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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZpTSp8PCvcBFMg6x8QJWwqG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000500002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000500002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Melhora sintom&#225;tica e da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s o transplante aut&#243;logo, transendoc&#225;rdico, de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica grave, sustentada at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s de evolu&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dohmann</surname>
            <given-names>Hans Fernando R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perin</surname>
            <given-names>Emerson C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borojevic</surname>
            <given-names>Radovan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Andre L. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assad</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Maria I. D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dohmann</surname>
            <given-names>Hans J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Texas Heart Institute</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>360</fpage>
      <lpage>366</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos, no seguimento de 6 meses, do transplante aut&#243;logo, transendoc&#225;rdico, de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea (TACMMO), sobre os sintomas, capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, perfus&#227;o e contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica nos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica grave. M&#201;TODOS: Vinte e um pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo prospectivo (os 14 primeiros pacientes, grupo tratado; os 7 &#250;ltimos pacientes, grupo controle). Inicialmente todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial, teste ergom&#233;trico, ecocardiograma, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica e Holter de 24 horas. As CMMO foram isoladas, lavadas e dilu&#237;das em salina 0,9% para inje&#231;&#227;o transendoc&#225;rdica em &#225;reas de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel no grupo tratado, (15 inje&#231;&#245;es de 0,2 ml). Todos os pacientes foram reavaliados ao final de 2 e 6 meses de acompanhamento. RESULTADOS: Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e demais caracter&#237;sticas n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os grupos na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. N&#227;o foram observados eventos adversos maiores relacionados ao TACMMO. Ao final de 6 meses, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica na imagem de perfus&#227;o nuclear (p=0,05) e melhora significativa dos sintomas, da capacidade funcional e da fun&#231;&#227;o global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. CONCLUS&#195;O: Este estudo demonstra a seguran&#231;a da realiza&#231;&#227;o de inje&#231;&#245;es transendoc&#225;rdicas de CMMO em humanos com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica associada a grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os efeitos observados em curto prazo foram mantidos at&#233; 6 meses de acompanhamento.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>c&#233;lulas</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>terapia g&#234;nica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Melhora sintom&#225;tica e da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s o transplante aut&#243;logo, transendoc&#225;rdico, de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica grave, sustentada at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s de evolu&#231;&#227;o </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hans Fernando R. Dohmann; Emerson C. Perin; Radovan Borojevic; Suzana A. Silva; Andre L. S. Souza; Guilherme V. Silva; Jo&#227;o A. R. Assad; Maria I. D. Rossi; Claudio T. Mesquita; Hans J. Dohmann</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Houston, TX - USA</p>
    <p>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Texas Heart Institute, CAPES do Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos, no seguimento de 6 meses, do transplante aut&#243;logo, transendoc&#225;rdico, de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea (TACMMO), sobre os sintomas, capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, perfus&#227;o e contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica nos portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica grave. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Vinte e um pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo prospectivo (os 14 primeiros pacientes, grupo tratado; os 7 &#250;ltimos pacientes, grupo controle). Inicialmente todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial, teste ergom&#233;trico, ecocardiograma, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica e Holter de 24 horas. As CMMO foram isoladas, lavadas e dilu&#237;das em salina 0,9% para inje&#231;&#227;o transendoc&#225;rdica em &#225;reas de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel no grupo tratado, (15 inje&#231;&#245;es de 0,2 ml). Todos os pacientes foram reavaliados ao final de 2 e 6 meses de acompanhamento. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e demais caracter&#237;sticas n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os grupos na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. N&#227;o foram observados eventos adversos maiores relacionados ao TACMMO. Ao final de 6 meses, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica na imagem de perfus&#227;o nuclear (p=0,05) e melhora significativa dos sintomas, da capacidade funcional e da fun&#231;&#227;o global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Este estudo demonstra a seguran&#231;a da realiza&#231;&#227;o de inje&#231;&#245;es transendoc&#225;rdicas de CMMO em humanos com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica associada a grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os efeitos observados em curto prazo foram mantidos at&#233; 6 meses de acompanhamento. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>c&#233;lulas, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, isquemia, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, terapia g&#234;nica</p>
    <p> Em fun&#231;&#227;o do aprimoramento das diversas t&#233;cnicas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, percut&#226;neas ou cir&#250;rgicas, permitir resultados cada vez mais efetivos quanto &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e mortalidade de coronariopatas agudos e cr&#244;nicos, o n&#250;mero de pacientes com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica cresce progressivamente e &#233; respons&#225;vel por mais da metade de todas as interna&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, gerando no Brasil, segundo dados do DATASUS, mais de 400.000 interna&#231;&#245;es/ano <sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>A taxa de mortalidade entre os pacientes com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica &#233; elevada e torna-se ainda maior no subgrupo de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, superando a taxa de 30% ao ano<sup>2</sup>. Devido &#224; elevada morbidade e mortalidade, estes casos consomem uma grande quantia dos recursos do sistema de sa&#250;de. </p>
