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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5tGSQ7ymTXbYshtxzpVYwPp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000400003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade segmentar na doen&#231;a de Chagas utilizando a integral do gradiente intramioc&#225;rdico de velocidade (strain mioc&#225;rdico) obtida pela ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo Suaide</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Darcy Cortez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Braz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monaco</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Gianini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gil</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel Ad&#225;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Juarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; L&#225;zaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">OMNI-CCNI Medicina Diagn&#243;stica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>285</fpage>
      <lpage>291</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Quantificar o percentual de contratilidade dos diversos segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos, em portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas, atrav&#233;s da medida do strain mioc&#225;rdico e verificar diferen&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til radial e longitudinal ventricular entre as formas indeterminada e dilatada da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica quando comparadas a um grupo de indiv&#237;duos normais. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 39 indiv&#237;duos, 20 (51,3%) do sexo masculino divididos em quatro grupos: Nl: 17 (43,6%) indiv&#237;duos normais; Ind: 7 (17,9%) portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas forma indeterminada; C1, 7 (17,9%) portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas forma cr&#244;nica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 50% e C2: 8 (20,5%) portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas forma cr&#244;nica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50%. Ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma basal foram registradas as imagem em Doppler tecidual para a medida do strain mioc&#225;rdico nos diversos segmentos aos cortes paraesternais, longitudinal e transversal, e apicais, de duas e quatro c&#226;maras. RESULTADOS E CONCLUS&#195;O: O percentual de contra&#231;&#227;o dos diversos segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos, tanto em seu componente radial quanto longitudinal &#233; maior nos indiv&#237;duos normais do que em portadores da forma cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas e naqueles com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a quando comparado com chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos com FE &lt; 50%. A contratilidade radial do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; maior que a longitudinal nos tr&#234;s grupos (Nl, Ind e Cr&#244;nico). Os dados apresentados nos permitem propor um car&#225;ter progressivo do acometimento mioc&#225;rdico em portadores da doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>doppler tecidual</kwd>
        <kwd>strain mioc&#225;rdico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade segmentar na doen&#231;a de Chagas utilizando a integral do gradiente intramioc&#225;rdico de velocidade (<italic><bold>strain</bold></italic> mioc&#225;rdico) obtida pela ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carlos Eduardo Suaide Silva; Luiz Darcy Cortez Ferreira; Luciana Braz Peixoto; Claudia Gianini Monaco; Manuel Ad&#225;n Gil; Juarez Ortiz; B&#225;rbara Maria Ianni; Jos&#233; L&#225;zaro Andrade; Wilson Mathias J&#250;nior; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira Barretto</bold>
    </p>
    <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>Incor do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP </p>
    <p> OMNI-CCNI Medicina Diagn&#243;stica </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Quantificar o percentual de contratilidade dos diversos segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos, em portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas, atrav&#233;s da medida do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico e verificar diferen&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til radial e longitudinal ventricular entre as formas indeterminada e dilatada da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica quando comparadas a um grupo de indiv&#237;duos normais. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram estudados 39 indiv&#237;duos, 20 (51,3%) do sexo masculino divididos em quatro grupos: Nl: 17 (43,6%) indiv&#237;duos normais; Ind: 7 (17,9%) portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas forma indeterminada; C1, 7 (17,9%) portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas forma cr&#244;nica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 50% e C2: 8 (20,5%) portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas forma cr&#244;nica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; 50%. Ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma basal foram registradas as imagem em Doppler tecidual para a medida do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico nos diversos segmentos aos cortes paraesternais, longitudinal e transversal, e apicais, de duas e quatro c&#226;maras. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS E CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O percentual de contra&#231;&#227;o dos diversos segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos, tanto em seu componente radial quanto longitudinal &#233; maior nos indiv&#237;duos normais do que em portadores da forma cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas e naqueles com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a quando comparado com chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos com FE &lt; 50%. A contratilidade radial do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; maior que a longitudinal nos tr&#234;s grupos (Nl, Ind e Cr&#244;nico). Os dados apresentados nos permitem propor um car&#225;ter progressivo do acometimento mioc&#225;rdico em portadores da doen&#231;a de Chagas. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>doen&#231;a de Chagas, ecocardiografia, doppler tecidual, <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico</p>
