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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4dV89S3Jn3pHGRrf5fYr8yz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000400011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400411</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000400011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Distrofia miot&#244;nica e cardiopatia: comportamento dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos e dos dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishioka</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana Angelina D'Orio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marie</surname>
            <given-names>Suely</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zatz</surname>
            <given-names>Mayana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>330</fpage>
      <lpage>336</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar a preval&#234;ncia e a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos e dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o, correlacionar o defeito gen&#233;tico com achados cardiovasculares, avaliar a mortalidade card&#237;aca, freq&#252;&#234;ncia e fatores preditivos de morte s&#250;bita, correlacionar a gravidade do envolvimento neuromuscular e card&#237;aco e definir o papel do estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF), na distrofia miot&#244;nica. M&#201;TODOS: Realizados periodicamente avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e exames complementares, exame gen&#233;tico, eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma e Holter (exceto exame gen&#233;tico) em 83 pacientes consecutivos com tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento de 42&#177;30,63 meses, sendo o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico realizado em 59 casos. RESULTADOS: Taquiarritmia atrial foi observada em 10 (12%) pacientes, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) em 14 (17%), bloqueio &#225;trio-ventricular (BAV) 1&#186; grau em 24 (29%), bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) em 19 (23%), bloqueio de ramo direito (BRD) em 13 (16%). Sintomas, aumento do intervalo PR, alargamento do QRS, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt;60% e idade foram preditivos de &#243;bito. Ocorreram 9 mortes (4 s&#250;bitas; 2 insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; 3 outras). EEF: HV&gt;70ms em 34% e &gt;100ms em 11% (p&#243;s-procainamida). CONCLUS&#195;O: A preval&#234;ncia dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos e dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o foi de 50% a 80% ap&#243;s 6 anos, n&#227;o se correlacionando ao defeito gen&#233;tico, sendo o flutter atrial, a arritmia sustentada mais freq&#252;ente. O envolvimento card&#237;aco aumentou com a piora da doen&#231;a neuromuscular, mas essa progress&#227;o foi mais r&#225;pida que a neuromuscular. A mortalidade total foi baixa (11%) e morte s&#250;bita ocorreu em metade dos casos. EEF identificou grupo de risco para implante de marcapasso.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>distrofia miot&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>arritmias</kwd>
        <kwd>sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Distrofia miot&#244;nica e cardiopatia: comportamento dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos e dos dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Silvana Angelina D'Orio Nishioka; Martino Martinelli Filho; Suely Marie; Mayana Zatz; Roberto Costa</bold>
    </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estudar a preval&#234;ncia e a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos e dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o, correlacionar o defeito gen&#233;tico com achados cardiovasculares, avaliar a mortalidade card&#237;aca, freq&#252;&#234;ncia e fatores preditivos de morte s&#250;bita, correlacionar a gravidade do envolvimento neuromuscular e card&#237;aco e definir o papel do estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF), na distrofia miot&#244;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Realizados periodicamente avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e exames complementares, exame gen&#233;tico, eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma e Holter (exceto exame gen&#233;tico) em 83 pacientes consecutivos com tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento de 42&#177;30,63 meses, sendo o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico realizado em 59 casos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Taquiarritmia atrial foi observada em 10 (12%) pacientes, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) em 14 (17%), bloqueio &#225;trio-ventricular (BAV) 1&#186; grau em 24 (29%), bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) em 19 (23%), bloqueio de ramo direito (BRD) em 13 (16%). Sintomas, aumento do intervalo PR, alargamento do QRS, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt;60% e idade foram preditivos de &#243;bito. Ocorreram 9 mortes (4 s&#250;bitas; 2 insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; 3 outras). EEF: HV&gt;70ms em 34% e &gt;100ms em 11% (p&#243;s-procainamida). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos e dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o foi de 50% a 80% ap&#243;s 6 anos, n&#227;o se correlacionando ao defeito gen&#233;tico, sendo o flutter atrial, a arritmia sustentada mais freq&#252;ente. O envolvimento card&#237;aco aumentou com a piora da doen&#231;a neuromuscular, mas essa progress&#227;o foi mais r&#225;pida que a neuromuscular. A mortalidade total foi baixa (11%) e morte s&#250;bita ocorreu em metade dos casos. EEF identificou grupo de risco para implante de marcapasso. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>distrofia miot&#244;nica, arritmias, sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco, mortalidade</p>
    <p> A distrofia miot&#244;nica (DM), tamb&#233;m conhecida como doen&#231;a de Steinert<sup>1,2</sup> &#233; a forma mais comum no adulto, com preval&#234;ncia estimada em 1 para 8.000 indiv&#237;duos<sup>3</sup>. &#201; uma doen&#231;a primariamente neurol&#243;gica<sup>4</sup>, com comprometimento multissist&#234;mico, transmitida por heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante e caracterizada por miotonia. O mecanismo molecular da doen&#231;a envolve a expans&#227;o do trinucleot&#237;deo CTG localizada no cromossomo 19q13.3<sup>5</sup>. Indiv&#237;duos normais podem ter de 5 at&#233; 37 repeti&#231;&#245;es (CTG)<sub>n</sub>. Repeti&#231;&#245;es (CTG)<sub>37-49</sub> correspondem a uma pr&#233;-muta&#231;&#227;o e os pacientes afetados podem ter de 50 at&#233; 8.000 repeti&#231;&#245;es<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>O envolvimento card&#237;aco<sup>6,7</sup> &#233; uma das caracter&#237;sticas principais da evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, sobretudo no que se refere aos dist&#250;rbios do ritmo e da condu&#231;&#227;o<sup>8</sup>. Raramente ocorre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>9</sup> ou morte<sup>10,11,12</sup> e a import&#226;ncia das arritmias card&#237;acas na distrofia miot&#244;nica foi relatada em s&#233;rie de casos na literatura. Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas podem incidir em 37 a 80% e, freq&#252;entemente, acompanham indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos. O sistema His-Purkinje parece ser o s&#237;tio mais freq&#252;ente da les&#227;o<sup>6,13-21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Poucos estudos longitudinais investigaram a hist&#243;ria natural do comprometimento card&#237;aco na distrofia miot&#244;nica<sup>16,21,22</sup>. Neste estudo, enfocamos aspectos essencialmente arritmog&#234;nicos com os objetivos prim&#225;rios: estudar a preval&#234;ncia e a evolu&#231;&#227;o natural dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos e dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o intracard&#237;aca; correlacionar o defeito gen&#233;tico e os achados da avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular cl&#237;nico, funcional e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico com os tipos de arritmia documentados; avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de mortalidade card&#237;aca e s&#250;bita e identificar fatores preditivos de maior risco de comprometimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e os secund&#225;rios: estudar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade do comprometimento neuromuscular com o envolvimento card&#237;aco e avaliar a import&#226;ncia do estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) na indica&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos terap&#234;uticos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre junho de 1989 e maio de 2000, 83 pacientes consecutivos com diagn&#243;stico de distrofia miot&#244;nica, forma cl&#225;ssica, foram encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, vindos do ambulat&#243;rio de Distrofias Neuromusculares e do Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano. A idade variou de 12 a 61 anos (m&#233;dia= 36,77&#177;11,95), sendo 45 (54,22%) do sexo masculino e 38 (45,78%) do sexo feminino. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de distrofia miot&#244;nica baseou-se na hist&#243;ria familiar, comprometimento da musculatura (fraqueza, amiotrofia) distal e/ou facial, presen&#231;a de miotonia e medida da expans&#227;o do trinucleot&#237;deo CTG. O diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico foi obtido por an&#225;lise do DNA extra&#237;do dos leuc&#243;citos do sangue perif&#233;rico. Na ocasi&#227;o da admiss&#227;o na Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial, todos os pacientes com distrofia miot&#244;nica cl&#225;ssica foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica. A seq&#252;&#234;ncia das avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas durante o estudo encontra-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica anual determinou o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o neuromuscular perif&#233;rica. Criamos uma classifica&#231;&#227;o para este estudo, para correlacionar as altera&#231;&#245;es neuromusculares com o comprometimento card&#237;aco j&#225; que as cl&#225;ssicas de Walton e Gardner-Medwin<sup>4</sup> foram consideradas dirigidas, primordialmente, para outras distrofias e de dif&#237;cil manuseio. Os crit&#233;rios da classifica&#231;&#227;o adotados est&#227;o contidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O exame gen&#233;tico constou das etapas: extra&#231;&#227;o de DNA; eletroforese dos fragmentos; transfer&#234;ncia dos fragmentos (m&#233;todo de Southern<sup>23</sup>) e determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do fragmento desconhecido. </p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica cardiol&#243;gica foram investigados os sintomas: palpita&#231;&#227;o, s&#237;ncope e dor precordial. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es de capacidade funcional tamb&#233;m foram consideradas para avalia&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional (CF) de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), segundo crit&#233;rios da NYHA - <italic>New York Heart Association</italic><sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Durante o seguimento observaram-se recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas, comportamento evolutivo das arritmias e dos dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o. Taxas, causas e tipos de &#243;bitos tamb&#233;m foram considerados conforme os crit&#233;rios de Hinkle<sup>11</sup> e a morte s&#250;bita segundo crit&#233;rios de Kuller<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>O in&#237;cio do seguimento correspondeu &#224; data da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o e, o final, &#224; &#250;ltima observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou &#243;bito. </p>
    <p>Foram obtidos dados evolutivos, de pelo menos um ano, de todos os pacientes que iniciaram o estudo, portanto n&#227;o houve perdas. </p>
    <p>O estudo de preval&#234;ncia foi realizado pelo registro dos valores absolutos das ocorr&#234;ncias e seus percentuais. O comportamento evolutivo foi avaliado pelo teste do qui-quadrado (par&#226;metros qualitativos) e an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de medidas repetidas complementadas pelo teste de Bonferrone (par&#226;metros quantitativos). As an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o foram realizadas pelo m&#233;todo de Pearson. Para o c&#225;lculo das curvas de sobrevida, a metodologia empregada foi a de Kaplan-Meier e as diferen&#231;as entre elas foram avaliadas pelo teste de Log-Rank. A busca de fatores preditivos de pior progn&#243;stico se deu, inicialmente, por an&#225;lise univariada (testes exato de Fisher e qui-quadrado - par&#226;metros qualitativos e teste T de Student - par&#226;metros quantitativos). Os par&#226;metros que apresentaram valores de p&lt;0,1 na an&#225;lise univariada foram avaliados pela an&#225;lise de risco proporcional de Cox (an&#225;lise multivariada) com o objetivo de identificar fatores independentes de progn&#243;stico. Em todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es foi assumido o risco de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes tiveram, pelo menos, 1 ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e, ap&#243;s 6 anos, 23 pacientes completaram todo o protocolo do estudo. O tempo de seguimento variou de 12 a 124 meses (m&#233;dia=42,17&#177;30,63). Em fun&#231;&#227;o desses achados expressivos da an&#225;lise evolutiva, o tempo de seguimento de 6 anos, foi estabelecido como padr&#227;o para a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis estudadas. O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico foi realizado em 59 pacientes: 20 por palpita&#231;&#227;o, s&#237;ncope ou dor precordial e 39 para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco. Os achados de preval&#234;ncia e evolu&#231;&#227;o natural, no in&#237;cio e final do seguimento acham-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No primeiro ano, 3 pacientes tornaram-se assintom&#225;ticos, 2 ap&#243;s revers&#227;o de taquiarritmia atrial sustentada e 1 ap&#243;s implante de marcapasso. </p>
    <p>No in&#237;cio do seguimento, em um caso ocorreu associa&#231;&#227;o com bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) de 2&#186; grau tipo I e em 2 com BAV avan&#231;ado intermitente. Dentre os 24 pacientes que apresentavam BAV, um evoluiu para BAV avan&#231;ado e 9 (15,25%) pacientes, sem BAV, evolu&#237;ram para BAV de 1&#186; grau. De 54 (65,06%) pacientes sem dist&#250;rbio da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular (DCIV), 8 (14,81%) apresentaram algum tipo de dist&#250;rbio intraventricular e dentre os 29 pacientes com qualquer tipo de BAV, 4 (13,79%) evolu&#237;ram com piora do dist&#250;rbio da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular. </p>
    <p>Dentre as arritmias ocorridas no in&#237;cio do seguimento, em 4 (4,82%) pacientes houve manifesta&#231;&#227;o de arritmia atrial sustentada, sendo em 3 (3,61%) flutter atrial e em 1 (1,20%) fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Nenhum caso de taquicardia ventricular sustentada foi documentado. </p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es do trinucleot&#237;deo citosina-timina-guanina (n&#186; rep CTG), referentes a toda a casu&#237;stica, variou de 100 a 2.333 repeti&#231;&#245;es com m&#233;dia de 791,15 e desvio padr&#227;o de 439,92. </p>
    <p>Os achados referentes ao subgrupo da casu&#237;stica com parentesco, constitu&#237;do por 8 pais e 12 filhos, s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nove (11%) pacientes faleceram durante o seguimento. Morte s&#250;bita representou 44% dos &#243;bitos (4 pacientes: 2 pacientes com BAV 1&#186; grau, BRE e marcapasso definitivo; 1 com BAV 1&#186; grau e 1 com dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo esquerdo). Dois pacientes morreram em decorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (2 irm&#227;os com BAV 1&#186; grau, BRE, marcapasso definitivo e disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica) e outros 3 pacientes tiveram morte n&#227;o card&#237;aca (1 em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de melanoma e 2 de pneumonia). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela IV</xref> cont&#233;m a an&#225;lise univariada das vari&#225;veis qualitativas e quantitativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho &#243;bito. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise multivariada, a FEVE ao ecodopplercardiograma foi o &#250;nico fator preditivo independente de evolu&#231;&#227;o para &#243;bito (p&lt;0,0001). </p>
    <p>Para definir o ritmo dos &#243;bitos e fatores de influ&#234;ncia foram elaboradas curvas de sobrevida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). A curva 1 demonstra a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia de toda casu&#237;stica e a curva 2 conforme a FEVE (<underline>&lt;</underline>60% e &gt;60%). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Realizaram estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico 59 pacientes, sendo que 23,73% (14 pacientes) apresentaram HV <underline>&lt;</underline>55ms; 42,37% (25 pacientes) apresentaram HV entre 55 e 70ms e 33,90% dos casos (20 pacientes) apresentaram HV &gt; 70ms. </p>
