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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tXk9XxzBqSyVvWGcDNfdgJR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000500001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000500001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terapia celular: uma nova perspectiva no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de causa isqu&#234;mica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braile</surname>
            <given-names>Domingo Marcolino</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir F. de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>357</fpage>
      <lpage>359</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Terapia celular. Uma nova perspectiva no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de causa isqu&#234;mica  </p>
    <p>Domingo Marcolino Braile; Moacir F. de Godoy </p>
    <p>S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p> Milh&#245;es de pessoas, em todo o mundo, s&#227;o portadoras de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica e a causa isqu&#234;mica uma das mais prevalentes, constitui-se em grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Os atuais tratamentos complementares ao tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado, tais como a cardiomioplastia, o transplante card&#237;aco, as v&#225;rias modalidades de marcapasso e os dispositivos mec&#226;nicos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular ainda n&#227;o conseguiram se impor como procedimento padr&#227;o, cada um deles apresentando seus pr&#243;prios inconvenientes surgindo, portanto, campo para pesquisa e aplica&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas alternativas. Entre essas, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do transplante de c&#233;lulas-tronco ex&#243;genas, para o mioc&#225;rdio comprometido, visando melhorar o desempenho card&#237;aco, processo denominado de cardiomioplastia celular, parece ter um futuro promissor <sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
    <p>As c&#233;lulas-tronco s&#227;o uma popula&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas precursoras teciduais imaturas capazes de auto-renova&#231;&#227;o e de produ&#231;&#227;o ou substitui&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas de v&#225;rios tecidos <sup>4</sup>. Diversas t&#225;ticas para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco j&#225; foram ou continuam sendo empregadas, em fase inicial de utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, aguardando-se os resultados em longo prazo para melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o da real aplicabilidade. </p>
    <p>Existem, basicamente, duas modalidades de terapia celular com finalidade de regenerar a musculatura card&#237;aca ou melhorar sua vasculariza&#231;&#227;o: a que utiliza c&#233;lulas-tronco embrion&#225;rias <sup>5</sup> e a que emprega c&#233;lulas-tronco som&#225;ticas adultas <sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>As c&#233;lulas-tronco embrion&#225;rias, derivadas do blastocisto, s&#227;o pluripotentes, ou seja, s&#227;o capazes de se diferenciar em quase todos os mais de 200 tipos de c&#233;lulas teciduais existentes no organismo humano. As c&#233;lulas-tronco som&#225;ticas dos adultos, que se pensava apresentar apenas atua&#231;&#227;o restrita, tamb&#233;m podem exibir alguma pluripotencialidade, tanto assim que c&#233;lulas-tronco da medula &#243;ssea t&#234;m sido utilizadas na repara&#231;&#227;o de musculatura esquel&#233;tica, tecido cerebral e hepat&#243;citos, entre outros <sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Apesar de as c&#233;lulas-tronco embrion&#225;rias exibirem maior potencialidade para diferencia&#231;&#227;o em cardiomi&#243;citos, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o tem se restringido mais ao campo da experimenta&#231;&#227;o animal em virtude do inerente componente imunogen&#233;tico, al&#233;m da maior tend&#234;ncia para causar arritmias, gerar tumores e obviamente, pelos conflitos &#233;ticos que suscita <sup>7</sup>. Tentando contornar essas dificuldades, tem se expandido a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco som&#225;ticas do pr&#243;prio adulto, tais como as c&#233;lulas-tronco card&#237;acas, as c&#233;lulas-tronco musculares (c&#233;lulas sat&#233;lites ou mioblastos esquel&#233;ticos) e as c&#233;lulas-tronco da medula &#243;ssea. Estas &#250;ltimas t&#234;m predominado nos estudos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos