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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Y9pJG85gvcJxpyZ6mznmRCJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000400014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400414</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000400014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hematoma intramural da aorta descendente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Botelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Walter Vosgrau</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haddad</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Genoveva</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>343</fpage>
      <lpage>344</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>IMAGEM</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hematoma intramural da aorta descendente </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Bruno Botelho Pinheiro; Walter Vosgrau Fagundes; Rafael Haddad; Maria Cardoso Ramos</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Goi&#226;nia, GO</p>
    <p>Equipe Clinicord - Hospital Santa Genoveva - Goi&#226;nia - GO </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 58 anos, com dor abdominal de forte intensidade h&#225; 3 anos, nas regi&#245;es epig&#225;strica e umbilical, acompanhada de epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope, tendo sido internada em outro servi&#231;o com o diagn&#243;stico prov&#225;vel de pancreatite aguda, n&#227;o confirmado pelos exames complementares, recebeu alta hospitalar ap&#243;s 5 dias em uso de analg&#233;sicos. H&#225; 1 ano, houve recorr&#234;ncia da dor abdominal acompanhada de lipot&#237;mia e sudorese e h&#225; 6 meses vinha apresentando quadro de dor precordial, tor&#225;cica paravertebral esquerda e abdominal, n&#227;o relacionadas ao esfor&#231;o e de moderada intensidade. Negava passado de hipertens&#227;o arterial, alcoolismo, tabagismo, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, doen&#231;as infecciosas e trauma. N&#227;o estava em uso de nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava-se em bom estado geral, corada, hidratada, sem sinais de dist&#250;rbios vestibulares, bulhas normorr&#237;tmicas e normofon&#233;ticas, sem sopros card&#237;acos, PA = 130/80 mmHg, FC = 88 bpm, pulsos perif&#233;ricos sim&#233;tricos, aus&#234;ncia de edema em membros inferiores e turg&#234;ncia jugular, murm&#250;rio vesicular fisiol&#243;gico, FR = 13 ipm, abdome fl&#225;cido e levemente doloroso &#224; palpa&#231;&#227;o profunda, sem visceromegalias. </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma apresentava ritmo sinusal, &#194;QRS = 50&#186;, sem sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ou sobrecargas atriais e ventriculares. A radiografia de t&#243;rax evidenciou &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal, campos pleuropulmonares sem anormalidades e aorta descendente levemente aumentada de di&#226;metro. Solicitada angiotomografia computadorizada helicoidal de t&#243;rax e abdome, que evidenciou presen&#231;a de extenso hematoma intramural da aorta descendente, iniciando-se pr&#243;ximo a origem da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda e estendendo-se at&#233; a bifurca&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a14fig01">fig. 1</xref>). A espessura da parede da aorta descendente ao n&#237;vel de T-6 era de 8 mm. Introduzido atenolol na dose de 50 mg/dia e iniciado protocolo de reavalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mensal e angiotomogr&#225;fica trimestral. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a14fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0343-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O hematoma intramural da aorta foi descrito em 1920 como "dissec&#231;&#227;o sem ruptura da &#237;ntima" e considerado uma entidade patol&#243;gica distinta durante as necr&#243;psias<sup>1</sup>. Com o surgimento dos modernos m&#233;todos de imagens, seu diagn&#243;stico <italic>in vivo</italic> tornou-se poss&#237;vel<sup>2</sup>. Atualmente, o hematoma intramural da aorta &#233; considerado um precursor das dissec&#231;&#245;es agudas da aorta, originando-se da ruptura dos <italic>vasa vasorum</italic> da camada m&#233;dia; ocasionalmente provoca ruptura secund&#225;ria da &#237;ntima e comunica&#231;&#227;o da camada m&#233;dia com o lumem da aorta. Semelhante &#224;s dissec&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas, pode estender-se por toda aorta, progredir, regredir ou ser absorvido<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico inicial n&#227;o se diferencia na maioria das vezes das dissec&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas da aorta. A dor tor&#225;cica anterior ou posterior, em paciente hipertenso, &#233; o achado mais