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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">J4h7vrWCLTL7fvJVJS8M6Kb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000400007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400407</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000400007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sobrevida e fatores progn&#243;sticos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Porto</surname>
            <given-names>Celmo Celeno</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Cr&#233;sio Romeu</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cala&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Wosjunk</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela C.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>309</fpage>
      <lpage>313</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar a sobrevida e fatores progn&#243;sticos associados &#224; mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica acompanhados desde o in&#237;cio de seus sintomas. M&#201;TODOS: Coorte de 204 pacientes consecutivos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, identificada com in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; seis semanas do primeiro atendimento e seguida por 46 meses. As vari&#225;veis progn&#243;sticas analisadas foram coletadas &#224; inclus&#227;o e correlacionadas com a mortalidade cardiovascular. A Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) &lt; 40% ao ecocardiograma caracterizava a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular. RESULTADOS: A taxa geral de sobrevida pela t&#233;cnica de Kaplan-Meier foi de 98,0%, 90,6% e de 70,2% aos tr&#234;s, 12 e 48 meses de seguimento, respectivamente. A an&#225;lise multivariada identificou o efeito independente de seis vari&#225;veis sobre o risco de morte cardiovascular. As classes funcionais III e IV aumentou em 2,7 vezes o risco em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe II; incrementos de 10 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica reduziram em 25% o risco de morte; cada aumento de 10 bpm na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca elevava o risco de morte em 1,6 vezes e cada incremento de 0,25 mg/dL na creatinina s&#233;rica acarretava um aumento de risco de 60%. A presen&#231;a de 3&#170; bulha aumentou em 3,0 vezes o risco de morte e a etiologia chag&#225;sica tamb&#233;m se associou &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular (P&lt;0,0001). CONCLUS&#195;O: Estas evid&#234;ncias mostram que a mortalidade na fase inicial n&#227;o &#233; elevada e que a etiologia, classe funcional avan&#231;ada, hipotens&#227;o arterial, taquicardia, presen&#231;a de 3&#170; bulha e creatinina s&#233;rica elevada, conferem um pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>an&#225;lise de sobrevida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sobrevida e fatores progn&#243;sticos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Salvador Rassi; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira Barretto; Celmo Celeno Porto; Cr&#233;sio Romeu Pereira; B&#225;rbara Wosjunk Cala&#231;a; Daniela C. Rassi</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Goi&#226;nia, GO / S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s </p>
    <p> InCor do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar a sobrevida e fatores progn&#243;sticos associados &#224; mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica acompanhados desde o in&#237;cio de seus sintomas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Coorte de 204 pacientes consecutivos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, identificada com in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; seis semanas do primeiro atendimento e seguida por 46 meses. As vari&#225;veis progn&#243;sticas analisadas foram coletadas &#224; inclus&#227;o e correlacionadas com a mortalidade cardiovascular. A Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) <underline>&lt;</underline> 40% ao ecocardiograma caracterizava a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A taxa geral de sobrevida pela t&#233;cnica de Kaplan-Meier foi de 98,0%, 90,6% e de 70,2% aos tr&#234;s, 12 e 48 meses de seguimento, respectivamente. A an&#225;lise multivariada identificou o efeito independente de seis vari&#225;veis sobre o risco de morte cardiovascular. As classes funcionais III e IV aumentou em 2,7 vezes o risco em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe II; incrementos de 10 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica reduziram em 25% o risco de morte; cada aumento de 10 bpm na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca elevava o risco de morte em 1,6 vezes e cada incremento de 0,25 mg/dL na creatinina s&#233;rica acarretava um aumento de risco de 60%. A presen&#231;a de 3&#170; bulha aumentou em 3,0 vezes o risco de morte e a etiologia chag&#225;sica tamb&#233;m se associou &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular (P&lt;0,0001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Estas evid&#234;ncias mostram que a mortalidade na fase inicial n&#227;o &#233; elevada e que a etiologia, classe funcional avan&#231;ada, hipotens&#227;o arterial, taquicardia, presen&#231;a de 3&#170; bulha e creatinina s&#233;rica elevada, conferem um pior progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, epidemiologia, progn&#243;stico, an&#225;lise de sobrevida</p>