mais recentes. Uma revis&#227;o bastante atual sobre o assunto pode ser encontrada em Honold et al. <sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>O modo como o qual as c&#233;lulas-tronco da medula &#243;ssea s&#227;o transplantadas ou mobilizadas para o tecido card&#237;aco comprometido &#233; variado, podendo ser por instila&#231;&#227;o intravenosa perif&#233;rica, por inje&#231;&#227;o intramioc&#225;rdica (epic&#225;rdica ou endoc&#225;rdica), por inje&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria e, finalmente, pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de citoquinas que estimulam a medula &#243;ssea <sup>10</sup>. Cada uma desses modos tem seus inconvenientes. A instila&#231;&#227;o intravenosa &#233; a menos eficaz considerando-se que o d&#233;bito coron&#225;rio &#233; uma pequena parte do d&#233;bito sist&#234;mico e, assim, uma s&#233;rie muito grande de ciclos seriam necess&#225;rios para que a quantidade de c&#233;lulas-tronco na &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica comprometida fosse adequada, al&#233;m &#233; claro, da grande possibilidade de deposi&#231;&#227;o em outros &#243;rg&#227;os que n&#227;o o cora&#231;&#227;o. No que se refere &#224;s inje&#231;&#245;es intramioc&#225;rdicas nas bordas das &#225;reas infartadas, seja pela via endoc&#225;rdica como pela via epic&#225;rdica, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; convic&#231;&#227;o geral de que as c&#233;lulas injetadas consigam migrar e reparar substancialmente o mioc&#225;rdio comprometido. O que tem sido observado em alguns pequenos animais de experimenta&#231;&#227;o pode n&#227;o ser extrapol&#225;vel para humanos em face das &#225;reas comprometidas serem expressivamente maiores. Al&#233;m disso, essa via pode levar por si &#224; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou induzir &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias. A via intracoron&#225;ria parece ser a mais eficaz e menos lesiva uma vez que as c&#233;lulas injetadas s&#227;o dirigidas seletivamente para a &#225;rea comprometida e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o h&#225; os inconvenientes da produ&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nem indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmias<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Recentemente, Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia publicaram artigo de Murad-Netto e cols.<sup>11 </sup>que analisa a melhora sintom&#225;tica e da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio at&#233; o 6&#186; m&#234;s, em uma s&#233;rie n&#227;o-randomizada de 14 pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica grave, ap&#243;s o transplante aut&#243;logo, transendoc&#225;rdico, de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea, comparada com 7 controles. Os resultados obtidos nesse mesmo grupo de pacientes, com at&#233; 4 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o, mereceram uma outra publica&#231;&#227;o<sup>12</sup>. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o com 6 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o foi observado que entre os 13 pacientes tratados (1 teve morte s&#250;bita com 14 semanas de seguimento), houve melhora da classe funcional e redu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas de angina, quando comparados aos 6 controles (1 morreu com 2 semanas de seguimento). N&#227;o houve melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o nem altera&#231;&#227;o significante nos volumes cavit&#225;rios do grupo de estudo. O consumo de oxig&#234;nio e o tamanho da &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica mostraram melhora apenas marginal entre os grupos no 6&#186; m&#234;s de evolu&#231;&#227;o, ressaltando que na publica&#231;&#227;o anterior<sup>12</sup>, com dados de 2 e 4 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o foi constatada tanto melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o quanto redu&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico final de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sinalizando para uma perda de resultado ao longo da evolu&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Na literatura dispon&#237;vel constata-se a exist&#234;ncia de alguns outros centros com experi&#234;ncia inicial no assunto sendo necess&#225;rio, por&#233;m considerar para efeito de an&#225;lise, a via de acesso para implante celular, uma vez que, nas aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, t&#234;m sido utilizadas tanto a abordagem epic&#225;rdica a c&#233;u aberto, em compementa&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, quanto &#224;s vias endoc&#225;rdica e intracoronariana, na sala de hemodin&#226;mica. </p>