    <p>Entender as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas desta popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; fundamental para que possamos identificar e desenvolver novas t&#233;cnicas capazes de suprir as necessidades desta parcela de pacientes. </p>
    <p>V&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas v&#234;m sendo testadas para o tratamento tanto dos secund&#225;rios &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular quanto daqueles secund&#225;rios ao d&#233;ficit perfusional, cr&#244;nico e refrat&#225;rio &#224;s t&#233;cnicas dispon&#237;veis de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Estas estrat&#233;gias incluem o uso intermitente ou em longo prazo de uroquinase<sup>3-5</sup>; neuroestimula&#231;&#227;o<sup>6</sup>; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o transmioc&#225;rdica por laser, radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia ou mec&#226;nica<sup>7-12</sup> e neoangiog&#234;nese atrav&#233;s do implante de fatores de crescimento endoteliais <sup>13-20</sup>. Nenhuma destas t&#233;cnicas, no entanto, a despeito de alguns anos de desenvolvimento, demonstrou efetividade no sentido de alterar o mau progn&#243;stico destes pacientes, de forma a justificar seu emprego cl&#237;nico rotineiro<sup>7-12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, alternativas relacionadas &#224; terapia celular come&#231;aram a ser desenvolvidas. V&#225;rios estudos recentes v&#234;m sugerindo que c&#233;lulas originadas na medula &#243;ssea (MO) tamb&#233;m participam intensamente da regenera&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias estruturas do sistema cardiovascular. </p>
    <p>O implante de c&#233;lulas para o tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares encontra-se sob investiga&#231;&#227;o em v&#225;rios centros no mundo. V&#225;rias linhagens celulares t&#234;m sido investigadas em modelos experimentais<sup>21-26 </sup>e as primeiras s&#233;ries de casos em humanos j&#225; foram descritas<sup>27-31</sup>. </p>
    <p>Duas fontes de c&#233;lulas foram utilizadas em humanos at&#233; o momento: a musculatura esquel&#233;tica (origem dos mioblastos)<sup>29</sup> e a medula &#243;ssea (fonte de c&#233;lulas tronco nos adultos)<sup>31,32</sup>. </p>
    <p>&#201; consistente na literatura internacional, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas originadas da MO em experimentos de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o utilizando a via intracoronariana, a transendoc&#225;rdica e a transepic&#225;rdica. Em modelos experimentais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda e cr&#244;nica<sup>22,33-43</sup>, o implante de c&#233;lulas mononucleares de medula &#243;ssea (CMMO) foi capaz de melhorar a contra&#231;&#227;o e a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>22,41,42,44,45</sup>. Tais resultados foram reproduzidos em estudo cl&#237;nicos recentes, de fase 1, em humanos<sup>30,31,46-49</sup>, incluindo nossa publica&#231;&#227;o anterior quando avaliamos a seguran&#231;a deste procedimento<sup>50</sup>. </p>
    <p>Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica at&#233; seis meses ap&#243;s o TACMMO, sob a hip&#243;tese de que este tratamento &#233; capaz de promover neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o e, conseq&#252;entemente, resultar em melhora sintom&#225;tica e da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica grave, sem indica&#231;&#227;o para outras alternativas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o<sup>48</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo prospectivo, n&#227;o randomizado, de 21 pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica grave e sem outra op&#231;&#227;o de terapia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). A metodologia detalhada deste estudo foi publicada recentemente<sup>50</sup>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: 1) doen&#231;a arterial coronariana cr&#244;nica com defeito de perfus&#227;o revers&#237;vel detectado pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica (SPECT); 2) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) &lt; 40%; 3) inelegibilidade para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica, avaliada pela coronariografia; 4) termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido assinado. A inelegibilidade para procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea foi determinada por 2 comit&#234;s: um comit&#234; cir&#250;rgico composto por 2 cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares e um cardiologista cl&#237;nico, e um comit&#234; intervencionista formado por 2 cardiologistas intervencionistas e um cardiologista cl&#237;nico. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: 1) dificuldade em obter acesso vascular para procedimentos percut&#226;neos; 2) hist&#243;ria de neoplasia ou outra co-morbidade pr&#233;via ou concomitante que pudesse ter impacto na sobrevida em curto prazo deste paciente; 3) arritmias ventriculares malignas; 4) aneurisma do VE; 5) anormalidades laboratoriais inexplicadas; 6) tecido &#243;sseo com aspecto radiol&#243;gico anormal; 7) doen&#231;a hematol&#243;gica prim&#225;ria; 8) infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio nos 3 meses pr&#233;vios a inclus&#227;o no protocolo; 9) presen&#231;a de trombo intraventricular; 10) instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica no momento do procedimento; 11) fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; ou 12) qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o que, no julgamento do investigador, pudesse colocar o paciente em risco. </p>
    <p>Os sintomas de angina e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca seguiram a Classifica&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Canadense de Cardiologia (CSCC) e da Associa&#231;&#227;o do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Nova Iorque (NYHA, do ingl&#234;s <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>), respectivamente. </p>
    <p>As seguintes avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas: teste ergom&#233;trico (protocolo de rampa), com utiliza&#231;&#227;o do pico de VO<sub>2</sub> para avalia&#231;&#227;o do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; ecocardiograma uni e bidimensional com Doppler, utilizando a t&#233;cnica de Simpson; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com estresse farmacol&#243;gico com dipiridamol, dosagem de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Brain Natriuretic Peptide</italic>), eletrocardiograma e avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes do grupo tratado foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o invasiva atrav&#233;s de coronariografia, ventriculografia esquerda e mapeamento eletromec&#226;nico imediatamente antes do procedimento de inje&#231;&#227;o e 4 meses ap&#243;s. O sistema <italic>NOGA</italic><sup>&#210;</sup><italic> mapping system</italic> (<italic>Cordis</italic><sup>&#210;</sup>, Miami Lakes, Fla, USA) foi utilizado para o mapeamento eletromec&#226;nico com o objetivo de identificar a &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel (voltagem unipolar &gt; 6,9 mV) e guiar a