    <p> Grande parte do conhecimento em progn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca vem de estudos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica<sup>1-3</sup>. Assim, o progn&#243;stico no in&#237;cio desta condi&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, em momento precoce da evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, ainda &#233; pouco estudado fora e dentro do Brasil. O acompanhamento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas constitui a melhor forma de se avaliar o progn&#243;stico da condi&#231;&#227;o, pois o tempo ainda n&#227;o teria selecionado os indiv&#237;duos mais resistentes. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o temos em nosso meio estudos prospectivos populacionais, nem de base hospitalar, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca recentemente sintom&#225;ticos, nos quais o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico teve confirma&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de predom&#237;nio da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, levando &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica), crit&#233;rio consensual na defini&#231;&#227;o dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em um per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o de 24 meses, foram avaliados 504 pacientes, com diagn&#243;stico presumido de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas. A maioria (90,9%) era de pacientes ambulatoriais, sendo 232 encaminhados por oito centros de sa&#250;de municipais e 206 pelos ambulat&#243;rios de cardiologia de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, cujos m&#233;dicos atendentes haviam concordado em encaminhar todos os casos suspeitos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas. O restante deles (n=66) foi identificado quando da visita di&#225;ria &#224;s enfermarias de cardiologia, por um dos componentes da cl&#237;nica especializada. Ap&#243;s a rean&#225;lise da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma, radiografia do t&#243;rax e ecocardiograma, foi confirmado o diagn&#243;stico em 224 pacientes e exclu&#237;dos 20 casos, por v&#225;rias raz&#245;es: presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na vig&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, eleva&#231;&#227;o de creatinina plasm&#225;tica al&#233;m de 2,3 mg/dL, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva significativa, neoplasia diagnosticada e em tratamento, por terem marcapasso implantado ou por planejar mudan&#231;a de domic&#237;lio municipal. </p>
    <p>Para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas foi considerado o in&#237;cio dos sintomas em at&#233; seis semanas do atendimento, n&#227;o devendo o paciente estar em uso de digital ou diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a. Para preencher os crit&#233;rios de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca o paciente tinha que apresentar sintomas pr&#243;prios da s&#237;ndrome (dispn&#233;ia e/ou fadiga) com sinais cl&#237;nicos de reten&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica (pulmonar e/ou perif&#233;rica), na presen&#231;a de uma anormalidade subjacente da estrutura ou fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Se um elemento de d&#250;vida persistisse, a resposta cl&#237;nica ben&#233;fica, com melhora dos sintomas ap&#243;s o emprego de diur&#233;ticos, seria levada em considera&#231;&#227;o para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p>Assim, foram inclu&#237;dos apenas os portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que apresentassem ao ecocardiograma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de no m&#225;ximo 40%, medido pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz<sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s identifica&#231;&#227;o de um caso novo de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o paciente era medicado de acordo com protocolo espec&#237;fico, que s&#243; n&#227;o foi seguido na presen&#231;a de contra-indica&#231;&#227;o ou efeitos colaterais que justificassem o abandono ou substitui&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos<sup>4,7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram seguidos em visitas regulares &#224; cl&#237;nica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>Quando o &#243;bito ocorreu em domic&#237;lio ou em institui&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, procurou-se ter acesso ao atestado de &#243;bito, precisando dados e circunst&#226;ncias em que ele se deu. </p>
    <p>Como morte de causa cardiovascular foi considerada a decorrente da piora progressiva da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, morte s&#250;bita por isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico. Todas as mortes foram presumidas como sendo de causa card&#237;aca, a menos que uma causa definitiva n&#227;o card&#237;aca fosse determinada. </p>
    <p>O seguimento com rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho mortalidade foi realizado para todos os 204 pacientes desta coorte. </p>
    <p>As probabilidades acumuladas de sobreviv&#234;ncia, tanto geral quanto para os fatores progn&#243;sticos estudados, foram calculadas pelo m&#233;todo do produto-limite de Kaplan-Meier<sup>8</sup>. Intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% foram apresentados para estas estimativas. </p>
    <p>Para constru&#231;&#227;o de modelo preditivo multivariado foi utilizado o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para ajustar o modelo multivariado aos fatores progn&#243;sticos estudados, foram inicialmente obtidas estimativas de risco de morte cardiovascular, atrav&#233;s de modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox univariados. Todas as vari&#225;veis que mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o com P&lt;0,15 foram inicialmente colocadas no modelo multivariado, de forma progressiva e descartadas apenas se n&#227;o melhorassem significativamente o ajuste do modelo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas iniciais dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo est&#227;o sumariadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0309-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dos 204 pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, 70 faleceram antes do final do per&#237;odo de seguimento, que teve dura&#231;&#227;o mediana de 46,0 meses (varia&#231;&#227;o interquartilar: 35,0 a 51,0). A maioria das mortes foi relacionada a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, 62 (88,6%). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> mostra a curva de sobrevida geral desta popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0309-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A probabilidade de sobrevida geral acumulada, segundo a t&#233;cnica de Kaplan-Meier, foi de 98,0%; 90,6%; 82,3%; 73,3% e 70,2%, ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses, um, dois, tr&#234;s e quatro anos de seguimento, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0309-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise univariada pelo modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox revelou que idade, classe funcional, etiologia, diabetes, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 3&#170; bulha, estase jugular e edema de membros inferiores, se associaram, significativamente, &#224; morte cardiovascular, alguns de forma positiva e outras de forma negativa (P&lt;0,05). Tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a de bloqueio divisional ao eletrocardiograma e &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico aumentado, bem como o DSFVE e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo se associaram, significativamente, &#224; morte cardiovascular. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, mesmo sendo uma vari&#225;vel de restri&#231;&#227;o, no processo de montagem da coorte, se associou &#224; morte cardiovascular, assim como as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de s&#243;dio e de creatinina. </p>
    <p>Tomando como refer&#234;ncia o conhecimento j&#225; acumulado e n&#227;o perdendo de vista os fatores de risco fortes e consistentemente associados ao progn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, foi constru&#237;do modelo multivari&#225;vel para o melhor ajuste da contribui&#231;&#227;o independente de cada uma das vari&#225;veis na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>Os efeitos independentes da classe funcional, etiologia, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, 3&#170; bulha e creatinina s&#233;rica, na mortalidade cardiovascular, encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref>, bem como as estimativas univariadas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0309-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A probabilidade acumulada de sobrevida geral dos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas (incidente), identificados em nosso estudo, n&#227;o parece ser ruim. O risco de morte cardiovascular foi de apenas 9,4% (IC 95% 5,5 a 13,3) no 1&#186; ano ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>Esta mortalidade assemelha-se &#224; observada em uma s&#233;rie de ensaios cl&#237;nicos de interven&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca leve a moderada, como &#233; a predominante em nosso estudo<sup>10-12</sup>. No estudo SOLVD-tratamento<sup>12</sup> (CF II e III), por exemplo, relata-se uma mortalidade de 10,2% (IC 95% 6,2 a 26,0) em um ano no bra&#231;o de tratamento ativo, ou seja, pacientes que receberam enalapril. No estudo MERIT-HF<sup>11</sup>, por outro lado, que utilizou o beta-bloqueador metoprolol no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (CF II e III), a mortalidade em um ano no grupo que n&#227;o recebeu metoprolol foi de 11,0% e no grupo ativo de 7,2%, RR: 0,66 (IC 95% 0,54 a 0,81). Neste &#250;ltimo grupo, bem como no controle, os pacientes j&#225; estavam em tratamento cl&#237;nico adequado, que inclu&#237;a inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o de angiotensina (IECA). </p>
    <p>Deve-se ressaltar que o bom progn&#243;stico obtido nesses ensaios cl&#237;nicos se deve em parte &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos. H&#225; um recrutamento de pacientes com numerosos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, reduzindo-se a um grupo com progn&#243;stico melhor do que a grande maioria dos pacientes em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>A maioria dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos requer que os pacientes tenham insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225;vel por meses, antes do recrutamento. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da condi&#231;&#227;o de muitos pacientes que entram nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos &#233; de dois a tr&#234;s anos<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, no que concerne aos estudos observacionais, como o nosso, ou seja, baseados em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, que avaliaram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas, nossos resultados parecem melhores<sup>14-17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nestes estudos populacionais n&#227;o houve a preocupa&#231;&#227;o em otimizar e padronizar o tratamento empregado. Os pacientes n&#227;o eram seguidos em cl&#237;nicas espec&#237;ficas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e nem necessariamente por cardiologistas com experi&#234;ncia no tratamento desta condi&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Em nossa s&#233;rie consecutiva de pacientes se otimizou o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com o emprego sistem&#225;tico e em doses apropriadas de IECA, beta-bloqueadores e antagonistas da aldosterona, al&#233;m do controle dos sintomas com digital e diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a. O tratamento foi iniciado assim que o diagn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi feito, no in&#237;cio da descompensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, explicando talvez a baixa mortalidade deste grupo, num per&#237;odo em que a literatura relata como sendo de alto risco para morte<sup>15-17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Este fato tamb&#233;m nos permitiu controlar o poss&#237;vel fator de confus&#227;o causado por diferentes tratamentos da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tornando, assim, poss&#237;vel a melhor identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores progn&#243;sticos naturais desta s&#237;ndrome. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, seis fatores foram encontrados, independentemente associados entre si &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular: classe funcional, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, etiologia, 3&#170; bulha, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e creatinina s&#233;rica. </p>
