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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4FXtrXJjqmcMPhYN87SbBBB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400408</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000400008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da atorvastatina, fluvastatina, pravastatina e simvastatina sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e a aterosclerose a&#243;rtica em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Afonso Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eros Antonio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozaki</surname>
            <given-names>Michiko R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>314</fpage>
      <lpage>319</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar os efeitos da atorvastatina, fluvastatina, pravastatina e simvastatina sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a aterosclerose a&#243;rtica e o teor de malonodialde&#237;do (MDA) nas LDL nativas, oxidadas e na parede arterial de coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, depois que as doses destas estatinas foram ajustadas para reduzir o colesterol total plasm&#225;tico a valores similares. M&#201;TODOS: Coelhos machos, foram separados em grupos de 10 animais (n=10), chamados hipercolesterol&#234;mico (controle), atorvastatina, fluvastatina, pravastatina e normal. A exce&#231;&#227;o do grupo normal, os animais foram alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o acrescida de colesterol a 0,5% e &#243;leo de coco a 2% durante 45 dias. As drogas foram administradas a partir do 15&#186; dia do in&#237;cio do experimento e no 30&#186; dia, as doses foram ajustadas, atrav&#233;s do controle do colesterol plasm&#225;tico, para obter valores semelhantes em cada grupo. Ao final do experimento foi dosado o colesterol plasm&#225;tico e as lipoproteinas e retirado um segmento de aorta tor&#225;cica para estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e exame histol&#243;gico para medida da aterosclerose a&#243;rtica. RESULTADOS: As estatinas reduziram significantemente o colesterol total plasm&#225;tico, as LDL-colesterol e a aterosclerose a&#243;rtica. O teor de MDA tamb&#233;m foi significantemente reduzido nas LDL nativas e oxidadas, assim como na parede arterial. O relaxamento-dependente do endot&#233;lio foi significantemente maior no grupo tratado em compara&#231;&#227;o ao hipercolesterol&#234;mico. CONCLUS&#195;O: As estatinas, em doses ajustadas, tiveram efeito significante e similar em reduzir a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica nas LDL e na parede arterial, na regress&#227;o da aterosclerose a&#243;rtica e na revers&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>inibidores da HMGCoA-redutase</kwd>
        <kwd>aterosclerose a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Efeitos da atorvastatina, fluvastatina, pravastatina e simvastatina sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e a aterosclerose a&#243;rtica em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Afonso Ribeiro Jorge; Eros Antonio de Almeida; Michiko R. Ozaki; Mariana Jorge; Adriano Carneiro</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Campinas, SP</p>
    <p>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Unicamp - Campinas </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Comparar os efeitos da atorvastatina, fluvastatina, pravastatina e simvastatina sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a aterosclerose a&#243;rtica e o teor de malonodialde&#237;do (MDA) nas LDL nativas, oxidadas e na parede arterial de coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, depois que as doses destas estatinas foram ajustadas para reduzir o colesterol total plasm&#225;tico a valores similares. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Coelhos machos, foram separados em grupos de 10 animais (n=10), chamados hipercolesterol&#234;mico (controle), atorvastatina, fluvastatina, pravastatina e normal. A exce&#231;&#227;o do grupo normal, os animais foram alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o acrescida de colesterol a 0,5% e &#243;leo de coco a 2% durante 45 dias. As drogas foram administradas a partir do 15&#186; dia do in&#237;cio do experimento e no 30&#186; dia, as doses foram ajustadas, atrav&#233;s do controle do colesterol plasm&#225;tico, para obter valores semelhantes em cada grupo. Ao final do experimento foi dosado o colesterol plasm&#225;tico e as lipoproteinas e retirado um segmento de aorta tor&#225;cica para estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e exame histol&#243;gico para medida da aterosclerose a&#243;rtica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>As estatinas reduziram significantemente o colesterol total plasm&#225;tico, as LDL-colesterol e a aterosclerose a&#243;rtica. O teor de MDA tamb&#233;m foi significantemente reduzido nas LDL nativas e oxidadas, assim como na parede arterial. O relaxamento-dependente do endot&#233;lio foi significantemente maior no grupo tratado em compara&#231;&#227;o ao hipercolesterol&#234;mico. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> As estatinas, em doses ajustadas, tiveram efeito significante e similar em reduzir a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica nas LDL e na parede arterial, na regress&#227;o da aterosclerose a&#243;rtica e na revers&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>inibidores da HMGCoA-redutase, aterosclerose a&#243;rtica, peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica</p>
    <p> As drogas inibidoras da HMGCoA-redutase reduzem, efetivamente, a mortalidade e os eventos coronarianos<sup>1-6</sup>, representando poderoso instrumento na preven&#231;&#227;o e no controle da aterosclerose. Uma das principais a&#231;&#245;es destas drogas &#233; reduzir as LDL-colesterol plasm&#225;ticas, interferindo na bioss&#237;ntese do colesterol e aumentando o n&#250;mero de receptores hep&#225;ticos para a ApoB100<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, efeitos adicionais destas drogas t&#234;m sido demonstrados e considerados de import&#226;ncia na estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa de aterosclerose. Esses efeitos, chamados pleiotr&#243;picos, referem-se &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o endotelial, &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e ao controle da rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria e da hemostasia<sup>8-11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Alguns efeitos adversos das estatinas t&#234;m sido relatados e incluem cefal&#233;ia, mialgia, faringite e intera&#231;&#227;o com outros medicamentos metabolizados no citocromo P450<sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora as estatinas tenham um mecanismo semelhante de a&#231;&#227;o, diferem na sua pot&#234;ncia em reduzir o colesterol plasm&#225;tico, sua solubilidade e metabolismo<sup>15,16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em trabalhos anteriores, foi estudado o efeito da simvastatina e da pravastatina sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, o colesterol tecidual e o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas espumosas em an&#233;is de aorta de coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos<sup>17,18</sup>. Nesses estudos, verificamos que a pravastatina foi mais efetiva em reverter a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ocasionada pela hipercolesterolemia, assim como reduziu mais intensamente o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas espumosas em cortes histol&#243;gicos obtidos da aorta tor&#225;cica. Esses achados foram interpretados com cautela por tratar-se de estudo em animal de experimenta&#231;&#227;o, mas de qualquer forma a diferen&#231;a de efeitos observados entre essas estatinas insere-se dentro da controvertida discuss&#227;o sobre o diferencial farmacol&#243;gico das drogas inibidoras da HMGCoA-redutase. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, propusemo-nos a comparar o efeito de quatro estatinas (atorvastatina, fluvastatina, pravastatina e simvastatina) sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e a aterosclerose da aorta de coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos. As doses das estatinas foram ajustadas para reduzir o colesterol total plasm&#225;tico a valores similares. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os experimentos foram conduzidos de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>US National Institute of Health for the care and use of laboratory animals (NIH publication N 85-23 revision</italic>). </p>