inje&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes do grupo controle foram submetidos somente aos exames n&#227;o invasivos descritos neste protocolo. Ambos os grupos tratado e controle foram submetidos &#224; reavalia&#231;&#227;o no seguimento de 2 e 6 meses, utilizando os mesmos procedimentos realizados na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. Cabe ressaltar que todos os pacientes estavam com o tratamento cl&#237;nico pleno, na dose m&#225;xima tolerada, no momento da inclus&#227;o no protocolo, sendo que 50% dos pacientes do grupo controle e 70% dos pacientes do grupo tratado estavam em tratamento com betabloqueador no in&#237;cio do protocolo (p=NS) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><bold>Aspira&#231;&#227;o, isolamento das c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea </bold>- Cerca de 4 horas antes da inje&#231;&#227;o transendoc&#225;rdica de c&#233;lulas mononucleares, 50 ml de aspirado da medula &#243;ssea foram obtidos da crista il&#237;aca posterior dos pacientes alocados no grupo tratado, sob anestesia local associada &#224; seda&#231;&#227;o/analgesia. As c&#233;lulas mononucleares foram isoladas pelo gradiente de <italic>Ficoll-Paque Plus</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>Amersham Biosciences</italic><sup>&#174;</sup>), exaustivamente lavadas com salina heparinizada contendo albumina humana 5% e posteriormente filtradas atrav&#233;s de uma peneira de nylon de 100 &#181;m para remover os agregados celulares. Uma pequena fra&#231;&#227;o da suspens&#227;o de c&#233;lulas foi utilizada para citometria e avalia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade celular pelo m&#233;todo de exclus&#227;o utilizando azul de trypan, com demonstra&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade celular superior a 90% (96,2&#177;4,9%), garantindo a qualidade da suspens&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de diferencia&#231;&#227;o leucocit&#225;ria por citometria de fluxo e a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional tamb&#233;m foram realizadas em uma fra&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas obtidas. A capacidade clonog&#234;nica dos progenitores hematopoi&#233;ticos foi avaliada pelas unidades formadoras de col&#244;nias de granul&#243;citos e macr&#243;fagos, conforme previamente descrito<sup>51</sup>. Culturas de bact&#233;rias e fungos das prepara&#231;&#245;es de c&#233;lulas clinicamente utilizadas foram realizadas. </p>
    <p><bold>Implante das c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea </bold>- Os pacientes alocados no grupo tratado foram transferidos para o laborat&#243;rio de interven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular cerca de 3 horas antes do in&#237;cio do procedimento, para realiza&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia e ventriculografia esquerda seguida de mapeamento eletromec&#226;nico, a fim de identificar &#225;reas de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel definidas como voltagem unipolar preservada (&gt;6,9 mV) e atividade mec&#226;nica diminu&#237;da (encurtamento linear local &lt;12%)<sup>52,53</sup>. As inje&#231;&#245;es transendoc&#225;rdicas, com o cateter NOGA Myostar<sup>&#210;</sup> cardiology catheter, foram realizadas em pontos com estas caracter&#237;sticas. </p>
    <p>Cada ponto de inje&#231;&#227;o foi cuidadosamente avaliado antes das inje&#231;&#245;es, utilizando-se os seguintes crit&#233;rios: 1) posi&#231;&#227;o perpendicular do cateter na parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; 2) excelente estabilidade do cateter (<italic>Loop Stability</italic> &lt; 4mm) e 3) presen&#231;a de extra-s&#237;stole ventricular &#224; exterioriza&#231;&#227;o da agulha no mioc&#225;rdio. Foram realizadas 15 inje&#231;&#245;es de 0,2ml cada (25,5&#177;6,3x10<sup>6 </sup>c&#233;lulas/paciente). </p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, entre os grupos, foram avaliadas atrav&#233;s do teste qui-quadrado. Teste exato de Fisher e Teste T foram utilizados para as vari&#225;veis discretas e cont&#237;nuas, respectivamente. A compara&#231;&#227;o das mudan&#231;as ocorridas entre a fase inicial e o seguimento de 2 e 6 meses no grupo tratado e no grupo controle foi feita atrav&#233;s do teste ANOVA para medidas repetidas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o das mudan&#231;as ocorridas ao longo do seguimento de 6 meses do grupo tratado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle foi feita atrav&#233;s do modelo ANOVA para medidas repetidas, incluindo a intera&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos, com an&#225;lise Pos hoc de Kruskal-Wallis para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas e para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica. An&#225;lise Pos hoc com corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni foi realizada para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. </p>
    <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco e a Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) aprovaram o protocolo de pesquisa. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). Os pacientes foram tratados de acordo com a diretriz brasileira para o tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>54</sup>. Todos os pacientes utilizaram inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) ou inibidores do receptor de angiotensina. Setenta e um por cento dos pacientes do grupo tratado e 50% dos pacientes do grupo controle estavam em uso de betabloqueadores. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no uso de nitratos, IECA, beta bloqueadores ou diur&#233;ticos nos 6 meses de seguimento, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o celular est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref>. A viabilidade celular foi superior a 95% (96.2&#177;4.9%), garantindo a qualidade da suspens&#227;o de c&#233;lulas. As culturas de fungos e bact&#233;rias foram negativas. O tempo total do procedimento de inje&#231;&#227;o foi de 81&#177;19 minutos. Os mapas eletromec&#226;nicos contaram com 92&#177;16 pontos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es maiores relacionadas ao procedimento. Um paciente teve um epis&#243;dio transit&#243;rio de congest&#227;o pulmonar que foi tratado com diur&#233;ticos e dobutamina. Nenhuma arritmia sustentada foi observada durante o procedimento. N&#227;o foi detectado caso algum de derrame peric&#225;rdico nos exames seriados de ecocardiografia realizados nas 48 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento. Todos os pacientes tiveram alta hospitalar 48 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento de inje&#231;&#227;o conforme previsto no protocolo. </p>
    <p>Um paciente do grupo controle morreu 2 semanas ap&#243;s a entrada no estudo e n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise. Um paciente do grupo tratado morreu na 14&#170; semana de seguimento por morte s&#250;bita, precedida por precordialgia de forte intensidade. Os familiares recusaram a necropsia. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes do grupo tratado apresentaram menos sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e angina ap&#243;s 2 e 6 meses de seguimento quando comparados ao grupo controle (p=0,0001 e 0,008, respectivamente). </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares graves na an&#225;lise pelo holter realizado nas 24 horas imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento e nos seguimentos de 2 e 6 meses. Houve uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares de 4.445&#177;8.512/24h para 941&#177;1.244/24h (p=0,08) mantendo este padr&#227;o at&#233; o 6&#186; m&#234;s de seguimento. O percentual de ESV variou n&#227;o significativamente de 3,8&#177;6,8% para 0,9&#177;1,14% em 2 meses e para 0,95&#177;1,28% em 6 meses. </p>