    <p> A doen&#231;a de Chagas tornou-se mundialmente conhecida pelo trabalho pioneiro de Carlos Chagas que, em 1909, descreveu, n&#227;o somente as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como o agente etiol&#243;gico, o transmissor e os reservat&#243;rios desta doen&#231;a<sup>1</sup>. &#201; considerada um grande problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, principalmente nos pa&#237;ses subdesenvolvidos. Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de existem mais de 20 milh&#245;es de infectados no continente americano, dos quais mais de seis milh&#245;es se encontram no Brasil<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Clinicamente, pode ser dividida em duas fases: aguda e cr&#244;nica, sendo que ap&#243;s a regress&#227;o da fase aguda os indiv&#237;duos passam por um per&#237;odo vari&#225;vel caracterizado por sorologia positiva e aus&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e radiol&#243;gicas. Este per&#237;odo &#233; denominado forma indeterminada<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A fase cr&#244;nica ocorre em 25 a 30% dos infectados, acometendo predominantemente indiv&#237;duos adultos do sexo masculino na 3&#170; ou 4&#170; d&#233;cada de vida. Clinicamente, pode ser classificada em dilatada, arritmog&#234;nica, tromboemb&#243;lica, mista e silenciosa, e cerca de 10% dos pacientes evoluem para formas graves da doen&#231;a<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia representa, atualmente, um dos m&#233;todos complementares mais importantes na avalia&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. Permite avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional, anat&#244;mica e seu acompanhamento evolutivo. Os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o vari&#225;veis, podendo-se observar desde exames normais at&#233; comprometimento funcional sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico graves. Aproximadamente 75% dos casos apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis segmentares, predominantemente da parede p&#243;stero-inferior e da regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Recentemente, a incorpora&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica do Doppler tecidual &#224; ecocardiografia convencional permitiu avaliar mais detalhadamente as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de forma global e regional do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>4-11</sup>. </p>
    <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es do Doppler tecidual s&#227;o a sua depend&#234;ncia do &#226;ngulo de incid&#234;ncia do feixe de ultra-som em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; movimenta&#231;&#227;o do segmento a ser estudado e o fato de n&#227;o diferenciar a presen&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o ativa de um segmento normal, da contra&#231;&#227;o passiva de um segmento acin&#233;tico que est&#225; se movimentando &#224; custa do mioc&#225;rdio normal adjacente. </p>
    <p>A busca por um m&#233;todo que pudesse superar estas limita&#231;&#245;es levou ao desenvolvimento de uma nova tecnologia derivada do Doppler tecidual: a medida do gradiente intramioc&#225;rdico de velocidade ou <italic>strain rate</italic><sup>12-15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em termos gerais, <italic>strain</italic> representa a deforma&#231;&#227;o de um tecido quando a ele &#233; aplicada uma dada for&#231;a. O conceito de <italic>strain</italic> foi descrito em 1973 por Mirsky e Parmley<sup>16</sup> e expressa a din&#226;mica local do desempenho mioc&#225;rdico. De maneira diferente do Doppler tecidual o <italic>strain rate</italic> fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a medida instant&#226;nea local da taxa de compress&#227;o ou expans&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, independente do movimento de transla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>H&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia em se considerar o espessamento mioc&#225;rdico, ou sua fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til radial, como o principal componente da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular. Entretanto, sabe-se que a excurs&#227;o da base ventricular em dire&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;pice &#233; de aproximadamente de 1,5 a 2 cm na s&#237;stole, enquanto que o espessamento da parede n&#227;o ultrapassa 0,5 cm<sup>18-20</sup>. Ainda assim, a an&#225;lise visual &#233; muito falha para detectar estas sutilezas, e dados mais precisos sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til ventricular, radial e longitudinal, ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios. </p>
    <p>O m&#250;sculo pode ser considerado um tecido incompress&#237;vel, o que significa que sua deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal &#233; inversamente proporcional &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es observadas em sua espessura. Ou seja, quanto mais o m&#250;sculo se alonga, mais se adelga&#231;a e quanto mais ele se encurta, mais se espessa. Desta forma, ao se quantificar o alongamento/encurtamento da fibra mioc&#225;rdica podemos inferir seu grau de relaxamento/contratilidade<sup>21</sup>. </p>