    <p>Foram utilizados 60 coelhos da ra&#231;a Nova Zel&#226;ndia, com idade ao redor de 12 semanas, machos, com peso variando de 1,6 a 2,4 Kg, e distribu&#237;dos em grupos de 10 (n=10), denominados grupos normal (GN), hipercolesterol&#234;mico (GH), atorvastatina (GA), fluvastatina (GF), pravastatina (GP) e simvastatina (GS). Os animais foram separados em gaiolas individuais e alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o, da marca Purina, adicionada de colesterol a 0,5% e &#243;leo de coco a 2%, por 45 dias. Foram servidos 100gr de ra&#231;&#227;o/dia e &#225;gua &#224; vontade. Ap&#243;s 15 dias, foi obtida uma amostra de sangue, por pun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, para determina&#231;&#227;o do colesterol plasm&#225;tico. Em seguida, atorvastatina (10 mg/dia), fluvastatina (20 mg/dia), pravastatina (20mg/dia) e simvastatina (15 mg/dia) foram administradas aos respectivos grupos. As doses basearam-se em estudos anteriores<sup>17,18</sup> e as drogas administradas uma vez ao dia atrav&#233;s de gavagem. Ap&#243;s 15 dias, foi obtida outra amostra de sangue para determina&#231;&#227;o do colesterol plasm&#225;tico e as doses das estatinas ajustadas para se obter valores semelhantes do colesterol plasm&#225;tico em cada grupo. As doses finais foram 10 mg/dia, 15 mg/dia, 15 mg/dia e 10 mg/dia para atorvastatina, fluvastatina, pravastatina e simvastatina, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>Ao final do experimento, outra amostra de sangue foi obtida para determina&#231;&#227;o do colesterol plasm&#225;tico e separa&#231;&#227;o das lipoprote&#237;nas. Os animais foram sacrificados por deslocamento cervical e realizada toracotomia mediana e remo&#231;&#227;o da aorta para obten&#231;&#227;o dos an&#233;is destinados ao estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, dosagem do MDA e exame histol&#243;gico para medida da aterosclerose a&#243;rtica. Fragmentos de f&#237;gado e m&#250;sculo foram tamb&#233;m obtidos para exame histol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p>A aorta tor&#225;cica, limpa de tecido conectivo, foi cortada em an&#233;is de aproximadamente 5mm, com especial aten&#231;&#227;o para n&#227;o lesar o endot&#233;lio. Em um contingente de an&#233;is, o endot&#233;lio foi lesado, mecanicamente, atrav&#233;s de um pequeno f&#243;rceps. Os an&#233;is da aorta foram suspensos em 10ml de solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit a pH 7.4 (composi&#231;&#227;o em mmol/L: NaCl, 113.; CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 2.19; NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 25.0; MgSO<sub>4</sub>, 0.44; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4, </sub>1.18; EDTA, 0.03; glicose, 11.0). A solu&#231;&#227;o foi mantida a 37&#186;C e, continuadamente aerada, com uma mistura de g&#225;s contendo 95% de O<sub>2</sub> e 5% de CO<sub>2. </sub>Os an&#233;is foram montados em dois suportes met&#225;licos ligados a um transdutor de for&#231;a (<italic>Narco Byosystem</italic>) e distendidos a uma tens&#227;o basal de 1g. Os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram deixados estabilizar por 60min, com troca da solu&#231;&#227;o Krebs Henseleit a cada 20min. Para prevenir a s&#237;ntese de prostaglandinas, os experimentos foram realizados na presen&#231;a de 10 &#181;M de indometacina. </p>
    <p>Os an&#233;is de aorta tor&#225;cica, com e sem endot&#233;lio, foram contra&#237;dos com noradrenalina (NA, 10<sup>-7</sup> M). Quando a contra&#231;&#227;o se manteve est&#225;vel, acetilcolina (ACH) foi adicionada &#224; solu&#231;&#227;o, de forma cumulativa (10<sup>-8</sup>-10<sup>-5..5</sup>M) para obter as curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito. Ap&#243;s, a solu&#231;&#227;o foi substitu&#237;da com Krebs-Henseleit e a tens&#227;o estabilizada em valores basais, com freq&#252;ente renova&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s 30min, os an&#233;is de aorta foram contra&#237;dos com NA (10<sup>-7</sup> M) e outras curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito obtidas com nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (SNP, 10<sup>- 8</sup> - 10<sup>- 5..5</sup> M). </p>
    <p>An&#233;is de aorta, com 5mm de espessura, foram obtidos de forma padronizada de &#225;reas definidas da parte superior da aorta tor&#225;cica. Tamb&#233;m foram retirados fragmentos de f&#237;gado e m&#250;sculo da coxa. Os tecidos foram fixados em formalina a 10% por 24h, processados e embebidos em parafina. Cortes seriados foram montados em l&#226;minas e corados com hematoxilina-eosina. </p>
    <p>O colesterol total plasm&#225;tico foi medido atrav&#233;s de kits enzim&#225;ticos comerciais em um espectofot&#244;metro <italic>Genesys </italic>10 marca <italic>Spectronics</italic> e os resultados expressos em mg/dl. TGO e TGP tamb&#233;m foram medidos atrav&#233;s de kit enzim&#225;tico comercial e os resultados expressos em U/l. </p>
    <p>A peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica foi avaliada pela medida do MDA, um dos produtos finais da peroxida&#231;&#227;o. Amostras de aorta foram homogeneizadas em &#225;cido-tricloroac&#233;tico (TCA) gelado (1 mg de tecido por ml de TCA a 10%). Ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, uma por&#231;&#227;o do sobrenadante foi adicionada a igual volume de &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (0,6% v/v) e a mistura aquecida a 100&#186;C por 20min. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de MDA foi calculada atrav&#233;s de espectrofot&#244;metro, usando uma absor&#231;&#227;o de 532 nm e um coeficiente de extin&#231;&#227;o molar de 1,49x10<sup>-5</sup>, sendo os resultados expressos em nmol/mg de tecido seco x10<sup>-7 19</sup>. As lipoprote&#237;nas foram separadas por ultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o sequencial do plasma de acordo com o m&#233;todo de Havel e cols.<sup>20</sup>. Sumariamente, o plasma foi centrifugado a 40.000 rpm por 18h a 4&#186;C em um Ti50 rotor (Beckman) e a camada de VLDL (d&lt;1.006 g/ml) removida. O sobrenadante foi ajustado a uma densidade de 1063 g/ml usando brometo de pot&#225;ssio e centrifugado a 40 000 rpm por 20h. A LDL isolada foi dializada em 0,01 M de tamp&#227;o fosfato (PBS), pH 7,4 a 8&#186;C por 24h, com freq&#252;ente lavagem do tamp&#227;o. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na das LDL foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de Lowry e cols.<sup>21</sup>, usando albumina bovina como padr&#227;o. A oxida&#231;&#227;o das LDL foi feita atrav&#233;s da incuba&#231;&#227;o com sulfato de cobre 5 mM (100 &#181;g de prote&#237;na/ml, 1 M PBS) por 24 h a 37&#186;C<sup>22</sup>. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;pides per&#243;xidos das LDL nativas e oxidadas foi medida pela rea&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBARS), como descrito por Buege e Aust<sup>23</sup>. Os valores das TBARS foram expressos como equivalentes do MDA (nmol/prote&#237;na LDL) usando solu&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o de 1,1, 3,3 tetrametoxipropano. </p>