    <p>No acompanhamento de 6 meses, dentre todos os valores laboratoriais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>), somente os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina variaram entre o grupo controle e o grupo tratado, tendo aumentado significativamente no grupo controle quando comparados ao grupo tratado (p=0,02). Os n&#237;veis de PCRt na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e no seguimento de 2 e 6 meses n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa entre os 2 grupos (p=0,8). Houve aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de BNP no grupo controle em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo tratado, no seguimento de 6 meses (p=0,003). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o iniciada a geometria ventricular diferiu significativamente entre os grupos. O grupo controle apresentou volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico finais menores (p&lt;0,001) assim uma FE inicial maior (p=0,054). No entanto, no seguimento de 6 meses a FE diminuiu de forma significativa no grupo controle (p=0,05), o que n&#227;o aconteceu no grupo tratado. Os volumes cavit&#225;rios se mantiveram inalterados em ambos os grupos. </p>
    <p>O pico de VO<sub>2</sub> foi semelhante entre os 2 grupos na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e ocorreu aumento significativo ap&#243;s 2 meses no grupo tratado (de 17,96&#177;8,78 para 23,40&#177;8,30, p=0,01), que se manteve (24,20&#177;7,50) aos 6 meses de seguimento (p=0,05), o que n&#227;o foi observado no grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">Tabela V</xref>). Esta varia&#231;&#227;o do pico de VO<sub>2</sub> n&#227;o foi suficiente para gerar diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa na intera&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos tratado e controle, ao final de 6 meses de seguimento. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O tamanho do total de defeito de perfus&#227;o revers&#237;vel (TDPR) (isquemia) e o percentual de defeito de perfus&#227;o em repouso (PDPR) com 50% de atividade (cicatriz) foi semelhante entre os grupos na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. N&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o do PDPR 50% em 2 ou 6 meses, em ambos os grupos. No grupo tratado houve redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta, significativa, de 10% do DPRT (p=0,022) ao final de 2 meses (redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de 73%) diferindo de forma significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Ao final de 6 meses, esta redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta da &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica perdeu 4% do seu impacto inicial, por&#233;m, mantendo uma redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta (em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial) de 6% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela V</xref>), bem como uma diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (p=0,05). Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> est&#225; ilustrado um exemplo de resolu&#231;&#227;o da isquemia &#237;nfero-lateral em um paciente tratado. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo descreve, pela primeira vez, a evolu&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dio prazo (6 meses) de pacientes submetidos ao transplante transendoc&#225;rdico com c&#233;lulas aut&#243;logas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea por meio de inje&#231;&#245;es transendoc&#225;rdicas em pacientes com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Estes resultados sugerem que a inje&#231;&#227;o de CMMOs &#233; uma terapia segura, tanto no curto prazo <sup>50</sup>, quanto em sua evolu&#231;&#227;o de 6 meses. </p>
    <p>Existem estudos em modelos experimentais na literatura que embasam a possibilidade da neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o em tecidos isqu&#234;micos com o transplante de CMMO. Nosso grupo demonstrou em ratos a capacidade de c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea gerarem um processo angiog&#234;nico, o que ficou demonstrado atrav&#233;s de dados funcionais e histopatol&#243;gicos<sup>55</sup>. Outros grupos obtiveram resultados semelhantes, incluindo Fuchs e Kawamoto que estudaram porcos com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica cr&#244;nica induzida por implante de constritores na coron&#225;ria e que a seguir foram submetidos ao transplante de CMMO. Os animais foram avaliados antes de 1 m&#234;s, incluindo a an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica, e os autores observaram melhora da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica relacionada ao desenvolvimento de novos vasos<sup>22,40</sup>. Portanto, neste estudo, a melhora da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica observada nas &#225;reas injetadas no grupo de pacientes tratados pode ter como um de seus mecanismos a angiog&#234;nese. Embora n&#227;o descrito nos resultados, a maioria dos pacientes referiu melhora dos sintomas a partir da segunda semana, o que s&#243; p&#244;de ser demonstrado em 8 semanas conforme o desenho do estudo. </p>
    <p>A demonstra&#231;&#227;o objetiva da melhora de perfus&#227;o &#233; fundamental quando estamos lidando com t&#233;cnicas de angiog&#234;nese, as quais contam com dados da literatura demonstrando serem altamente suscet&#237;veis a efeito placebo<sup>13-19</sup>. Recentemente foram descritos relatos de melhora sintom&#225;tica de pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o direta por laser<sup>7-12</sup>, que no entanto n&#227;o foram confirmadas, em estudo randomizado e duplo-cego<sup>56,57</sup>. &#201; importante lembrar, no entanto, que ao contr&#225;rio do observado com a terapia celular, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o direta com laser n&#227;o foi capaz de demonstrar nenhuma melhora dos exames de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por cintilografia. De forma diferente, nosso grupo, assim como outros, j&#225; relatou melhora do padr&#227;o de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica dos pacientes submetidos ao transplante de c&#233;lulas tronco monucleares da medula &#243;ssea<sup>48-50</sup>. </p>
