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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YrYwY6f3J4FNRznX56Z3czk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000400013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400413</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000400013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome da disfun&#231;&#227;o apical revers&#237;vel (Takotsubo)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Marconi Almeida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Knobel</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buchelle</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto M. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fisher</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Born</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akamine</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Knobel</surname>
            <given-names>Elias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>340</fpage>
      <lpage>342</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Homem portador de miastenia gravis, internado por descompensa&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de base, em insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o, apresentou quadro sugestivo de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e enzim&#225;ticas compat&#237;veis com o diagn&#243;stico. Submetido a coronariografia de urg&#234;ncia, n&#227;o evidenciou obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana grave, entretanto o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentava disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica importante, com altera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica pela ventriculografia da s&#237;ndrome descrita como disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular transit&#243;ria ou s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o, houve completa recupera&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica avaliada pelo ecocardiograma, confirmando a s&#237;ndrome.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body><p><bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold></p><p>S&#237;ndrome da disfun&#231;&#227;o apical revers&#237;vel (Takotsubo) </p><p><bold>Jos&#233; Marconi Almeida de Sousa; Marcos Knobel; Gustavo Buchelle; Jos&#233; Augusto M. de Sousa; Cl&#225;udio H. Fisher; Daniel Born; Nelson Akamine; Elias Knobel</bold></p><p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p><p>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein </p><p><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref></p><p><bold>RESUMO</bold></p><p> Homem portador de miastenia gravis, internado por descompensa&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de base, em insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o, apresentou quadro sugestivo de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e enzim&#225;ticas compat&#237;veis com o diagn&#243;stico. Submetido a coronariografia de urg&#234;ncia, n&#227;o evidenciou obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana grave, entretanto o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentava disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica importante, com altera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica pela ventriculografia da s&#237;ndrome descrita como disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular transit&#243;ria ou s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o, houve completa recupera&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica avaliada pelo ecocardiograma, confirmando a s&#237;ndrome.</p><p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; o resultado final de qualquer processo patol&#243;gico que acometa o cora&#231;&#227;o em suas v&#225;rias estruturas. Muitas vezes resulta do acometimento prim&#225;rio muscular com conseq&#252;ente insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Nesta situa&#231;&#227;o o dano mioc&#225;rdico &#233; geralmente irrevers&#237;vel e prolongado. Em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas bem descritas h&#225; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica revers&#237;vel do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O prot&#243;tipo desse quadro &#233; a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica da sepse<sup>1</sup>. Recentemente, tem-se observado outras situa&#231;&#245;es que cursam com disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, tamb&#233;m de forma revers&#237;vel, mas com peculiaridades que a distinguem da disfun&#231;&#227;o s&#233;ptica, principalmente, pela apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica caracter&#237;stica, sugestiva de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Descrita inicialmente no Jap&#227;o<sup>2</sup>, a s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo (armadilha para aprisionar polvo utilizada no Jap&#227;o) ou miocardiopatia de Takotsubo tem sido cada vez mais identificada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, inclusive com complica&#231;&#245;es importantes<sup>3</sup>. Neste relato descrevemos um caso dessa s&#237;ndrome em paciente com insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de etiologia muscular que evolui com choque cardiog&#234;nico. </p><p><bold>Relato do caso</bold></p><p>Homem de 64 anos, ex-tabagista (deixou o cigarro h&#225; 20 anos), com hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a coronariana familiar, portador de miastenia gravis h&#225; 1 ano, em uso regular de piridostigmina, foi internado por piora da doen&#231;a neurol&#243;gica, apresentando intensa fraqueza muscular generalizada e sinais cl&#237;nicos e gasom&#233;tricos de hipoventila&#231;&#227;o. </p><p>Submetido inicialmente a sess&#245;es de plasmaferese, sem melhora significativa, apresentou na enfermaria, desconforto tor&#225;cico e piora da dispn&#233;ia, sendo transferido para Unidade de Terapia Intensiva onde realizou eletrocardiograma que mostrou supradesnivelamento do segmento ST de &#177; 2mm de V1 a V6, com R amputado de V1 a V6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig01">fig. 1A</xref>). </p><p><fig id="a13fig01"/></p><p>0</p><fig id="a13fig01xfig1a"/>