    <p>Imagens dos cortes histol&#243;gicos dos an&#233;is da aorta foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de microsc&#243;pio Leica DMLD e importadas para um computador. Atrav&#233;s de um programa Scion<sup>24</sup> foram selecionadas manualmente as &#225;reas da parede arterial e dos lipossomos extracelulares. O n&#250;mero de <italic>pixels</italic> foi determinado e usado como medida. Os resultados foram expressos como % dos lipossomos extracelulares em rela&#231;&#227;o a parede arterial<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Cloreto de acetilcolina, bitartarato de noradrenalina, nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio, &#225;cido tricloroac&#233;tico, &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico e indometacina foram obtidos da Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Os reagentes da solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit foram obtidos da Merck Chemicals. </p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises descritivas foram feitas atrav&#233;s das medidas de posi&#231;&#227;o e dispers&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Para comparar os grupos de tratamentos atrav&#233;s das vari&#225;veis coletadas foi utilizada an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia simples (ANOVA <italic>one-way</italic>), com transforma&#231;&#227;o por <italic>ranks </italic>(postos) das vari&#225;veis. Para localiza&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as foi aplicado o teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Tukey. </p>
    <p>Para comparar as curvas dose resposta foi utilizada a ANOVA com medidas repetidas. Para localiza&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as foram utilizados os testes de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Tukey e o teste de perfil por contrastes. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%<sup>26,27</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No in&#237;cio do estudo, o peso m&#233;dio dos coelhos, nos diferentes grupos, foi 1,80&#177;0,2 kg para o GN, 2,0&#177;0,18 kg para GH, 1,75&#177; 0,12 kg para GA, 1,85&#177;0,14 kg para GF, 2,09&#177;0,23 kg para GP e 1,79&#177;0,10 kg para o GS. Todos os animais ganharam peso durante o estudo, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> mostra ocorr&#234;ncia de acentuada eleva&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total plasm&#225;tico no grupo hipercolesterol&#234;mico(GH) comparado com o normal(GN). O tratamento com estatinas reduziu significantemente os n&#237;veis do colesterol plasm&#225;tico. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, o mesmo observado com os n&#237;veis das LDL-colesterol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0314-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0314-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O teor de malonodialde&#237;do (MDA) (nmol/mg x 10<sup>-7</sup>M) nas part&#237;culas de LDL oxidadas e parede da aorta encontram-se nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>. O teor de MDA da parede a&#243;rtica e das LDL oxidadas foi significantemente reduzido no grupo tratado, quando comparado com o grupo hipercolesterolemia (p&lt;0,05). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante entre os grupos tratados. Resposta semelhante foi obtida para o teor de MDA nas LDL nativas. </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0314-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0314-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figura 5</xref> expressa a % de relaxamento dos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos dos coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, em resposta a acetilcolina foi significantemente menor que nos animais do grupo normal. Todas as estatinas reverteram o relaxamento at&#233; pr&#243;ximo do normal em graus vari&#225;veis, sendo a mais efetiva a pravastatina. O relaxamento m&#225;ximo com nitroprussiato foi de 100% para todos os grupos. N&#227;o houve relaxamento com ACH nos segmentos de aorta em que o endot&#233;lio foi removido mecanicamente. A intensidade de contra&#231;&#227;o com NE foi semelhante entre os grupos. </p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0314-00008-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O exame histol&#243;gico mostrou a presen&#231;a de lipossomos extracelulares na regi&#227;o da &#237;ntima da aorta dos coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, sem a presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias. A porcentagem de lipossomos extracelulares comparados com a parede do vaso foi de 21,0&#177;0,15, 2,58&#177;1,35, 3,83&#177;0,89, 2,95&#177;0,91 e 3,84&#177;1,08 para os grupos hipercolesterolemia, atorvastatina, fluvastatina, simvastatina e pravastatina, respectivamente. As estatinas reduziram significantemente (p&lt;0,05) a aterosclerose a&#243;rtica quando comparada ao grupo hipercolesterolemia, n&#227;o sendo observada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos tratados. </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">figura 6</xref> ilustra no canto inferior E a evolu&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose em animais tratados com dieta a 2%, em que se observa maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de lipossomos extracelulares na regi&#227;o intimal. </p>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0314-00008-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O estudo histol&#243;gico de fragmentos do f&#237;gado revelou esteatose moderada em todos os grupos estudados, enquanto o tecido muscular aparentou ser normal ao exame microsc&#243;pico. </p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis de TGO e TGP encontravam-se normais em todos os grupos tratados. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As estatinas variam consideravelmente nas suas caracter&#237;sticas farmacol&#243;gicas, lipof&#237;licas, na vida m&#233;dia, metabolismo e outras propriedades<sup>28</sup><italic>. </italic>A pravastatina &#233; hidrof&#237;lica, enquanto as outras estatinas s&#227;o lipof&#237;licas. A atorvastatina, a simvastatina e a fluvastatina circulam no sangue ligadas &#224; prote&#237;na em 95 a 98%, enquanto a pravastatina circula ligada &#224; prote&#237;na em 50%<sup>29</sup>. Com exce&#231;&#227;o da pravastatina, as estatinas s&#227;o metabolizadas no citocromo P450-3A4 (a fluvastatina &#233; metabolizada no citocromo P450-2C9). Atorvastatina, fluvastatina e simvastatina, mas n&#227;o a pravastatina, diminuem a migra&#231;&#227;o e prolifera&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas na parede arterial<sup>30</sup>, provavelmente atrav&#233;s do bloqueio das RhoA- e Rac1-, sinalizadoras celulares<sup>31</sup>. Evidentes altera&#231;&#245;es na resposta inflamat&#243;ria t&#234;m sido relatadas com o uso das estatinas, incluindo a inibi&#231;&#227;o das citocinas, proteina-C reativa, express&#227;o das metaloproteinases da matriz e diminui&#231;&#227;o na ades&#227;o de mon&#243;citos na c&#233;lula endotelial<sup>32</sup>. Estudos recentes, relativos &#224;s propriedades pleiotr&#243;picas das estatinas, t&#234;m revelado sua capacidade de inibir a s&#237;ntese de importantes intermedi&#225;rios dos isopreno&#237;des, que servem como liga&#231;&#245;es para uma variedade de prote&#237;nas implicadas na sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelular<sup>33,34</sup>. De outro lado, estudos bem conduzidos t&#234;m revelado uma diferen&#231;a na pot&#234;ncia de a&#231;&#227;o das estatinas em reduzir o colesterol e as LDL plasm&#225;ticas<sup>15,16</sup>, discutindo-se ainda um diferencial nos seus efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos e uma suposta seletividade tissular. </p>