    <p> Resultados cl&#237;nicos preliminares em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio recente sugerem uma redu&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea de fibrose ap&#243;s terapia com c&#233;lulas mononucleares de medula &#243;ssea<sup>30,31</sup>. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; nenhum dado cl&#237;nico que sugira este tipo de efeito no modelo de pacientes, com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, apresentado no nosso estudo. Ao contr&#225;rio, al&#233;m do fato destes pacientes n&#227;o terem apresentado melhora do defeito da cintilografia em repouso, o que sugeriria um poss&#237;vel efeito miog&#234;nico, devemos observar que houve melhora do VSF e n&#227;o do VDF sugerindo um melhor desempenho contr&#225;til das &#225;reas vi&#225;veis e n&#227;o o surgimento de novas &#225;reas vi&#225;veis. Uma vez que as c&#233;lulas foram injetadas somente em &#225;reas de mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico, &#233; razo&#225;vel imaginar que aquele meio (micro) ambiente oferecesse forte sinaliza&#231;&#227;o angiog&#234;nica para as c&#233;lulas transplantadas, como, por exemplo, pela presen&#231;a do Fator de Hip&#243;xia Tecidual (HIF-1, do ingl&#234;s <italic>hipoxia inducible factor</italic>) gerando Fator de Crescimento Vascular Endotelial (VEGF, do ingl&#234;s <italic>vascular endothelial growth factor</italic>). Se esta hip&#243;tese se confirmar, a precis&#227;o na t&#233;cnica de libera&#231;&#227;o celular poder&#225; ser de import&#226;ncia para se atingir os objetivos terap&#234;uticos de cada paciente. </p>
    <p>Embora o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes e o desenho aberto do estudo possam justificar diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas observadas na compara&#231;&#227;o de algumas vari&#225;veis (efeito <italic>hawthorne</italic>)<sup>58</sup>, os dados apresentados sugerem que os resultados demonstrados podem ser secund&#225;rios &#224; melhora da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo inicial prospectivo, n&#227;o randomizado, em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e sem outra op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento, n&#227;o observamos efeitos adversos graves relacionados ao procedimento, seja na fase de interna&#231;&#227;o, seja no seguimento de 6 meses. Neste per&#237;odo de acompanhamento n&#227;o observamos deteriora&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros mec&#226;nicos e de perfus&#227;o nas &#225;reas injetadas, assim como n&#227;o observamos qualquer sinal de disfun&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o. Houve melhora dos sintomas, da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica no grupo tratado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. N&#243;s acreditamos que possa existir um enorme potencial cl&#237;nico para esta t&#233;cnica. Investiga&#231;&#245;es futuras conduzidas em estudos maiores e randomizados s&#227;o necess&#225;rias. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O sistema de mapeamento NOGA e os cateteres foram fornecidos pela <italic>Cordis Corporation</italic> (Miami Lakes, Fla, USA). </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; referente ao pr&#234;mio de melhor tema livre julgado pela Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica, do 58&#186; Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, realizado em 28 de setembro de 2003. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Hans Fernando R. Dohmann </p>
        <p> Av. N. Sra. de Copacabana, 2/602 </p>
        <p> 22010-120 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="hdohmann@cardiol.br">hdohmann@cardiol.br</email>/</p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="diretoria.cientifica@procardiaco.com.br">diretoria.cientifica@procardiaco.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 28/06/2004 - Aceito em 11/02/2005</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Sustained improvement in symptoms and exercise capacity up to six months after autologous transendocardial transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with severe ischemic heart disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at assessing the effects of autologous transendocardial transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (ATTBMMC) on symptoms, exercise capacity, myocardial perfusion and contractility in patients with severe ischemic heart disease during a 6-month follow-up period. METHODS: This prospective study comprised 21 patients as follows: the first 14 patients forming the treated group, and the last 7 patients forming the control group. Initially, all patients underwent clinical and laboratory assessment, treadmill testing, echocardiography, myocardial scintigraphy, and 24-hour Holter. The bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) were isolated, washed, and diluted in 0.9% saline solution for transendocardial injection in areas of viable myocardium in the treated group, (15 0.2-mL injections). All patients were reassessed in the end of 2 and 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS: The demographic data and other characteristics did not significantly differ between the groups in the initial evaluation. No major adverse events related to the ATTBMMC were observed. In the end of 6 months, a reduction in the ischemic area was observed on nuclear perfusion imaging (P=0.05), as was a significant improvement in symptoms, functional capacity, and left ventricular overall function. CONCLUSION: This study showed that transendocardial injections of BMMC are safe in human beings with ischemic heart disease associated with severe ventricular dysfunction. The effects observed in the short run were maintained up to the sixth month of follow-up.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>cells</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>gene therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sustained improvement in symptoms and exercise capacity up to six months after autologous transendocardial transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with severe ischemic heart disease</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hans Fernando R. Dohmann; Emerson C. Perin; Radovan Borojevic; Suzana A. Silva; Andre L. S. Souza; Guilherme V. Silva; Jo&#227;o A. R. Assad; Maria I. D. Rossi; Claudio T. Mesquita; Hans J. Dohmann</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil - Houston, TX - USA</p>
      <p>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Texas Heart Institute, CAPES do Brasil </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>This study aimed at assessing the effects of autologous transendocardial transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (ATTBMMC) on symptoms, exercise capacity, myocardial perfusion and contractility in patients with severe ischemic heart disease during a 6-month follow-up period. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>This prospective study comprised 21 patients as follows: the first 14 patients forming the treated group, and the last 7 patients forming the control group. Initially, all patients underwent clinical and laboratory assessment, treadmill testing, echocardiography, myocardial scintigraphy, and 24-hour Holter. The bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) were isolated, washed, and diluted in 0.9% saline solution for transendocardial injection in areas of viable myocardium in the treated group, (15 0.2-mL injections). All patients were reassessed in the end of 2 and 6 months of follow-up. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The demographic data and other characteristics did not significantly differ between the groups in the initial evaluation. No major adverse events related to the ATTBMMC were observed. In the end of 6 months, a reduction in the ischemic area was observed on nuclear perfusion imaging (P=0.05), as was a significant improvement in symptoms, functional capacity, and left ventricular overall function. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>This study showed that transendocardial injections of BMMC are safe in human beings with ischemic heart disease associated with severe ventricular dysfunction. The effects observed in the short run were maintained up to the sixth month of follow-up. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>cells, heart failure, ischemia, revascularization, gene therapy</p>
