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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xXqjjP9mbbxd8TSgkqhS3XK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000400005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Corre&#231;&#227;o dos aneurismas da aorta tor&#225;cica e toracoabdominal: t&#233;cnica de canula&#231;&#227;o central</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rojas</surname>
            <given-names>Salom&#243;n Soriano Ordinola</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veiga</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Janu&#225;rio Manoel de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berlinck</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Fassheber</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senra</surname>
            <given-names>Dante Fanganiello</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Reinaldo Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magna</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braile</surname>
            <given-names>Domingo Marcolino</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Almeida de</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>297</fpage>
      <lpage>303</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a viabilidade do uso da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea estabelecida entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e a aorta ascendente para indu&#231;&#227;o da hipotermia profunda na corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas tor&#225;cicos e toracoabdominais. M&#201;TODOS: De janeiro 1994 a julho 2001, foram operados 38 pacientes, com m&#233;dia de idade de 54,6&#177;12,7 anos. Foram submetidos a corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma toracoabdominal 12 (31,6%) pacientes e 26 a aneurismas tor&#225;cicos descendentes. Os pacientes foram induzidos a hipotermia profunda por meio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, com temperatura far&#237;ngea variando entre 15 e 25&#186;C (m&#233;dia de 20,6&#177;3,2&#186;C). RESULTADOS: Dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas, a paraplegia ocorreu em dois (5,3%) casos. Um paciente evoluiu com paraparesia de membros inferiores e um com quadro de convuls&#227;o. As complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias estiveram presentes em 12 (31,6%) pacientes, com mortalidade de 16,7% (dois pacientes). Dois pacientes foram operados em car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia e vieram a falecer. A mortalidade total foi de 18,4% (7 pacientes). CONCLUS&#195;O: A corre&#231;&#227;o dos aneurismas da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente e toracoabdominal, com emprego da hipotermia profunda pela circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea estabelecida entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e a aorta ascendente, demonstrou ser um m&#233;todo vi&#225;vel na corre&#231;&#227;o desses aneurismas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>aneurismas tor&#225;cicos</kwd>
        <kwd>aneurismas toracoabdominais</kwd>
        <kwd>hipotermia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Corre&#231;&#227;o dos aneurismas da aorta tor&#225;cica e toracoabdominal. T&#233;cnica de canula&#231;&#227;o central </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Salom&#243;n Soriano Ordinola Rojas; Viviane Cordeiro Veiga; Janu&#225;rio Manoel de Souza; Marcos Fassheber Berlinck; Dante Fanganiello Senra; Reinaldo Wilson Vieira; Luiz Alberto Magna; Domingo Marcolino Braile; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira</bold>
    </p>
    <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP e S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP</p>
    <p>Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia </p>
    <p> Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Demonstrar a viabilidade do uso da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea estabelecida entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e a aorta ascendente para indu&#231;&#227;o da hipotermia profunda na corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas tor&#225;cicos e toracoabdominais. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>De janeiro 1994 a julho 2001, foram operados 38 pacientes, com m&#233;dia de idade de 54,6&#177;12,7 anos. Foram submetidos a corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma toracoabdominal 12 (31,6%) pacientes e 26 a aneurismas tor&#225;cicos descendentes. Os pacientes foram induzidos a hipotermia profunda por meio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, com temperatura far&#237;ngea variando entre 15 e 25&#186;C (m&#233;dia de 20,6&#177;3,2&#186;C). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas, a paraplegia ocorreu em dois (5,3%) casos. Um paciente evoluiu com paraparesia de membros inferiores e um com quadro de convuls&#227;o. As complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias estiveram presentes em 12 (31,6%) pacientes, com mortalidade de 16,7% (dois pacientes). Dois pacientes foram operados em car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia e vieram a falecer. A mortalidade total foi de 18,4% (7 pacientes). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A corre&#231;&#227;o dos aneurismas da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente e toracoabdominal, com emprego da hipotermia profunda pela circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea estabelecida entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e a aorta ascendente, demonstrou ser um m&#233;todo vi&#225;vel na corre&#231;&#227;o desses aneurismas.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>aneurismas tor&#225;cicos, aneurismas toracoabdominais, hipotermia</p>
    <p> O tratamento cir&#250;rgico dos aneurismas arteriais teve in&#237;cio com Matas, em 1903, que descreveu a t&#233;cnica de endoaneurismorrafia obliterante, onde eram suturados os orif&#237;cios proximal e distal, sem restaurar a continuidade do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo. Em 1920, Matas introduziu a endoaneurismorrafia restauradora e reconstrutiva para manter o fluxo de sangue atrav&#233;s da aorta<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>O primeiro trabalho sobre a corre&#231;&#227;o dos aneurismas da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente pela inser&#231;&#227;o de um tubo no local do aneurisma foi descrito por Lam e Aram<sup>2</sup>, em 1951. Etheredge e cols.<sup>3</sup>, em 1955, apresentaram o primeiro relato de tratamento de aneurisma toracoabdominal com sucesso, pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de enxerto hom&#243;logo, de um <italic>shunt</italic> tempor&#225;rio aorta-aorta e anastomose do tronco cel&#237;aco e da art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica, separadamente, no enxerto. </p>
    <p>A etiologia dos aneurismas, segundo Coselli e LeMaire<sup>4</sup>, &#233; de origem degenerativa em aproximadamente 80% dos pacientes. A segunda causa mais comum &#233; a dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta. Como causas menos freq&#252;entes t&#234;m-se a s&#237;ndrome de Marfan, a s&#237;ndrome de Ehlers-Danlos, infec&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a de Takayasu e trauma. </p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco para ruptura s&#227;o a presen&#231;a de dor, dissec&#231;&#227;o, di&#226;metro maior que 5 cm, evolu&#231;&#227;o no crescimento do aneurisma, tabagismo, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;as degenerativas da aorta<sup>5-8</sup>. </p>