    <p>O <italic>strain rate</italic> &#233; a medida da velocidade de deforma&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, definido pela f&#243;rmula <italic>(V2-V1)/d</italic>, onde <italic>V2</italic> e <italic>V1</italic> s&#227;o as velocidades de encurtamento do mioc&#225;rdio (cm/s) em dois pontos separados por uma dist&#226;ncia <italic>d </italic>(cm)<sup>16 </sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Esta dist&#226;ncia <italic>d</italic> pode ser ajustada pelo operador e deve, em geral, ser de aproximadamente 9 mm. Dist&#226;ncias menores aumentam o grau de ru&#237;do, enquanto dist&#226;ncias maiores diminuem a resolu&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Esta medida fornece o gradiente intramioc&#225;rdico de velocidades por unidade de tempo e representa o grau de deformidade da fibra. Como o gradiente intramioc&#225;rdico de velocidade representa a diferen&#231;a de velocidades em cm/s entre dois pontos, dividida pela dist&#226;ncia em cm destes mesmos pontos, sua unidade &#233; s<sup>-1</sup> [(cm/s)/cm]. </p>
    <p>O <italic>Doppler</italic> tecidual, utilizado nos cortes paraesternais, avalia o componente radial da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, enquanto que quando utilizado nos cortes apicais, avalia muito bem a contratilidade longitudinal do m&#250;sculo. Baseado nestas observa&#231;&#245;es foi desenvolvida esta nova t&#233;cnica que avalia o gradiente de velocidades entre dois pontos pr&#243;ximos do mioc&#225;rdio. Em outras palavras, quantifica o alongamento/encurtamento da fibra e, indiretamente, seu espessamento, o que parece ser um m&#233;todo muito mais eficaz para avalia&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>Uma outra forma de avaliar a deformidade dos segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos &#233; atrav&#233;s da integral do <italic>strain rate</italic>. Esta medida, chamada simplesmente de <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico, fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a deforma&#231;&#227;o da fibra em termos percentuais. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; medir o percentual de contratilidade dos diversos segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos, em portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas, atrav&#233;s da medida do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico obtido pela ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual e definir se existem diferen&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til radial e longitudinal do mioc&#225;rdio entre as formas indeterminada e cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a quando comparadas a um grupo de indiv&#237;duos normais. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo prospectivo indiv&#237;duos adultos normais e portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas, de ambos os sexos, com janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica satisfat&#243;ria e que concordaram em assinar o consentimento livre e esclarecido. Foram estudados 39 indiv&#237;duos sendo 20 (51,3%) do sexo masculino e assim divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo Nl, composto de 17 (43,6%) indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, com eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma normais, constituindo o grupo controle de normais; Grupo Ind, formado por 7 (17,9%) indiv&#237;duos com sorologia positiva para a doen&#231;a de Chagas, assintom&#225;ticos, com eletrocardiograma, radiografia de t&#243;rax, estudo contrastado de es&#244;fago e enema opaco normais, caracterizando a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas; Grupo C1 composto por 7 (17,9%) portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas na sua forma cr&#244;nica e que apresentavam, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e/ou radiol&#243;gicas, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 50% ao ecocardiograma e Grupo C2 constitu&#237;do de 8 (20,5%) portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas na sua forma cr&#244;nica e que apresentavam, al&#233;m das altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e/ou radiol&#243;gicas, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt; 50%. Para compara&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade radial e longitudinal os grupos de chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos foram considerados um grupo &#250;nico (C1+C2). Os grupos n&#227;o diferiram quanto &#224; idade (47,2&#177;9,4 anos) ou &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (25,4&#177;3,5). </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos portadores de doen&#231;a valvar ou pulmonar significativas, coronariopatas, indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;ria recente de uso de drogas ou alcoolismo e gestantes. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exame cl&#237;nico e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de cada grupo os pacientes foram submetidos ao estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico em equipamento com segunda harm&#244;nica e Doppler tecidual colorido (<italic>System V e Vivid Five, GE-Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Noruega</italic>). </p>
