2&#177;4.3% in AVR and 92.3&#177;3.1% in DVR). Five major bleeding accidents related to the use of anticoagulants occurred in 3 patients (2 AVR, 1 DVR). On 3 occasions, hemorrhage was of digestive origin; also 1 fatal case of intracerebral hemorrhage and 1 nonfatal urological bleed occurred. The 2 patients who died as a result of hemorrhage had been previously diagnosed with aortic perivalvular leakage with clinical repercussion and were pending reoperation. The third patient (DVR) who experienced bleeding also suffered from severe pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular insufficiency with secondary hepatic deterioration, and required hospitalizations due to digestive bleeding and hematuria. This patient died 2 years after surgery to improve cardiac failure. </p>
      <p>The combined incidence of thromboembolism and hemorrhage is 0.5&#177;0.2%/pty. </p>
      <p>Two cases of late postoperative prosthetic endocarditis were diagnosed (1 MVR, 1 DVR). This corresponds to a linearized rate of 0.2&#177;0.1%/pty (0.2&#177;0.2%/pty in MVR and 0.4&#177;0.4%/pty in DVR). Both patients were reoperated on, replacing the infected valves, and both died during the postoperative recovery period. The actuarial rate of freedom from endocarditis at 10 years is 98.0&#177;0.6% (98.2&#177;1.3% for MVR and 96.1&#177;2.1% for DVR). </p>
      <p>Nonstructural failure was diagnosed according to transthoracic echocardiographic data, and as we noted in the Methods section, transesophageal echocardiography was performed when echocardiographers needed to define the problem. The therapeutic decisions were made using standard criteria, according to echocardiographic data and the clinical situation (hemodynamic compromise and hemolytic anemia). </p>
      <p>Nonstructural failures were detected in the form of valvular dehiscence or pannus growth in 15 patients (6 AVR, 6 MYR, 3 DVR). This corresponds to a linearized rate of 1.2&#177;0.3%/pty (1.2&#177;0.5%/pty for AVR, l.1&#177;0.4%/pty for MYR, and 1.2&#177;0.7%/pty for DVR). The actuarial rate of freedom from nonstructural failure at 10 years is 87.9&#177;3.9% (89.1&#177;5.4% for AVR, 80.7&#177;10.3% for MYR, and 92.2&#177;4.3% for DVR). In this group of 15 patients, 13 (87%) experienced significant perivalvular dehiscence with hemodynamic compromise or hemolytic anemia, or both of these (6 AVR, 5 MVR, 2 DVR). It was not possible to surgically correct this problem in 3 patients: 2 died before surgery due to major hemorrhage (previously discussed), and surgery was not considered for the third due to the extreme clinical situation. Two of the remaining 10 patients did not survive the reoperation. Dehiscence events correspond to a linearized rate of 1.0&#177;0.3%/pty (l.2&#177;O.5%/pty in AVR, 0.9&#177;0.4%pty in MVR, and O.8&#177;O.6%pty in DVR). </p>
      <p>Two patients (1 MVR, 1 DVR) required reoperation to correct a periprosthetic pannus. It is interesting that both cases also had slight (not hemodynamically significant) perivalvular leakage. The linearized rate of this nonstructural complication is 0.2&#177;0.1% (0.2&#177;0.2% for MYR, 0.4&#177;0.4% for DVR). </p>
      <p>Except for the cases of perivalvular leakage accompanied by clinical hemolysis, we have not observed any Omnicarbon valve patient with hemolytic anemia. Furthermore, no case of prosthetic structural failure occurred. </p>
      <p>Fourteen patients (6 AVR, 6 MVR, 2 DVR) underwent reoperation, which represents a linearized rate of 11&#177;0.3%/pty (l.2&#177; O.5%/pty for AVR, 11&#177;0.4%/pty for MVR, and 0.8&#177;0.6%/pty for DVR). Indications for reoperation were dehiscence (10), pannus (2), and endocarditis (2). Of this group of reoperated on patients, 4 did not survive surgery or died during the early postoperative period (2 from perivalvular leaks and 2 from endocarditis). This represents a mortality rate associated with reoperation of 28.6%. The actuarial rate of freedom from reoperation at 10 years is 88.7&#177;3.9% (88.8&#177;2.6% for AVR, 89.6&#177;4.1 for MYR, and 92.3&#177;3.8% for DVR). </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables I</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab02-body2">II</xref> summarize the linearized rates of complications and the actuarial probabilities of freedom from morbidity. At the current follow-up examination (mean postoperative time of 5.4 years), 96.9% of the patients were in NYHA class I or II. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0371-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tab02-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0371-00004-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Omnicarbon mechanical prosthesis was available as a valve substitute in Spain in 1984. Scientific investigation to produce the third generation of the Omni design (hingeless disc inside an integral housing) resulted in the Omnicarbon valve; its predecessors were the Lillehei-Kaster and omniscience prostheses <sup>2</sup>. The Omnicarbon valve is a monoleaflet prosthesis with a low profile and is totally made of pyrolytic carbon. </p>
      <p>In this retrospective study, the long-term results obtained from a significant number of patient studies, 264 with 318 valves implanted, are analyzed. The follow-up period (average of 5.4&#177;0.2 years, with a maximum of 11.1 years) permits evaluation of Omnicarbon valve clinical performance on a long-term basis. </p>
      <p>Hospital mortality in this series was 9.5%, similar to results obtained by other investigators <sup>3-6</sup>. Hospital mortality is related to the preoperative functional situation of the patients, the degree of ventricular deterioration, and age. The main cause of early mortality in our group was low cardiac output syndrome (28% of all deaths). </p>