    <p>Entre os que utilizaram a via transepic&#225;rdica, Ozbaran e cols.<sup>13 </sup>apresentaram a evolu&#231;&#227;o de 6 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica (FEVE=25%), submetidos a transplante celular mioc&#225;rdico de c&#233;lulas-tronco provenientes da medula &#243;ssea e opera&#231;&#227;o de <italic>by-pass</italic> coronariano associada. Esses pacientes foram seguidos por at&#233; 4 meses e os autores obtiveram significante melhora na qualidade de vida expressada pela melhora na classe funcional com benef&#237;cios marginais nos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, na cintilografia com t&#225;lio e na tomografia com emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons. Stamm e cols.<sup>14</sup>, com a mesma abordagem, acompanharam 12 pacientes observando, com aux&#237;lio da cintilografia, melhora significante da perfus&#227;o da &#225;rea tratada, redu&#231;&#227;o do volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VDFVE 140&#177;38 mL vs. 124&#177;30 mL, P=0,004) e aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (39,7&#177;9% vs. 48,7&#177;6%, P=0,007). Note-se os valores mais altos de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio quando comparados aos dos casos de Ozbaran e cols. nos quais s&#243; foram selecionados aqueles com FE=25%. Nesses, a melhora apenas marginal pode ter sido decorrente de maior grau de fibrose antes do procedimento. </p>
    <p>Entre os que usaram a via transendoc&#225;rdica, Tse e cols.<sup>15 </sup>relatam a experi&#234;ncia com 8 portadores de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica grave nos quais implantaram c&#233;lulas tronco provenientes da medula &#243;ssea, guiados por procedimento percut&#226;neo. Ap&#243;s 3 meses de seguimento documentaram, pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, melhora dos sintomas, al&#233;m de melhora da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e da fun&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea tratada. Fuchs e cols.<sup>16</sup>, por sua vez, acompanharam 10 pacientes coronariopatas. Aos 3 meses de seguimento notaram melhora nos escores de angina. A dura&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o ao teste ergom&#233;trico, avaliada em 9 pacientes, foi maior, mas n&#227;o de modo significante (391&#177;155s vs. 485&#177;198s, P=0,11). Perin e cols.<sup>17 </sup>reavaliaram seus resultados com 6 e 12 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o e constataram que aos 12 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o a capacidade para o exerc&#237;cio, no grupo tratado, estava significantemente melhor que nos controles. Chamam aten&#231;&#227;o que informam a evolu&#231;&#227;o de apenas 11 pacientes e n&#227;o dos 14 do grupo original. &#201; poss&#237;vel que tenham analisado apenas casos sobreviventes, o que prejudica a interpreta&#231;&#227;o adequada dos resultados. </p>
    <p>No que se refere &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos ao transplante de c&#233;lulas-tronco por via intracoronariana Wollert e cols.<sup>18 </sup>utilizaram c&#233;lulas de medula &#243;ssea em um estudo randomizado, com 30 pacientes e 30 controles, com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria ou de resgate, mas que mantiveram &#225;rea de acinesia ou hipocinesia importante p&#243;s-procedimento. Ap&#243;s 5 a 6 meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o nos grupos controle e tratado tinha melhorado, respectivamente, em 0,7&#177;8,1% e 6,7&#177;6,5% (P&lt;0,01). N&#227;o constataram arritmias importantes na evolu&#231;&#227;o. Britten e cols.<sup>19</sup>, tamb&#233;m injetaram c&#233;lulas tronco de medula &#243;ssea na art&#233;ria culpada de 28 pacientes, 4,7&#177;1,7 dias p&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Os pacientes foram reavaliados ap&#243;s 4 meses, constatando-se um significante aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (de 44&#177;10% para 49&#177;10%; P=0,003), decr&#233;scimo no volume sist&#243;lico final (de 69&#177;26 para 60&#177;28 mL; P=0,003), e aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o no volume diast&#243;lico final (122&#177;34 versus 117&#177;37 mL; P=NS). Avil&#233;s e cols.