    <p>Demonstramos, pela an&#225;lise multivariada, que pacientes em classes funcionais III e IV tiveram risco de morte cardiovascular ajustado 2,66 vezes maior (IC 95% 1,36 a 5,19) que aqueles em categoria II. A perda da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; uma das caracter&#237;sticas da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e estudos mostram que a intensidade dos sintomas &#233; um importante marcador progn&#243;stico<sup>18,19</sup>. </p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica associou-se de forma estatisticamente significante ao progn&#243;stico, de maneira inversa, ou seja, a cada incremento de 10 mmHg, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o de 25% na mortalidade, RR: 0,75 (IC 95% 0,60 a 0,93). A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica pode ser um marcador substituto para a reserva card&#237;aca e assim ter algum valor preditor. V&#225;rios estudos pequenos sugerem que a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica seja uma preditora de eventos em pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada, evidenciando que quanto maior a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, melhor ser&#225; a sobrevida na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>20,21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Pacientes cuja causa da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era doen&#231;a de Chagas, tiveram risco de morte ajustado 10,62 vezes maior (IC 95% 3,46 a 32,60) que aqueles na categoria cardiomiopatia dilatada. Entretanto, a julgar pelo amplo intervalo de confian&#231;a, h&#225; que se classificar esta estimativa como relativamente inst&#225;vel. Observa-se que os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% se superp&#245;em &#224;s tr&#234;s categorias etiol&#243;gicas, quando comparadas ao grupo cardiomiopatia dilatada. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo de pacientes em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m se associou de forma estatisticamente significante &#224; morte cardiovascular, RR: 1,58 (IC 95% 1,23 a 2,04) para cada incremento de 10 bpm. A an&#225;lise da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos permite avaliar uma das altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas mais precoces na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que &#233; a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica. Freq&#252;&#234;ncias card&#237;acas elevadas parecem estar associadas a um pior progn&#243;stico da condi&#231;&#227;o, se bem que este dado de exame f&#237;sico foi descrito em poucas publica&#231;&#245;es<sup>21,22</sup>. </p>
    <p>No estudo EPICAL<sup>22</sup>, que procurou elaborar uma classifica&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi identificada pela an&#225;lise multivariada, como preditora independente de morte, tanto na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (P=0,015) quanto na cardiomiopatia dilatada (P&lt;10<sup>-4</sup>). </p>
    <p>Pela an&#225;lise univariada, tanto a estase jugular quanto a 3&#170; bulha estavam associadas ao aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular. Entretanto, na avalia&#231;&#227;o multivariada a estase jugular perde poder estat&#237;stico, ficando apenas a 3&#170; bulha como preditora independente de mortalidade, RR: 3,02 (IC 95% 1,55 a 5,90). H&#225; um decl&#237;nio evidente na habilidade e no interesse dos m&#233;dicos, nos programas de resid&#234;ncia, em aprimorar sua capacidade semiol&#243;gica card&#237;aca, o que se deve, em parte, &#224; disponibilidade crescente de tecnologias, principalmente o ecocardiograma. A demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que achados de exame f&#237;sico cardiol&#243;gico fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis sobre o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pode motivar os m&#233;dicos a refinarem suas habilidades diagn&#243;sticas. </p>
    <p>A creatinina s&#233;rica tamb&#233;m, foi preditora independente de mortalidade, estando associada 1,6 vezes mais com a mortalidade cardiovascular (IC 95% 1,33 a 1,92) a cada incremento de 0,25 mg/dL. Este achado &#233; consistente ao observado no estudo de Cowie<sup>15</sup>, realizado em pacientes em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas, no qual evidenciou-se que n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de creatinina estavam independentemente relacionados ao aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular, RR: 2,64 (IC 95% 1,87 a 3,74). Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas, a contribui&#231;&#227;o da diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e subseq&#252;ente dano renal por hipoperfus&#227;o cr&#244;nica, deve ser menor que nas formas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, fazendo-nos supor que, ap&#243;s a compensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, devemos ter uma quase normaliza&#231;&#227;o da creatinina s&#233;rica, e sua persist&#234;ncia em n&#237;veis elevados denotaria a exist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a renal de base. </p>
    <p>Anormalidades metab&#243;licas e neuro-humorais na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca t&#234;m sido extensivamente estudadas<sup>2,23</sup>. N&#227;o encontramos rela&#231;&#227;o entre o s&#243;dio s&#233;rico e o progn&#243;stico pela an&#225;lise multivariada. Este marcador da ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina foi validado em estudos pr&#233;vios de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como um importante preditor de progn&#243;stico<sup>24,25</sup>. A falta de uma rela&#231;&#227;o independente entre o s&#243;dio s&#233;rico e o progn&#243;stico, nesta pesquisa, talvez se deva ao fato de que na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas o rim estando normal, por sofrer hipoperfus&#227;o em um per&#237;odo menor que nas formas cr&#244;nicas, &#233; capaz de manter o balan&#231;o do s&#243;dio e prevenir expans&#227;o de volume. </p>
    <p> As vari&#225;veis por n&#243;s encontradas e que est&#227;o independentemente associadas &#224; sobrevida, provavelmente refletem o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca de base. N&#227;o se encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, avaliada pelo ecocardiograma e sobrevida, pela an&#225;lise multivariada, provavelmente por que o espectro das medidas foi restrito: FE m&#225;xima de 40%. Na verdade, esta condi&#231;&#227;o fez parte do crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes para o seguimento. As dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram medidas nos 204 pacientes deste estudo, havendo ind&#237;cio, pela an&#225;lise univariada, a exemplo do ocorrido com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, de estarem associadas &#224; sobrevida; entretanto, ela n&#227;o se manteve no modelo multivariado. Devemos lembrar que neste estudo foram avaliados apenas pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas e que o processo cr&#244;nico, de dilata&#231;&#227;o e remodelamento ventricular, talvez ainda n&#227;o tenha tido tempo de ocorrer. </p>