    <p>O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos das diversas estatinas, dentro de seus recursos, considerando os resultados controversos apontados na literatura. Assim, Pentikainem e cols.<sup>35</sup> relataram que a pravastatina &#233; um inibidor da HMGCoA redutase com maior afinidade para os tecidos perif&#233;ricos, confirmado por Germershausen e cols.<sup>36</sup>, que atribuem esse achado &#224;s esp&#233;cies ativas derivadas da pravastatina ligadas as prote&#237;nas em cerca de 50%, enquanto as demais estatinas encontram-se intensamente ligadas &#224;s prote&#237;nas (&gt;95%) e as drogas menos ligadas &#224;s prote&#237;nas teriam maior penetra&#231;&#227;o nos tecidos. Os inibidores da HMGCoA redutase hidrof&#237;licos, de outro lado, podem alcan&#231;ar maior concentra&#231;&#227;o nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais, aumentando assim, a atividade da NO sintase. Entretanto, a seletividade tissular dos inibidores da HMG-CoA redutase &#233; controversa<sup>14,37</sup>. Thiery e cols.<sup>38</sup>, investigando a extens&#227;o da aterog&#234;nese em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos tratados com lovastatina, simvastatina e pravastatina (15 mg/dia) observaram uma menor concentra&#231;&#227;o do colesterol tissular nos animais tratados com lovastatina e simvastatina do que nos que receberam pravastatina. De Vries e cols.<sup>39</sup> afirmam que a s&#237;ntese do colesterol no cristalino &#233; inibida pela pravastatina 100 vezes mais efetivamente que a simvastatina. Tesfamarian e cols.<sup>40</sup> observaram efeitos diferentes da pravastatina, simvastatina, e atorvastatina na libera&#231;&#227;o do Ca<sup>2+ </sup>citoplasm&#225;tico e na reatividade vascular, enquanto Joukhadar e cols.<sup>41</sup> referiram efeito similar para a atorvastatina, simvastatina e pravastatina em alguns par&#226;metros relativos &#224; hemostasia e inflama&#231;&#227;o no plasma de pacientes hipercolesterol&#234;micos. </p>
    <p>Entretanto, as supostas diferen&#231;as apontadas entre as estatinas, aparentemente, n&#227;o teriam maior significado cl&#237;nico, uma vez que os grandes estudos randomizados t&#234;m demonstrado significante redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e eventos coronarianos, para as diferentes estatinas estudadas<sup>1,3,4,6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados mostraram que todas as estatinas foram eficientes em reduzir a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, seja nas LDL nativas ou oxidadas e tamb&#233;m na parede arterial. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante na intensidade de efeito entre as diversas drogas. O efeito antioxidante da simvastatina<sup>42</sup>, da fluvastatina<sup>43</sup>, da pravastatina<sup>44</sup>, e da atorvastatina<sup>45</sup> tem sido referido na literatura e representa uma provid&#234;ncia importante na preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>34</sup>. </p>
    <p>Quando comparadas ao grupo de animais hipercolesterol&#234;micos, todas as estatinas foram eficientes em reverter parcialmente a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. O efeito foi semelhante para as diferentes drogas, a exce&#231;&#227;o da pravastatina, cujo efeito sobre o relaxamento-dependente do endot&#233;lio foi mais significante. A discreta diferen&#231;a na intensidade do relaxamento- dependente do endot&#233;lio verificado com a pravastatina, foi interpretado como devido a sua caracter&#237;stica hidrof&#237;lica, mas esse achado deve ser reavaliado em outros estudos. </p>
    <p>O aumento do relaxamento-dependente do endot&#233;lio observado nos an&#233;is de aorta de coelhos tratados com estatinas deve estar relacionado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol tecidual e do estresse oxidativo da parede arterial<sup>46</sup>, al&#233;m de a&#231;&#227;o sobre mediadores de transcri&#231;&#227;o celular, n&#227;o estudados neste modelo experimental. Em trabalho anterior<sup>18</sup>, verificamos que a revers&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, tratados com pravastatina e simvastatina, ocorria rapidamente, lembrando o benef&#237;cio do tratamento para as s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. </p>
    <p>Outro ponto que merece destaque no presente trabalho, pelas eventuais implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, &#233; a regress&#227;o do espessamento intimal, representado pelo ac&#250;mulo de lipossomos extracelulares. As part&#237;culas de LDL adentram &#224; c&#233;lula endotelial por um mecanismo de pinocitose, formando ves&#237;culas de pinocitose que s&#227;o incorporadas em endossomos e lipossomos no citoplasma celular. Na hipercolesterolemia o material lip&#237;dico carreado pelos endossomos acumulam-se em lipossomos extracelulares na &#237;ntima da art&#233;ria.. Considerando que a presen&#231;a de lipossomos extracelulares representa a express&#227;o morfol&#243;gica mais precoce da aterosclerose, sua regress&#227;o significa um potencial mecanismo de controle da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. A regress&#227;o da placa de aterosclerose pelas estatinas tem sido demonstrada em diversos estudos experimentais<sup>47-49</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudos com resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e espectroscopia t&#234;m revelado mobiliza&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do lip&#237;dico em placas de aterosclerose de animais tratados com diversas drogas<sup>50-52</sup>. </p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, o estudo REVERSE<sup>53</sup>, veio confirmar a interrup&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o e mesmo uma pequena regress&#227;o da placa de aterosclerose (0,4% de redu&#231;&#227;o mediana), atrav&#233;s do ultra-som coronariano, em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel. Esses resultados abrem uma excepcional perspectiva na condu&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose. </p>
    <p>No presente trabalho, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significante no efeito sobre a regress&#227;o da aterosclerose, entre as diversas estatinas estudadas. Entretanto, merece destaque que as doses das estatinas foram ajustadas para se obter valores selhantes do colesterol plasm&#225;tico nos diversos grupos, considerando a diferen&#231;a de pot&#234;ncia entre as drogas. A atorvastatina foi a de maior pot&#234;ncia, pois utilizou-se uma menor dose para semelhante redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol plasm&#225;tico entre os grupos, n&#227;o se podendo analisar uma eventual diferen&#231;a de efeito na regress&#227;o, levando em conta a intensidade de redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol e das LDL plasm&#225;ticas. Mais recentemente, a verifica&#231;&#227;o de que a redu&#231;&#227;o mais intensa das LDL-plasm&#225;ticas em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rianas agudas levou a um melhor beneficio em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e outros eventos coronarianos<sup>54</sup>, abriu a discuss&#227;o sobre o melhor n&#237;vel das LDL plasm&#225;ticas no controle da aterosclerose, destacando o significado da pot&#234;ncia hipolipemiante das estatinas. </p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o mais intensa dos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos faz sentido, quando se considera que a aterosclerose tem como fator causal principal o afluxo de part&#237;culas de LDL e seus ep&#237;topes para a regi&#227;o intimal do vaso atrav&#233;s da c&#233;lula endotelial, provocando uma resposta imunol&#243;gica mediada por diversos fatores relacionados a inflama&#231;&#227;o, com mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos, neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, que v&#227;o restringir o n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico atrav&#233;s de uma rea&#231;&#227;o predominantemente proliferativa ou instabilizar a placa por uma maior resposta celular e enzim&#225;tica<sup>55</sup>. Provavelmente, a magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol e das LDL plasm&#225;ticas, a par de outros fatores j&#225; mencionados, teriam a&#231;&#227;o ben&#233;fica na revers&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e mobiliza&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico da placa de aterosclerose, mormente da sua fase mais precoce, restando estabelecer o limite de seguran&#231;a para a redu&#231;&#227;o das LDL plasm&#225;ticas. </p>