comum. Altera&#231;&#245;es no di&#226;metro ou no contorno da aorta tor&#225;cica &#224; radiografia de t&#243;rax acha-se presente em aproximadamente 90% dos pacientes<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>A exclus&#227;o de ruptura da &#237;ntima ou l&#226;mina de dissec&#231;&#227;o &#233; pr&#233;-requisito para o diagn&#243;stico de hematoma intramural atrav&#233;s de um m&#233;todo de imagem. O espessamento regional da parede da aorta &gt; 7 mm, de forma circunferencial ou crescente, e/ou evid&#234;ncia de ac&#250;mulo de sangue na camada m&#233;dia &#233; crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico para hematoma intramural da aorta<sup>5,6</sup>. Na tomografia computadorizada, o hematoma recente &#233; caracterizado por uma &#225;rea de maior densidade em rela&#231;&#227;o as camadas adjacentes da parede a&#243;rtica; contrariamente, a trombose parcial ou total &#233; evidenciada como multiplas camadas de densidade crescente<sup>7</sup>. A sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica parece n&#227;o ser muito diferente entre a tomografia computadorizada, a resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica e o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico. A escolha de uma modalidade espec&#237;fica depende de algumas vari&#225;veis, incluindo a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente, a prefer&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico e a disponibilidade do m&#233;todo<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>No caso relatado, a presen&#231;a de espessamento da parede a&#243;rtica de 8 mm e de alta densidade, sugere hematoma intramural recente. Portanto, acreditamos que o in&#237;cio do evento ocorreu nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses, coincidindo com o quadro cl&#237;nico de dor tor&#225;cica e abdominal persistente. </p>
    <p>O hematoma intramural &#233; mais freq&#252;ente em pessoas idosas e hipertensas, nas quais espessamento da parede a&#243;rtica secund&#225;rio &#224; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica com trombo mural s&#227;o comuns, podendo constituir-se num desafio diagn&#243;stico. A identifica&#231;&#227;o da &#237;ntima e a observa&#231;&#227;o criteriosa da superf&#237;cie interna da parede a&#243;rtica espessada s&#227;o fundamentais para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estima-se que o hematoma intramural possa provocar dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda em 28% a 47% dos pacientes e em 10%, pode regredir espontaneamente<sup>3</sup>. Nienaber e cols<sup>2</sup>. demonstraram que a mortalidade hospitalar, para os pacientes que apresentavam comprometimento da por&#231;&#227;o ascendente da aorta, era de 80% no grupo tratado clinicamente e 0% no grupo submetido &#224; cirurgia. Aqueles com comprometimento da aorta descendente, n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa de mortalidade entre os grupos cl&#237;nico e cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o de Stanford para as dissec&#231;&#245;es agudas da aorta parece tamb&#233;m v&#225;lida para os hematomas intramurais. Pacientes com hematoma intramural tipo A (envolvimento da aorta ascendente), com dor persistente ou recorrente devem ser tratados cirurgicamente com substitui&#231;&#227;o do segmento afetado, devido ao risco de ruptura, tamponamento e compress&#227;o dos &#243;stios coronarianos<sup>2</sup>. Pacientes com hematoma intramural tipo B (envolvimento da aorta descendente) s&#227;o conduzidos clinicamente<sup>2</sup> e, eventualmente, com coloca&#231;&#227;o de endopr&#243;tese vascular<sup>9</sup>. No manuseio cl&#237;nico, estudos com m&#233;todos de imagens seriados s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a progress&#227;o ou regress&#227;o do hematoma intramural da aorta.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Krukenberg E. Beitr&#228;ge zur Frage des Aneurysma dissecans. Beitr Pathol Anat Allg Pathol 1920; 67: 329-51. </p>
    <p>2. Nienaber CA, von Kodolitsch Y, Petersen B, et al. Intramural hemorrhage of the thoracic aorta. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Circulation 1995; 92: 1465-72. </p>
    <p>3. Nienaber CA, Eagle KA. Aortic dissection: new frontiers in diagnosis and management: Part I: from etiology to diagnostic strategies. Circulation 2003; 108: 628-35. </p>
    <p>4. O'Gara PT, De Sanctis RW. Acute aortic dissection and its variants. Toward a common diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Circulation 1995; 92: 1376-8. </p>
    <p>5. Yamada T, Tada S, Harada J. Aortic dissection without intimal rupture: diagnosis with MR imaging and CT. Radiology 1988; 168: 347-52. </p>
    <p>6. Stanson AW, Welch TJ, Ehman RL, Sheedy PF II. A variant of aortic dissection: computer tomography and magnetic resonance findings. Cardiovasc Imaging 1989; 1: 55-9. </p>