      <p>Refinement of several techniques of myocardial revascularization, both percutaneous and surgical, has produced increasingly effective results regarding the reduction in morbidity and mortality due to acute and chronic heart diseases. Therefore, the number of patients with ischemic heart disease has progressively increased, accounting for more than half of all hospitalizations due to heart failure, representing more than 400,000 hospitalizations/year in Brazil according to data of the DATASUS (database of the Brazilian Public Health System) <sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>The mortality rate among patients with ischemic heart disease is high, and becomes even higher in the subgroup of patients with heart failure, exceeding the rate of 30% per year <sup>2</sup>. Due to their elevated morbidity and mortality, these cases consume a large amount of the health system resources. </p>
      <p>Knowledge of the clinical characteristics of that population is fundamental to the identification and development of new techniques to fulfill the needs of those patients. </p>
      <p>Several therapeutic strategies have been tested for the treatment of patients with disease secondary to both ventricular dysfunction and chronic perfusion deficit refractory to the available myocardial revascularization techniques. Those strategies comprise the following: intermittent or long-term use of urokinase <sup>3-5</sup>; neurostimulation <sup>6</sup>; transmyocardial revascularization by use of laser or radiofrequency, or mechanical transmyocardial revascularization <sup>7-12</sup>; and neoangiogenesis through implantation of endothelial growth factors<sup> 13-20</sup>. However, none of those techniques, despite some years of development, has proved to be effective in changing the poor prognosis of those patients to justify its routine clinical use <sup>7-12</sup>. </p>
      <p>More recently, some alternatives related to cell therapy have begun to be developed. Several recent studies have suggested that cells originating from the bone marrow (BM) also participate intensely in the regeneration of several structures of the cardiovascular system. </p>
      <p>Cell implantation for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is currently under investigation in several centers worldwide. Several cell lineages have been investigated in experimental models <sup>21-26</sup>, and the first human case series have already been described <sup>27-31</sup>. </p>
      <p>Two cell sources have been used in human beings so far: skeletal muscle (origin of myoblasts) <sup>29</sup> and bone marrow (source of stem cells in adults) <sup>31,32</sup>. </p>
      <p>The use of cells originating from the BM in experiments of neovascularization with the intracoronary, transendocardial, and transepicardial routes has been consistent in the international literature. In experimental models of acute and chronic myocardial ischemia <sup>22,33-43</sup>, the implantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) has been able to improve myocardial contraction and perfusion <sup>22,41,42,44,45</sup>. Such results have been reproduced in a recent clinical phase-1 study in human beings <sup>30,31,46-49</sup>, including our previous publication when the safety of that procedure was assessed <sup>50</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing clinical evolution up to 6 months after autologous transendocardial transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (ATTBMMC) based on the hypothesis that that treatment can cause neovascularization, and, consequently, result in improvement of the symptoms and exercise capacity in patients with severe ischemic heart disease and contraindication to other alternatives of revascularization <sup>48</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This prospective nonrandomized study comprised 21 patients with severe ischemic heart disease and no other therapeutic option of percutaneous or surgical myocardial revascularization (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). The detailed methodology of this study has been recently published <sup>50</sup>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) chronic coronary artery disease with reversible perfusion defect detected on myocardial scintigraphy (SPECT); 2) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 40%; 3) ineligibility for percutaneous or surgical myocardial revascularization assessed on coronary angiography; and 4) signed written informed consent. Ineligibility for the surgical or percutaneous myocardial revascularization procedures was determined by the following 2 committees: a surgical committee formed by 2 cardiovascular surgeons and one clinical cardiologist, and an interventional committee formed by 2 interventional cardiologists and one clinical cardiologist. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) difficulty in obtaining vascular access for percutaneous procedures; 2) history of neoplasia or any other previous or concomitant comorbidity that could impact on the short-term survival of the patient; 3) malignant ventricular arrhythmias; 4) LV aneurysm; 5) unexplained laboratory abnormalities; 6) bone tissue with an abnormal radiological aspect; 7) primary hematological disease; 8) acute myocardial infarction in the 3 months preceding the inclusion in the protocol; 9) presence of intraventricular thrombus; 10) hemodynamic instability during the procedure; 11) atrial fibrillation; or 12) any condition that, according to the investigator, could jeopardize the patient's health. </p>
      <p>The symptoms of angina and heart failure were categorized according to the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Classification (CCSC) and the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, respectively. </p>
      <p>The following assessments were performed: treadmill testing, using the peak VO<sub>2</sub> for evaluating maximum oxygen consumption; uni- and 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography, using the Simpson technique; myocardial scintigraphy with pharmacological stress with dipyridamole; measurement of the Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) level; electrocardiography; and clinical evaluation. </p>
      <p>The patients in the treated group underwent invasive assessment by using coronary angiography, left ventriculography, and electromechanical mapping immediately before the injection procedure and 4 months after it. The NOGA<sup>&#174;</sup> mapping system (Cordis<sup>&#174;</sup>, Miami Lakes, Fla, USA) was used for the electromechanical mapping aiming at identifying the viable myocardial areas (unipolar voltage &gt; 6.9 mV) and guiding the injection of the solution of the mononuclear cells. </p>
      <p>The patients in the control group underwent only the noninvasive examinations described in this study. Both the treated and control groups underwent reevaluation in the 2-month and 6-month follow-ups, by using the same procedures of the initial evaluation. It is worth emphasizing that all patients were on full clinical treatment at the maximum tolerated doses at the time of inclusion in the protocol. </p>