    <p>Este fato pode refletir tamb&#233;m falta de poder estat&#237;stico, dado o tamanho reduzido de nossa amostra. </p>
    <p>A adi&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis tratamento com IECA e tratamento com beta-bloqueador no modelo multivari&#225;vel, n&#227;o mudou de maneira apreciada a magnitude da associa&#231;&#227;o entre sobrevida e os fatores progn&#243;sticos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). Portanto, &#233; improv&#225;vel que as associa&#231;&#245;es descritas sejam causadas pelo efeito confundidor da prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA ou beta-bloqueador. </p>
    <p>Os resultados encontrados permitem concluir que, nos pacientes em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com in&#237;cio recente dos sintomas, n&#227;o foi evidenciado um aumento da mortalidade na fase inicial da descompensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Dentre os fatores progn&#243;sticos estudados, aqueles que significativa e independentemente se mostraram associados ao aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular foram: classe funcional, 3&#170; bulha, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, creatinina s&#233;rica e causa da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Na presente coorte, a etiologia chag&#225;sica parece conferir pior progn&#243;stico em rela&#231;&#227;o a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, hipertensiva e dilatada. H&#225; que se propor estudo espec&#237;fico para testar hip&#243;tese espec&#237;fica &#224; cerca de etiologia sobre mortalidade. </p>
    <p>O conhecimento e avalia&#231;&#227;o desses achados s&#227;o clinicamente &#250;teis para o manuseio de pacientes na fase inicial da descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; L&#237;lian Pereira de Lima pela an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e a Sandra Ara&#250;jo Costa pela constru&#231;&#227;o do banco de dados.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Salvador Rassi </p>
        <p> Primeira Avenida, 545 </p>
        <p> Cep 74605-050 - Setor Universit&#225;rio - Goi&#226;nia - GO </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="srassi@cardiol.br">srassi@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 23/06/2004 - Aceito em 15/10/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Survival and prognostic factors in systolic heart failure with recent symptom onset</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study survival and prognostic factors associated with mortality in patients with systolic heart failure followed up since symptom onset. METHODS: We carried out a study with a cohort of 204 consecutive patients with systolic heart failure, whose symptom onset occurred within the 6 weeks preceding the first medical visit. They were followed up for 46 months. The prognostic variables analyzed were collected when the patients were included in the study and were correlated with cardiovascular mortality. An EF &lt; 40% on echocardiography characterized systolic ventricular dysfunction. RESULTS: The overall survival rates according to the Kaplan-Meier technique were 98.0%, 90.6%, and 70.2% at 3, 12, and 48 months of follow-up, respectively. The multivariate analysis identified the independent effect of 6 variables on the risk of cardiovascular death. Functional classes III and IV increased risk 2.7 times as compared with class II; 10-mmHg increments in systolic blood pressure reduced the risk of death by 25%; each 10-bpm increase in heart rate increased the risk of death 1.6 times; and each 0.25-mg/dL increment in serum creatinine caused a 60% increase in risk. The presence of the third cardiac sound caused a 3-fold increase in the risk of death, and chagasic etiology was also associated with cardiovascular mortality (P&lt;0.0001). CONCLUSION: Evidence shows that mortality in the initial phase is not elevated, and that etiology, advanced functional class, arterial hypotension, tachycardia, presence of the third cardiac sound, and elevated serum creatinine lead to a worse prognosis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>analysis of survival</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Survival and prognostic factors in systolic heart failure with recent dymptom onset</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Salvador Rassi; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira Barretto; Celmo Celeno Porto; Cr&#233;sio Romeu Pereira; B&#225;rbara Wosjunk Cala&#231;a; Daniela C. Rassi</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Goi&#226;nia, GO / S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</p>
      <p> InCor of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, FMUSP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To study survival and prognostic factors associated with mortality in patients with systolic heart failure followed up since symptom onset. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>We carried out a study with a cohort of 204 consecutive patients with systolic heart failure, whose symptom onset occurred within the 6 weeks preceding the first medical visit. They were followed up for 46 months. The prognostic variables analyzed were collected when the patients were included in the study and were correlated with cardiovascular mortality. An EF <underline>&lt;</underline> 40% on echocardiography characterized systolic ventricular dysfunction. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The overall survival rates according to the Kaplan-Meier technique were 98.0%, 90.6%, and 70.2% at 3, 12, and 48 months of follow-up, respectively. The multivariate analysis identified the independent effect of 6 variables on the risk of cardiovascular death. Functional classes III and IV increased risk 2.7 times as compared with class II; 10-mmHg increments in systolic blood pressure reduced the risk of death by 25%; each 10-bpm increase in heart rate increased the risk of death 1.6 times; and each 0.25-mg/dL increment in serum creatinine caused a 60% increase in risk. The presence of the third cardiac sound caused a 3-fold increase in the risk of death, and chagasic etiology was also associated with cardiovascular mortality (P&lt;0.0001). </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Evidence shows that mortality in the initial phase is not elevated, and that etiology, advanced functional class, arterial hypotension, tachycardia, presence of the third cardiac sound, and elevated serum creatinine lead to a worse prognosis. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>heart failure, epidemiology, prognosis, analysis of survival</p>