&#160;
<p><fig id="a13fig1a"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0340-00013-gf01.jpg"/></fig></p><p><fig id="a13fig01xfig1b"/><fig id="a13fig1b"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0340-00013-gf02.jpg"/></fig></p> <p>A gasometria mostrava hipoventila&#231;&#227;o importante (PCO<sub>2</sub>=105 mmHg) com acidose respirat&#243;ria grave (PH=7,07 HCO<sub>3</sub>=29,9 mEq/l)). Os eletr&#243;litos e a fun&#231;&#227;o renal eram normais, a troponina I foi de 5,0 ng/dl (Nl= at&#233; 1,0 ng/dl), e CKMb massa de 22 ng/dl (N= at&#233; 3 ng/dl). O paciente foi intubado, colocado em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e submetido, em car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia, &#224; cineangiocoronariografia. O exame mostrou tronco de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, art&#233;ria descendente anterior e coron&#225;ria direita sem les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas importantes, e art&#233;ria marginal esquerda de circunflexa com les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica de 60% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentava acinesia de parede &#226;ntero-apical, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 33% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p> <fig id="fig02"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0340-00013-gf03.jpg"/></fig>   <fig id="fig03"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0340-00013-gf04.jpg"/></fig>   <p>O paciente evoluiu com hipotens&#227;o arterial, com necessidade de 0,3 &#181;g/kg/min de noradrenalina, e optado por passagem de cateter em arteria pulmonar, que mostrou &#237;ndice card&#237;aco de 2,1 l/min e press&#227;o oclu&#237;da de art&#233;ria pulmonar de 12 mmHg. Nessa ocasi&#227;o, o lactato arterial era de 31 mg/dl (normal at&#233; 22mg/dl), o eletrocardiograma apresentava zona inativa de V1 a V6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig01">fig. 1B</xref>) e o ecocardiograma mostrava discinesia apical, acinesia do segmento m&#233;dio de todas as paredes e hipocinesia do segmento basal, sobretudo das paredes anterior e septal, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 20%. Iniciado dobutamina 5 &#181;g/kg/min. </p> <p>Nas 24h subseq&#252;entes, o paciente apresentou evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel, com recupera&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos com baixas doses de noradrenalina e normaliza&#231;&#227;o do lactato. Apresentou curva enzim&#225;tica t&#237;pica de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, com valor m&#225;ximo de CKMB e troponina de 22,3 ng/dl e 9,6 ng/dl, respectivamente. Novo ecocardiograma demonstrou melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o para 37%. O eletrocardiograma mostrava recupera&#231;&#227;o de onda R e altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em parede anterior. Ap&#243;s 48h, foi poss&#237;vel a suspens&#227;o da noradrenalina e em 72h a dobutamina. </p> <p>No 10&#186; dia do evento o paciente persistia em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica sem outras disfun&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas. Havia apenas discreta hipocinesia apical, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o era de 60% com recupera&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a13fig04">Fig. 4</xref>). Ap&#243;s estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da fase aguda, foi transferido para outro servi&#231;o onde, um m&#234;s ap&#243;s, evoluiu para &#243;bito por disfun&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas secund&#225;rio &#224; s&#233;pse. </p><p content-type="asset"><fig id="a13fig04"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0340-00013-gf05.jpg"/></fig></p>   <p><bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold></p> <p>Caso de paciente com desconforto tor&#225;cico de in&#237;cio agudo que evoluiu com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas compat&#237;veis com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST, acompanhado de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave com revers&#227;o espont&#226;nea completa dessas altera&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s dez dias. Esta s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica card&#237;aca foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1990 por Satoh e cols.<sup>2</sup> e em 1991 por Dote e cols.<sup>4</sup>. Nessa ocasi&#227;o foi denominada miocardiopatia tipo Takotsubo, devido &#224; apar&#234;ncia na ventriculografia com uma armadilha para pegar polvo utilizada no Jap&#227;o. A maioria dos casos foi descrita naquele pa&#237;s, sendo este o primeiro caso descrito no Brasil com essa nomenclatura. Em 2000, Franken e cols.<sup>5</sup> descreveram caso semelhante que denominaram "pseudo-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio durante epis&#243;dio de <italic>herpes zoster</italic>", entretanto esses autores n&#227;o caracterizam seu caso como o aqui relatado. </p> <p>A etiologia e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas desta s&#237;ndrome ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o totalmente esclarecidas, entretanto em revis&#227;o recente deste quadro, Tsuchihashi e cols.