      <p><bold>Aspiration and isolation of the bone marrow mononuclear cells </bold>- Approximately 4 hours before the transendocardial injection of mononuclear cells, a 50-mL bone marrow aspirate was obtained from the posterior iliac crest of the patients in the treated group, who were under local anesthesia in association with sedation/analgesia. The mononuclear cells were isolated by density gradient on Ficoll-Paque Plus<sup>&#174;</sup> (Amersham Biosciences), exhaustively washed with heparinized saline solution containing 5% human albumin, and then filtered by using a 100-&#181;m nylon sieve to remove the cell aggregates. A small fraction of the cell suspension was used for cytometry and assessment of cell viability through the exclusion method with trypan blue; cell viability was greater than 90% (96.2&#177;4.9%), assuring the quality of the suspension. </p>
      <p>Characterization of the markers of leukocytic differentiation by use of flow cytometry and functional assessment were also performed in a fraction of the cells obtained. The clonogenic capacity of the hematopoietic progenitors was assessed by the units forming colonies of granulocytes and macrophages, as previously described <sup>51</sup>. Bacterial and fungus cultures of the cell preparations clinically used were performed. </p>
      <p><bold>Bone marrow mononuclear cell implantation </bold>- The patients in the treated group were transferred to the cardiovascular intervention laboratory approximately 3 hours before the beginning of the procedure to undergo coronary angiography and left ventriculography followed by electromechanical mapping, aiming at identifying viable myocardial areas defined as having preserved unipolar voltage (&gt; 6.9 mV) and decreased mechanical activity (local linear shortening &lt; 12%) <sup>52,53</sup>. The transendocardial injections with the NOGA Myostar<sup>&#174;</sup> cardiology catheter were performed at points with the above characteristics. </p>
      <p>Before the procedure, each injection point was carefully assessed by using the following criteria: 1) perpendicular position of the catheter in the left ventricular wall; 2) excellent stability of the catheter (loop stability &lt; 4 mm); and 3) presence of ventricular extrasystole when the needle reached the myocardium. Fifteen 0.2-mL injections were performed (25.5&#177;6.3 x 10<sup>6 </sup>cells/patient). </p>
      <p>The differences in the demographic characteristics between the groups were assessed by use of the chi-square test. The Fisher exact and T tests were used for the discrete and continuous variables, respectively. The changes occurring between the initial phase and the 2-month and 6-month follow-ups in the treated group and control group were compared by use of the repeated-measures ANOVA. Assessment of the changes occurring throughout the 6-month follow-up in the treated group as compared with those in the control group was performed by use of the repeated-measures ANOVA model, including the interaction between both groups with Kruskal-Wallis post hoc analysis for nonparametric variables and for continuous variables with asymmetric distribution. Post hoc analysis with Bonferroni adjustment was used for continuous variables with normal distribution. A P value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. </p>
      <p>The committee on ethics and research involving human beings of the Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco and the National Committee on Ethics and Research (Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa - CONEP) approved the study protocol. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical characteristics did not differ between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>). The patients were treated according to the Brazilian guidelines for heart failure <sup>54</sup>. All patients used angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin-receptor inhibitors. Seventy-one percent of the patients in the treated group and 50% of the patients in the control group were on beta-blockers. No difference was observed in regard to the use of nitrates, ACEI, beta-blockers, and diuretics during the 6-month follow-up, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The characteristics of the cell population are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>. Cell viability was greater than 95% (96.2&#177;4.9%), assuring the quality of the cell suspension. The fungus and bacterial cultures were negative. The total duration of the injection procedure was 81&#177;19 minutes. The electromechanical maps had 92&#177;16 points. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No major complications related to the procedure occurred. One patient had a transient episode of pulmonary congestion that was treated with diuretics and dobutamine. No sustained arrhythmia was observed during the procedure. No pericardial effusion was detected on the serial echocardiographies performed within the 48 hours following the procedure. All patients were discharged from the hospital 48 hours after the injection procedure as predicted in the protocol. </p>
      <p>One patient in the control group died 2 weeks after being admitted into the study and was not included in the analysis. In the 14<sup>th</sup> week of follow-up, one patient in the treated group experienced sudden death, preceded by strong chest pain. The family did not consent to the autopsy. </p>
      <p>The patients in the treated group had fewer symptoms of heart failure and angina after 2 and 6 months of follow-up as compared with those in the control group (P=0.0001 and 0.008, respectively). </p>
      <p>No severe ventricular arrhythmia was observed on the 24-hour Holter monitoring performed immediately after the procedure and during the 2- and 6-month follow-up periods. The number of ventricular extrasystoles tended towards a reduction from 4.445&#177; 8.512 during 24 hours to 941&#177;1.244 during 24 hours (P=0.08), and this pattern was maintained until the sixth month of follow-up. The percentage of variation in VES was significant neither in the 2-month follow-up (from 3.8&#177;6.8% to 0.9&#177;1.14%), nor in the 6-month follow-up (from 3.8&#177;6.8% to 0.95&#177;1.28%). </p>
      <p>During the 6-month follow-up, of all laboratory tests (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">table IV</xref>), only the creatinine levels varied between the control and treated groups. The creatinine levels increased significantly in the control group as compared with those in the treated group (P= 0.02). The PCRt levels in the initial assessment and in the 2-month and 6-month follow-ups did not significantly differ between the 2 groups (P=0.8). An increase in the BNP levels occurred in the control group as compared with those in the treated group in the 6-month follow-up (P=0.003).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> In the initial assessment, ventricular geometry differed significantly between both groups. The control group showed smaller end-systolic and diastolic volumes (P&lt;0.001) and a greater initial EF (P=0.054). However, in the 6-month follow-up, EF significantly decreased in the control group (P=0.05), which did not occur in the treated group. The cavitary volumes remained unaltered in both groups.</p>