      <p>Most of the knowledge regarding prognosis in heart failure originates from studies in patients with chronic heart failure <sup>1-3</sup>. Thus, prognosis at an initial stage, ie, an early phase of the disease, has been the object of little study inside and outside Brazil. The follow-up of patients with heart failure of recent symptom onset is the better approach to evaluate the prognosis of the condition, as time has not yet selected the most resistant individuals. </p>
      <p>In Brazil, neither prospective population-based nor hospital-based studies have been carried out in patients with heart failure of recent symptom onset, whose clinical diagnosis was confirmed on echocardiography due to a predominance of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, leading to a reduction in cardiac output (systolic heart failure), a consensual criterion in defining that condition. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In an inclusion period of 24 months, 504 patients with a presumed diagnosis of heart failure of recent symptom onset were assessed. Most patients (90.9%) originated from outpatient clinics, 232 being referred from 8 municipal health centers and 206 from the cardiology outpatient clinic of our institution, whose assisting physicians had agreed on referring all patients suspected of having heart failure of recent symptom onset. The remaining patients (n=66) were identified during the daily visits to the cardiology ward by one of the members of the specialized clinic. After undergoing reanalysis of the clinical history and physical examination, electrocardiography, chest X-ray, and echocardiography, 224 patients had their diagnosis confirmed. Twenty patients were excluded from the study due to the following reasons: heart failure in the presence of acute coronary syndrome; serum creatinine elevation beyond 2.3 mg/dL; significant obstructive pulmonary disease; diagnosed neoplasia and neoplasia under treatment; the presence of an implanted pacemaker; and planned change of municipal dwelling. </p>
      <p>Heart failure of recent symptom onset was characterized as that whose symptoms started within the 6 weeks preceding the medical visit, and the patient should be using neither digitalis nor loop diuretics. To meet the criteria of heart failure, the patient had to have characteristic symptoms of the syndrome (dyspnea or fatigue, or both) with clinical signs of fluid retention (pulmonary or peripheral) in the presence of an underlying abnormality in cardiac structure or function. If doubt persisted, the beneficial clinical response, with symptom improvement after the use of diuretics, would be considered to confirm the diagnosis <sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>Thus, only the patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and ejection fraction equal to or below 40%, on echocardiography, measured according to the Teichholz method, were included <sup>5,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>After identifying a new case of heart failure, the patient was medicated according to the specific protocol, which was not followed in the presence of contraindications or side effects that justified withdrawal or replacement of the medications <sup>4,7</sup>. </p>
      <p>All patients were followed up with regular visits to the heart failure clinic. </p>
      <p>When a patient died at home or at a hospital, the death certificate was accessed, to provide data and the circumstances of death. </p>
      <p>The following were considered death of a cardiovascular cause: death due to progressive worsening of heart failure and sudden death due to acute myocardial ischemia or stroke. All deaths were presumed to be of a cardiac cause, unless a definitive noncardiac cause was determined. </p>
      <p>All 204 patients of this cohort were followed up regarding the outcome death. </p>
      <p>The accumulated probabilities of survival, both overall survival and the prognostic factors studied, were calculated by using the Kaplan-Meier method, also known as the product-limit method <sup>8</sup>. For those estimates, 95% confidence intervals were used. </p>
      <p>For constructing the multivariate predictive model, the Cox proportional hazards model was used <sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>For adjusting the multivariate model to the prognostic factors studied, estimates of the risks of cardiovascular death were initially obtained through the univariate Cox proportional hazards model. All variables showing an association with P&lt;0.15 were initially placed in the multivariate model, in a progressive form, and were ruled out only if they did not significantly improve the adjustment of the model. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The initial characteristics of the patients studied are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0309-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 204 patients studied, 70 died before the end of the follow-up period, whose median duration was 46.0 months (interquartile variation: 35.0 to 51.0). Most deaths (n=62, 88.6%) were related to cardiovascular diseases. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the overall survival curve of that population. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0309-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The accumulated probabilities of overall survival, according to the Kaplan-Meier method, were 98.0%, 90.6%, 82.3%, 73.3%, and 70.2% after 3 months, 1, 2, 3, and 4 years of follow-up, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0309-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The univariate analysis by use of the Cox proportional hazards model revealed that age, functional class, etiology, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, third cardiac sound, jugular stasis, and lower limb edema were significantly associated with cardiovascular death, some in a positive and others in a negative way (P&lt;0.05). The presence of divisional heart block on the electrocardiogram and cardiothoracic index, as well as the left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) and left ventricular ejection fraction, was significantly associated with cardiovascular death. Ejection fraction, even being a restrictive variable in the process of mounting the cohort, was associated with cardiovascular death, as well as the serum concentrations of sodium and creatinine. </p>