    <p>As principais causas de morbi-mortalidade s&#227;o o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e acidente vascular cerebral. Os pacientes com antecedente de tabagismo e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica apresentam fator de risco para desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria. Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal pr&#233;via apresentam maior risco de desenvolver quadro de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, segundo Kazui e cols.<sup>9</sup>, a cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia, as dissec&#231;&#245;es da aorta, o tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico e o tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea s&#227;o fatores de risco que aumentam a mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p>Os aneurismas toracoabdominais foram classificados por Crawford e cols.<sup>10</sup>, em tipo I, com in&#237;cio ap&#243;s a art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda at&#233; abaixo dos ramos viscerais; tipo II, com in&#237;cio ap&#243;s a art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda at&#233; a bifurca&#231;&#227;o da aorta; tipo III, entre a 6&#186; costela e as art&#233;rias renais e o tipo IV, com in&#237;cio abaixo do diafragma at&#233; as art&#233;rias renais. </p>
    <p>Os m&#233;todos complementares utilizados no diagn&#243;stico dos aneurismas s&#227;o: radiografia do t&#243;rax, ecocardiograma, tomografia computadorizada, resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica e aortografia. </p>
    <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico dos aneurismas da aorta tor&#225;cica e abdominal tem evolu&#237;do tanto no m&#233;todo endovascular como no tratamento convencional, caracterizado pela interposi&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses ap&#243;s ressec&#231;&#227;o dos aneurismas. </p>
    <p>Palma e cols.<sup>11</sup> descreveram um relato de caso de aneurisma sacular, com introdu&#231;&#227;o de dois <italic>stents</italic> sob vis&#227;o endosc&#243;pica, por toracotomia e hipotermia profunda com parada circulat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p>Palma<sup>12</sup> utilizou o tratamento endovascular na corre&#231;&#227;o das dissec&#231;&#245;es agudas da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente, em 27 pacientes, com 80% de sobrevida em 32 meses. </p>
    <p>O conhecimento anat&#244;mico da irriga&#231;&#227;o da medula espinhal &#233; fundamental para o entendimento das les&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas (paraplegia ou paraparesia) conseq&#252;entes &#224; cirurgia da aorta tor&#225;cica ou toracoabdominal. Existem tr&#234;s art&#233;rias espinhais, uma anterior e duas posteriores. A art&#233;ria principal &#233; a art&#233;ria anterior que irriga os dois ter&#231;os anteriores da medula, incluindo a &#225;rea motora. Esta art&#233;ria percorre a regi&#227;o t&#243;raco-lombar e recebe as art&#233;rias intercostais e lombares; &#233; a grande art&#233;ria radicular magna ou art&#233;ria de Adamkiewicz, que usualmente se origina entre a 9&#170; e a 12&#170; v&#233;rtebras tor&#225;cicas em 75% dos pacientes, entre a 5&#170; e a 8&#170; v&#233;rtebras tor&#225;cicas em 15% e entre a 1&#170; e a 2&#170; v&#233;rtebras lombares em 10%. Se a art&#233;ria radicular magna est&#225; entre a 5&#170; e a 9&#170; v&#233;rtebras tor&#225;cicas, pode haver uma art&#233;ria complementar, a art&#233;ria do conus medular, que nesse n&#237;vel, se anastomosa &#224; art&#233;ria de Adamkiewicz.</p>
    <p>Na atualidade, os m&#233;todos de prote&#231;&#227;o da medula s&#227;o muitos, dentre eles, o <italic>bypass</italic> tempor&#225;rio<sup>13,14</sup>, o reimplante das art&#233;rias intercostais<sup>15,16</sup>, a drenagem do l&#237;quido cefalorraquidiano<sup>17-19</sup>, a hipotermia profunda<sup>20-26</sup>, o esfriamento seletivo da medula espinhal<sup>21</sup> e agentes farmacol&#243;gicos<sup>27</sup>. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi demonstrar a viabilidade do uso da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea estabelecida entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e aorta ascendente e combinada com a hipotermia profunda para corre&#231;&#227;o dos aneurismas tor&#225;cicos ou toracoabdominais, analisando seus resultados. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De janeiro/1994 a julho/2001, de um total de 860 casos operados de doen&#231;a da aorta no nosso Servi&#231;o, (555 aneurismas e 305 dissec&#231;&#245;es) foram estudados 38 portadores de aneurismas da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente ou da aorta toracoabdominal. Na t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica empregada foi realizado o reimplante dos vasos viscerais, usando de forma eletiva a hipotermia profunda, com emprego da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea estabelecida entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e aorta ascendente, seguida de parada circulat&#243;ria total para realiza&#231;&#227;o da anastomose proximal junto da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda, sem pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico. </p>
    <p>A idade dos pacientes variou entre 22 e 72 (54,6&#177;12,7) anos, sendo 26 (68,4%) homens e 12 (31,6%) mulheres. </p>
    <p>Dos 38 pacientes estudados, 12 (31,6%) foram submetidos a corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas toracoabdominais e os 26 (68,4%) restantes &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas tor&#225;cicos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>), abordados por toracofrenolaparotomia e toracotomia p&#243;stero-lateral, respectivamente. Eram portadores de aneurismas sem dissec&#231;&#227;o 17 (44,7%) pacientes, sendo que 13 eram tor&#225;cicos (50% dos tor&#225;cicos) e quatro toracoabdominais (33,3%). Do total de pacientes, quatro (10,5%) apresentavam coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta, sendo que tr&#234;s (7,9%) j&#225; tinham sido submetidos a cirurgia pr&#233;via. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico dos pacientes foi representado por dor em 29 (76,3%) pacientes, rouquid&#227;o em seis (15,8%), sendo que tr&#234;s apresentavam-se assintom&#225;ticos na ocasi&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>Trinta e um (81,6%) eram portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e dois (5,3%) pacientes apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <p> Os m&#233;todos utilizados para a confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e indica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico dos aneurismas foram a radiografia de t&#243;rax, o ecocardiograma, a aortografia, a tomografia computadorizada e a resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica. Nos pacientes com idade &gt; 40 anos foi realizada cinecoronariografia para afastar les&#245;es coronarianas. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico foi: p&#243;s-trauma (um paciente); coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, corrigida ou n&#227;o (quatro); aortite sifil&#237;tica (dois); ateroescler&#243;tico (10) e dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta (21) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab.II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os pacientes foram induzidos &#224; hipotermia profunda por meio da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, com temperatura far&#237;ngea variando entre 15 e 25&#186;C (20,6&#177;3,2&#186;C) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O tempo de parada circulat&#243;ria para corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica variou de 9 a 36 minutos (21,3&#177;6,1 minutos). </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de indica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica proposta para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico dos aneurismas foram embasados no tamanho, no di&#226;metro e na sua localiza&#231;&#227;o com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda. O di&#226;metro da aorta dos pacientes variou de 4 a 10,5 cm (8,1&#177;1,5 cm). </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram preparados conforme protocolo do Servi&#231;o para a cirurgia de corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas da aorta tor&#225;cica e toracoabdominal: monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco, da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia por meio de cateterismo (dissec&#231;&#227;o ou pun&#231;&#227;o) da art&#233;ria radial (direita), cateterismo de veia perif&#233;rica com abocat n&#186; 16 para indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, ox&#237;metro de pulso, controle de d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio por cateterismo vesical com sonda Foley, temperatura nasofar&#237;ngea por meio de um tele-term&#244;metro modelo 43 &#150; TA, fabricado pelo <italic>Yellow Springs Instruments Co.Inc</italic>, acesso venoso central por pun&#231;&#227;o da veia subcl&#225;via ou veia jugular interna direita, colch&#227;o t&#233;rmico para manter a temperatura corporal de acordo com as necessidades cir&#250;rgicas. </p>