<sup>20 </sup>estudaram 5 pacientes com infarto agudo de parede anterior, submetidos a fibrin&#243;lise seguida de angioplastia nas primeiras 24h, nos quais foi conseguido fluxo TIMI III sem obstru&#231;&#227;o residual significante. Cerca de 10 a 15 dias ap&#243;s esses procedimentos os pacientes receberam uma infus&#227;o de c&#233;lulas-tronco da medula &#243;ssea por via intracoronariana, seguidos por 6 meses. N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o significante no volume diast&#243;lico final, no volume sist&#243;lico final e nem na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Em suma, do material revisto, pode-se concluir que o procedimento, independentemente da via utilizada, &#233; de baix&#237;ssimo risco e, de modo geral, reduz a recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas, parecendo reduzir tamb&#233;m a &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica, por&#233;m, sem efeito significante nos volumes card&#237;acos, sendo bastante vari&#225;vel o efeito na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Obviamente, o baixo n&#250;mero de pacientes em seguimento, a falta de grupos-controle adequados e de randomiza&#231;&#227;o, a n&#227;o uniformiza&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e o vi&#233;s provocado pela concomit&#226;ncia de procedimentos como a angioplastia e a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o devem ser seriamente considerados na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Some-se a isso o baixo tempo de seguimento, com a totalidade dos estudos dispon&#237;veis ainda n&#227;o apresentando mais de 1 ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, como bem comentam Al-Radi e cols.<sup>21</sup>, a quantidade adequada de c&#233;lulas a serem transplantadas ainda precisa ser definida uma vez que eventuais insucessos em termos de melhora hemodin&#226;mica podem se dever a inocula&#231;&#245;es insuficientes e, talvez, efeitos nocivos, pudessem ser evitados com redu&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de c&#233;lulas injetada. </p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo &#233; promissor, mas estudos prospectivos, randomizados, com r&#237;gidos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e com seguimento de longo prazo, ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios antes que possa ser inclu&#237;do no arsenal terap&#234;utico da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias </bold>
    </p>
    <p> 1. Hughes S. Cardiac Stem Cells. J Pathol 2002;197:468-78. </p>
    <p>2. Reffelmann T, Leor J, Muller-Ehmsen J et al. Cardiomyocyte transplantation into the failing heart-new therapeutic approach for heart failure? Heart Fail Rev 2003;8:201-11 </p>
    <p>3. Sim EK, Jiang S, Ye L, Lim YL, Ooi OC, Haider KH. Skeletal myoblast transplant in heart failure. J Card Surg 200;18:319-27. </p>
    <p>4. Strauer BE, Kornowski R. Stem cell therapy in perspective. Circulation 2003; 107:929-34. </p>
    <p>5. Min JY, Yang Y, Converso KL et al. Transplantation of embryonic stem cells improves cardiac function in postinfarcted rats. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92:288-96. </p>
    <p>6. Yoon PD, Kao RL, Magovern GJ. Myocardial regeneration. Transplanting satellite cells into damaged myocardium. Tex Heart Inst J 1995; 22: 119-25. </p>
    <p>7. Cardoso FP, Gonz&#225;lez JH, Ezquerra EA. Stem cells to regenerate cardiac tissue in heart failure. Rev Esp Cardiol 2003;56:935-9. </p>
    <p>8. Henningson CT Jr, Stanislaus MA, Gewirtz AM. Embryonic and adult stem cell therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111(2 Suppl):S745-53. </p>
    <p> 9. Honold J, Assmus B, Lehman R, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Stem cell therapy of cardiac disease: an update. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:1673-7. </p>
    <p>10. Timmermans F, De Sutter J, Gillebert TC. Stem cells for the heart. are we there yet?. Cardiology 2003;100:176-85. </p>
    <p>11. Murad-Netto S, Moura R, Romeo LJM et al. Terapia de c&#233;lulas-tronco no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, atrav&#233;s de perfus&#227;o coronariana retr&#243;grada. Uma nova t&#233;cnica. Arq Bras Cardiol 2004; 83: 349-351. </p>
    <p>12. Perin EC, Dohmann HF, Borojevic R et al. Transendocardial, autologous bone marrow cell transplantation for severe, chronic ischemic heart failure. Circulation 2003;107:2294-302. </p>
    <p>13. Ozbaran M, Omay SB, Nalbantgil S et al. Autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004;25:342-50. </p>
    <p>14. Stamm C, Kleine HD, Westphal B et al. CABG and bone marrow stem cell transplantation after myocardial infarction. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 52: 152-8. </p>