    <p>O intervalo HV, em condi&#231;&#245;es basais, foi medido em todos os pacientes que realizaram estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico. Entretanto, sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico (p&#243;s-procanainamida), o intervalo HV foi medido em 46 pacientes e os valores m&#233;dios desse intervalo foram 74,37&#177;13,16 (para pacientes com HV &lt;100ms) e 112&#177;6,16 (para pacientes com HV &gt;100ms). Em 13 pacientes n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da procainamida devido &#224; hipotens&#227;o ou bradicardia acentuada. </p>
    <p>Em fun&#231;&#227;o desses achados associados &#224;s manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e ao comportamento cl&#237;nico funcional, foram determinados implantes de marcapasso em 15 pacientes. As caracter&#237;sticas desse grupo, comparadas aos 44 pacientes que realizaram estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e para o qual n&#227;o foi indicada a estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial, acham-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela V</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico tamb&#233;m foi muito importante para avalia&#231;&#227;o de taquiarritmias e para estabelecer correla&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. N&#227;o ocorreram taquiarritmias induzidas de relev&#226;ncia. Em 5 pacientes foram induzidas taquicardia ventricular sustentada, 3 paciente com taquicardia r&#225;pida e mal tolerada, 1 com taquicardia monom&#243;rfica e 1 com taquiarritmia ramo a ramo. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise concomitante dos achados do intervalo HV e indu&#231;&#227;o de taquiarritmias ao estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico permitiu estabelecer a conduta terap&#234;utica em 19 (32,20%) pacientes. Foram indicados implante de marcapasso em 15 pacientes e cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) em 4. </p>
    <p>Os achados do estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de sintomas, na defini&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica, foi absolutamente distinto. Pacientes submetidos a implante de marcapasso (bradiarritmias) se associaram, mais freq&#252;entemente, &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de sintomas (p=0,0142) com risco relativo=2,234 (0,986 &#150; 5,061) e <italic>odds ratio</italic>=5,833 (1,485 &#150; 22,91). Por outro lado, pacientes sintom&#225;ticos submetidos ao implante de CDI (taquiarritmias) n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos assintom&#225;ticos (p=0,3246). </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o (an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson) entre os resultados do estudo gen&#233;tico (n&#186; de repeti&#231;&#245;es CTG) e as vari&#225;veis dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos e dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o: intervalo PR (R=0,2406), dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (R=0,2699), ocorr&#234;ncia de taquiarritmias atriais (R=0,0003) e ventriculares (R=0,0011) e medida do intervalo HV (R=0,2349). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre as apresenta&#231;&#245;es da distrofia miot&#244;nica, a forma cl&#225;ssica &#233; a mais prevalente<sup>3,24</sup> e est&#225; associada &#224; expans&#227;o CTG no cromossomo 19q13.3<sup>5</sup>. Foi a primeira doen&#231;a de <italic>loco</italic> &#250;nico reconhecida com o fen&#244;meno de antecipa&#231;&#227;o, o fen&#244;meno gen&#233;tico de aumento da gravidade da doen&#231;a e o in&#237;cio mais precoce em gera&#231;&#245;es sucessivas<sup>24,25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os achados deste estudo corroboram fielmente o conceito proposto por Church<sup>6</sup> de que o cora&#231;&#227;o &#233;, mais cedo ou mais tarde, um &#243;rg&#227;o comprometido na distrofia miot&#244;nica. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, que avaliou o envolvimento card&#237;aco atrav&#233;s do comportamento dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos e dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o, a inclus&#227;o consecutiva de 83 casos de distrofia miot&#244;nica, forma cl&#225;ssica, foi essencialmente por crit&#233;rios neurol&#243;gicos e gen&#233;ticos. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de nossos pacientes demonstrou que no inicio do estudo apenas 22% dos pacientes apresentavam sintomas do ponto de vista cardiovascular (10% palpita&#231;&#245;es, 6% pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ou s&#237;ncope e 6% dor precordial). Ap&#243;s 6 anos de seguimento, 56% eram sintom&#225;ticos (17% palpita&#231;&#245;es, 13% pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ou s&#237;ncope e 26% dor precordial), diferen&#231;a evolutiva significativa (p&lt;0,0005) e parece-nos que representa contribui&#231;&#227;o &#224; literatura que at&#233; ent&#227;o n&#227;o havia documentado evolu&#231;&#227;o natural dessas manifesta&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>No in&#237;cio do estudo, 99% dos pacientes apresentavam-se em CF I de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e nenhum apresentava queixas ou exame f&#237;sico caracter&#237;stico de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, mas, com a evolu&#231;&#227;o, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi respons&#225;vel por 2 &#243;bitos. </p>
    <p>Estudos demonstraram taxas de acometimento card&#237;aco, expressas por anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas<sup>17</sup>, vari&#225;veis entre 37 e 80%, envolvendo curtas s&#233;ries de casos<sup>16,21,22</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia total de dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o, em nosso estudo, foi de 50% na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e as maiores preval&#234;ncias ocorreram para: bradicardia sinusal em 20% dos casos, BAV 1&#186; grau (29%), BDAS isolado ou associado (23%), BRE (16%)/DCRE (9%) mais prevalentes que BRD (1%), dado este que discorda dos achados da literatura que descreve maior preval&#234;ncia do BRD. As discord&#226;ncias, provavelmente, se devam &#224;s diferen&#231;as de perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o, ao tempo de seguimento e conhecidas anormalidades card&#237;acas estudadas, embora nem todos estudos especifiquem tais fatores<sup>13,14,16,17,18,22</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao BRE, esses achados s&#227;o surpreendentes porque esse dist&#250;rbio costuma se associar, &#224;s doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas que acometem o sistema cardiovascular, &#224; presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, n&#227;o observada em nossa casu&#237;stica, no in&#237;cio do seguimento. Por&#233;m, dentre os pacientes que faleceram durante o seguimento, 6 pacientes (66,7%) tinham BRE ou DCRE. </p>
    <p>Os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos evolutivos demonstraram progress&#227;o significativa (p&lt;0,0001) do intervalo PR e da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS aos 6 anos de seguimento, correspondendo a um incremento m&#233;dio de 0,1ms e 0,03ms, respectivamente, a cada 3 anos. O comportamento do intervalo PR n&#227;o foi avaliado pelo estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico para identificar o s&#237;tio do acometimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, as caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas (DCIV ou bloqueio de ramo com QRS alargado em 24 de 35 pacientes com BAV de 1&#186; grau e as varia&#231;&#245;es temporais consider&#225;veis) sugerem que o comprometimento n&#227;o fosse nodal atrioventricular, revelando pior progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>Observamos, ainda ao eletrocardiograma, a presen&#231;a de &#225;rea el&#233;trica inativa (ondas Q patol&#243;gicas) em: 33% dos casos, que apresentaram AEI em algum s&#237;tio ventricular com predomin&#226;ncia das regi&#245;es septal e lateral. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es, possivelmente, s&#227;o atribu&#237;veis ao desarranjo das fibras mioc&#225;rdicas (altera&#231;&#227;o da seq&#252;&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o) e ao comprometimento da musculatura perivascular. Esses achados el&#233;tricos, na aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, sugerem les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica focal<sup>9,16,26-29</sup>. Ademais, os resultados evolutivos de alguns pacientes demonstraram, de um lado, redu&#231;&#227;o da pseudonecrose, provavelmente devida ao agravamento dos dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o que podem mascarar esses aspectos ao eletrocardiograma<sup>9,18</sup> e, por outro lado, o aumento do n&#250;mero de &#225;reas inativas sugere que existe evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica, por&#233;m, de forma muito mais insidiosa, quando comparada &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o do comprometimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Nenhum epis&#243;dio de taquicardia ventricular sustentada ocorreu paroxisticamente ou foi identificado pelo Holter 24h. Entretanto, arritmia ventricular (mais de 200 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares por hora e/ou TVNS) esteve presente em 17% dos nossos pacientes na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e apenas 3% aos 6 anos. Taquicardia atrial esteve presente em 12% dos pacientes (5% sustentada, sendo 75% flutter atrial e 25% fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial). Todos os nossos pacientes, com taquicardia atrial sustentada, foram mantidos em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o antiarr&#237;tmica ap&#243;s revers&#227;o da arritmia e sem anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, pois nenhum paciente permaneceu em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. </p>