    <p>Os autores do estudo REVERSE<sup>53</sup> e PROVE-IT<sup>54</sup> destacam tamb&#233;m, a exist&#234;ncia de um diferencial farmacol&#243;gico entre as estatinas estudadas, atorvastatina e pravastatina. Estudo experimental bem conduzido, utilizando a fluvastatina, tamb&#233;m considera a exist&#234;ncia de um efeito indireto da droga, independente da redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol plasm&#225;tico<sup>55</sup> o que reabre a discuss&#227;o sobre um eventual diferencial farmacol&#243;gico e poss&#237;vel especificidade tissular entre este grupo de drogas, independente da redu&#231;&#227;o dos l&#237;pides. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, as estatinas n&#227;o alteraram a atividade enzim&#225;tica hep&#225;tica. Os exames histol&#243;gicos mostraram apar&#234;ncia normal do tecido muscular e moderada esteatose hep&#225;tica, provavelmente conseq&#252;ente &#224; elevada concentra&#231;&#227;o do colesterol no plasma. N&#227;o foram encontradas &#225;reas de necrose ou rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria. Esses achados sugerem que as drogas n&#227;o tiveram efeito t&#243;xico nas doses administradas. </p>
    <p>A aus&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria na camada &#237;ntima da parede vascular, a despeito da presen&#231;a de lipossomos extracelulares nos coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos, refor&#231;a a id&#233;ia de que a resposta inflamat&#243;ria ocorre mais tardiamente, no prop&#243;sito de reparar a presen&#231;a inadequada das LDL e seus ep&#237;topes na &#237;ntima arterial<sup>56</sup>, mais uma vez refor&#231;ando a impress&#227;o de que a mais intensa redu&#231;&#227;o das LDL teciduais ter&#225; efeito mais favorav&#233;l no controle da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que todas as estatinas foram efetivas em reduzir o colesterol total plasm&#225;tico, o teor do MDA na parede arterial, nas LDL nativas e oxidadas, e reverter a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em coelhos hipercolesterol&#234;micos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Paulo Afonso Ribeiro Jorge </p>
        <p> Rua Guilherme da Silva, 397 </p>
        <p> Cep 13025-070 - Campinas, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="parjorge@terra.com.br">parjorge@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 04/04/2004 - Aceito em 29/10/2004</p>
  </body>
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            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin on endothelial function, lipid peroxidation, and aortic atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin on endothelial function, aortic atherosclerosis, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in native and oxidized LDL and in the arterial wall of hypercholesterolemic rabbits after adjusting the dosages of those statins to reduce total serum cholesterol levels to similar values. METHODS: Male rabbits were divided into the following 6 groups of 10 animals (n=10): 1) GH (control) - hypercholesterolemic animals; 2) GA - atorvastatin; 3) GF - fluvastatin; 4) GP - pravastatin; 5) GS - simvastatin; and 6) GN - normal. The animals were fed a standard food preparation enriched with 0.5% cholesterol and 2% coconut oil for 45 days. Fifteen days after beginning the experiment, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin were administered for 15 days through gavage, and the dosages were adjusted to obtain similar cholesterol values in each group. At the end of the experiment, a blood sample was withdrawn for determining total cholesterol and separating the lipoproteins, and a segment of the thoracic aorta was removed to be used for studying endothelial function and lipid peroxidation, and for measuring aortic atherosclerosis in histological sections. RESULTS: The statins significantly reduced total serum cholesterol levels, LDL-cholesterol levels, and aortic atherosclerosis. The MDA content was also significantly reduced in native and oxidized LDL, as well as in the arterial wall. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was significantly greater in the treated group compared with that in the hypercholesterolemic group. CONCLUSION: The statins, at dosages adjusted, had a significant and similar effect in reducing lipid peroxidation in native and oxidized LDL-C and in arterial walls, in decreasing aortic atherosclerosis, and in reverting endothelial dysfunction.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>aortic atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>lipid peroxidation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Effects of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin on endothelial function, lipid peroxidation, and aortic atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Paulo Afonso Ribeiro Jorge; Eros Antonio de Almeida; Michiko R. Ozaki; Mariana Jorge; Adriano Carneiro</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Unicamp, Campinas, SP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To compare the effects of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin on endothelial function, aortic atherosclerosis, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in native and oxidized LDL and in the arterial wall of hypercholesterolemic rabbits after adjusting the dosages of those statins to reduce total serum cholesterol levels to similar values. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Male rabbits were divided into the following 6 groups of 10 animals (n=10): 1) GH (control) - hypercholesterolemic animals; 2) GA - atorvastatin; 3) GF - fluvastatin; 4) GP - pravastatin; 5) GS - simvastatin; and 6) GN - normal. The animals were fed a standard food preparation enriched with 0.5% cholesterol and 2% coconut oil for 45 days. Fifteen days after beginning the experiment, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin were administered for 15 days through gavage and the dosages were adjusted to obtain similar cholesterol values in each group. At the end of the experiment, a blood sample was withdrawn for determining total cholesterol and separating the lipoproteins, and a segment of the thoracic aorta was removed to be used for studying endothelial function and lipid peroxidation, and for measuring aortic atherosclerosis in histological sections. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The statins significantly reduced total serum cholesterol levels, LDL-cholesterol levels, and aortic atherosclerosis. The MDA content was also significantly reduced in native and oxidized LDL, as well as in the arterial wall. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was significantly greater in the treated group compared with that in the hypercholesterolemic group. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The statins, at dosages adjusted, had a significant and similar effect in reducing lipid peroxidation in native and oxidized LDL-C and in arterial walls, in decreasing aortic atherosclerosis, and in reverting endothelial dysfunction. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, aortic atherosclerosis, lipid peroxidation</p>
      <p>The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors effectively reduce mortality and coronary events <sup>1-6</sup>, representing a powerful instrument in preventing and controlling atherosclerosis. One of the major actions of these drugs is reducing serum LDL-cholesterol, interfering with the biosynthesis of cholesterol and increasing the number of hepatic receptors for ApoB100 <sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>More recently, additional effects of these drugs have been demonstrated and considered important for stabilizing the atherosclerotic plaque. Such effects, called pleiotropic, refer to endothelial protection, lipid peroxidation reduction, and control of inflammatory reactions and hemostasia <sup>8-11</sup>. </p>