    <p>15. Tse HF, Kwong YL, Chan JK, Lo G, Ho CL, Lau CP. Angiogenesis in ischaemic myocardium by intramyocardial autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell implantation. Lancet 2003;361:47-9. </p>
    <p>16. Fuchs S, Satler LF, Kornowski R et al. Catheter-based autologous bone marrow myocardial injection in no-option patients with advanced coronary artery disease: a feasibility study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1721-4. </p>
    <p>17. Perin EC, Dohmann FR, Borojevic R et al. Improved exercise capacity and ischemia 6 and 12 months after transendocardial injection of autologous bone marrow mono nuclear cells for ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2004; 110: II213-II218 </p>
    <p>18. Wollert KC, Meyer GP, Lotz J et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial of intracoronary autologous bone marrow cell transfer post myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003;108:2723. </p>
    <p>19. Britten MB, Abolmaali ND, Assmus B et al. Infarct remodeling after intracoronary progenitor cell treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction (TOPCARE-AMI): mechanistic insights from serial contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging Circulation 2003;108:2212-8. </p>
    <p>20. Avil&#233;s FF, San Roman JA, Frade JG et al. Intracoronary stem cell transplantation in acute myocardial infarction. Rev Esp Cardiol 2004;57:201-8. </p>
    <p>21. Al-Radi OO, Rao V, Li RK, Yau T, Weisel RD. Cardiac cell transplantation: closer to bedside. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75:S674-7.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Domingo Marcolino Braile </p>
        <p> Av. Juscelino Kubitschek, 1505 </p>
        <p> 15091-450 &#150; S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="domingo@braile.com.br">domingo@braile.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Stem cell therapy: a new perspective for the treatment of ischemic heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Stem cell therapy. A new perspective for the treatment of ischemic heart failure </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Domingo Marcolino Braile; Moacir F. de Godoy</bold>
      </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p> Millions of people throughout the world have chronic heart failure, with ischemia being one of its most prevalent causes. It is a serious public health problem. The current treatments complementary to the optimized clinical treatment, such as cardiomyoplasty, heart transplantation, and different types of pacemakers, along with mechanical devices of ventricular support have not been established as standard procedures. Each of them has its own disadvantages, creating a field for study and application of alternative techniques. Of the latter, transplantation of exogenous stem cells to the impaired myocardium, aiming at improving cardiac performance, a process called cell cardiomyoplasty, seems to have a promising future <sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Stem cells constitute a population of immature tissue precursor cells capable of self-renewal and production or replacement of cells of many tissues <sup>4</sup>. Different methods of treatment with stem cells have already been or continue to be used, although still in an initial phase of clinical application; a better assessment of the real applicability of stem cells, however, requires long-term results. </p>
      <p>Currently, the 2 existing types of stem cell therapy aiming at regenerating cardiac muscle or improving its vascularization are as follows: 1) use of embryonic stem cells <sup>5</sup>; and 2) use of adult somatic stem cells <sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The embryonic stem cells derived from the blastocyst are pluripotent, ie, they have the capacity to differentiate into over 200 types of tissue cells that exist in the human body. The somatic stem cells of adults, which were believed to have only a restricted action, may also exhibit a certain degree of pluripotency; bone marrow stem cells have been used for repairing other tissues, such as skeletal muscle, cerebral tissue, and hepatocytes <sup>7,8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although embryonic stem cells have a greater potency to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, their use has been restricted to the experimental field in animals because of the inherent immunogenic component, in addition to their greater tendency towards causing arrhythmias and generating tumors, and obviously, the ethical conflicts triggered by them <sup>7</sup>. In an attempt to overcome these difficulties, the use of somatic stem cells of the adult himself, such as cardiac stem cells, muscle stem cells (satellite cells or skeletal myoblasts), and bone marrow stem cells, has increased. The latter have predominated in the most recent experimental and clinical studies. Honold et al. <sup>9</sup> provide an updated review on the subject. </p>