    <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel que al&#233;m dos dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o intra-atrial e intraventricular, a modifica&#231;&#227;o da refratariedade e o desarranjo das fibras musculares participem do substrato arritmog&#234;nico dessas arritmias<sup>9,13,19,22,26,30,31</sup>. As anormalidades documentadas ao eletrocardiograma e ao Holter, transit&#243;rias no in&#237;cio e se estabeleceram no decorrer do seguimento, foram representativas da instabilidade na condu&#231;&#227;o e/ou gera&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo. </p>
    <p>Colleran e cols<sup>32</sup> descreveram que a preval&#234;ncia de taquiarritmias atriais, principalmente a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, &#233; maior nos portadores da forma grave da doen&#231;a. Nossos resultados s&#227;o concordantes com essa afirma&#231;&#227;o quando mostram taxas menores num grupo de pacientes onde 93% apresentavam a forma leve da doen&#231;a no momento da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m, s&#227;o concordantes quando demonstram a indu&#231;&#227;o de taquiarritmia atrial em 20% (12/59) dos pacientes que se submeteram ao estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico. Nove desses 12 pacientes tinham mais de 3 anos de seguimento e, dentre esses, 55% evolu&#237;ram para formas mais graves da doen&#231;a neuromuscular. </p>
    <p>Contrastando com o que ocorre com o m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, raramente se identifica comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico na distrofia miot&#244;nica. Poucos casos de fal&#234;ncia ventricular t&#234;m sido relatados. Entretanto, anormalidades discretas da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica tem sido documentadas ao ecocardiograma<sup>9,29,33</sup>. De modo semelhante a esses achados, observamos que em 95% dos casos a FEVE esteve &gt; 60% e apenas em um &lt; 50% (FEVE= 47%). Em 3 anos de seguimento 4 de 6 pacientes que apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE (&lt; 60%) faleceram (2 mortes s&#250;bitas e 2 mortes por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo entre a primeira e a &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o de cada caso, 19% da casu&#237;stica apresentou piora da doen&#231;a neuromuscular, ocorrida de forma insidiosa, dos quais 56% tamb&#233;m apresentaram piora dos dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o e/ou eventos arr&#237;tmicos. A baixa preval&#234;ncia de sintomas cardiovasculares no in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a se deve ao raro comprometimento do mioc&#225;rdio nessa fase. Por&#233;m, com a evolu&#231;&#227;o e a piora da doen&#231;a neuromuscular, &#233; prov&#225;vel que ocorra disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica subcl&#237;nica<sup>9,29,33</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie, ficou demonstrada, mais uma vez, a presen&#231;a do fen&#244;meno de antecipa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; doen&#231;a neuromuscular. O tamanho do defeito gen&#233;tico em 8 pares de pai-filho &#233; pelo menos 2,4 vezes maior nos filhos, quando comparados com os pais. Nossos resultados demonstraram, pela primeira vez, que o fen&#244;meno de antecipa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; presente tamb&#233;m para o comprometimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, pois em 5 dos 8 pares de pai-filho (62%) as altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o foram muito mais graves que o grau dos dist&#250;rbios presentes nos pais. A idade de aparecimento das altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ocorreu pelo menos 20 anos antes em 80% dos filhos, quando comparados com a idade de aparecimento nos pais (p&lt;0,0001). </p>
    <p>Acreditamos que, na forma cl&#225;ssica, quanto mais precoce (2&#170; d&#233;cada de vida) ocorrerem as manifesta&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a neuromuscular, ainda que s&#243; a miotonia, maior deve ser o grau de comprometimento do sistema His-Purkinje no adulto jovem, que geralmente, apresenta os maiores valores de repeti&#231;&#245;es. Por outro lado, quando o in&#237;cio dos sintomas da doen&#231;a neuromuscular ocorrer tardiamente (3&#170; e 4&#170; d&#233;cadas), as manifesta&#231;&#245;es dos dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca dever&#227;o se correlacionar com o tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o e o grau de varia&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie, n&#227;o observamos correla&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es CTG e qualquer dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o ou evento arr&#237;tmico, como: intervalo PR no in&#237;cio do estudo (R de Pearson =0,2406); incremento do valor do intervalo PR ap&#243;s 6 anos de seguimento (R de Pearson=0,1972); dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS (R de Pearson=0,2699) e incremento da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS ap&#243;s 6 anos (R de Pearson=0,02018). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observamos nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de repeti&#231;&#245;es CTG com sintomas, FEVE ao ecocardiograma e presen&#231;a de arritmias atriais (R de Pearson=0,00032) e/ou ventriculares (R de Pearson=0,00107). </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, observamos correla&#231;&#227;o entre a doen&#231;a neuromuscular e o comprometimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o. Todos os pacientes que apresentavam grau maior de comprometimento da distrofia (moderado ou grave) tinham tamb&#233;m dist&#250;rbios mais avan&#231;ados da condu&#231;&#227;o e eventos arr&#237;tmicos mais expressivos, tanto na fase inicial quanto evolutiva da doen&#231;a. Entretanto, na maioria dos pacientes que apresentava comprometimento leve da doen&#231;a neuromuscular observou-se um espectro cl&#237;nico que variou de avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular normal at&#233; alto risco de morte s&#250;bita, tanto para dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o (18%) quanto para eventos arr&#237;tmicos (6%). Vinte e um (25,3%) pacientes com comprometimento leve da doen&#231;a neuromuscular apresentaram, no seguimento, importante acometimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e, dentre esses, em 56% que apresentaram progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a neuromuscular, ocorreu piora do comprometimento card&#237;aco (sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e/ou FEVE) concomitante. </p>
    <p>A mortalidade total foi de 11%, sendo que morte card&#237;aca ocorreu em 6%, ocorrida em 2 irm&#227;os que apresentavam BAV de 1&#186; grau associado a BRE, disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e marcapasso definitivo, cuja <italic>causa mortis</italic> foi insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Ocorreram 4 casos de morte s&#250;bita: um com antecedente de fibrose antero-septal e prov&#225;vel morte arr&#237;tmica; 2 de BRE associado a BAV de 1&#186; grau, sendo 1 com HV basal de 100ms e outro com marcapasso; um assintom&#225;tico com eletrocardiograma normal. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade s&#250;bita com presen&#231;a de &#225;reas de fibrose e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o demonstraram a import&#226;ncia dos conhecidos mecanismos fisopatol&#243;gicos da arritmia fatal, provavelmente implicados nesses casos. </p>