      <p>Some adverse effects of the statins have been reported and include cephalea, myalgia, pharyngitis, and interaction with other drugs metabolized in cytochrome P-450 <sup>12-14</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although statins have a similar mechanism of action, they differ in their potency for reducing serum cholesterol, their solubility and metabolism <sup>15,16</sup>. </p>
      <p>Previous studies <sup>17,18 </sup>have assessed the effect of simvastatin and pravastatin on endothelial function, tissue cholesterol, and the number of foam cells in aortic rings of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Those studies showed that pravastatin was more effective in reversing endothelial dysfunction caused by hypercholesterolemia, in addition to more intensely reducing the number of foam cells in the histological sections obtained from the thoracic aorta. Those findings were carefully interpreted because they derived from an experimental study on animals, and the differences between the effects of those statins encompassed the controversial discussion about the pharmacological difference of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. </p>
      <p>The present study aimed at comparing the effects of 4 statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin) on endothelial function, lipid peroxidation, and aortic atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. The dosages of statins were adjusted to reduce total serum cholesterol levels to similar values. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The experiments were conducted according to the recommendations of the US National Institutes of Health for the care and use of laboratory animals (NIH publication N 85-23 revision). </p>
      <p> Sixty male rabbits of the New Zealand breed, aged approximately 12 weeks and weighing from 1.6 to 2.4 kg, were divided into the following 6 groups (n=10): 1) normal group (GN); 2) hypercholesterolemic (GH); 3) atorvastatin (GA); 4) fluvastatin (GF); 5) pravastatin (GP); and 6) simvastatin (GS). The animals were separated in individual cages and fed a standard preparation of Purina brand food, enriched with 0.5% cholesterol and 2% coconut oil for 45 days. They received 100 g of food preparation per day and unlimited water. After 15 days, a blood sample was obtained through cardiac puncture for determining serum cholesterol. Then atorvastatin (10 mg/day), fluvastatin (20 mg/day), pravastatin (20 mg/day), and simvastatin (15 mg/day) were administered to the respective groups. The dosages were based on previous studies <sup>17,18</sup> and the drugs administered once a day through gavage. After 15 days, another blood sample was obtained for determining serum cholesterol levels, and the dosages of the statins were adjusted to obtain similar values of serum cholesterol in each group. The final dosages were 10 mg/day, 15 mg/day, 15 mg/day, and 10 mg/day for atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin, respectively. </p>
      <p>At the end of the experiment, another blood sample was obtained for determining serum cholesterol levels and for separating the lipoproteins. The animals were euthanized by having their necks severed. Median thoracotomy was then performed, and the aorta was removed to obtain the rings for assessing endothelial function and MDA content, and for measuring aortic atherosclerosis on histological sections. Liver and muscle fragments were also obtained for histological examination. </p>
      <p>The thoracic aorta, free from connective tissue, was sectioned into rings of approximately 5 mm, with special care not to damage the endothelium. In some rings, however, the endothelium was mechanically damaged by a small forceps. The aortic rings were suspended in 10 mL of the Krebs-Henseleit solution at pH 7.4 (composition in mmol/L: NaCl, 113; CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 2.19; NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 25.0; MgSO<sub>4</sub>, 0.44; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4, </sub>1.18; EDTA, 0.03; glucose, 11.0). The solution was maintained at 37&#186;C and continuously aerated with a gas mixture containing 95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>. The rings were mounted on 2 metallic supports coupled to a force transducer (Narco Byosystem) and distended at a baseline tension of 1g. The aortic rings were allowed to stabilize for 60 minutes, with Krebs Henseleit solution exchange every 20 minutes. To prevent the synthesis of prostaglandins, the experiments were performed in the presence of 10 &#181;M of indomethacin. </p>
      <p>The rings of the thoracic aorta with and without endothelium were contracted with noradrenaline (NA, 10<sup>-7</sup> M). When the contraction was kept stable, acetylcholine (ACH) was added to the solution in a cumulative form (10<sup>-8</sup>-10<sup>-5.5 </sup>M) to obtain the concentration-effect curves. Then, the solution was replaced for the Krebs-Henseleit solution, and the tension was stabilized at baseline values with frequent renewal of the solution. After 30 minutes, the aortic rings were contracted with NA (10<sup>-7</sup> M), and other concentration-effect curves were obtained with sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 10<sup>- 8</sup> - 10<sup>- 5.5</sup> M). </p>
      <p>The 5-mm-thick aortic rings were obtained in a standardized form from defined areas of the superior part of the thoracic aorta. Fragments from the liver and thigh muscle were also obtained. The tissues were fixed in 10% formalin for 24 hours, processed, and embedded in paraffin. Serial sections were mounted on slides and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. </p>
      <p>Total serum cholesterol level was measured with commercial enzymatic kits in a spectrophotometer (Genesys 10, Spectronics) and the results were expressed in mg/dL. The GOT and GPT levels were also measured with the commercial enzymatic kit, and the results were expressed in U/L. </p>
      <p>Lipid peroxidation was assessed by use of MDA measurement, one of the end-products of peroxidation. The aortic samples were homogenized in cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (1 mg of tissue per mL of 10% TCA). After centrifugation, a portion of the supernatant was added to an equal volume of thiobarbituric acid (0.6% v/v), and the mixture was heated at 100&#186;C for 20 minutes. The MDA concentration was calculated by use of a spectrophotometer, with absorption of 532 nm and a molar extinction coefficient of 1.49x10<sup>-5</sup>, and the results were expressed in nmol/mg of dry tissue x 10<sup>-7 19</sup>. The lipoproteins were separated by plasma sequential ultracentrifugation according to the method by Havel et al <sup>20</sup>. The plasma was centrifuged at 40000 rpm for 18 hours at 4&#186;C in a Ti50 rotor (Beckman), and the VLDL layer (d &lt; 1,006 g/mL) was removed. The supernatant was adjusted to a density of 1063 g/mL by using potassium bromide, being then centrifuged at 40,000 rpm for 20 hours. The isolated LDL-C was dialyzed in 0.01 M of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4 at 8&#186;C for 24 hours, with frequent buffer washing. The LDL protein concentration was determined by use of the method of Lowry et al <sup>21</sup> with bovine albumin as the standard. The LDL oxidation was performed by use of incubation with 5 &#181;M copper sulfate (100 &#181;g of protein/mL, 1 M PBS) for 24 hours at 37&#186;C <sup>22</sup>. The concentration of peroxide lipids of the native and oxidized LDL was measured by the reaction of the thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), as reported by Buege and Aust <sup>23</sup>. The TBARS values were expressed as MDA equivalents (nmol/protein LDL) using the standard solution of 1,1,3,3 tetramethoxypropane. </p>