      <p>The way bone marrow stem cells are transplanted or mobilized to the impaired cardiac tissue varies as follows: peripheral intravenous instillation; intramyocardial injection (epicardial or endocardial); intracoronary injection; and, finally, the use of cytokines that stimulate the bone marrow <sup>10</sup>. Each of those methods has its disadvantages. Intravenous instillation is the least effective, because coronary output is a small part of the systemic output, and, therefore, a large series of cycles would be required so that the amount of stem cells in the impaired myocardial area could be appropriate, in addition to the great chance of cell deposition in organs other than the heart. Regarding the intramyocardial injections in the borders of the infarcted areas, through both the endocardial and epicardial routes, no general consensus exists that the injected cells are capable of migrating and substantially repairing the impaired myocardium. That which has been observed in some small experimental animals may not be extrapolated to human beings, considering that the impaired areas are substantially greater. In addition, that route by itself may lead to myocardial lesion or induce arrhythmias. The intracoronary route seems to be the most effective and least harmful, because the cells injected are selectively directed to the impaired area and no inconvenience resulting from the production of a myocardial lesion or induction of arrhythmia exists <sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Recently, Murad-Netto et al. <sup>11</sup> carried out a non-randomized study of 14 patients with severe ischemic cardiomyopathy, who underwent autologous transendocardial transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells. Those authors reported an improvement in the patients' symptoms and in their exercise capacity until the sixth month after transplantation when compared with the evolution of 7 controls. The results obtained in that same group of patients until the fourth month of evolution have also been published<sup>12</sup>. After 6 months of evolution, the assessment of the 13 patients treated (one patient died suddenly in the 14th week of follow-up) revealed an improvement in functional class and a reduction in the anginal symptoms as compared with that of the 6 controls (one control died in the second week of follow-up). Neither an improvement in the ejection fraction nor a significant alteration in the cavitary volumes occurred in the group studied. Oxygen consumption and the size of the ischemic area showed only a marginal improvement between the groups in the sixth month of evolution. It is worth emphasizing that in a previous publication <sup>12</sup> with data of 2 and 4 months of evolution, both an improvement in the ejection fraction and a reduction in the left ventricular end-systolic volume were observed, indicating data loss throughout evolution. </p>
      <p>The literature available shows the existence of some other centers with initial experience in the subject. For analytical purposes, the access route of cell implantation should be considered, because, in clinical practice, both the open epicardial approach, complementing the procedures of surgical revascularization, and the endocardial and intracoronary approaches, in the hemodynamic laboratory, have been used. </p>
      <p>Among those using the transepicardial approach, Ozbaran et al. <sup>13 </sup>reported the evolution of 6 patients diagnosed with ischemic cardiomyopathy (LVEF=25%), who underwent myocardial cell transplantation of bone marrow stem cells and associated coronary artery bypass grafting. Those patients were followed up for up to 4 months and the authors reported a significant improvement in their quality of life expressed as an improvement in their functional class with marginal benefits in the echocardiographic data, in thallium scintigraphy, and in the positron emission tomography. Stamm et al. <sup>14</sup>, with the same approach, followed up 12 patients and reported, with the aid of scintigraphy, a significant improvement in the perfusion area treated, a reduction in the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV=140&#177;38 mL vs. 124&#177;30 mL; P=0.004), and an increase in the ejection fraction (39.7&#177;9% vs. 48.7&#177;6%; P=0.007). It is worth noting the occurrence of greater preoperative ejection fraction values when compared with those reported by Ozbaran et al. <sup>13</sup>, who selected only those with an EF=25%. In the latter, the only marginal improvement may have resulted from the greater degree of fibrosis before the procedure. </p>