      <p>Considering the built-up knowledge and not overlooking the strong risk factors consistently associated with the prognosis of heart failure, a multivariate model was constructed to better adjust the independent contribution of each variable in the prognostic assessment of the patients. </p>
      <p>The independent effects of functional class, etiology, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, third cardiac sound, and serum creatinine on cardiovascular mortality are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>, as well as the univariate estimates. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0309-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The accumulated probability of overall survival in patients with heart failure of recent symptom onset (incident) identified in our study does not seem discouraging. The risk of cardiovascular death was only 9.4% (95% CI: 5.5 - 13.3) in the first year after establishing the diagnosis of heart failure. </p>
      <p>This mortality is similar to that observed in a series of clinical trials of medicamentous interventions in patients with mild to moderate heart failure, such as the one predominating in our study <sup>10-12</sup>. In the SOLVD study <sup>12</sup> (FC II and III), a 10.2% mortality rate (95% CI: 6.2 - 26.0) was reported in one year in the active arm of treatment, ie, patients receiving enalapril. On the other hand, in the MERIT-HF study <sup>11</sup>, which assessed the use of the beta-blocker metoprolol for treating heart failure (FC II and III), the one-year mortality rates in the group that did not receive metoprolol and in the active group were 11.0% and 7.2%, respectively (RR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.54 &#150; 0.81). In the latter group, as well as in the control group, the patients were already on appropriate clinical treatment, which included ACEI. </p>
      <p>It is worth emphasizing that the good prognosis obtained in clinical trials is partially due to the selection of the patients included. Patients are recruited based on numerous criteria of exclusion, which reduces patients to a group with a better prognosis than that of most patients with heart failure. </p>
      <p>Most clinical trials require that the patients have stable heart failure for months before recruitment. The mean duration of the condition in several patients taking part in clinical trials is 2 to 3 years <sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, regarding observational studies, such as ours, ie, those based on specific populations that assessed heart failure with recent symptom onset, our results seem better <sup>14-17</sup>. </p>
      <p>In those population-based studies, no preoccupation in optimizing and standardizing the treatment used was observed. The patients were followed up neither in specialized heart failure clinics, nor necessarily by cardiologists experienced in treating that condition. </p>
      <p>In our consecutive series of patients, the treatment of heart failure was optimized with the systematic use of appropriate doses of ACEI, beta-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists, in addition to symptom control with digitalis and loop diuretics. The treatment was initiated as soon as the diagnosis of heart failure was established at the beginning of clinical decompensation, perhaps explaining the low mortality of that group in a period reported as being of high risk for death <sup>15-17</sup>. </p>
      <p>This fact also allowed us to control the possible factor of confusion caused by different heart failure treatments, enabling a better identification of the natural prognostic factors of that syndrome. </p>
      <p>This study identified the following 6 factors independently associated with cardiovascular mortality: functional class; systolic blood pressure; etiology; third cardiac sound; heart rate; and serum creatinine level. </p>
      <p>We demonstrated by use of multivariate analysis that the patients in functional classes III and IV had their adjusted risk of cardiovascular death 2.66 times greater (95% CI: 1.36 - 5.19) than those in class II. The loss of tolerance to physical exercise is one of the characteristics of heart failure, and studies have shown that the intensity of the symptoms is an important prognostic marker <sup>18,19</sup>. </p>
      <p>Systolic blood pressure was associated with prognosis in a statistically significant and inverse way, ie, at every 10-mm Hg increment in blood pressure, a 25% reduction in mortality was observed (RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.60 - 0.93). Systolic blood pressure may be a surrogate marker for cardiac reserve, and, therefore, have a predictive value. Several small studies <sup>20,21 </sup>have suggested that systolic blood pressure is a predictor of events in patients with advanced heart failure, showing that the greater the systolic blood pressure level, the better the survival in heart failure. </p>
      <p>Patients whose cause of heart failure was Chagas' disease had an adjusted risk of death 10.62 times greater (95% CI: 3.46 - 32.60) than those with dilated cardiomyopathy. However, considering the wide confidence interval, this estimate should be classified as relatively unstable. The 95% confidence intervals are superimposed on the 3 etiological categories, when compared with the dilated cardiomyopathy group. </p>