<sup>6</sup> analisaram retrospectivamente 88 pacientes com esse diagn&#243;stico. Nesta s&#233;rie, v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es foram desencadeantes desta s&#237;ndrome. Fatores psicol&#243;gicos foram visto em cerca de 20% dos casos, exacerba&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica em 3%, causas neurog&#234;nicas em 7%, pulmonares em 8%, gastrointestinal em 7%, doen&#231;a renal em 6% e outros fatores inespec&#237;ficos em 23 (15%) pacientes. Nenhum apresentava miastenia gravis e o n&#250;mero de mulheres foi seis vezes maior do que o de homens. Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi o fator de risco coronariano mais freq&#252;ente (48%). O &#250;nico fator de risco que este paciente apresentava era hipertens&#227;o, apesar de ser ex-tabagista. A maioria (67%) iniciou o quadro com desconforto precordial, 56% apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica e 90% supradesnivelamento do segmento ST na fase aguda. Ondas Q persistentes ocorreram em apenas 10%. Choque cardiog&#234;nico esteve presente em 15%, uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico em 8% e de dopamina e/ou dobutamina em 19%. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 1%. Apenas um paciente apresentou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na alta hospitalar. De acordo com os crit&#233;rios do projeto MONICA<sup>7</sup>, 39% dos pacientes preencheram tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e em 43% este diagn&#243;stico foi considerado como prov&#225;vel. O nosso caso preencheu os crit&#233;rios para infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pelo MONICA<sup>7</sup> e pelas novas diretrizes da <italic>American Heart Association</italic><sup>8</sup>. </p> <p>A completa recupera&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o da eje&#231;&#227;o do paciente relatado foi semelhante &#224; s&#233;rie descrita nesta revis&#227;o, em que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia na fase aguda foi de 41%&#177;11% e na fase tardia de 64%&#177;10%. </p> <p>O mecanismo exato atrav&#233;s do qual ocorre altera&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria ventricular ainda n&#227;o est&#225; elucidado. Assim como nos casos de Tsuchihashi e cols.<sup>8</sup>, tamb&#233;m neste, a coronariografia precoce n&#227;o evidenciou oclus&#227;o arterial total, n&#227;o configurando, portanto uma situa&#231;&#227;o que pudesse ser explicada por mioc&#225;rdio atordoado ou hibernante. </p> <p>Uma peculiaridade da s&#237;ndrome descrita &#233; o seu desencadeamento estar ligado a alguns fatores bastante vari&#225;veis, sendo um deles o estresse. Todas as situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse apresentam eleva&#231;&#227;o das catecolaminas que tamb&#233;m podem ser causa de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular como ocorre no feocromocitoma. Em nenhum desses casos as catecolaminas foram avaliadas; entretanto, em um caso relatado por Kawai e cols.<sup>9</sup> foram encontradas altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas semelhantes &#224;s da miocardiopatia induzida pelas catecolaminas. </p> <p>Portanto, apesar de n&#227;o existir etiologia definida para esta s&#237;ndrome, &#233; importante mantermo-nos alertas para esta possibilidade em pacientes com quadro cl&#237;nico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio na vig&#234;ncia de alguma situa&#231;&#227;o de estresse sist&#234;mico, uma vez que o tratamento espec&#237;fico dever&#225; ser institu&#237;do e, eventualmente, a tromb&#243;lise poder&#225; n&#227;o ter os benef&#237;cios classicamente sabidos numa situa&#231;&#227;o em que n&#227;o ocorre oclus&#227;o total de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e sim disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular transit&#243;ria de outra etiologia mimetizando infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>        <p><fn id="end" fn-type="corresp"><label><bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold></label><p> Jos&#233; Marconi Almeida de Sousa </p><p> Rua Vicente Felix, 60/121 </p><p> Cep 01410-020 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p><p> E-mail: </p><p><email xlink:href="jmarconi@cardiol.br">jmarconi@cardiol.br</email>, </p><p><email xlink:href="jmarconi.dmed@unifesp.epm.br">jmarconi.dmed@unifesp.epm.br</email></p></fn></p> <p>Enviado em 28/05/2004 - Aceito em 29/09/2004</p></body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Transient ventricular dysfunction (Takotsubo cardiomyopathy)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The patient was a male with myasthenia gravis, hospitalized with acute respiratory failure due to decompensation of the underlying disease. He evolved with findings suggestive of acute myocardial infarction, with electrocardiographic and enzymatic alterations compatible with that diagnosis. The patient underwent emergency coronary angiography, which showed no severe coronary obstruction, although his left ventricle had significant systolic dysfunction with characteristic alterations, on ventriculography, of the syndrome described as transient ventricular dysfunction or Takotsubo syndrome. On evolution, complete recovery of the electrocardiographic alterations and systolic ventricular function assessed on echocardiography occurred, confirming the syndrome.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Transient ventricular dysfunction (Takotsubo cardiomyopathy)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Marconi Almeida de Sousa; Marcos Knobel; Gustavo Buchelle; Jos&#233; Augusto M. de Sousa; Cl&#225;udio H. Fisher; Daniel Born; Nelson Akamine; Elias Knobel</bold>