    <p>As imagens foram obtidas com o paciente em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo. O ecocardiograma foi registrado em formato digital com arquivo de imagens est&#225;ticas e din&#226;micas dos diversos cortes ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Foram medidas as dimens&#245;es da aorta (Ao), &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE e DSVE), espessuras diast&#243;licas do septo interventricular e da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (EDSIV e EDPPVE) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FE) pelo m&#233;todo de Pombo<sup>22</sup>. Ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma completo basal foram registradas as imagens em Doppler tecidual para a medida das velocidades e do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico. Foi registrado e armazenado digitalmente, um ciclo card&#237;aco completo em quatro diferentes cortes ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: paraesternal longitudinal, paraesternal transversal, apical de quatro c&#226;maras e apical de duas c&#226;maras. Nos dois primeiros foi avaliado o componente radial da contratilidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>) mioc&#225;rdica nos segmentos basal e m&#233;dio das paredes septal e posterior (no corte paraesternal longitudinal) e segmentos m&#233;dios da parede septal e posterior (ao corte paraesternal transversal). Nos cortes apicais foi avaliado o componente longitudinal da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica nos segmentos basais, m&#233;dios e apicais das paredes septal, lateral, anterior e inferior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As imagens digitais em movimento foram transferidas para um computador Macintosh (<italic>Apple Computer Inc., Cupertino, Calif&#243;rnia EUA.</italic>) acoplado ao ecocardi&#243;grafo. As medidas do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico foram obtidas posteriormente atrav&#233;s de programa espec&#237;fico de computador (<italic>EchoPAC GE-Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Noruega</italic>). A dist&#226;ncia entre os pontos onde foram colhidas as velocidades do mioc&#225;rdio para o c&#225;lculo do <italic>strain</italic> foi fixada em 9,2 mm. </p>
    <p>Os dados foram digitados em planilha Microsoft Excel 2000<sup>&#226;</sup> e os c&#225;lculos e an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizados com o programa SigmaStat<sup>&#226;</sup> para Windows, vers&#227;o 2.0 (<italic>Jandel Corporation</italic>, 1992-1995). Para as compara&#231;&#245;es dos valores obtidos nos diferentes segmentos aferidos, entre os quatro grupos estudados, empregamos a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia por postos de Kruskal-Wallis. Quando se obteve valores de p&lt;0,05, utilizamos o m&#233;todo de Dunn para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas entre os quatro grupos, dois a dois. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es, em cada grupo, dos valores da m&#233;dia da contratilidade radial e da m&#233;dia da contratilidade longitudinal utilizamos o teste de Mann-Whitney. Para todos os testes empregados fixamos o valor do erro alfa em 0,05 ou 5%. Os valores apresentados representam a mediana seguida dos percentis 25 e 75 entre par&#234;ntesis. </p>
    <p>Os estudos foram realizados no InCor da Faculdade de Medicina da USP e no laborat&#243;rio da OMNI-CCNI Medicina Diagn&#243;stica de S&#227;o Paulo e o trabalho aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica das duas institui&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas habituais, os quatro grupos n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica nos di&#226;metros da aorta e &#225;trio esquerdo, e nas espessuras diast&#243;licas do septo interventricular e parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os grupos com a forma dilatada da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (C1 e C2) apresentaram os di&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico) maiores e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior aos grupos de normais e da forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas (Nl e Ind) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s medidas do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico, quando cada segmento foi avaliado individualmente entre os grupos, observou-se que a contratilidade foi significativamente menor em todos os segmentos das paredes septal, posterior, e inferior, e m&#233;dio da parede anterior no grupo C1 quando comparado ao grupo Nl. O grupo C2 apresentou <italic>strain</italic> diminu&#237;do nos segmentos basal, m&#233;dio e apical da parede septal, basal e m&#233;dio da parede posterior, m&#233;dio e apical da parede inferior e m&#233;dio da parede anterior em compara&#231;&#227;o com os normais. Finalmente, o grupo Ind apresentou <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico diminu&#237;do apenas no segmento m&#233;dio da parede posterior. Os demais segmentos dos tr&#234;s grupos (Ind, C1 e C2) n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica nas medidas do <italic>strain</italic> apesar da leve tend&#234;ncia de sua mediana estar aumentada nos segmentos basal, m&#233;dio e apical das paredes septal e lateral e nos segmentos basais das paredes inferior e anterior no grupo Ind quando comparado com os indiv&#237;duos normais. </p>