      <p>Among those using the transendocardial route, Tse et al. <sup>15 </sup>reported the experience with 8 patients with severe ischemic heart disease who underwent implantation of stem cells originating from the bone marrow, guided by the percutaneous procedure. After a 3-month follow-up, those authors reported, based on magnetic resonance imaging findings, an improvement in symptoms in addition to an improvement in myocardial perfusion and in the function of the area treated. On the other hand, Fuchs et al. <sup>16</sup> followed up 10 patients with coronary heart disease. After 3 months, those authors observed an improvement in the anginal scores. The exertion duration on exercise testing, assessed in 9 patients, was greater, although not significantly (391&#177;155s vs. 485&#177;198s; P=0.11). Perin et al. <sup>17 </sup>reassessed their results at 6 and 12 months of evolution and observed that, at 12 months of evolution, the exercise capacity in the group treated was significantly better than that in controls. It is worth noting that they report the evolution of only 11 patients and not of the 14 patients in the original group. They may have assessed only the survivors, jeopardizing the appropriate interpretation of the results. </p>
      <p>Regarding the evolution of patients undergoing stem cell transplantation through intracoronary route, Wollert et al. <sup>18 </sup>used bone marrow cells in a randomized study with 30 patients and 30 controls with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary or rescue angioplasty, who maintained a significant area of akinesia or hypokinesia after the procedure. After 5 to 6 months of evolution, the ejection fraction in the control and treated patient groups improved by 0.7&#177;8.1% and 6.7&#177;6.5%, respectively (P&lt;0.01). No significant arrhythmias were observed during the evolution. Britten et al. <sup>19</sup> have also injected bone marrow stem cells in the culprit artery of 28 patients 4.7&#177;1.7 days after acute myocardial infarction. The patients were reassessed after 4 months, and the following findings were observed: a significant increase in the ejection fraction (from 44&#177;10% to 49&#177;10%; P=0.003); a decrease in the end-systolic volume (from 69&#177;26 to 60&#177;28 mL; P=0.003); and no alteration in the end-diastolic volume (122&#177;34 versus 117&#177;37 mL; P=NS). Avil&#233;s et al. <sup>20 </sup>studied 5 patients with acute myocardial infarction of the anterior wall who underwent fibrinolysis followed by angioplasty in the first 24 hours, and in whom a TIMI III flow was obtained without a significant residual obstruction. Approximately 10 to 15 days after those procedures, the patients received an infusion of bone marrow stem cells through the intracoronary route and were followed up for 6 months. No significant alteration was observed in the following parameters: end-diastolic volume; end-systolic volume; and ejection fraction. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the procedure, regardless the route used, bears an extremely low risk, and usually reduces the recurrence of symptoms. It also seems to reduce the ischemic area, although with no significant effect on cardiac volumes, and its effect on the ejection fraction is very variable. Obviously, the low number of patients studied, the lack of adequate control groups and of randomization, the non-uniform selection criteria of patients, and the bias caused by the concomitance of procedures, such as angioplasty and revascularization surgery should be seriously considered when assessing the results. In addition, the follow-up period was short, and all the studies available do not represent more than one year of evolution. Finally, as Al-Radi et al. <sup>21</sup> have already reported, the adequate amount of cells to be transplanted is yet to be defined, and occasional failures regarding hemodynamic improvement may be due to insufficient inoculations, and noxious effects may perhaps be avoided with a reduction in the amount of injected cells. </p>