    <p>Observamos por an&#225;lise univariada de fatores relacionados ao progn&#243;stico, que a idade (p=0,0029), a presen&#231;a de sintomas (p=0,0027), a medida do intervalo PR (p=0,0191), a dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS (p=0,0741) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao ecocardiograma (p=0,0001) s&#227;o fatores preditivos de morte card&#237;aca. E ainda, a an&#225;lise multivariada, atrav&#233;s do risco proporcional de Cox, demonstrou que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi o &#250;nico fator preditivo independente de evolu&#231;&#227;o para &#243;bito. </p>
    <p>Alguns estudos tiveram o objetivo de identificar fatores preditivos de risco, atrav&#233;s do estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, correlacionando os resultados das medidas do intervalo HV com os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de pacientes com distrofia miot&#244;nica<sup>34,35,36</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nossos pacientes foram submetidos ao estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico para esclarecimento de sintomas (34%) ou para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco (66%). O intervalo HV esteve aumentado em mais de 50% dos casos e foi o achado respons&#225;vel pela indica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica das bradiarritmias (implante de marcapasso) em 15%. Dentre esses, 73% apresentaram BAV de 1&#186; grau associado a BRE e/ou DCRE e esses achados foram estatisticamente diferentes (p&lt; 0,0001) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem indica&#231;&#227;o de marcapasso. Portanto, foi identificado um grupo de risco, para BAV de 3&#186; grau e morte s&#250;bita n&#227;o relatado, at&#233; este momento pela literatura. </p>
    <p>A indu&#231;&#227;o de taquiarritmias ventriculares, ao estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, com import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica definiu alguns casos cujo mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico foi esclarecido e a terap&#234;utica definida: CDI, abla&#231;&#227;o de foco arritmog&#234;nico ou uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos. Dentre os sintom&#225;ticos que apresentaram TVS induzida, 1 caso foi do tipo fascicular (procedimento ablativo) e 2 foram de TVS r&#225;pida e mal tolerada (implante de CDI). </p>
    <p>Concluindo, em pacientes com distrofia miot&#244;nica, forma cl&#225;ssica, a preval&#234;ncia dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos ou dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o foi 50%, piorou ap&#243;s 6 anos de seguimento (80%) e constatou-se ocorr&#234;ncia significativa do BAV 1&#186; grau e bloqueio intraventricular. Flutter atrial foi a arritmia sustentada mais freq&#252;ente. O comprometimento card&#237;aco aumentou com a gravidade do acometimento neuromuscular, mas a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca piorou mais rapidamente que a doen&#231;a neuromuscular. A mortalidade total e card&#237;aca foram baixas (11% e 7% respectivamente) e a metade foi s&#250;bita. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, idade, intervalo PR, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e FEVE foram preditivos de mortalidade card&#237;aca. FEVE foi o &#250;nico fator preditivo independente de progn&#243;stico. O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico definiu a terap&#234;utica para bradiarritmias e identificou grupo de risco para implante de marcapasso. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao engenheiro S&#233;rgio Freitas de Siqueira pela revis&#227;o deste estudo e &#224; bi&#243;loga Antonia Cerqueira pela realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame gen&#233;tico.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Silvana Angelina D'Orio Nishioka </p>
        <p> Rua Edmundo de Carvalho, 369 </p>
        <p> Cep 04251-000 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="nishioka@cardiol.br">nishioka@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 24/10/2003 - Aceito em 29/09/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Myotonic dystrophy and heart disease: behavior of arrhythmic events and conduction disturbances</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence and natural evolution of arrhythmic events and conduction disturbances in myotonic dystrophy; to correlate the genetic defect with cardiovascular findings; to assess cardiac mortality, frequency, and predictive factors of sudden death; to correlate the severity of the neuromuscular and cardiac involvement; and to define the role of the electrophysiological study (EPS), in myotonic dystrophy. METHODS: Periodic clinical assessment and the following tests were performed in 83 consecutive patients with a mean follow-up of 42&#177;30.63 months: complementary examinations, genetic tests, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and Holter; electrophysiological study was performed in 59 cases. RESULTS: Atrial tachyarrhythmia was observed in 10 (12%) patients, NSVT in 14 (17%), first-degree AVB in 24 (29%), LBBB in 19 (23%), and RBBB in 13 (16%). Symptoms, an increase in the PR interval, QRS enlargement, LVEF &lt; 60%, and age were predictive factors of death. Nine patients died (4 sudden deaths; 2 due to heart failure; 3 due to other causes). Electrophysiological study: H-V interval &gt;70 ms in 34% and &gt; 100 ms in 11% (postprocainamide). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of arrhythmic events and conduction disturbances ranged from 50% to 80% after 6 years, and did not correlate with the genetic defect. Atrial flutter was the most common sustained arrhythmia. Cardiac involvement increased as the neuromuscular disease became aggravated, but progression of the cardiac involvement was more rapid than that of the neuromuscular disease. Overall mortality was low (11%) and sudden death occurred in half of the cases. The EPS identified a group at risk for pacemaker implantation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>myotonic dystrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac conduction system</kwd>
        <kwd>mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Myotonic dystrophy and heart disease. Behavior of arrhythmic events and conduction disturbances</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Silvana Angelina D'Orio Nishioka; Martino Martinelli Filho; Suely Marie; Mayana Zatz; Roberto Costa</bold>
      </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To study the prevalence and natural evolution of arrhythmic events and conduction disturbances in myotonic dystrophy; to correlate the genetic defect with cardiovascular findings; to assess cardiac mortality, frequency, and predictive factors of sudden death; to correlate the severity of the neuromuscular and cardiac involvement; and to define the role of the electrophysiological study (EPS), in myotonic dystrophy.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Periodic clinical assessment and the following tests were performed in 83 consecutive patients with a mean follow-up of 42&#177;30.63 months: complementary examinations, genetic tests, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and Holter; electrophysiological study was performed in 59 cases. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Atrial tachyarrhythmia was observed in 10 (12%) patients, NSVT in 14 (17%), first-degree AVB in 24 (29%), LBBB in 19 (23%), and RBBB in 13 (16%). Symptoms, an increase in the PR interval, QRS enlargement, LVEF &lt; 60%, and age were predictive factors of death. Nine patients died (4 sudden deaths; 2 due to heart failure; 3 due to other causes). Electrophysiological study: H-V interval &gt;70 ms in 34% and &gt; 100 ms in 11% (postprocainamide). </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The prevalence of arrhythmic events and conduction disturbances ranged from 50% to 80% after 6 years, and did not correlate with the genetic defect. Atrial flutter was the most common sustained arrhythmia. Cardiac involvement increased as the neuromuscular disease became aggravated, but progression of the cardiac involvement was more rapid than that of the neuromuscular disease. Overall mortality was low (11%) and sudden death occurred in half of the cases. The EPS identified a group at risk for pacemaker implantation. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>myotonic dystrophy, arrhythmias, cardiac conduction system, mortality</p>