      <p>Images of the histological sections of the aortic rings were obtained with a Leica DMLD microscope and imported to a computer. By use of the Scion program<sup> 24</sup>, areas of the arterial wall and of the extracellular liposomes were manually selected. The number of pixels was determined and used as a measurement. The results were expressed as % of extracellular liposomes in relation to the arterial wall <sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>The acetylcholine chloride, noradrenaline bitartrate, sodium nitroprusside, trichloroacetic acid, thiobarbituric acid, and indomethacin were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co (St. Louis, MO, USA). The reagents of the Krebs-Henseleit solution were obtained from Merck Chemicals. </p>
      <p>The descriptive analyses were performed by use of the position and dispersion measurements for the continuous variables. For comparing the groups of treatment through the variables collected, the simple analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was used, with transformation of the variables according to ranks. For identifying the differences, the Tukey test, a multiple comparisons procedure, was used. </p>
      <p>The repeated measures ANOVA was used for comparing the dose-response curves. The multiple comparisons Tukey test and the contrast profile test were used for identifying the differences. The significance level adopted was 5% <sup>26,27</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At the beginning of the study, the mean weights of the rabbits in the different groups were as follows: 1) GN: 1.80&#177;0.2 kg; 2) GH: 2.0&#177;0.18 kg; 3) GA: 1.75&#177; 0.12 kg; 4) GF: 1.85&#177;0.14 kg; 5) GP: 2.09&#177;0.23 kg; and 6) GS: 1.79&#177;0.10 kg. All animals gained weight during the study, but no significant difference was observed between the groups. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the occurrence of marked elevation in total serum cholesterol levels in the hypercholesterolemic group (GH) when compared with the total serum cholesterol levels in the normal group (GN). The treatment with statins significantly reduced serum cholesterol levels. No difference was observed between the groups, and the same occurred in regard to LDL-cholesterol levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0314-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0314-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) (nmol/mg x 10<sup>-7</sup>M) in the oxidized LDL particles and aortic wall is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref>. The MDA content of the aortic wall and oxidized LDL particles was significantly reduced in the treated group when compared with that in the hypercholesterolemic group (P &lt; 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the treated groups. A similar response was obtained for the MDA content of native LDL particles. </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0314-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0314-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref> expresses the percentage of relaxation of the aortic rings of hypercholesterolemic rabbits in response to acetylcholine. It was significantly smaller than that of the animals in the normal group. All statins reversed the relaxation until close to normal in varied degrees, pravastatin being the most effective. Maximum relaxation with nitroprusside was 100% in all groups. No relaxation was observed with ACH in the aortic segments whose endothelium had been mechanically removed. The intensity of contraction with NE was similar between the groups. </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0314-00008-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The histological examination showed the presence of extracellular liposomes in the intimal layer of the aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbits and no inflammatory cells. The percentages of extracellular liposomes in the vessel wall in the hypercholesterolemic, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin groups were as follows, respectively: 21.0&#177;0.15, 2.58&#177;1.35, 3.83&#177; 0.89, 2.95&#177;0.91, and 3.84&#177;1.08. When comparing the hypercholesterolemic group with the treated groups, statins significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced aortic atherosclerosis, and no difference was observed between the treated groups. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>, in its left lower portion, illustrates the evolution of atherosclerosis in animals treated with a 2% diet. A greater concentration of extracellular liposomes is observed in the intimal layer. </p>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0314-00008-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The histological study of liver fragments revealed moderate steatosis in all groups studied, while the muscle tissue appeared normal on microscopic examination. </p>
      <p>The GOT and GPT levels were within the normal range in all treated groups. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Statins vary considerably in their pharmacological and lipophilic characteristics, their mean life, metabolism, and other properties<sup>28</sup>. Pravastatin is hydrophilic, while the other statins are lipophilic. Atorvastatin, simvastatin, and fluvastatin circulate in the blood bound to protein in 95 to 98%, while pravastatin circulates bound to protein in 50% <sup>29</sup>. Except for pravastatin, the statins are metabolized in cytochrome P-450-3A4 (fluvastatin is metabolized in cytochrome P-450-2C9). Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, and simvastatin, but not pravastatin, decrease the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the arterial wall <sup>30</sup>, probably by blocking RhoA- and Rac1-, which are cell signalers <sup>31</sup>. Evident alterations in inflammatory response have been reported with the use of statins, including the inhibition of cytokines, C-reactive protein, expression of the metalloproteinases of the matrix, and decrease in the adhesion of monocytes to the endothelial cell <sup>32</sup>. Recent studies about the pleiotropic properties of statins have revealed their capacity to inhibit the synthesis of important intermediates of the isoprenoids, which serve as bindings to a variety of proteins implicated in intracellular signaling<sup> 33,34</sup>. On the other hand, well-conducted studies have revealed a difference in the potential of statins to reduce cholesterol and serum LDL particles <sup>15,16</sup>; differences in their pleiotropic effects and supposed tissular selectivity have been discussed. </p>
      <p>The major objective of this study was to assess the pleiotropic effects of different statins, considering the controversial results reported in the literature. Pentikainem et al <sup>35</sup> reported that pravastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with greater affinity to peripheral tissues, which was confirmed by Germershausen et al <sup>36</sup>. The latter authors attributed that finding to the active species derived from pravastatin, which bind to proteins in approximately 50%, while the other statins are intensely bound to proteins (&gt;95%); thus, drugs that bind to proteins in smaller amounts have greater penetration in tissues. The hydrophilic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, on the other hand, may reach a greater concentration in endothelial cells, therefore increasing the NO synthase activity. However, the tissular selectivity of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors is controversial <sup>14,37</sup>. Thiery et al <sup>38</sup>, investigating the extension of atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits treated with lovastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin (15 mg/day), reported a smaller concentration of tissular cholesterol in animals treated with lovastatin and simvastatin than that in animals treated with pravastatin. De Vries et al <sup>39</sup> stated that the synthesis of cholesterol in the lens is 100 times more effectively inhibited by pravastatin than by simvastatin. Tesfamarian et al <sup>40</sup> reported different effects of pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin in the release of cytoplasmic Ca<sup>2+ </sup>and in vascular reactivity, while Joukhadar et al <sup>41</sup> reported a similar effect for atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin in some parameters relating to hemostasia and inflammation in the plasma of hypercholesterolemic patients. </p>