    <p>Foi realizada intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal br&#244;nquica seletiva que permite parar a ventila&#231;&#227;o do pulm&#227;o esquerdo durante o procedimento de dissec&#231;&#227;o e libera&#231;&#227;o do pulm&#227;o esquerdo, que geralmente est&#225; aderido ao aneurisma. </p>
    <p>O paciente foi posicionado em dec&#250;bito lateral direito e realizada a assepsia com polivinil pirrolidona iodo a 1% (PVPI) degermante seguido de antissepsia com &#225;lcool iodado e, posteriormente, com PVPI t&#243;pico e colocados os campos cir&#250;rgicos. A seguir, foi realizada a toracotomia p&#243;stero-lateral no 4&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo entre o espa&#231;o inter-esc&#225;pulo-vertebral at&#233; a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda, nos aneurismas tor&#225;cicos. Nos casos de aneurismas tor&#225;cicos que apresentaram extremidade distal de dif&#237;cil exposi&#231;&#227;o pela proximidade do diafragma, p&#244;de-se fazer uma toracotomia adicional no 6&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal, sem necessidade de nova incis&#227;o cut&#226;nea. Nos aneurismas toracoabdominais, foi realizada a toracofrenolaparatomia iniciando-se no t&#243;rax, seguindo pela linha m&#233;dia do abdome, seccionando o diafragma de maneira circular para preservar o centro fr&#234;nico. </p>
    <p>Todas as v&#237;sceras abdominais foram afastadas, permitindo o acesso ao espa&#231;o retroperitonial at&#233; a bifurca&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal, expondo-a de maneira a permitir sua incis&#227;o longitudinal, iniciando-se pela sua por&#231;&#227;o proximal. Foi realizada a abertura do peric&#225;rdio e exposta a aur&#237;cula esquerda e a aorta ascendente. </p>
    <p>Foi realizada a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com heparina s&#243;dica (5.000 UI por ml) na dose de 4mg/Kg de peso corp&#243;reo. Confecciou-se duas suturas em bolsa na aorta ascendente com fio "mersilene" 2&#150;0 passados atrav&#233;s de tubos de l&#225;tex com a finalidade de garantir a hemostasia e a fixa&#231;&#227;o ao redor da c&#226;nula. Foi feita sutura em bolsa com polipropilene 4-0 na aur&#237;cula esquerda, tamb&#233;m reparada com tubo de PVC, e introduzido em seus espa&#231;os delimitados uma c&#226;nula arterial aramada modelo Baxter R.M.I. de 20 ou 22F, fixada adequadamente com aux&#237;lio das suturas em bolsa. A seguir, foi colocada a c&#226;nula no &#225;trio esquerdo (c&#226;nula venosa Baxter R.M.I. n&#186; 3651), no espa&#231;o delimitado pela sutura em bolsa, que serviu de drenagem para o oxigenador de membrana e posterior retorno &#224; aorta ascendente com um fluxo arterial de 2,2l/m<sup>2</sup> por minuto, com fluxo adequado de oxig&#234;nio de dois litros e um litro de ar comprimido, em misturador <italic>Macchi-Edwards</italic> para manter os par&#226;metros gasosos em n&#237;veis fisiol&#243;gicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s in&#237;cio da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, o paciente foi induzido &#224; hipotermia profunda, que poderia atingir at&#233; 15&#186;C. Durante o procedimento para indu&#231;&#227;o da hipotermia profunda foram colocadas bolsas contendo gelo sobre a cabe&#231;a do paciente, revestida por compressas de gaze. Ao atingir a temperatura entre 20 e 18&#186;C, a circula&#231;&#227;o foi parada, o sangue drenado para o oxigenador, realizada a abertura do aneurisma. Por um fen&#244;meno de in&#233;rcia t&#233;rmica, a temperatura nasofar&#237;ngea do paciente atingiu valores pr&#243;ximos a 16&#186;C. Foi iniciada a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pela abertura longitudinal do aneurisma da aorta tor&#225;cica pr&#243;ximo &#224; art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via; na depend&#234;ncia do comprometimento aneurism&#225;tico da aorta, a incis&#227;o em dire&#231;&#227;o aos demais vasos da base foi prolongada e iniciada a reconstru&#231;&#227;o da aorta e ou da sua cro&#231;a com um enxerto tubular de di&#226;metro adequado (peric&#225;rdio ou dacron<sup>&#174;</sup>). </p>
    <p>Posteriormente, as art&#233;rias intercostais foram ligadas e realizada a anastomose proximal da pr&#243;tese com fio de polipropileno 3-0, com agulha de 2,5cm de curvatura, refor&#231;ada com uma tira de teflon. </p>
    <p>Terminada a anastomose, foi realizado o pin&#231;amento do enxerto tubular abaixo da mesma e a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi restabelecida com um fluxo de 600ml/min, permitindo a reperfus&#227;o do c&#233;rebro. No tratamento dos aneurismas longos da aorta tor&#225;cica ou toracoabdominais, as art&#233;rias intercostais localizadas entre a 8&#170; e a 11&#170; v&#233;rtebras tor&#225;cicas foram reimplantadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Nos casos de aneurismas toracoabdominais, o m&#250;sculo diafragma foi seccionado de forma a preservar o centro fr&#234;nico e atingindo o retroperit&#244;neo. Ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o e abertura adequada da aorta, foram reimplantados no enxerto tubular o tronco cel&#237;aco, a art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior e as art&#233;rias renais isoladas ou juntas, conforme detalhe anat&#244;mico. </p>
    <p>Durante esta seq&#252;&#234;ncia de procedimentos de anastomoses, o pin&#231;amento da aorta foi sendo deslocado a fim de permitir que o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo aumentasse, reperfundindo as estruturas dependentes das art&#233;rias reanastomosadas. Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da anastomose distal entre o enxerto tubular e a aorta abdominal, foi iniciado o aquecimento do doente, obedecendo os crit&#233;rios adequados de reaquecimento at&#233; atingir a temperatura esof&#225;gica de 37&#186;C. </p>
    <p>Os valores hemodin&#226;micos adequados foram restabelecidos e iniciada a sa&#237;da da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e neutralizada a heparina com sulfato de protamina na raz&#227;o de 1:1. Foi feita a revis&#227;o da hemostasia e drenagem do retroperit&#244;neo e t&#243;rax com drenos tubulares. A incis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi fechada por planos. No fechamento do t&#243;rax, foi realizada a aproxima&#231;&#227;o dos espa&#231;os intercostais, bem como, das costelas que foram seccionadas, com fio de a&#231;o n&#186; 5. Terminado o fechamento da incis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, o paciente foi colocado em dec&#250;bito dorsal e trocado o tubo oroendobr&#244;nquico por uma c&#226;nula orotraqueal comum para permitir a ventila&#231;&#227;o adequada no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Os pacientes permaneceram sedados por 24h, em assist&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica. Apresentando os crit&#233;rios adequados de ventila&#231;&#227;o e as provas funcionais adequadas, foram desentubados, conforme protocolo pr&#233;-estabelecido no Servi&#231;o. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio de compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes e pelo teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. A verifica&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis de atributo foi feita pelo teste do qui-quadrado em tabelas de conting&#234;ncia ou pelo teste exato de Fisher, conforme o caso. Para a medida da associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o simples de Pearson. </p>