      <p>Myotonic dystrophy (MD), also known as Steinert's disease<sup>1,2</sup>, is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults with an estimated prevalence of 1 to 8,000 individuals <sup>3</sup>. It is a primarily neurologic disease <sup>4</sup> with multisystemic impairment, transmitted through autosomal dominant inheritance, and characterized by myotonia. The molecular mechanism of the disease involves expansion of the CTG trinucleotide located in the chromosome region 19q13.3 <sup>5</sup>. Healthy individuals may have 5 to 37 (CTG)<sub>n</sub> repeats. The (CTG)<sub>37-49</sub> repeats correspond to a permutation, and the patients affected may have from 50 to 8,000 repeats <sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Cardiac involvement <sup>6,7 </sup>is one of the major characteristics of the disease's evolution, mainly in regard to rhythm and conduction disturbances <sup>8</sup>. Heart failure <sup>9</sup> or death <sup>10-12</sup> is rare, and the importance of cardiac arrhythmias in myotonic dystrophy has been reported in case series in the literature. Electrocardiographic alterations may occur in 37 to 80% of the cases and are frequently found in asymptomatic individuals. The His-Purkinje system seems to be the most frequent site of the lesion <sup>6,13-21</sup>. </p>
      <p>Only a few longitudinal studies have investigated the natural history of cardiac involvement in myotonic dystrophy <sup>16,21,22</sup>. In our study, we focused on essentially arrhythmogenic aspects with the following primary objectives: to study the prevalence and natural evolution of arrhythmic events and intracardiac conduction disturbances; to correlate the genetic defect and clinical, functional, and electrocardiographic cardiovascular evaluation findings with the types of arrhythmias documented; to assess the occurrence of cardiac mortality and sudden death; and to identify the predictive factors for the major risk of the conduction system impairment. Our secondary objectives were as follows: to study the correlation between the severity of neuromuscular impairment and cardiac involvement; and to assess the importance of the electrophysiological study (EPS) for indicating therapeutic procedures. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From June 1989 to May 2000, 83 consecutive patients diagnosed with the classic form of myotonic dystrophy were referred for cardiovascular evaluation from the neuromuscular dystrophy outpatient clinic and the Human Genome Studies Center. Age ranged from 12 to 61 years (mean=36.77&#177;11.95), and 45 (54.22%) patients were of the male sex, and 38 (45.78%) were of the female sex. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy was based on the familial history, distal or facial muscular impairment (weakness, amyotrophy), or both, presence of myotonia, and measurement of the expansion of the CTG trinucleotide. The genetic diagnosis was obtained through analysis of the DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. On admission at the clinical unit of artificial cardiac stimulation, all patients with classic myotonic dystrophy underwent cardiologic evaluation. The sequence of evaluations performed during this study are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Annual neurologic evaluation determined the degree of peripheral neuromuscular dysfunction. A classification to correlate the neuromuscular alterations with cardiac impairment was created for this study, because the classic classifications by Walton and Gardner-Medwin <sup>4</sup> were considered to be mainly directed to other dystrophies and to be difficult to manage. The classification criteria adopted are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The genetic examination comprised the following stages: DNA extraction; electrophoresis of the fragments; transference of the fragments (Southern method <sup>23</sup>); and determination of the size of the unknown fragment. </p>
      <p>On clinical cardiologic evaluation, the following symptoms were investigated: palpitation, syncope, and precordial pain. The manifestations of functional capacity were also considered for assessing the functional class (FC) of heart failure (HF) according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) criteria<sup> 10</sup>. </p>
      <p>During follow-up, recurrence of symptoms, evolutionary behavior of the arrhythmias and of conduction disturbances were assessed. Mortality rate, causes and types of death were also assessed according to the criteria of Hinkle <sup>11</sup>, and sudden death was assessed according to the criteria of Kuller <sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>Beginning of follow-up corresponded to the date of the first assessment, and end of follow-up was considered the last clinical observation or death. </p>
      <p>Evolutionary data of at least one year of all patients beginning the study were obtained, and, therefore, no losses occurred. </p>
      <p>Prevalence was studied through the registration of the absolute values of the occurrences and their percentages. The evolutionary behavior was assessed by using the chi-square test (qualitative parameters) and analysis of variance of the repeated measurements complemented by the Bonferroni test (quantitative parameters). The analyses of correlation were performed by using the Pearson correlation test. The Kaplan-Meier methodology was used to calculate the survival curves, and the differences between them were evaluated by using the log-rank test. The search for predictive factors of worse prognosis occurred initially through univariate analysis (Fisher exact and chi-square tests for qualitative parameters, and the Student <italic>t</italic> test for quantitative parameters). The parameters with P &lt; 0.1 on univariate analysis were assessed by using the Cox proportional hazards model (multivariate analysis) aiming at identifying independent prognostic factors. In all evaluations, the significance level of 5% was adopted. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All patients underwent at least 1 year of clinical and electrocardiographic follow-up, and, after 6 years, 23 patients had completed the entire study protocol. The follow-up duration ranged from 12 to 124 months (mean=42.17&#177;30.63). Because of these expressive findings of evolutionary analysis, the 6-year follow-up was established as the pattern for analyzing the variables studied. The electrophysiological study was performed in 59 patients: 20 due to palpitation, syncope, or pain, and 39 for risk assessment. The findings of prevalence and natural evolution at the beginning and end of follow-up are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the first year, 3 patients became asymptomatic, 2 after reversion of sustained atrial tachyarrhythmia and one after pacemaker implantation. </p>
      <p>At the beginning of follow-up, one patient had type I second-degree atrioventricular block (AVB), and 2 patients had advanced intermittent AVB. Of the 24 patients with AVB, one evolved to advanced AVB, and 9 (15.25%) patients who did not have AVB evolved to first-degree AVB. Of the 54 (65.06%) patients with no intraventricular conduction disturbance (IVCD), 8 (14.81%) had some type of intraventricular disturbance, and of the 29 patients with any type of AVB, 4 (13.79%) evolved with worsening of the intraventricular conduction disturbance. </p>
      <p>Of the arrhythmias occurring at the beginning of follow-up, sustained atrial arrhythmia manifested in 4 (4.82%) patients as follows: 3 (3.61%) patients had atrial flutter, and one (1.20%) patient had atrial fibrillation. No case of sustained ventricular tachycardia was documented. </p>
      <p>The number of cytosine-thymine-guanine trinucleotide (CTG) repeats referring to the entire case series ranged from 100 to 2,333 (mean, 791.15; standard deviation, 439.92). </p>
      <p>The findings referring to the case series subgroup "relatives", comprising 8 parents and 12 children, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> Nine (11%) patients died during follow-up. Sudden death accounted for 44% of the deaths (4 patients: 2 patients with first-degree AVB, LBBB, and definitive pacemaker; one patient with first-degree AVB; and one patient with left bundle-branch conduction disturbance). Two patients died due to congestive heart failure (2 siblings with first-degree AVB, LBBB, definitive pacemaker, and myocardial dysfunction), and 3 others had noncardiac death (one due to melanoma, and 2 due to pneumonia). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table IV</xref> shows the univariate analysis of qualitative and quantitative variables in regard to the outcome death. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In regard to multivariate analysis, the LVEF on Doppler echocardiography was the only independent predictive factor of evolution to death (P&lt;0.0001). </p>