      </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was a male with myasthenia gravis, hospitalized with acute respiratory failure due to decompensation of the underlying disease. He evolved with findings suggestive of acute myocardial infarction, with electrocardiographic and enzymatic alterations compatible with that diagnosis. The patient underwent emergency coronary angiography, which showed no severe coronary obstruction, although his left ventricle had significant systolic dysfunction with characteristic alterations, on ventriculography, of the syndrome described as transient ventricular dysfunction or Takotsubo syndrome. On evolution, complete recovery of the electrocardiographic alterations and systolic ventricular function assessed on echocardiography occurred, confirming the syndrome. </p>
      <p>Left ventricular systolic dysfunction is the final result of any pathological process affecting the heart in its many structures. It often results from primary muscular impairment with consequent heart failure. In this situation, myocardial damage is usually irreversible and prolonged. In some clinical situations, reversible ventricular systolic dysfunction has been well described, its prototype being the myocardial dysfunction of sepsis <sup>1</sup>. Recently, other situations have been reported evolving with myocardial dysfunction, also in a reversible form, but with peculiarities that distinguish them from septic dysfunction, mainly due to their characteristic clinical presentation, suggestive of acute myocardial infarction. Initially described in Japan <sup>2</sup>, the Takotsubo (a bottle used for trapping octopuses in Japan) syndrome or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy has been increasingly identified in daily clinical practice, including its important complications <sup>3</sup>. We report a case of that syndrome in a patient with respiratory failure of muscular etiology, which evolved with cardiogenic shock.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was a 64-year-old male with myasthenia gravis for 1 year, an ex-smoker, who had quit smoking 20 years earlier and had a familial history of coronary artery disease. The patient, who regularly used pyridostigmine, was hospitalized due to worsening of his neurological disease, with intense and generalized muscular weakness and clinical and gasometrical signs of hypoventilation. </p>
      <p>Initially, the patient underwent plasmapheresis sessions, with no significant improvement. At the ward, he experienced chest discomfort and worsening of the dyspnea, being transferred to the intensive care unit, where he underwent electrocardiography that showed an ST segment elevation of approximately 2 mm from V1 to V6 with amputated R from V1 to V6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig01-body2">fig. 1A</xref>). </p>
      <p><fig id="en_a13fig01-body2"/><fn id="en_a13fig01xfig1a-body2"/>
&#160;
</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="a13fig1a-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0340-00013-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="en_a13fig01xfig1b-body2"/>
        <fn id="en_a13fig1b-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0340-00013-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Blood gas analysis showed significant hypoventilation (PCO<sub>2</sub>= 105 mm Hg) with severe respiratory acidosis (PH=7.07; HCO<sub>3</sub>= 29.9 mEq/L). The electrolytes and renal function were normal; troponin I was 5.0 ng/dL (Nl=up to 1.0 ng/dL); and CKMb was 22 ng/dL (N=up to 3 ng/dL). The patient was intubated, put under mechanical ventilation, and underwent emergency cine coronary angiography. The examination showed that the left main coronary artery, the anterior descending artery, and the right coronary artery had no significant atherosclerotic lesions, and the left marginal branch of the circumflex artery had a 60% atherosclerotic lesion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). The left ventricle had akinesia of the anteroapical wall and an ejection fraction of 33% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig.3</xref>) </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0340-00013-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0340-00013-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient evolved with arterial hypotension, which required 0.3 &#181;g/kg/min of noradrenaline. A catheter was passed through the pulmonary artery, showing a cardiac index of 2.1 L/min and a pulmonary artery occlusion pressure of 12 mm Hg. On that occasion, his arterial lactate level was 31 mg/dL (normal, up to 22 mg/dL), the electrocardiogram showed an inactive zone from V1 to V6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig01-body2">fig. 1B</xref>), and the echocardiogram showed apical dyskinesia, akinesia of the middle segment of all walls, and hypokinesia of the basal segment, mainly of the anterior and septal walls, with an ejection fraction of 20%. Dobutamine, at the dosage of 5 mg/kg/min, was initiated. </p>
      <p>In the subsequent 24 hours, the patient evolved favorably. His blood pressure levels returned to normal with low doses of noradrenaline, and his lactate level normalized. He had an enzymatic curve typical of acute myocardial infarction with maximum CKMB and troponin levels of 22.3 ng/dL and 9.6 ng/dL, respectively. A new echocardiogram showed an improvement in the ejection fraction to 37%. The electrocardiogram showed recovery of the R wave and an alteration in the ventricular repolarization of the anterior wall. After 48 hours, noradrenaline could be suspended, and, after 72 hours, dobutamine. </p>