    <p>Quando se avaliou a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til ventricular (radial e longitudinal) observou-se que tanto a contratilidade radial quanto a longitudinal foram maiores no grupo Nl que nos grupos C1 e C2 e no grupo Ind em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2a">tab. IIa</xref>). Individualmente dentro de cada grupo a contratilidade radial foi maior que a longitudinal nos indiv&#237;duos normais e nos chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos (C1+C2) apresentando tend&#234;ncia de ser superior tamb&#233;m na forma indeterminada (p=0,053) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2b">tab. IIb</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2a">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab2b">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A mediana dos valores de <italic>strain</italic> radial (medidas realizadas nos cortes paraesternal longitudinal e transversal) foi de 33,7% (30,4%; 38,2%) nos indiv&#237;duos normais; 32,3% (28,7%; 33,6%) no grupo Ind; 21,7% (19,1%; 23,6%) no grupo C1 e 24,7% (15,2%; 27,8%) no grupo C2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til longitudinal (medidas realizadas nos cortes apicais de quatro e duas c&#226;maras) o percentual m&#233;dio de contra&#231;&#227;o dos segmentos foi de 25,9% (24,5%; 30,7%) no grupo Nl; 28% (24,7%; 29,7%) no grupo Ind; 16,8% (13,2%; 19,2%) no grupo C1 e 19,1% (15,8%; 22,3%) no grupo C2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em cardiopatas &#233; feita rotineiramente pela ecocardiografia. Entretanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o visual da contratilidade segmentar n&#227;o deixa de ser uma limita&#231;&#227;o relativa do m&#233;todo. Apesar de &#237;ndices objetivos de quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, volume diast&#243;lico final, volume sist&#243;lico e fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento, serem usados de rotina, esses par&#226;metros ainda sofrem grande influ&#234;ncia das varia&#231;&#245;es de pr&#233; e p&#243;s-cargas. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica da <italic>color-kinesis</italic> tamb&#233;m pode ser utilizada para quantificar a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til pela ecocardiografia, mas por depender da adequada identifica&#231;&#227;o da excurss&#227;o dos segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos pode ser de dif&#237;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o em indiv&#237;duos com janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica pouco satisfat&#243;ria<sup>23-24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Recentemente, Yamada e cols.<sup>25</sup> mostraram que a velocidade sist&#243;lica de pico medida pelo Doppler tecidual se correlacionou com a dP/dt<sub>max</sub> em indiv&#237;duos submetidos ao cateterismo card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p>O <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico, tamb&#233;m foi proposto como um &#237;ndice de contratilidade da fibra muscular<sup>16</sup>. </p>
    <p>O efeito Doppler foi descrito em 1842 pelo f&#237;sico austr&#237;aco Christian Johann Doppler, mas sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em medicina, basicamente na ecocardiografia, come&#231;ou cerca de 100 anos mais tarde<sup>26</sup>. </p>
    <p>Quando o feixe de ultra-som atinge uma estrutura em movimento (como as c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas, por exemplo), a onda refletida sofre uma altera&#231;&#227;o na sua freq&#252;&#234;ncia, retornando ao transdutor com freq&#252;&#234;ncia diferente daquela emitida. Assim, quando esse feixe atinge as c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas que est&#227;o se movimentando em dire&#231;&#227;o ao transdutor, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia da onda refletida aumenta, e, portanto, ser&#225; maior do que a da onda originalmente emitida. Ao contr&#225;rio, se as c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas estiverem se afastando do transdutor, a onda refletida ter&#225; freq&#252;&#234;ncia menor do que a emitida. H&#225;, portanto, uma varia&#231;&#227;o de freq&#252;&#234;ncia que pode ser medida pelo equipamento e &#233; proporcional &#224; velocidade do sangue. </p>
    <p>Da mesma maneira que o Doppler pode ser utilizado para medir a velocidade do fluxo sangu&#237;neo dentro do cora&#231;&#227;o e vasos, o m&#233;todo permite igualmente identificar e medir a velocidade de movimenta&#231;&#227;o de outros tecidos que tamb&#233;m se movimentam, como por exemplo, o mioc&#225;rdio. Esta t&#233;cnica &#233; denominada t<italic>issue Doppler imaging</italic> (TDI), ou Doppler tecidual. </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios trabalhos j&#225; foram publicados mostrando os padr&#245;es normais de velocidades sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica para cada segmento mioc&#225;rdico<sup>27-29</sup>. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Doppler tecidual permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o apenas das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica globais, como regionais<sup>24</sup>. Entretanto, possui a limita&#231;&#227;o de ser dependente do &#226;ngulo de incid&#234;ncia do feixe de ultra-som e de n&#227;o conseguir avaliar separadamente a movimenta&#231;&#227;o de um segmento analisado de seu adjacente. </p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica do <italic>strain</italic> consegue, em parte, solucionar esse problema. Apesar de possuir uma depend&#234;ncia ainda maior do &#226;ngulo de incid&#234;ncia do feixe, o fato de avaliar a diferen&#231;a de velocidades entre dois segmentos pr&#243;ximos do mioc&#225;rdio, diminui a influ&#234;ncia dos movimentos de rota&#231;&#227;o e transla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acos e da movimenta&#231;&#227;o de segmentos adjacentes (<italic>tethering</italic>)<sup>30-31</sup>. </p>
    <p>A medida do gradiente intramioc&#225;rdico de velocidade, t&#233;cnica utilizada para calcular o <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico pela ecocardiografia com Doppler, j&#225; foi abordada por v&#225;rios autores<sup>32-33</sup>. </p>
    <p> Em nosso estudo, utilizamos esta t&#233;cnica para quantificar a contratilidade segmentar em indiv&#237;duos normais e em portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas, al&#233;m de comparar os componentes radial e longitudinal da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til ventricular. </p>