      <p>For defining the rhythm of death and factors of influence, survival curves were elaborated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig 2</xref>). Curve 1 shows the survival rate of the entire case series, and curve 2 shows the survival rate according to LVEF (<underline>&lt;</underline> 60% and &gt; 60%). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Fifty-nine patients underwent electrophysiological study, 14 (23.73%) of whom had H-V interval <underline>&lt;</underline> 55 ms; 25 patients (42.37%) had H-V between 55 and 70 ms; and 20 patients (33.90%) had H-V &gt; 70 ms. </p>
      <p>The H-V interval at baseline was measured in all patients who underwent electrophysiological study. However, under pharmacological stress (postprocainamide), the H-V interval was measured in 46 patients, and the mean values of that interval were 74.37&#177;13.16 (for patients with H-V &lt; 100 ms) and 112&#177;6.16 (for patients with H-V &gt; 100 ms). Procainamide could not be used in 13 patients because of hypotension or marked bradycardia. </p>
      <p>Because of these findings associated with the clinical manifestations and functional clinical behavior, pacemakers were implanted in 15 patients. The characteristics of these 15 patients compared with those of the 44 patients who underwent electrophysiological study, and for whom no artificial stimulation was indicated, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">table V</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0330-00011-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The electrophysiological study was also very important for assessing tachyarrhythmias and for establishing the clinical correlations. No relevant induced tachyarrhythmias occurred. Sustained ventricular tachycardia was induced in 5 patients, 3 of whom had rapid and poorly tolerated tachycardia, one had monomorphic tachycardia, and one had branch-to-branch tachyarrhythmia. </p>
      <p>Concomitant analysis of the findings of the H-V interval and induction of tachyarrhythmias on the electrophysiological study allowed the establishment of therapeutic management in 19 (32.20%) patients. Pacemaker implantation was indicated in 15 patients, and the implantable cardiodefibrillator (ICD) was indicated in 4. </p>
      <p>The findings of the electrophysiological study in regard to the occurrence of symptoms had totally distinct implications in defining the therapy. Patients undergoing pacemaker implantation (bradyarrhythmias) more often had symptoms (P=0.0142) with a relative risk of 2.234 (0.986 &#150; 5.061) and odds ratio = 5.833 (1.485 &#150; 22.91). On the other hand, symptomatic patients undergoing ICD implantation (tachyarrhythmias) showed no difference as compared with the asymptomatic patients (P=0.3246). </p>
      <p>No correlation (Pearson correlation analysis) was observed between the results of the genetic study (number of CTG repeats) and the variables of the arrhythmic events and conduction disturbances: PR interval (R=0.2406), QRS duration (R=0.2699), occurrence of atrial (R=0.0003) and ventricular (R=0.0011) tachyarrhythmias, and measurement of the H-V interval (R=0.2349). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the presentations of myotonic dystrophy, the classic form is the most prevalent <sup>3,24</sup> and is associated with CTG expansion in the chromosome region 19q13.3 <sup>5</sup>. It was the first single-locus disease recognized with the anticipation phenomenon, the genetic phenomenon of increase in disease severity and earlier disease beginning in successive generations <sup>24,25</sup>. </p>
      <p>The findings in this study reliably confirm the concept proposed by Church <sup>6</sup> that, in myotonic dystrophy, the heart is sooner or later impaired. </p>
      <p>In this study, which assessed cardiac involvement through the behavior of arrhythmic events and conduction disturbances, the consecutive inclusion of 83 cases of the classic form of myotonic dystrophy essentially followed neurological and genetic criteria. </p>
      <p>The clinical evaluation of our patients showed that, at the beginning of the study, only 22% of the patients had cardiovascular symptoms (10% palpitations, 6% presyncope or syncope, and 6% precordial pain). After a 6-year follow-up, 56% were symptomatic (17% palpitations, 13% presyncope or syncope, and 26% precordial pain), which is a significant evolutionary difference (P &lt; 0.0005). This represents a contribution to the literature, which so far had reported no natural evolution of those manifestations. </p>
      <p>At the beginning of the study, 99% of the patients were in FC I heart failure, and none of them had complaints or a physical examination characteristic of cardiac decompensation. With evolution, however, heart failure was responsible for 2 deaths. </p>
      <p>Some studies have shown rates of cardiac impairment expressed as electrocardiographic abnormalities <sup>17</sup> ranging from 37 to 80%, involving short case series <sup>16,21,22</sup>. The overall prevalence of conduction disturbances in our study was 50% in the initial assessment and the greatest prevalences were as follows: sinus bradycardia, 20% of the cases; first-degree AVB, 29%; isolated or associated ASRBBB, 23%; LBBB, 16%; left bundle-branch conduction disturbance (LBBCD), 9%, more prevalent than RBBB, 1%. The latter finding is not in accordance with the data in the literature that indicate a greater prevalence of RBBB. The discordances may result from differences in the profile of the population, the follow-up duration, and the well-known cardiac abnormalities studied, although not all studies specified such factors <sup>13,14,16,17,18,22</sup>. In regard to LBBB, the findings are surprising because that disturbance is usually associated with the systemic diseases that impair the cardiovascular system and with the presence of left ventricular dysfunction, which was not observed in our case series at the beginning of follow-up. However, of the patients who died during follow-up, 6 (66.7%) had LBBB or left bundle-branch conduction disturbances. </p>
      <p>The evolutionary electrocardiographic findings showed a significant progression (P&lt;0.0001) of the PR interval and QRS duration after 6 years of follow-up, corresponding to a mean increment of 0.1 ms and 0.03 ms, respectively, every 3 years. The PR interval behavior was not assessed on the electrophysiologic study for identifying the site of impairment of the conduction system; however, the electrocardiographic characteristics (IVCD or bundle-branch block with enlargement of the QRS in 24 of 35 patients with first-degree AVB and considerable temporal variations) suggested that a nodal atrioventricular impairment did not occur, revealing a worse prognosis. </p>
      <p>Yet on the electrocardiogram, the presence of an inactive electric area (pathologic Q waves) was observed in 33% of the cases, which had inactive electric areas in some ventricular site with predominance of the septal and lateral regions. These alterations may be attributed to the disarray in myocardial fibers (alteration in the sequence of activation) and to impairment in the perivascular musculature. These electrical findings, in the absence of clinical evidence of coronary heart disease, suggest focal myocardial lesion <sup>9,16,26-29</sup>. In addition, the evolutionary results of some patients have shown the following: a reduction in pseudonecrosis, probably due to worsening of the conduction disturbances that may mask these aspects on the electrocardiogram<sup>9,18</sup>; and an increase in the number of inactive areas that suggest the existence of myocardial disease progression, although in a very insidious form as compared with the evolution of the conduction system impairment. </p>
      <p>No episode of paroxysmal sustained ventricular tachycardia occurred or was identified on 24-hour Holter. However, ventricular arrhythmia (more than 200 ventricular extrasystoles per hour or NSVT) was present in 17% of our patients in the initial evaluation, and in only 3% after 6 years of follow-up. Atrial tachycardia was present in 12% of the patients (5% sustained, of which 75% were atrial flutter and 25% were atrial fibrillation). After reversion of arrhythmia, all our patients with sustained atrial tachycardia were maintained on antiarrhythmic medication and without anticoagulation, because no patient remained in atrial fibrillation. </p>
      <p>In addition to intra-atrial and intraventricular conduction disturbances, the modification in refractoriness and disarray of the muscle fibers may participate in the arrhythmogenic substrate of those arrhythmias <sup>9,13,19,22,26,30,31</sup>. The abnormalities documented on the electrocardiogram and on Holter, which were transient at the beginning but established throughout the follow-up, represented instability in stimulus conduction or generation, or both. </p>