      <p>Although this is a promising technique, prospective, randomized studies with strict inclusion criteria and a long-term follow-up are required before it can be considered a therapeutic option for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Hughes S. Cardiac Stem Cells. J Pathol 2002; 197: 468-78. </p>
      <p>2. Reffelmann T, Leor J, Muller-Ehmsen J et al. Cardiomyocyte transplantation into the failing heart - new therapeutic approach for heart failure? Heart Fail Rev 2003; 8: 201-11 </p>
      <p>3. Sim EK, Jiang S, Ye L, Lim YL, Ooi OC, Haider KH. Skeletal myoblast transplant in heart failure. J Card Surg 200; 18: 319-27. </p>
      <p>4. Strauer BE, Kornowski R. Stem cell therapy in perspective. Circulation 2003; 107: 929-34. </p>
      <p>5. Min JY, Yang Y, Converso KL et al. Transplantation of embryonic stem cells improves cardiac function in postinfarcted rats. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92: 288-96. </p>
      <p>6. Yoon PD, Kao RL, Magovern GJ. Myocardial regeneration. Transplanting satellite cells into damaged myocardium. Tex Heart Inst J X1995; 22: 119-25. </p>
      <p>7. Cardoso FP, Gonz&#225;lez JH, Ezquerra EA. Stem cells to regenerate cardiac tissue in heart failure. Rev Esp Cardiol 2003; 56: 935-9. </p>
      <p>8. Henningson CT Jr, Stanislaus MA, Gewirtz AM. Embryonic and adult stem cell therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111(2 Suppl): S745-53. </p>
      <p>9. Honold J, Assmus B, Lehman R, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Stem cell therapy of cardiac disease: an update. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 1673-7. </p>
      <p>10. Timmermans F, De Sutter J, Gillebert TC. Stem cells for the heart. Are we there yet? Cardiology 2003; 100: 176-85. </p>
      <p>11. Murad-Netto S, Moura R, Romeo LJM et al. Terapia de c&#233;lulas-tronco no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, atrav&#233;s de perfus&#227;o coronariana retr&#243;grada. Uma nova t&#233;cnica. Arq Bras Cardiol 2004; 83: 349-351. </p>
      <p>12. Perin EC, Dohmann HF, Borojevic R et al. Transendocardial, autologous bone marrow cell transplantation for severe, chronic ischemic heart failure. Circulation 2003; 107: 2294-302. </p>
      <p>13. Ozbaran M, Omay SB, Nalbantgil S et al. Autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004; 25: 342-50. </p>
      <p>14. Stamm C, Kleine HD, Westphal B et al. CABG and bone marrow stem cell transplantation after myocardial infarction. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 52: 152-8. </p>
      <p>15. Tse HF, Kwong YL, Chan JK, Lo G, Ho CL, Lau CP. Angiogenesis in ischaemic myocardium by intramyocardial autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell implantation. Lancet 2003; 361: 47-9. </p>
      <p>16. Fuchs S, Satler LF, Kornowski R et al. Catheter-based autologous bone marrow myocardial injection in no-option patients with advanced coronary artery disease: a feasibility study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1721-4. </p>
      <p>17. Perin EC, Dohmann FR, Borojevic R et al. Improved exercise capacity and ischemia 6 and 12 months after transendocardial injection of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells for ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2004; 110: II213-II218 </p>
      <p>18. Wollert KC, Meyer GP, Lotz J et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial of intracoronary autologous bone marrow cell transfer post myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003; 108: 2723. </p>
      <p>19. Britten MB, Abolmaali ND, Assmus B et al. Infarct remodeling after intracoronary progenitor cell treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction (TOPCARE-AMI): mechanistic insights from serial contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging Circulation 2003; 108: 2212-8. </p>
      <p>20. Avil&#233;s FF, San Roman JA, Frade JG et al. Intracoronary stem cell transplantation in acute myocardial infarction. Rev Esp Cardiol 2004; 57: 201-8. </p>
      <p>21. Al-Radi OO, Rao V, Li RK, Yau T, Weisel RD. Cardiac cell transplantation: closer to bedside. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75: S674-7.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Correspondence to</p>
          <p> Domingo Marcolino Braile</p>
          <p> Av. Juscelino Kubitschek, 1505 </p>
          <p> 15091-450 &#150; S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="domingo@braile.com.br">domingo@braile.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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