      <p>However, the supposed differences between statins apparently do not have a major clinical significance, because the great randomized studies have shown a significant reduction in mortality and coronary events with the use of the different statins studied <sup>1,3,4,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Our results showed that all statins were effective in reducing lipid peroxidation in native or oxidized LDL and also in the arterial wall. No significant difference was observed in the intensity of the effect between the different drugs. The antioxidizing effect of simvastatin <sup>42</sup>, fluvastatin <sup>43</sup>, pravastatin <sup>44</sup>, and atorvastatin <sup>45</sup> has been reported in the literature and represents an important step in preserving endothelial function <sup>34</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the group of hypercholesterolemic animals, all statins were effective in partially reversing endothelial dysfunction. The effect was similar in the different drugs, except for pravastatin, whose effect on endothelium-dependent relaxation was more significant. The mild difference in the intensity of endothelium-dependent relaxation observed with pravastatin was interpreted as due to its hydrophilic characteristic, but this finding should be reassessed in further studies. </p>
      <p>The increase in endothelium-dependent relaxation observed in the aortic rings of rabbits treated with statins should be related to the reduction in tissular cholesterol and oxidative stress in the arterial wall <sup>46</sup>, in addition to the action on the mediators of cellular transcription, which was not studied in this experimental model. In a previous study <sup>18</sup>, we observed that the reversion of endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits treated with pravastatin and simvastatin occurred rapidly, which is beneficial to the treatment of acute coronary syndrome. </p>
      <p>Another point that deserves to be stressed in the present study due to clinical implications is the regression of intimal thickening, represented by the build up of extracellular liposomes. The LDL particles enter the endothelial cell due to the mechanism of pinocytosis, forming vesicles of pinocytosis, which are incorporated as endosomes and liposomes in the cell cytoplasm. In hypercholesterolemia, the lipid material carried by the endosomes accumulates in extracellular liposomes in the intimal layer of the artery. Considering that the presence of extracellular liposomes are the earliest morphological expression of atherosclerosis, their regression may represent a potential mechanism of control of the atherosclerotic disease. The regression of the atherosclerotic plaque caused by statins has been demonstrated in several experimental studies <sup>47-49</sup>. </p>
      <p>Studies with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy have reported mobilization of the lipid content in the atherosclerotic plaques of animals treated with different drugs <sup>50-52</sup>. </p>
      <p>More recently, the REVERSE study <sup>53</sup> has confirmed the interruption of progression, and even a small regression, of the atherosclerotic plaque (0.4% of median reduction) evidenced on coronary ultrasound in patients with stable coronary disease. Those results open an exceptional perspective in the management of atherosclerosis. </p>
      <p>The present study showed no significant difference in atherosclerosis regression between the different statins studied. However, it is worth emphasizing that the dosages of statins were adjusted for obtaining similar values of serum cholesterol in the different groups considering the different potencies of the drugs. Atorvastatin was the most potent, because a lower dose of atorvastatin was required for a similar reduction in serum cholesterol in the groups; an eventual difference in the effect of regression could not be assessed considering the intensity of the reduction in serum cholesterol and LDL particles. More recently, a more intense reduction was observed in serum LDL in patients with acute coronary syndromes leading to a greater benefit regarding a reduction in mortality rate and other coronary events <sup>54</sup>. This initiated the discussion about the best LDL serum level for controlling atherosclerosis, stressing the significance of the lipid-lowering potency of statins. </p>
      <p>The most intense reduction in serum lipids is significant when one considers that the major causal factor in atherosclerosis is the afflux of LDL particles and their epitopes to the intimal region of the vessel through the endothelial cell. This causes an immune response mediated by several factors related to inflammation, with mobilization of monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. This restricts the lipid core through a predominantly proliferative reaction or makes the plaque unstable due to a greater cellular and enzymatic response<sup> 55</sup>. Probably the magnitude of the reduction in cholesterol and LDL serum levels, in addition to the other factors already mentioned, has a beneficial effect on reversing endothelial dysfunction and mobilizing the lipid core of the atherosclerotic plaque, mainly in the earliest phase. The safe limit to which serum LDL can be lowered has yet to be established. </p>
      <p>The authors of the REVERSE <sup>53</sup> and PROVE-IT <sup>54</sup> study have also emphasized the existence of a pharmacological difference between the statins studied, atorvastatin and pravastatin. A well-conducted experimental study <sup>55</sup> using fluvastatin has also considered the existence of an indirect effect of the drug, independently of the reduction in serum cholesterol. This reinitiates the discussion about a possible pharmacological difference and tissular specificity between these drugs, independently of the reduction in lipids. </p>
      <p>In this study, the statins did not alter the enzymatic activity of the liver. The histological examinations showed moderate hepatic steatosis and a normal appearance of the muscle tissue, probably consequent to the elevated serum concentration of cholesterol. Areas neither of necrosis nor of inflammation were observed. These findings suggest that the drugs had no toxic effect at the dosages administered. </p>
      <p>The lack of inflammatory reaction in the intimal layer of the vascular wall, despite the presence of extracellular liposomes in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, reinforces the idea that the inflammatory response occurs later to repair the inadequate presence of LDL and its epitopes in the intimal layer of the artery <sup>56</sup>. This, once more, reinforces the impression that a more intense reduction in tissue LDL will have a more favorable effect on disease control. </p>
      <p>The results of this study showed that all statins were effective in reducing serum total cholesterol, the MDA content in the arterial wall and in native and oxidized LDL, and in reversing the endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Paulo Afonso Ribeiro Jorge </p>
          <p> Rua Guilherme da Silva, 397 </p>
          <p> Cep 13025-070 - Campinas, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="parjorge@terra.com.br">parjorge@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publication: 04/04/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 10/29/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