      <p>Colleran et al <sup>32</sup> reported that the prevalence of atrial tachyarrhythmias, mainly atrial fibrillation, is greater in patients with the severe form of the disease. Our results are in accordance with that statement when they show lower rates in a group of patients, of whom 93% had the mild form of the disease on the first assessment. They also agree when they demonstrate the induction of atrial tachyarrhythmia in 20% (12/59) of the patients undergoing electrophysiologic study. Nine of those 12 patients were on a follow-up longer than 3 years, and, of them, 55% evolved to more severe forms of the neuromuscular disease. </p>
      <p>Unlike that which happens with the skeletal muscle, myocardial impairment is rarely identified in myotonic dystrophy. Few cases of ventricular failure have been reported. However, mild abnormalities in systolic and diastolic function have been documented on echocardiography <sup>9,29,33</sup>. Similarly to those findings, we observed that, in 95% of the cases, LVEF was &gt; 60%, and, in only one, it was &lt; 50% (LVEF=47%). In a 3-year follow-up, 4 of 6 patients who had a reduction in LVEF (&lt; 60%) died (2 sudden deaths and 2 deaths due to heart failure). </p>
      <p>In the period between the first and last assessment, 19% of the case series had an insidious worsening in their neuromuscular disease, 56% of whom also had worsening in their conduction disturbances or arrhythmic events, or both. The low prevalence of cardiovascular symptoms at the beginning of the disease is due to the rare myocardial impairment in this phase. However, with the progression and worsening in the neuromuscular disease, subclinical myocardial dysfunction may occur <sup>9,29,33</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our case series, the presence of the anticipation phenomenon in regard to the neuromuscular disease was once again demonstrated. In 8 parent-child pairs, the size of the genetic defect is at least 2.4 times greater in the children than that in parents. Our results showed that, for the first time, the anticipation phenomenon was also present in the conduction system impairment, because in 5 of the 8 parent-child pairs (62%) the alterations related to the conduction system were much more severe than those present in the parents. The age of appearance of the alterations related to cardiac conduction occurred at least 20 years before in 80% of the children when compared with the age of appearance in parents (P&lt;0.0001). </p>
      <p>We believe that in the classic form, the earlier (second decade of life) the manifestations of neuromuscular disease occur, even when only myotonia, the greater the degree of impairment of the His-Purkinje system in young adults, who usually have the greater numbers of repeats. On the other hand, when symptom onset of the neuromuscular disease occurs late (third and fourth decades), the manifestations of the cardiac conduction disturbances should correlate with the time of evolution and the degree of phenotypic variation of the disease. </p>
      <p>In our case series, no correlation was observed between the number of CTG repetitions and any conduction disturbance or arrhythmic event, such as the following: PR interval at the beginning of the study (Pearson's R=0.2406); increase in the value of the PR interval after a 6-year follow-up (Pearson's R=0.1972); duration of the QRS complex (Pearson's R=0.2699); and an increase in QRS duration after a 6-year follow-up (Pearson's R=0.02018). No correlation was observed between the number of CTG repeats and symptoms, LVEF on echocardiogram, and the presence of atrial (Pearson's R=0.00032) or ventricular (Pearson's R=0.00107) arrhythmias. </p>
      <p>This study showed a correlation between neuromuscular disease and conduction system impairment. All patients with a greater degree of dystrophy (moderate or severe) also had more advanced conduction disturbances and more expressive arrhythmic events, both in the initial phase and in more advanced phases of the disease. However, most patients with mild impairment of the neuromuscular disease showed a clinical spectrum ranging from normal cardiovascular assessment to high risk of sudden death, both for conduction disturbances (18%) and arrhythmic events (6%). Twenty-one (25.3%) patients with mild impairment of the neuromuscular disease had, on follow-up, an important conduction system impairment, and, in 56% of those who had progression of the neuromuscular disease, concomitant worsening of the cardiac impairment (conduction system or LVEF, or both) was observed. </p>
      <p>Total mortality was 11%. Cardiac death occurred in 6%, 2 siblings with first-degree AVB associated with LBBB, left ventricular dysfunction, and definitive pacemaker. Their cause of death was heart failure. Four sudden deaths occurred as follows: one patient had antecedent anteroseptal fibrosis and probable arrhythmic death; 2 patients had LBBB associated with first-degree AVB, 1 with a baseline H-V interval of 100 ms, and another with a pacemaker; one asymptomatic patient had a normal electrocardiogram. This association of sudden death and the presence of areas of fibrosis and conduction disturbances shows the importance of the known physiopathological mechanism of fatal arrhythmia probably implicated in these cases. </p>
      <p>Univariate analysis of the factors related to prognosis revealed the following predictive factors of cardiac death: age (P=0.0029); presence of symptoms (P=0.0027); measurement of the PR interval (P=0.0191); duration of the QRS complex (P=0.0741); and left ventricular ejection fraction on echocardiography (P=0.0001). Multivariate analysis through the Cox proportional hazards model showed that left ventricular ejection fraction was the only independent predictive factor of evolution to death. </p>
      <p>Some studies aimed at identifying predictive risk factors by using electrophysiological study and correlating the results of the measurements of the H-V interval with the electrocardiographic findings of patients with myotonic dystrophy <sup>34-36</sup>. </p>
      <p>Our patients underwent electrophysiological study for symptom clarification (34%) or for risk assessment (66%). The H-V interval was increased in more than 50% of the cases and was the finding responsible for the therapeutic indication of the bradyarrhythmias (pacemaker implantation) in 15%. Of those, 73% had first-degree AVB associated with LBBB or LBBCD, and these findings were statistically different (P&lt;0.0001) in regard to the group with no indication for pacemaker implantation. Therefore, a group at risk for third-degree AVB and sudden death was identified for the first time in the literature. </p>
      <p>Induction of clinically important ventricular tachyarrhythmias on the electrophysiological study defined some cases whose pathophysiological mechanism was clarified and the therapy defined: implantable cardiodefibrillator (ICD), ablation of the arrhythmogenic focus, and use of antiarrhythmic agents. Of the symptomatic patients with induced SVT, one was of the fascicular type (ablation) and 2 were rapid and poorly tolerated SVT (ICD implantation). </p>
      <p>In conclusion, in patients with the classic form of myotonic dystrophy, the prevalence of arrhythmic events or conduction disturbances was 50% and worsened after a 6-year follow-up (80%), and a significant occurrence of first-degree AVB and intraventricular block was observed. Atrial flutter was the most frequent sustained arrhythmia. Cardiac impairment increased with the severity of the neuromuscular impairment, but the cardiac disease worsened more rapidly than the neuromuscular disease. Total and cardiac mortality were low (11% and 7%, respectively), sudden death accounted for half of it. The predictive factors for cardiac mortality were clinical manifestations, age, PR interval, QRS duration, and LVEF, the latter being the only independent predictive factor of prognosis. The electrophysiological study defined the therapy for bradyarrhythmias and identified the group at risk for pacemaker implantation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank the engineer S&#233;rgio Freitas de Siqueira for reviewing this study and the biologist Antonia Cerqueira for performing the genetic examination. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Silvana Angelina D'Orio Nishioka </p>
          <p> Rua Edmundo de Carvalho, 369 </p>
          <p> Cep 04251-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="nishioka@cardiol.br">nishioka@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 10/24/2003 </p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 09/29/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