      <p> The peak VO2 was similar in both groups in the initial assessment, and, after 2 months, a significant increase occurred in the treated group (from 17.96&#177;8.78 to 23.40&#177;8.30; P= 0.01), which remained (24.20&#177;7.50) in the 6-month follow-up (P=0.05). This, however, was not observed in the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">table V</xref>). This variation in the peak VO2 was not sufficient to generate a significant statistical difference between both groups by the end of the 6-month follow-up.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> The size of the total defect of reversible perfusion (TDRP) (ischemia) and the percentage of defect of rest perfusion (PDRP) with 50% activity (scar) was similar in both groups in the initial assessment. No variation in 50% PDRP was observed in the 2- month and 6-month follow-ups in both groups. In the treated group, a significant absolute reduction of 10% in the TDRP (P=0.022) was observed in the end of 2 months (73% relative reduction), which significantly differed from that in the control group. After 6 months, this absolute reduction in the ischemic area lost 4% of its initial impact, but maintained a 6% absolute reduction (in regard to the initial assessment) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">table V</xref>) and a significant difference in regard to the control group (P=0.05). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> depicts an example of resolution of inferolateral ischemia in a treated patient. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-05-0360-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study reports, for the first time, the medium-term evolution (6 months) of patients with severe ventricular dysfunction undergoing autologous transendocardial transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells by use of transendocardial injections. The results suggest that BMMC injection is a safe therapy, both in the short run <sup>50</sup> and in the 6-month follow-up. </p>
      <p>Studies with experimental models have reported the possibility of neovascularization in ischemic tissues by use of BMMC transplantation. Our group has carried out a study in rats showing the capacity of bone marrow cells to generate an angiogenic process, which has been demonstrated by functional and histopathologic data <sup>55</sup>. Similar results have been reported by other authors, such as Fuchs and Kawamoto <sup>22, 40</sup>, who studied pigs with chronic myocardial ischemia induced by implantation of constrictors in the coronary artery, which then underwent BMMC transplantation. Before one month, the animals underwent assessment, which included histopathological analysis, and the authors reported an improvement in myocardial perfusion related to the development of new vessels. Therefore, in our study, angiogenesis may have been one of the mechanisms to explain the improvement in myocardial perfusion observed in the injected areas in the treated group. Although not described in the results, most patients reported an improvement in symptoms from the second week onwards, which could only be demonstrated after 8 weeks according to the study's design. </p>
      <p>The objective demonstration of an improvement in perfusion is fundamental when dealing with techniques of angiogenesis, which, according to data in the literature, are highly susceptible to the placebo effect <sup>13-19</sup>. Recently, improvement in the symptoms of patients undergoing transmyocardial laser revascularization have been reported <sup>7-12</sup>; those data, however, could not be confirmed in randomized, double-blind studies <sup>56,57</sup>. It is worth noting that, contrary to that which has been observed with cell therapy, no improvement has been found in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy after transmyocardial laser revascularization. Differently, our group and others have reported an improvement in the myocardial perfusion pattern in patients undergoing bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation 48-50.</p>
      <p> Preliminary clinical results in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction have suggested that a reduction in the area of fibrosis occurs after therapy with bone marrow mononuclear cells 30,31. However, no clinical data exist suggesting the occurrence of that type of effect in the model of patients with severe ventricular dysfunction reported in our study. On the contrary, in addition to the fact that those patients did not have an improvement in their defect on rest scintigraphy, which might suggest a myogenic effect, it is worth noting that an improvement occurred in ESV, but not in EDV, suggesting a better contractile performance of the viable areas rather than the appearance of new viable areas. Because the cells were injected only in areas of ischemic myocardium, it is reasonable to imagine that that microenvironment provided a strong angiogenic signal to transplanted cells, such as through the presence of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1), generating the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). If this hypothesis is confirmed, accuracy on the technique of cell delivery may be important to reach the therapeutic objectives of each patient. </p>
      <p>Although the small number of patients and the open design of the study may justify the statistical differences observed when comparing some variables (Hawthorne effect) <sup>58</sup>, data presented have suggested that the results found may have been secondary to an improvement in myocardial perfusion. </p>
      <p>In this initial prospective, nonrandomized study in patients with coronary artery disease and severe ventricular dysfunction and no other treatment option, severe adverse effects related to the procedure were observed neither at the time of hospital admission nor in the 6-month follow-up. During the follow-up period, neither deterioration in the mechanical and perfusion parameters in the injected areas, nor any sign of dysfunction in the conduction system was observed. Improvement in symptoms, in cardiac function, and in myocardial perfusion was observed in the treated group as compared with that in the control group. We believe that a huge clinical potential exists for this technique. Further investigation conducted in larger randomized studies is required. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A NOGA mapping system and catheters were provided by Cordis Corporation (Miami Lakes, Fla, USA). </p>
      <p>This article was awarded the best study prize by the scientific committee of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology in the 58th Brazilian Cardiology Meeting held on September 28<sup>th</sup>, 2003.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Hans Fernando R. Dohmann </p>
          <p> Av. N. Sra. de Copacabana, 2/602 </p>
          <p> Cep 22010-120 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="hdohmann@cardiol.br">hdohmann@cardiol.br</email>/</p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="diretoria.cientifica@procardiaco.com.br">diretoria.cientifica@procardiaco.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 06/28/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 02/11/2005</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