    <p>Em todos os casos foi adotado, para a declara&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia, erro proporcional de 5% (p &lt; 0,05). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram induzidos &#224; hipotermia profunda sist&#234;mica, com temperatura variando entre 15 e 25&#186;C e esta vari&#225;vel n&#227;o se associou com a mortalidade, j&#225; que os 31 pacientes que tiveram alta hospitalar apresentaram temperatura m&#233;dia, em hipotermia, de 20,9&#177;3,3&#186;C, enquanto que os valores ficaram em 19,6&#177;3,0&#186;C entre os 7 pacientes que faleceram, valores estes semelhantes (p = 0,323). </p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio da corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica dos aneurismas tor&#225;cicos e toracoabdominais est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela IV</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas, ocorreram dois (5,3%) casos de paraplegia, sendo que em um houve quadro associado de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico; um (2,6%) paciente evoluiu com paraparesia de membros inferiores, com posterior recupera&#231;&#227;o dos movimentos e um (2,6%) apresentou crise convulsiva no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. V</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dos 12 aneurismas toracoabdominais, 27% tiveram complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas (IC95%=6-61%); j&#225; nos 26 tor&#225;cicos, a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas foi de 0% (IC95%=0-13,2%). P&#244;de-se observar, portanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre les&#227;o neurol&#243;gica e a localiza&#231;&#227;o toracoabdominal do aneurisma (p = 0,02). </p>
    <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias estiveram presentes em 12 (31,6%) pacientes, que apresentaram atelectasia, derrame pleural, infec&#231;&#227;o com manifesta&#231;&#227;o de quadro cl&#237;nico de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, de maneira isolada ou associada. Dois (5,3%) pacientes necessitaram de traqueostomia para ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica por per&#237;odo prolongado, sendo que um faleceu no 25&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio por insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e o outro evoluiu com estenose de traqu&#233;ia, necessitando de traqueoplastia. A mortalidade dos pacientes que tiveram complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias foi de dois (16,7%) casos, n&#227;o sendo significativamente diferente da observada entre aqueles que apresentaram outras causas de &#243;bito (19,2%; p = 0,85) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tab. VI</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dois pacientes, que necessitaram de reimplante das art&#233;rias renais, mostraram eleva&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina, sem necessidade de di&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>A mortalidade total de nossa casu&#237;stica foi de 7 (18,4%) pacientes, sendo tr&#234;s (11,5%) &#243;bitos em aneurismas tor&#225;cicos e quatro (33,3%) em aneurismas toracoabdominais (p=0,11). As causas de mortalidade foram: um (14,3%) por sangramento no intra-operat&#243;rio; dois (28,6%) por complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias; dois (28,6%) por morte s&#250;bita, no 7&#186; e 10&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; um (14,3%) caso por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e um (14,3%) por dificuldade de sa&#237;da de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea por fal&#234;ncia do mioc&#225;rdio. Dois (5,3%) pacientes foram operados em car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia, por dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta e faleceram, um por sangramento decorrente de coagulopatia e outro, tardiamente, por insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre mortalidade e o car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia da cirurgia (13,9% de &#243;bito nas cirurgias eletivas e 100% nas de urg&#234;ncia, p=0,03) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">tab. VII</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A dor pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito, muito embora tenha ocorrido em 100% dos pacientes que faleceram; mesmo assim, esteve presente na maioria dos pacientes com alta hospitalar (74,2%), n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significativa entre ambas as porcentagens (p = 0,31). </p>
    <p>O di&#226;metro do aneurisma, por outro lado, foi maior entre os pacientes que faleceram (9,3&#177;1,1 cm) do que entre os pacientes que tiveram alta (m&#233;dia de 7,9&#177;1,5 cm) (p = 0,02). </p>
    <p>Do mesmo modo, detectou-se associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o &#243;bito dos pacientes e a presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta, j&#225; que todos os sete &#243;bitos apresentavam dissec&#231;&#227;o (p=0,01). </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial esteve presente na maioria dos pacientes (78,9%) e 20% dos pacientes hipertensos morreram, contra 12,5% dos n&#227;o hipertensos, n&#227;o havendo associa&#231;&#227;o entre a hipertens&#227;o arterial e o &#243;bito (p=1,00). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na atualidade, os m&#233;todos de prote&#231;&#227;o da medula utilizados na cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o dos aneurismas de aorta tor&#225;cicos e toracoabdominais s&#227;o: o <italic>bypass</italic> tempor&#225;rio, o reimplante das art&#233;rias intercostais, a drenagem do l&#237;quido cefalorraquidiano, a hipotermia profunda, o esfriamento seletivo da medula espinhal e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de agentes farmacol&#243;gicos. </p>
    <p>Olivier e cols.<sup>14</sup>, em 1984, deram in&#237;cio &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>bypass</italic> tempor&#225;rio, estabelecido entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e a art&#233;ria femoral. Apesar das medidas para preven&#231;&#227;o da isquemia medular, Kazui e cols.<sup>9</sup> e Coselli e LeMaire<sup>4</sup> relataram que os pacientes tratados com <italic>bypass</italic> esquerdo apresentaram menor incid&#234;ncia de paraplegia. Coselli e LeMaire apresentaram incid&#234;ncia de 6%. </p>
    <p>O reimplante das art&#233;rias intercostais, compreendidas entre a 9&#170; e a 12&#170; v&#233;rtebras tor&#225;cicas &#233; outra alternativa proposta para prote&#231;&#227;o medular. A localiza&#231;&#227;o dessas art&#233;rias, por angiografia ou potencial evocado e seu reimplante, pode diminuir a incid&#234;ncia de paraplegia<sup>15,16</sup>. Kieffer e cols.<sup>20</sup> observaram 5% de paraplegia nos casos em que foi utilizada esta t&#233;cnica. N&#243;s n&#227;o empregamos a angiografia para identificar as art&#233;rias intercostais, no entanto, realizamos o implante das art&#233;rias compreendidas entre a 9&#170; e a 12&#170; v&#233;rtebra tor&#225;cica. </p>
    <p>A drenagem do l&#237;quido cefalorraquidiano foi preconizada por Miyamoto e cols.<sup>14</sup>. Safi e cols.<sup>19</sup> descreveram que a press&#227;o do l&#237;quido cefalorraquidiano deve estar pr&#243;xima de 10 mmHg e apresentaram uma incid&#234;ncia de paraplegia de 9%. Neste estudo, n&#227;o utilizamos este m&#233;todo pois existe o risco de acidente de pun&#231;&#227;o durante o procedimento, devido ao paciente estar submetido a hepariniza&#231;&#227;o, podendo ocorrer forma&#231;&#227;o de hematoma extradural. </p>
    <p>A hipotermia profunda, com ou sem parada cardiocirculat&#243;ria, tem sido utilizada como alternativa ao tratamento dos aneurismas tor&#225;cicos e toracoabdominais, sendo realizada por meio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea estabelecida entre a cro&#231;a da aorta e o &#225;trio direito<sup>22,23,25,26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste ensaio, induzimos a hipotermia profunda interna por meio da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e a aorta ascendente atrav&#233;s da aur&#237;cula esquerda, por propiciar mais espa&#231;o para atuar sobre os aneurismas da cro&#231;a, principalmente quando esses aneurismas est&#227;o pr&#243;ximos &#224; art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via, ou ainda, pelo grande di&#226;metro da aorta descendente. Ap&#243;s a anastomose proximal da pr&#243;tese na aorta, pin&#231;amos a mesma e reiniciamos a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, o que nos permitiu perfundir o tecido cerebral, reduzindo o tempo de parada cardiocirculat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p>Apesar dos cuidados para evitar a paraplegia, esta permanece como um risco no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio dos portadores de aneurismas dos tipos I e II de Crawford. Neste estudo, os pacientes foram submetidos a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea com hipotermia profunda e parada circulat&#243;ria, com incid&#234;ncia de paraplegia de dois (5,2%) pacientes, sendo que um (2,6%) apresentou quadro de paraparesia. </p>