      <p>During the follow-up period, 30 patients died, representing a linearized rate of 2.3&#177;0.4%/pty. Eleven (37%) of these deaths were due to causes related to the valve replacement (hemorrhage, endocarditis, nonstructural dysfunction, and sudden death), and another 11 patients died due to cardiac reasons (primarily cardiac insufficiency). Therefore, congestive heart failure is considered the predominant cause of late mortality. In this sense, it is important to consider Nitter-Hauge's <sup>7</sup> recommendation that the durability and low thrombogenicity of currently available mechanical valves justify surgery being performed sooner, before irreversible myocardial injury occurs, thus improving long-term life expectancy <sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>After statistical analysis of the results, we have an actuarial survival rate at 10 years of 95.5&#177;1.8%, considering only late mortality associated with valve replacement. Life expectancy is lower for the mitral valve replacement patients. Other studies related to mechanical prostheses with follow-up time equivalent to ours show similar survival rates <sup>9-13</sup>. </p>
      <p>Thromboembolism, which is the predominant problem related to mechanical valves, was low in our Omnicarbon valve patients. No case of prosthetic thrombosis occurred. The actuarial freedom rate from suffering a thromboembolic episode is 99.5+0.5%. It is obvious that the genesis of this complication is multifactorial, with valve design as one component. Our results are clearly favorable for the Omnicarbon prosthesis and agree with the results of other authors who studied the Omnicarbon valve <sup>9,10,14-17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Our combined rate of thromboembolism and hemorrhage is low at 0.5&#177;0.2%/pty <sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Antithrombotic therapy in cardiac valve surgery continues to be a controversial issue. The moment to initiate anticoagulation, type of heparin and controls, treatment intensity, and the association or not of antiplatelet medication is continuously being revised. The results presented in our series might be a consequence of the early and individualized anticoagulation schedule we follow. Identification and separation of subgroups of patients with a different thromboembolic risk <sup>19,20</sup> and standardization of the anticoagulation protocol through INR allows for individualizing anticoagulation treatment, reducing the risk of hemorrhage without reducing thromboembolic protection. </p>
      <p>Previous studies of the Omnicarbon prosthesis in other hospitals have not reported any cases of hemolytic anemia. Knott et al <sup>21</sup> of the Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering (Germany) studied hydrodynamic characteristics of 10 different mechanical valves and showed that the Omnicarbon prosthesis has a comparatively lower regurgitation velocity and volume and thus a lower capacity for inducing hemolysis <sup>22</sup>. Our group detected hemolysis analytically or clinically, or both, only in Omnicarbon valves with perivalvular dehiscence. </p>
      <p>Although it is completely clear that perivalvular dehiscence and endocarditis are directly related to the surgical technique or patient circumstances, or both, rather than to the valve design, these complications are important to review when evaluating results of valve replacement. In our department, periprosthetic leakage is normally evaluated through clinical examination and color Doppler echocardiography. The literature <sup>22-25 </sup>on this subject reports a wide diversity of results, partly due to the variation in sensitivity of the different diagnostic methods used, difficulty in clinically evaluating the severity of regurgitation to include it as a valvular complication, and the occasional problem of differentiating pathological perivalvular from normal transvalvular regurgitation, which becomes extremely difficult if associated with rapid heart rates. Since color Doppler echocardiography has become routine for patients with prosthetic valves, detection of perivalvular leakage with slight to moderate degrees of regurgitation is now probably easier and more frequent. </p>
      <p>Hemodynamic behavior of the Omnicarbon valve has been shown to exhibit clinical performance equal to that of other current mechanical valves <sup>15-17</sup>. Our data agree with those of researchers at the University of Bonn <sup>26</sup> and the University of Montpellier <sup>27</sup> who established expected hemodynamic values for different Omnicarbon valve sizes in both the mitral and aortic positions. Knowing the hemodynamic profile of each valve facilitates identification of prosthetic dysfunction, if it develops. </p>
      <p>We consider that a limitation of the study is the absence of an exhaustive analysis of echocardiographic data. They are important for evaluating hemodynamic function and its repercussion in ventricular mass, and to establish the exact magnitude of nonstructural failure. In this sense, we are preparing a new prospectic study. </p>
      <p>The clinical results we obtained after long-term experience with the Omnicarbon valve establish this prosthesis as a preferred mechanical valve. The incidence of thromboembolic complications was remarkably low. Survival and quality of life are satisfactory.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Salvatore Di Stefano</p>
          <p> ICICOR of Cardiac Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid</p>
          <p> Avda. Ram&#243;n y Cajal, 3</p>
          <p> Cep 47011 - Valladolid, Spain</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="sdst@atenet.edu">sdst@atenet.edu</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received for publication: 05/04/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 11/19/2004</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