    <p>As medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas basais, como era esperado, apresentaram apenas dimens&#245;es aumentadas dos di&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nos grupos C1 e C2 (forma dilatada da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica), al&#233;m da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da nos mesmos grupos, quando comparados com os grupos Nl e Ind. </p>
    <p>Na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade segmentar pela t&#233;cnica do <italic>strain</italic> pudemos observar alguns dados bastante interessantes. No grupo de miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica dilatada com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; a 50% (C1) observou-se um percentual de contratilidade diminu&#237;do em todos os segmentos das paredes septal, posterior e inferior, al&#233;m do segmento m&#233;dio da parede anterior, confirmando a natureza segmentar da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica e sua predile&#231;&#227;o pelas regi&#245;es apical e p&#243;stero-inferior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. No grupo C2, onde o comprometimento sist&#243;lico era mais discreto (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; a 50%), observou-se <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico diminu&#237;do em menor n&#250;mero de segmentos (m&#233;dio da parede septal, basal e m&#233;dio da parede posterior, m&#233;dio e apical da parede inferior e m&#233;dio da parede anterior). </p>
    <p>Na forma indeterminada, entretanto, p&#244;de-se observar um comportamento interessante. Apesar de em sua defini&#231;&#227;o congregar pacientes com sorologia positiva sem altera&#231;&#245;es de eletrocardiograma ou radiografia de t&#243;rax, e em nosso estudo a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o deste grupo n&#227;o ter apresentado diferen&#231;a do grupo normal, a forma indeterminada se comportou de uma maneira intermedi&#225;ria entre normais e forma dilatada da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. O segmento m&#233;dio da parede posterior mostrou contratilidade diminu&#237;da como nos grupos C1 e C2, enquanto alguns segmentos mostraram inclusive uma tend&#234;ncia de apresentar contratilidade maior que no grupo de normais (principalmente na parede lateral e segmentos m&#233;dio e basal da parede septal). Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esse achado poderia ser uma vicari&#226;ncia de segmentos s&#227;o ap&#243;s a agress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nesta doen&#231;a. Infelizmente, o n&#250;mero de pacientes neste grupo foi pequeno, e talvez por este motivo, n&#227;o tenha acusado diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa. </p>
    <p>Ao avaliarmos a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til radial e longitudinal, apesar do encurtamento longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ser de at&#233; 2 cm e seu espessamento n&#227;o ultrapassar 0,5 cm tanto o <italic>strain</italic> radial quanto o longitudinal foram maiores no grupo Nl quando comparado com C1 e C2 e no grupo Ind quando comparado com C1, mostrando mais uma vez a caracter&#237;stica intermedi&#225;ria da forma indeterminada. Quando analisamos individualmente cada grupo, o <italic>strain</italic> radial foi maior que o longitudinal nos normais, forma indeterminada e nos chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos (grupo C1 + C2). </p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es extra&#237;das deste estudo mostram a import&#226;ncia desta nova t&#233;cnica de quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio que, seguramente, pode identificar sutilezas n&#227;o evidenciadas na an&#225;lise visual. </p>
    <p>Recentemente, um trabalho com Doppler tecidual<sup>34</sup> mostrou algo semelhante. Estudando 339 pacientes, dos quais 92 com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, 73 com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica, 68 com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica isolada ao ecocardiograma e 106 indiv&#237;duos normais para controle, os autores observaram que as velocidades sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas dos segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos, medidas pelo Doppler tecidual, estavam significativamente diminu&#237;das nos tr&#234;s grupos quando comparadas com as do grupo controle. Mais do que isso, uma velocidade de 4,4 cm/s foi preditiva para disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em 92% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica, 52% daqueles com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica e 14% dos que apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Em outras palavras, atrav&#233;s do Doppler tecidual foi poss&#237;vel detectar altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em pacientes previamente rotulados com portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica (portanto, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal), e at&#233; mesmo naqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica isolada ao ecocardiograma. A nova pergunta seria: existe realmente insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica pura? Ou ser&#225; que os m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos utilizados at&#233; agora n&#227;o eram sens&#237;veis, o suficiente, para detectar altera&#231;&#245;es mais delicadas da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica? Voltando ao nosso estudo, com a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til (radial e longitudinal) pela t&#233;cnica do <italic>strain </italic>foi poss&#237;vel detectar altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o percept&#237;veis &#224; an&#225;lise visual (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>), o que pode ter grande significado progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Estudos recentes em portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular indicam que o tratamento precoce com betabloqueadores e bloqueadores da aldosterona reduz a morbimortalidade desses pacientes<sup>35,36</sup>. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce desses indiv&#237;duos talvez possa permitir institui&#231;&#227;o de terap&#234;utica adequada e conseq&#252;ente melhora do progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>Outro achado interessante foi o car&#225;ter progressivo do comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico observado. Na forma indeterminada (forma mais inicial da doen&#231;a) parece haver uma hipercinesia (compensat&#243;ria?) de alguns segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos enquanto a parede posterior j&#225; apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o da sua contratilidade no segmento m&#233;dio. No grupo C2 (forma cr&#244;nica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; a 50%), observou-se o comprometimento de 50% dos segmentos estudados, com predom&#237;nio das paredes p&#243;stero-inferior, septal e apical. No grupo C1 (cr&#244;nicos co FE&lt; 50%) houve um comprometimento mais difuso (69% dos segmentos estudados). </p>
    <p>Como limita&#231;&#245;es podemos citar aquelas inerentes do m&#233;todo (depend&#234;ncia do &#226;ngulo, freq&#252;&#234;ncia de quadros ainda relativamente baixa e impossibilidade de fixar o local das amostras devido &#224; movimenta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca) al&#233;m do pequeno n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos estudados com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p>A medida do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico pela ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual nos pareceu de f&#225;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o e possui grande potencial para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til ventricular, permitindo a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do porcentual de contra&#231;&#227;o dos diversos segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos e detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es sutis de deformidade da fibra mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>Concluindo, o percentual de contra&#231;&#227;o dos diversos segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos, tanto em seu componente radial quanto longitudinal, foi maior nos indiv&#237;duos normais do que em portadores da forma cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas (grupos C1 e C2) e naqueles com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a quando comparado com o grupo C1 (chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos com FE &lt; 50%). A contratilidade radial do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; maior que a longitudinal nos tr&#234;s grupos (Nl, Ind e Cr&#244;nico). Os dados apresentados nos permitem propor um car&#225;ter progressivo do acometimento mioc&#225;rdico em portadores da doen&#231;a de Chagas. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Carlos Eduardo Suaide Silva </p>
        <p> Rua Cubat&#227;o, 726 </p>
        <p> Cep 04013-002 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="csuaide@cardiol.br">csuaide@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 12/07/2004 - Aceito em 29/10/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of segmentary contractility in Chagas' disease by using the integral of the myocardial velocity gradient (myocardial strain) obtained through tissue Doppler echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To quantify the percentage of contractility of different myocardial segments in patients with Chagas' disease by measuring myocardial strain and to assess the differences in the radial and longitudinal ventricular contractile function in the undetermined and dilated forms of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy as compared with those in a group of healthy individuals. METHODS: The study comprised 39 individuals [20 (51.3%) of the male sex] divided into the following 4 groups: 1) Nl: 17 (43.6%) healthy individuals; 2) Und: 7 (17.9%) patients with the undetermined form of Chagas' disease; 3) C1: 7 (17.9%) patients with the chronic form of Chagas' disease with ejection fraction &lt; 50%; and 4) C2: 8 (20.5%) patients with the chronic form of Chagas' disease with ejection fraction &gt; 50%. After performing baseline echocardiography, Doppler tissue images were recorded to measure myocardial strain in different segments on longitudinal and transversal parasternal, and apical 2- and 4-chamber views. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The percentage of contractility in the different myocardial segments, both the radial and longitudinal components, is greater in healthy individuals than in patients with the chronic form of Chagas' disease, and in those with the undetermined form of the disease as compared with that of chronic chagasic patients with EF &lt; 50%. Left ventricular radial contractility is greater than left ventricular longitudinal contractility in all groups (Nl, Und, and Chronic). The data presented allow us to propose a progressive character of myocardial impairment in patients with Chagas' disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas' disease</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>tissue Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial strain</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Evaluation of segmentary contractility in Chagas' disease by using the integral of the myocardial velocity gradient (myocardial strain) obtained through tissue Doppler echocardiography </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Carlos Eduardo Suaide Silva; Luiz Darcy Cortez Ferreira; Luciana Braz Peixoto; Claudia Gianini Monaco; Manuel Ad&#225;n Gil; Juarez Ortiz; B&#225;rbara Maria Ianni; Jos&#233; L&#225;zaro Andrade; Wilson Mathias J&#250;nior; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Pereira Barretto</bold>