    <p>Os agentes farmacol&#243;gicos s&#227;o utilizados para prevenir les&#245;es de reperfus&#227;o. Acher e cols.<sup>27</sup> utilizaram o naloxone acompanhado de drenagem do l&#237;quido cefalorraquidiano, apresentando incid&#234;ncia de paraplegia de 1/49 (2%). </p>
    <p>Segundo Kazui e cols.<sup>9</sup>, as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias encontradas em 95 pacientes submetidos a corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas de aorta tor&#225;cica foram: insufici&#234;ncia renal em 7 (7,8%) pacientes, sendo que dois (28,5%) necessitaram de hemodi&#225;lise. Dois (2,1%) pacientes tiveram paraplegia e um apresentou sangramento, necessitando de revis&#227;o de hemostasia. </p>
    <p> A insufici&#234;ncia renal necessitando de di&#225;lise ocorreu em um (2,2%) dos 46 pacientes com sobrevida de um m&#234;s<sup>28</sup>. Acher e cols.<sup>27</sup> tiveram complica&#231;&#227;o renal em 2,7% dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, esta ocorr&#234;ncia foi transit&#243;ria e afetou somente dois (5,3%) pacientes, que n&#227;o necessitaram de di&#225;lise ou outros cuidados especiais. </p>
    <p>Westaby<sup>23</sup> relatou uma mortalidade de dois pacientes do tipo I da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Crawford (8%), o que equivale a 33,3% (2/6). Acher e cols.<sup>27</sup> mostraram em sua casu&#237;stica, que 12 (10,9%) pacientes apresentaram d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico. Kouchoukos e cols.<sup>28</sup> apresentaram mortalidade de 5 (9,8%) pacientes num total de 51. Suas complica&#231;&#245;es foram: paraplegia em dois (Crawford I 8%); paraparesia em um (2%). Em sua casu&#237;stica, Yamashita e cols.<sup>29</sup>, estudando 94 pacientes submetidos a corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas toracoabdominais, encontraram mortalidade de 15%. </p>
    <p>Anacleto e cols.<sup>1</sup> relataram mortalidade hospitalar de 13%, sendo 33,3% decorrentes de fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, 33,3% por coagulopatia, 8,3% por choque anafil&#225;tico &#224; protamina, 8,3% por acidente vascular cerebral de tronco cerebral, 8,3% por insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica aguda e 8,3% decorrente de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. A mortalidade nas cirurgias de emerg&#234;ncia foi tr&#234;s vezes maior quando comparada &#224;s cirurgias eletivas. A incid&#234;ncia de paraplegia foi observada em 7% dos pacientes. </p>
    <p>Em nossa casu&#237;stica, a mortalidade foi de sete (18,4%) pacientes, sendo tr&#234;s (7,9%) por insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, um (2,6%) por morte s&#250;bita, um (2,6%) por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, um (2,6%) por baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e um (2,6%) por sangramento. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o a corre&#231;&#227;o dos aneurismas da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente e toracoabdominal com o emprego da hipotermia profunda pela circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, estabelecida entre o &#225;trio esquerdo e a aorta ascendente, por toracotomia lateral esquerda ou toracofrenolaparotomia, demonstrou ser um m&#233;todo adequado para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico dos aneurismas tor&#225;cicos e toracoabdominais.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Viviane Cordeiro Veiga </p>
        <p> Al. Hungria, 89 </p>
        <p> Cep 06474-140 &#150; Barueri &#150; SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vcveiga@cardiol.br">vcveiga@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 31/07/2003 - Aceito em 15/07/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Correction of thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: central cannulation technique</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the viability of the use of extracorporeal circulation established between the left atrium and ascending aorta to induce deep hypothermia for correcting thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. METHODS: From January 1994 to July 2001, 38 patients (mean age, 54.6 &#177; 12.7 years) were operated on as follows: 12 (31.6%) patients underwent repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, and 26 patients underwent repair of descending thoracic aneurysms. Deep hypothermia was induced by use of extracorporeal circulation, with pharyngeal temperature ranging from 15 to 25&#186;C (20.6 &#177; 3.2&#186;C). RESULTS: Of the neurological complications, paraplegia occurred in 2 (5.3%) patients. One patient developed paraparesis, and another evolved with convulsion. Twelve (31.6%) patients had respiratory complications, and 2 (16.7%) patients died. Two other patients were operated on on an emergency basis and ended up dying. Total mortality was 18.4% (7 patients). CONCLUSION: Repair of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms with deep hypothermia by use of extracorporeal circulation established between the left atrium and ascending aorta proved to be a viable method for correcting those aneurysms.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>thoracic aortic aneurysms</kwd>
        <kwd>thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms</kwd>
        <kwd>hypothermia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Correction of thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Central cannulation technique</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Salom&#243;n Soriano Ordinola Rojas; Viviane Cordeiro Veiga; Janu&#225;rio Manoel de Souza; Marcos Fassheber Berlinck; Dante Fanganiello Senra; Reinaldo Wilson Vieira; Luiz Alberto Magna; Domingo Marcolino Braile; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira</bold>
      </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP and S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia</p>
      <p> Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To demonstrate the viability of the use of extracorporeal circulation established between the left atrium and ascending aorta to induce deep hypothermia for correcting thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> From January 1994 to July 2001, 38 patients (mean age, 54.6 &#177; 12.7 years) were operated on as follows: 12 (31.6%) patients underwent repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, and 26 patients underwent repair of descending thoracic aneurysms. Deep hypothermia was induced by use of extracorporeal circulation, with pharyngeal temperature ranging from 15 to 25&#186;C (20.6 &#177; 3.2&#186;C). </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Of the neurological complications, paraplegia occurred in 2 (5.3%) patients. One patient developed paraparesis, and another evolved with convulsion. Twelve (31.6%) patients had respiratory complications, and 2 (16.7%) patients died. Two other patients were operated on on an emergency basis and ended up dying. Total mortality was 18.4% (7 patients). </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Repair of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms with deep hypothermia by use of extracorporeal circulation established between the left atrium and ascending aorta proved to be a viable method for correcting those aneurysms. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>thoracic aortic aneurysms; thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms; hypothermia</p>