      <p>On the tenth day after the event, the patient persisted on mechanical ventilation with no other organic dysfunctions. Mild apical hypokinesia existed; the ejection fraction was 60%, with recovery of the electrocardiographic changes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a13fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). After stabilization of the acute phase, the patient was transferred to another service, where, after one month, he died due to multisystem organ failure secondary to sepsis. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a13fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0340-00013-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient reported thoracic discomfort of acute onset, which evolved with electrocardiographic alterations compatible with acute myocardial infarction with an ST segment elevation, accompanied by severe left ventricular dysfunction. Complete spontaneous reversion of those alterations occurred after 10 days. This clinical cardiac syndrome was first described in 1990 by Satoh et al <sup>2</sup>, and, in 1991, by Dote et al <sup>4</sup>. On that occasion it was called Takotsubo-type cardiomyopathy, due to the similarity, on ventriculography, to a device used for trapping octopuses in Japan. Most cases were described in that country, and this is the first case reported in Brazil under that name. In 2000, Franken et al <sup>5</sup> reported on a similar case, which they called "myocardial pseudo-infarction during an episode of herpes zoster"; these authors, however, did not characterize their case as the one here reported. </p>
      <p>The etiology and clinical characteristics of that syndrome have not been completely clarified. However, in a recent review, Tsuchihashi et al <sup>6</sup> retrospectively studied 88 patients with that diagnosis. In that series, several conditions triggered the syndrome. Psychological factors were observed in approximately 20% of cases, exacerbation of a systemic disease in 3%, neurogenic causes in 7%, pulmonary causes in 8%, gastrointestinal disorders in 7%, renal disease in 6%, and other unspecific factors in 23 (15%) patients. None of the patients had myasthenia gravis, and the number of women was 6 times greater than that of men. Systemic arterial hypertension was the most frequent (48%) coronary risk factor. The only risk factor of our patient was hypertension, although he was an ex-smoker. Initially, most patients (67%) had precordial discomfort, 56% had an enzymatic elevation, and 90% had an ST segment elevation in the acute phase. Persistent Q waves occurred in only 10%. Cardiogenic shock was reported in 15%, use of intra-aortic balloon in 8%, and dopamine or dobutamine, or both, in 19%. In-hospital mortality was 1%. Only one patient had heart failure on hospital discharge. According to the criteria of the MONICA project <sup>7</sup>, 39% of the patients met 3 criteria for acute myocardial infarction, and in 43% of patients that diagnosis was considered probable. Our patient met the criteria of the MONICA project for acute myocardial infarction <sup>7</sup> and the new guidelines of the American Heart Association <sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Complete recovery of our patient's ejection fraction was similar to that in the series described in this review, in which the mean ejection fractions in the acute and late phases were 41%&#177; 11% and 64%&#177;10%, respectively. </p>
      <p>The exact mechanism responsible for the transient ventricular alteration has not yet been elucidated. Thus, similarly to the cases reported by Tsuchihashi et al <sup>8</sup>, in our patient, early coronary angiography did not show total arterial occlusion, which, therefore, did not characterize a situation that could be explained by stunning or hibernating myocardium. </p>
      <p>One peculiarity of the syndrome described is that its triggering is related to some extremely variable factors, stress being one of them. All stressful situations show an elevation in catecholamines that can also cause ventricular dysfunction, such as in pheochromocytoma. In none of these cases were the catecholamines assessed; however, in a case reported by Kawai et al <sup>9</sup>, myocardial alterations similar to those of catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy were found. </p>
      <p>Therefore, although no defined etiology exists for that syndrome, we should keep ourselves well aware of that possibility in patients with clinical findings of acute myocardial infarction in the presence of a situation of systemic stress, because the specific treatment should be instituted, and, eventually, thrombolysis may not have the classic benefits known in such a situation, in which total occlusion of the coronary artery does not occur, but transient ventricular dysfunction of another etiology mimicking acute myocardial infarction does.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jos&#233; Marconi Almeida de Sousa </p>
          <p> Rua Vicente Felix, 60/121 </p>
          <p> Cep 01410-020 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="jmarconi@cardiol.br">jmarconi@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jmarconi.dmed@unifesp.epm.br">jmarconi.dmed@unifesp.epm.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publication: 05/28/2004 </p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 09/29/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