    <p>7. Wolverson MK, Crepps LF, Sundaram M, Heiberg E, Vas GW, Shields JB. Hyperdensity of recent hemorrhage at body computed tomography: incidence and morphologic variation. Radiology 1983; 148: 779-84. </p>
    <p>8. Song JK. Diagnosis of aortic intramural haematoma. Heart 2004; 90: 368-71. </p>
    <p>9. Nesser HJ, Eggebrecht H, Baumgart D, et al. Emergency stent-graft placement for impending rupture of the descending thoracic aorta. J Endovasc Ther 2002; 9 (suppl 2): II72-8.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dr. Bruno Botelho Pinheiro </p>
        <p> Rua 17-A, n&#186; 1419/1600 </p>
        <p> Cep 74075-160 - Goi&#226;nia - GO </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="botelhop@cardiol.br">botelhop@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 27/04/2004 - Aceito em 06/10/2004</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Intramural haematoma of the descending aorta</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>IMAGEM</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intramural haematoma of the descending aorta</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Bruno Botelho Pinheiro; Walter Vosgrau Fagundes; Rafael Haddad; Maria Cardoso Ramos</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
      <p>Clinicord Team - Santa Genoveva Hospital - Goi&#226;nia </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>A 58-year-old female patient, who had reported great abdominal pain in the epigastric and umbilical areas for 3 years followed by an episode of syncope, having been admitted to another health service with probable diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, not confirmed by supplementary exams, was discharged from hospital after 5 days of analgesic use. One year ago, there was abdominal pain relapse, accompanied by faint and sudoresis, and in the last six months the patient has reported precordial, left thoracic paravertebral and abdominal pain, unrelated to effort and of moderate intensity. She denied any history of high blood pressure, alcoholism, smoking, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, infectious diseases or trauma. She was not in use of medication. </p>
      <p>At physical examination, she was in good state, with rosy cheeks, hydrated, without any sign of vestibular disorder, normorhythmic and normophonetic cardiac sounds, without cardiac murmurs, blood pressure =130/30 mmHg, heart rate =88 bpm, symmetrical peripheral pulse, absence of oedema in lower limbs and jugular turgescence, physiological vesicular murmur, RF =13 ipm, flaccid abdomen, which was slightly sore to deep palpation, without visceromegaly. </p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram displayed sinus rhythm, QRS-axis =50&#186;, without any sign of myocardial ischaemia or atrial and ventricular load. The chest X-ray revealed normal cardiac area, pleuropulmonary fields without abnormalities and a slightly increased diameter of the descending aorta. A spiral computed angiotomography of thorax and abdomen exhibited an extensive intramural haematoma of the descending aorta, starting near the origin of the left subclavian artery and extending to the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a14fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The thickness of the descending aorta wall at T-6 level was 8mm. Atenolol was then prescribed, 50mg/day, and the protocol of periodic clinical (every month) and angiotomographic (every three months) reassessment was introduced. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a14fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0343-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The aortic intramural haematoma was described in 1920 as "dissection without intimal rupture" and regarded as a distinct pathological entity during necropsy<sup>1</sup>. With the arise of modern imaging methods, its diagnosis <italic>in vivo</italic> became possible<sup>2</sup>. Nowadays, the aortic intramural haematoma is considered a precursor of the acute aortic dissections, originating from ruptured vasa vasorum in medial wall layers; it occasionally causes a secondary intimal tear and communication with the aortic lumen. Similarly to the classic dissections, it may extend along the aorta, progress, regress, or reabsorb <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The initial clinical presentation is not usually different from that of classic aortic dissections. The anterior or posterior chest pain, in a patient with coexisting history of hypertension, is the most common finding. Abnormalities of either the diameter or contour of the thoracic aorta on chest X-rays are present in approximately 90% of the patients <sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>Ruling out intimal rupture or dissection lamina is a prerequisite for the diagnosis