      <p>The surgical treatment of arterial aneurysms began with Matas, in 1903, who described the technique of obliterating endoaneurysmorrhaphy, which consisted of suturing the proximal and distal orifices, without restoring blood flow continuity. In 1920, Matas introduced the restorative and reconstructive endoaneurysmorrhaphy to maintain blood flow through the aorta <sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>The first study on repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms by insertion of a tube in the aneurysm site was reported by Lam and Aram <sup>2</sup> in 1951. Etheredge et al <sup>3</sup>, in 1955, reported for the first time the successful treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm by use of a homograft, a temporary aorta-aorta shunt, and anastomosis of the celiac trunk and mesenteric artery, separately, with the graft. </p>
      <p>The etiology of the aneurysms, according to Coselli and LeMaire<sup>4</sup>, is degenerative in approximately 80% of the patients. The second most common cause is aortic dissection. The less frequent causes are Marfan's syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, infection, Takayasu's disease, and trauma. </p>
      <p>The risk factors for rupture are the presence of pain, dissection, diameter greater than 5cm, growth of the aneurysm, smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, systemic arterial hypertension, chronic renal failure, and degenerative diseases of the aorta <sup>5-8</sup>. </p>
      <p>The major causes of morbidity and mortality are acute myocardial infarction, respiratory failure, and stroke. Antecedents of smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are risk factors for the development of respiratory failure. Patients with previous renal failure are at a higher risk of developing acute renal failure in the postoperative period <sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>In addition, according to Kazui et al <sup>9</sup>, the emergency surgery, the dissections of the aorta, the time of aortic clamping, and the time of extracorporeal circulation are risk factors that increase postoperative mortality. </p>
      <p>Thoracoabdominal aneurysms were classified by Crawford et al <sup>10</sup> as follows: type I, extending from the left subclavian artery until right after the visceral branches; type II, extending from the left subclavian artery until the aortic bifurcation; type III, extending from the sixth rib until the renal arteries; and type IV, beginning right below the diaphragm and extending to the renal arteries. </p>
      <p>The complementary methods used for diagnosing the aneurysms are as follows: chest X-rays, echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and aortography. </p>
      <p>The surgical treatment of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms has evolved in regard to both the intravascular method and the conventional treatment, characterized by interposition of prostheses after resection of the aneurysm. </p>
      <p>Palma et al <sup>11</sup> reported a case of saccular aneurysm treated with the introduction of 2 stents visualized with endoscopy through a thoracotomy and with deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. </p>
      <p>Palma <sup>12</sup> used the intravascular treatment for repairing acute descending thoracic aortic dissections in 27 patients, and obtained an 80% survival in 32 months. </p>
      <p>Knowing the anatomy of the spinal cord irrigation is fundamental for understanding the neurological lesions (paraplegia or paraparesis) consequent to the surgery of thoracic or thoracoabdominal aorta. Three spinal arteries, one anterior and 2 posterior, exist. The major artery is the anterior artery that irrigates the anterior two thirds of the spinal cord, including the motor area. That artery runs through the thoracolumbar region and receives the intercostal and lumbar arteries; it is the great radicular artery or the Adamkiewicz artery, which usually originates between the ninth and twelfth thoracic vertebrae in 75% of patients, between the fifth and eighth thoracic vertebrae in 15% of patients, and between the first and second lumbar vertebrae in 10% of patients. If the great radicular artery is between the fifth and ninth thoracic vertebrae, a complementary artery may exist, the artery of the conus medullaris, which, at that level, anastomoses with the Adamkiewicz artery.</p>
      <p>Currently, several methods of spinal cord protection exist, such as temporary bypass <sup>13,14</sup>, reimplantation of the intercostal arteries <sup>15,16</sup>, drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid <sup>17-19</sup>, deep hypothermia <sup>20-26</sup>, selective cooling of the spinal cord <sup>21</sup>, and pharmacological agents<sup> 27</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at demonstrating the viability of the use of the extracorporeal circulation established between the left atrium and ascending aorta combined with deep hypothermia for correcting thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. The results were analyzed. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From January 1994 to July 2001, of 860 patients with aortic disease (555 aneurysms and 305 dissections) operated on in our service, 38 patients with descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms were studied. The surgical technique comprised reimplantation of the visceral vessels, elective deep hypothermia with extracorporeal circulation established between the left atrium and the ascending aorta, followed by total circulatory arrest for performing the proximal anastomosis close to the left subclavian artery, without aortic clamping. </p>
      <p>The patients' ages ranged from 22 to 72 (54.6 &#177; 12.7) years; 26 (68.4%) were men and 12 (31.6%) were women. </p>
      <p>Of the 38 patients studied, 12 (31.6%) underwent repair of thoracoabdominal aneurysms, and the remaining 26 (68.4%) underwent repair of thoracic aneurysms (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>), which were approached through thoracophrenolaparotomy and posterolateral thoracotomy, respectively. Seventeen (44.7%) patients had aneurysms without dissection, 13 of which were thoracic (50% of the thoracic) and 4 (33.3%) were thoracoabdominal. Of the total number of patients, 4 (10.5%) had coarctation of the aorta, 3 (7.9%) of whom had already undergone previous surgery. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The clinical findings comprised pain in 29 (76.3%) patients, hoarseness in 6 (15.8%), and 3 were asymptomatic on the occasion of diagnosis. </p>
      <p>Thirty-one (81.6%) patients had systemic arterial hypertension, and 2 (5.3%) patients had chronic renal failure. </p>
      <p>The methods used for diagnostic confirmation and indication of surgical treatment of the aneurysms were chest X-ray, echocardiography, aortography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. In the patients older than 40 years, cine coronary angiography was performed to rule out coronary lesions. </p>
      <p>The etiological diagnoses were as follows: post-trauma (one patient); coarctation of the aorta, repaired or not (4); syphilitic aortitis (2); atherosclerotic (10); and aortic dissection (21) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The patients were induced to deep hypothermia through extracorporeal circulation, with pharyngeal temperature ranging from 15 to 25&#186;C (20.6 &#177; 3.2&#186;C) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The duration of the circulatory arrest for the surgical repair ranged from 9 to 36 min (21.3 &#177; 6.1 min). </p>
      <p>The criteria for indicating the surgical technique were based on the size, diameter, and location of the aneurysms in regard to the left subclavian artery. The diameter of the aorta of the patients ranged from 4 to 10.5 cm (8.1 &#177; 1.5 cm). </p>
      <p>All patients were prepared according to our service's protocol for surgical repair of thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms as follows: monitoring of the cardiac rhythm and mean blood pressure by use of catheterization (dissection or puncture) of the right radial artery; catheterization of a peripheral vein with abocat # 16 for anesthetic induction; pulse oximetry; control of urinary output by use of vesical catheterization with a Foley catheter; nasopharyngeal temperature measurement with a tele-thermometer, 43 &#150; TA model (Yellow Springs Instruments Co. Inc. Yellow Springs, OH, USA); central venous access through puncture of the subclavian vein or right internal jugular vein; and thermal mattress to maintain body temperature according to surgical needs. </p>