      <p>In our study of patients with heart failure of recent symptom onset, heart rate was also associated in a statistically significant manner with cardiovascular death (RR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.23 - 2.04) for each 10-bpm increment. The analysis of heart rate allows the assessment of one of the earliest pathophysiological alterations in heart failure, which is sympathetic activation. Elevated heart rates seem to be associated with a worse prognosis, although this piece of information from physical examinations has been reported only in a few publications <sup>21,22</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the EPICAL study <sup>22</sup>, which aimed at elaborating a classification for prognostic assessment of severe heart failure, heart rate was identified by use of multivariate analysis as an independent predictor of death in both ischemic heart disease (P=0.015) and dilated cardiomyopathy (P&lt;10<sup>-4</sup>). </p>
      <p>On univariate analysis, both jugular stasis and the third cardiac sound were associated with an increase in cardiovascular mortality. However, on multivariate analysis, jugular stasis looses statistical power, the third cardiac sound remaining as the only independent predictor of mortality (RR: 3.02; 95% CI: 1.55 - 5.90). A decline has been evidenced in the ability and interest of physicians at residency programs to improve their cardiac semiologic capacity, which is partially due to the increasing availability of technologies, mainly echocardiography. The fact that physical examination findings provide useful information about the prognosis of patients with heart failure may motivate physicians to refine their diagnostic abilities. </p>
      <p>Serum creatinine level was also an independent predictor of mortality, being associated 1.6 times more frequently with cardiovascular mortality (95% CI: 1.33 - 1.92) at every 0.25mg/dL-increment. This finding is in accordance with that reported in the study by Cowie et al <sup>15</sup>, performed in patients with heart failure of recent symptom onset. Those authors reported that elevated serum levels of creatinine were independently related to an increase in cardiovascular mortality (RR: 2.64; 95% CI: 1.87 - 3.74). In heart failure of recent symptom onset, the contribution of the decrease in cardiac output and subsequent renal damage due to chronic hypoperfusion should be smaller than that in heart failure of longer duration, which makes us believe that, after clinical compensation, serum creatinine levels may become almost normal, and its persistence in elevated levels would indicate the existence of baseline renal disease. </p>
      <p>Metabolic and neurohumoral abnormalities in heart failure have been extensively studied <sup>2,23</sup>. In our study, no relation was found between serum sodium levels and prognosis on multivariate analysis, although that marker of activation of the renin-angiotensin system had been validated as an important prognostic predictor in previous studies of heart failure <sup>24,25</sup>. The lack of an independent relation between serum sodium and prognosis in our study may perhaps be due to the fact that, in heart failure of recent symptom onset, the kidney is normal because it is undergoing hypoperfusion for a shorter period than that in chronic forms, and it is able to maintain the sodium balance and prevent volume expansion. </p>
      <p>The variables identified in our study as independently associated with survival may reflect the degree of dysfunction of the baseline cardiac disease. On multivariate analysis, no association was found between left ventricular ejection fraction, assessed on echocardiography, and survival, probably because the spectrum of measurements was limited: maximum EF of 40%. In reality, that condition was part of the inclusion criteria of patients for follow-up. In our study, left ventricular dimensions were measured in 204 patients, and, as occurred with ejection fraction, on univariate analysis they seemed to be associated with survival. That association, however, was not maintained in the multivariate model. It is worth emphasizing that our study assessed only patients with heart failure of recent symptom onset, and that the chronic process of dilation and ventricular remodeling may not have happened. </p>
      <p>This fact may also reflect lack of statistical power, because of the reduced size of our sample. </p>
      <p>The addition of the variables treatment with ACEI and treatment with beta-blockers in the multivariate model did not significantly change the magnitude of the association between survival and the prognostic factors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). However, it is unlikely that the associations described are caused by the confounding effect of the prescription of ACEI or beta-blockers. </p>
      <p>The results found allow concluding that, in patients with heart failure of recent symptom onset, no increase in mortality was evidenced in the initial phase of clinical decompensation. Of the prognostic factors studied, those that were significantly and independently associated with the increase in cardiovascular mortality were as follows: functional class, third cardiac sound, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, and cause of heart failure. In the present cohort, the chagasic etiology seems to signal a worse prognosis as compared with ischemic, hypertensive, and dilated heart disease. A specific study to test the hypothesis regarding etiology and mortality should be carried out. </p>
      <p>Knowledge and assessment of those findings are clinically useful for the management of patients in the initial phase of heart failure decompensation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank L&#237;lian Pereira de Lima for the statistical analysis and Sandra Ara&#250;jo Costa for compiling the database.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Salvador Rassi </p>
          <p> Primeira Avenida n.&#186; 545</p>
          <p> Cep 74605-050 - Setor Universit&#225;rio - Goi&#226;nia, GO, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="srassi@cardiol.br">srassi@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publication: 06/23/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 10/15/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