of intramural haematoma by an imaging method. The localized thickening of the aortic wall &gt; 7mm, circumferential or crescent shaped, and/or evidence of blood accumulation in the media layer is a diagnosis criterion for the aortic intramural haematoma<sup>5,6</sup>. At computed tomography, the recent haematoma is characterized by a higher density area, in comparison to neighbouring layers of the aortic wall; conversely, the partial or total thrombosis is observed as multiple layers of increasing density<sup>7</sup>. The diagnostic sensitivity between computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and the transesophageal echocardiography does not seem to be much different. The choice of one specific imaging method depends on some variables, including the clinical condition of the patient, the doctor's preference and the method's availability<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the reported case, the high density 8mm thickening of the aortic wall suggests recent intramural haematoma. Therefore, we believe that the event started in the last 6 months, coinciding with the clinical presentation of persistent thoracic and abdominal pain. </p>
      <p>The intramural haematoma is more frequent in elderly and hypertensive patients, where aortic wall thickening secondary to atherosclerotic disease and aneurysmatic dilatation with mural thrombus are common, which might be a diagnostic challenge. The identification of the intimal layer and the careful observation of the internal surface of the thickened aortic wall are essential for the differential diagnosis <sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>The intramural haematoma is thought to lead to acute dissection in 28% to 47% of the patients. Spontaneous regression is seen in 10% of the patients <sup>3</sup>. Nienaber and cols <sup>2</sup>. demonstrated that the hospital mortality rate, for the patients who presented ascending aortic involvement, was 80% in the group clinically treated and 0% in the group submitted to surgery. The ones with descending aortic involvement did not show significant difference of mortality rate between the groups treated clinically and surgically. </p>
      <p>The Stanford Classification of acute aortic dissections also seems acceptable for intramural haematomas. Patients with type A intramural haematoma (involvement of the ascending aorta), reporting persistent or recurrent chest pain should be treated surgically, with replacement of the afflicted region to prevent rupture, tamponade or compression of coronary ostia <sup>2</sup>. Patients with type B intramural haematoma (involvement of the descending aorta) are medically treated and, if necessary, submitted to stent-graft placement <sup>9</sup>. In clinical practice, studies with repeated imaging methods are necessary in order to assess the progression or regression of the aortic intramural haematoma. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Krukenberg E. Beitr&#228;ge zur Frage des Aneurysma dissecans. Beitr Pathol Anat Allg Pathol 1920; 67: 329-51. </p>
      <p>2. Nienaber CA, von Kodolitsch Y, Petersen B, et al. Intramural hemorrhage of the thoracic aorta. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Circulation 1995; 92: 1465-72. </p>
      <p>3. Nienaber CA, Eagle KA. Aortic dissection: new frontiers in diagnosis and management: Part I: from etiology to diagnostic strategies. Circulation 2003; 108: 628-35. </p>
      <p>4. O'Gara PT, De Sanctis RW. Acute aortic dissection and its variants. Toward a common diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Circulation 1995; 92: 1376-8. </p>
      <p>5. Yamada T, Tada S, Harada J. Aortic dissection without intimal rupture: diagnosis with MR imaging and CT. Radiology 1988; 168: 347-52. </p>
      <p>6. Stanson AW, Welch TJ, Ehman RL, Sheedy PF II. A variant of aortic dissection: computer tomography and magnetic resonance findings. Cardiovasc Imaging 1989; 1: 55-9. </p>
      <p>7. Wolverson MK, Crepps LF, Sundaram M, Heiberg E, Vas GW, Shields JB. Hyperdensity of recent hemorrhage at body computed tomography: incidence and morphologic variation. Radiology 1983; 148: 779-84. </p>
      <p>8. Song JK. Diagnosis of aortic intramural haematoma. Heart 2004; 90: 368-71. </p>
      <p>9. Nesser HJ, Eggebrecht H, Baumgart D, et al. Emergency stent-graft placement for impending rupture of the descending thoracic aorta. J Endovasc Ther 2002; 9 (suppl 2): II72-8. </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Bruno Botelho Pinheiro </p>
          <p> Rua 17-A, n&#186; 1419/1600</p>
          <p> Cep 74075-160 - Goi&#226;nia - GO</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="botelhop@cardiol.br">botelhop@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received: 4/27/2004 </p>
      <p> Accepted: 10/6/2004</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