      <p>The patients underwent selective orotracheal bronchial intubation, which allows stopping the ventilation of the left lung during the procedure of dissection and release of the left lung, which is usually adhered to the aneurysm. </p>
      <p>All patients were positioned in the right lateral decubitus position, and asepsis was performed with 1% polyvinyl pyrrolidone-iodine (PVPI) complex followed by antisepsis with iodide alcohol, and, later, topic PVPI. The surgical fields were placed. Then, posterolateral thoracotomy was performed in the fourth left intercostal space from the inter-scapulo-vertebral space until the left internal thoracic artery for the thoracic aneurysms. In those thoracic aneurysms with distal extremity difficult to expose due to proximity to the diaphragm, one could perform an additional thoracotomy in the sixth intercostal space, without the need for a new cutaneous incision. In thoracoabdominal aneurysms, thoracophrenolaparatomy was performed, beginning in the thorax, following along the middle abdominal line, and sectioning the diaphragm in a circular manner to preserve the phrenic center. </p>
      <p>All abdominal viscera were pulled aside, allowing access to the retroperitoneal space until the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta, which was exposed to allow its longitudinal incision, beginning in its proximal portion. The pericardium was opened, and the left auricle and ascending aorta were exposed. </p>
      <p>Anticoagulation with sodium heparin (5000 IU per mL) was used at the dosage of 4 mg/kg of body weight. Two pouch sutures were performed in the ascending aorta with "mersilene" 2&#150;0 thread passed through latex tubes aiming at guaranteeing hemostasia and fixation around the cannula. Pouch suture was performed in the left auricle with 4-0 polypropylene thread, which was also repaired with a PVC tube. A 20- or 22-F wired arterial cannula, Baxter R.M.I. model, was introduced in the delimited spaces and adequately fixed with the aid of pouch sutures. Then, the cannula was placed in the left atrium (venous cannula, Baxter R.M.I. # 3651 model), in the space delimited by the pouch suture, which served as drainage for the membrane oxygenator and later return to the ascending aorta with an arterial flow of 2.2 L/m<sup>2</sup> per minute, with an adequate oxygen flow of 2 liters and one liter of compressed air in a Macchi-Edwards compressor to maintain the gas parameters at physiological levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After beginning extracorporeal circulation, the patient was induced to deep hypothermia, which could reach 15&#186;C. During the procedure of deep hypothermia induction, ice bags wrapped in gauze were placed on the patient's head. When a temperature between 20 and 18&#186;C was reached, circulation was stopped, blood was drained to the oxygenator, and the aneurysm was opened. Due to a phenomenon of thermal inertia, the nasopharyngeal temperature of the patient reached values around 16&#186;C. Surgical repair was initiated through a longitudinal opening of the thoracic aortic aneurysm close to the subclavian artery; depending on the aneurysmatic impairment of the aorta, the incision was prolonged towards the other great vessels and reconstruction of the aorta or its arch, or both, was initiated with a tubular graft of appropriate diameter (pericardium or Dacron). </p>
      <p>Later, the intercostal arteries were ligated and proximal anastomosis of the prosthesis was performed with 3 "0" polypropylene thread and a 2.5-cm curved needle reinforced with a Teflon band. </p>
      <p>Once the anastomosis was finished, clamping of the tubular graft was performed below the anastomosis, and extracorporeal circulation was reestablished with a 600mL/min flow, which allowed cerebral reperfusion. In the treatment of long thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms, the intercostal arteries located between the eighth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae were reimplanted (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the cases of thoracoabdominal aneurysms, the diaphragm muscle was sectioned to preserve the phrenic center, reaching the retroperitoneum. After exposure and adequate opening of the aorta, the celiac trunk, the superior mesenteric artery, and the renal arteries, isolated or together, were reimplanted in the tubular graft according to the anatomic detail. </p>
      <p>During this sequence of anastomotic procedures, aortic clamping was shifted so that blood flow could increase, reperfusing the structures, depending on the reanastomosed arteries. After performing distal anastomosis between the tubular graft and the abdominal aorta, patient warming was initiated according to adequate rewarming criteria until reaching an esophageal temperature of 37&#186;C. </p>
      <p>Adequate hemodynamic values were reestablished and termination of the extracorporeal circulation was initiated. Heparin was neutralized with protamine sulfate at the 1:1 ratio. Hemostasia was revised, and drainage of the retroperitoneum and thorax was performed with tubular drains. The surgical incision was closed by planes. On thorax closure, the intercostal spaces were approximated, as were the ribs that had been sectioned, with # 5 steel thread. Once the surgical incision was closed, the patient was placed in the dorsal decubitus position, and the oroendobronchial tube was replaced by a common orotracheal cannula to allow adequate ventilation in the postoperative period. The patient remained sedated for 24 hours on mechanical ventilation. Once the adequate criteria of ventilation and functional tests were achieved, the intubation tube was removed from the patients, according to our service's pre-established protocol. </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed by comparing the means by using the Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. The assessment of the association between the attribute variables was performed through the chi-square test in tables of contingence or though the Fisher exact test, depending on the case. The association between quantitative variables was measured through the analysis of the simple Pearson correlation. </p>
      <p>In all cases, the proportional error of 5% (P &lt; 0.05) was adopted as the significance level. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All patients were placed under systemic deep hypothermia with temperatures ranging from 15 to 25&#186;C, and this variable was not associated with mortality, because the mean temperature, in hypothermia, of the 31 patients discharged from the hospital was 20.9&#177;3.3&#186;C. The values of the 7 patients who died were similar, 19.6&#177;3.0&#186;C (P = 0.323). </p>
      <p>The complications that occurred in the postoperative period of the surgical correction of the thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">table IV</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the neurological complications, 2 (5.3%) patients had paraplegia, one of whom also had ischemic stroke; one (2.6%) patient evolved with paraparesis, with later recovery of the movements; and one (2.6%) had a convulsive crisis in the postoperative period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">tab. V</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Of the 12 patients with thoracoabdominal aneurysms, 27% had neurological complications (95% CI = 6-61%); in the 26 patients with thoracic aneurysms, the incidence of neurological complications was 0% (95% CI = 0-13.2%). Thus, an association between neurological lesion and the thoracoabdominal location of the aneurysm was observed (P = 0.02). </p>
      <p>Respiratory complications were observed in 12 (31.6%) patients, who had atelectasis, pleural effusion, infection with clinical manifestation of respiratory failure, in an isolated or associated manner. Two (5.3%) patients required tracheostomy for prolonged mechanical ventilation, one of whom died on the 25th postoperative day due to respiratory failure, and the other evolved with tracheal stenosis, requiring tracheoplasty. Of the patients with respiratory complications, 2 died, which resulted in a 16.7% mortality, which was not significantly different from that observed among patients who died due to other causes (19.2%; P = 0.85) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">tab. VI</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Two patients, required reimplantation of the renal arteries and had transient elevation in the creatinine serum levels, but required no dialysis. </p>
      <p>In our case series, 7 patients died (total mortality, 18.4%): 3 (11.5%) patients had thoracic aneurysms and 4 (33.3%) had thoracoabdominal aneurysms (P = 0.11). The causes of death were as follows: one (14.3%) due to intraoperative bleeding; 2 (28.6%) due to respiratory complications; 2 (28.6%) due to sudden death on the seventh and tenth postoperative days; one (14.3%) due to heart failure; and one (14.3%) due to myocardial failure when extracorporeal circulation was withdrawn. Two (5.3%) patients were operated on on an emergency basis due to aortic dissection and died, one because of bleeding resulting from coagulopathy, and the other due to late respiratory failure. </p>
      <p>A significant association was observed between mortality and the emergency character of the surgery (13.9% of the deaths occurred in elective surgeries, and 100% in emergency surgeries, P = 0.03) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">tab. VII</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0297-00005-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Preoperative pain was not significantly associated with the occurrence of death, although it was observed in 100% of the patients who died; but it was also present in most patients who were discharged from the hospital (74.2%), and no significant difference was observed between both percentages (P = 0.31). </p>
      <p>The diameter of the aneurysm, on the other hand, was greater among the patients who died (9.3&#177;1.1 cm) than among those who were discharged (mean, 7.9&#177;1.5 cm) (P = 0.02). </p>
      <p>Similarly, a significant association was observed between patients' death and the presence of aortic dissection, because all 7 patients who died had aortic dissection (P = 0.01). </p>
      <p>Most patients (78.9%) had arterial hypertension. Twenty percent of the hypertensive patients died, while 12.5% of the nonhypertensive patients died; no association was found between arterial hypertension and death (P = 1.00). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Currently, the methods of spinal cord protection used in surgery for correcting thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms are as follows: temporary bypass, reimplantation of the intercostal arteries, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, deep hypothermia, selective cooling of the spinal cord, and use of pharmacological agents. </p>
      <p>Olivier et al <sup>14</sup>, in 1984, began to use the temporary bypass established between the left atrium and the femoral artery. Despite the measures for preventing spinal cord ischemia, Kazui et al <sup>9</sup> and Coselli and LeMaire <sup>4</sup> reported that patients treated with left bypass had a lower incidence of paraplegia. Coselli and LeMaire reported a 6% incidence. </p>
      <p>Reimplantation of the intercostal arteries between the ninth and twelfth thoracic vertebrae is another alternative proposed for spinal cord protection. The location of those arteries through angiography or evoked potential and their reimplantation may decrease the incidence of paraplegia <sup>15,16</sup>. Kieffer et al <sup>20</sup> reported a 5% incidence of paraplegia in patients who underwent that surgical technique. We do not use angiography to identify the intercostal arteries; however, we perform the implantation of the arteries between the ninth and twelfth thoracic vertebrae. </p>
      <p>Cerebrospinal fluid drainage has been recommended by Miyamoto et al <sup>17</sup>. Safi et al <sup>19</sup>, who stated that the cerebrospinal fluid pressure should be close to 10 mmHg, reported a 9% incidence of paraplegia. In our study, we did not use cerebrospinal fluid drainage, because of the risk of a puncture accident during the procedure, because, as the patient is heparinized, an extradural hematoma may form. </p>
      <p>Deep hypothermia, with or without cardiocirculatory arrest, has been used for treating thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms and has been performed by establishing extracorporeal circulation between the aortic arch and right atrium <sup>22,23,25,26</sup>. </p>
      <p>In this study, deep internal hypothermia was induced by establishing extracorporeal circulation between the left atrium and the ascending aorta through the left auricle, because it provides more space for acting on the aneurysms of the aortic arch, mainly when those aneurysms are close to the subclavian artery, or yet, due to the large diameter of the descending aorta. After the proximal anastomosis of the prosthesis in the aorta, the aorta is clamped and the extracorporeal circulation is reinitiated, which allowed us to perfuse the cerebral tissue, reducing the time of cardiocirculatory arrest. </p>
      <p>Despite the care to avoid paraplegia, it remains a postoperative risk in patients with Crawford's types I and II aneurysms. In our study, the patients received extracorporeal circulation with deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest; 2 of them had paraplegia (incidence of 5.2%), and one (2.6%) had paraparesis. </p>
      <p>Pharmacological agents have been used to prevent reperfusion lesions. Acher et al <sup>27</sup> used naloxone in association with cerebrospinal fluid drainage and had a 2% incidence of paraplegia (1/49). </p>
      <p>According to Kazui et al <sup>9</sup>, the postoperative complications found in 95 patients undergoing repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms were as follows: renal failure in 7 (7.8%) patients, 2 (28.5%) of whom required hemodialysis. Two (2.1%) patients had paraplegia and one experienced bleeding, requiring revision of hemostasia. </p>
      <p>Of the 46 patients who survived one month, one (2.2%) patient required dialysis due to renal failure <sup>28</sup>. Acher et al <sup>27</sup> reported renal complications in 2.7% of the patients. </p>
      <p>In our study, the occurrence of renal complications was transitory and affected only 2 (5.3%) patients, who required neither dialysis nor any other special treatment. </p>
      <p>Westaby <sup>23</sup> reported that 2 type I patients classified according to Crawford (8%) died, representing 33.3% (2/6) mortality. Acher et al <sup>27</sup> reported that 12 (10.9%) patients in their case series had a neurological deficit. Kouchoukos et al <sup>28</sup> reported that of 51 patients, 5 (9.8%) died. Their complications were as follows: paraplegia in 2 (Crawford I 8%), and paraparesis in one (2%). In a case series of 94 patients undergoing correction for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms, Yamashita et al <sup>29</sup> reported 15% mortality. </p>
      <p>Anacleto et al <sup>1</sup> reported 13% in-hospital mortality, 33.3% due to multiple organ failure, 33.3% due to coagulopathy, 8.3% due to anaphylactic shock to protamine, 8.3% due to stroke of the cerebral trunk, 8.3% due to acute liver failure, and 8.3% due to acute myocardial infarction. Mortality in emergency surgeries was 3 times greater than that in elective surgeries. The incidence of paraplegia was 7%. </p>
      <p>In our case series, 7 patients died (mortality, 18.4%), 3 (7.9%) due to respiratory failure, one (2.6%) due to sudden death, one (2.6%) due to acute myocardial infarction, one (2.6%) due to low cardiac output, and one (2.6%) due to bleeding. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, correction of descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms by using left-side thoracotomy or thoracophrenolaparotomy with deep hypothermia and extracorporeal circulation established between the left atrium and the ascending aorta proved to be an adequate surgical treatment. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Viviane Cordeiro Veiga </p>
          <p> Alameda Hungria, 89 </p>
          <p> 06474-140 &#150; Barueri, SP, Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="vcveiga@cardiol.br">vcveiga@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 07/31/2003 </p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 07/15/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