      </p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Incor do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP</p>
      <p> OMNI-CCNI Medicina Diagn&#243;stica </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To quantify the percentage of contractility of different myocardial segments in patients with Chagas' disease by measuring myocardial strain and to assess the differences in the radial and longitudinal ventricular contractile function in the undetermined and dilated forms of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy as compared with those in a group of healthy individuals. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study comprised 39 individuals [20 (51.3%) of the male sex] divided into the following 4 groups: 1) Nl: 17 (43.6%) healthy individuals; 2) Und: 7 (17.9%) patients with the undetermined form of Chagas' disease; 3) C1: 7 (17.9%) patients with the chronic form of Chagas' disease with ejection fraction &lt; 50%; and 4) C2: 8 (20.5%) patients with the chronic form of Chagas' disease with ejection fraction &gt; 50%. After performing baseline echocardiography, Doppler tissue images were recorded to measure myocardial strain in different segments on longitudinal and transversal parasternal, and apical 2- and 4-chamber views. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The percentage of contractility in the different myocardial segments, both the radial and longitudinal components, is greater in healthy individuals than in patients with the chronic form of Chagas' disease, and in those with the undetermined form of the disease as compared with that of chronic chagasic patients with EF &lt; 50%. Left ventricular radial contractility is greater than left ventricular longitudinal contractility in all groups (Nl, Und, and Chronic). The data presented allow us to propose a progressive character of myocardial impairment in patients with Chagas' disease. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Chagas' disease, echocardiography, tissue Doppler, myocardial strain</p>
      <p>Chagas' disease became known worldwide with the pioneering study of Carlos Chagas, who, in 1909, described, not only the clinical manifestations, but also the etiologic agent, the transmitting agent, and the reservoirs of that disease <sup>1</sup>. It is considered a great public health problem, mainly in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, 20 million infected individuals live on the American continents, of whom, more than 6 million are in Brazil <sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The disease may be clinically divided into 2 phases: acute and chronic. After regression of the acute phase, individuals experience a variable period characterized by positive serology and the absence of clinical, electrocardiographic, and radiological manifestations, which is called the undetermined form <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The chronic phase occurs in 25 to 30% of infected individuals, affecting mainly male adult individuals in the third or fourth decade of life. Clinically, it may be classified as dilated, arrhythmogenic, thromboembolic, mixed, and silent, and approximately 10% of the patients evolve to severe forms of the disease <sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>Echocardiography represents, currently, one of the most important complementary methods for assessing chronic Chagas' heart disease, because it allows functional and anatomic evaluation, as well as the evolutionary follow-up of the disease. The echocardiographic findings vary from normal examinations to severe systolic and diastolic functional impairment. Approximately 75% of the patients have segmentary contractile alterations, which predominate in the left ventricular postero-inferior wall and apical region. </p>
      <p>Recently, the incorporation of the tissue Doppler technique to conventional echocardiography allowed the more detailed evaluation of the systolic and diastolic myocardial functions in an overall and regional form <sup>4-11</sup>. </p>
      <p>The major limitations of Doppler tissue imaging are its dependency on the angle of incidence of the ultrasound beam in regard to the mobility of the segment to be studied and the fact that it does not differentiate between the presence of an active contraction of a healthy segment and the passive contraction of an akinetic segment, whose mobility depends on the healthy adjacent myocardium. </p>
      <p>The search for a method that could overcome those limitations led to the development of a new technology derived from Doppler tissue imaging: the measurement of the intramyocardial gradient of velocity or strain rate<sup> 12-15</sup>. </p>
      <p>In general terms, strain represents the deformation of a tissue undergoing the application of a certain force. The concept of strain was described in 1973 by Mirsky and Parmley <sup>16</sup>, and it expresses the local dynamics of myocardial performance. Differently from Doppler tissue imaging, strain rate provides information about the local instantaneous measurement of the myocardial compression or expansion rate, independently of the cardiac translation movement <sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>A tendency exists towards considering myocardial thickening, or its radial contractile function, the major component of ventricular systolic function. However, the excursion of the ventricular base towards the apex is known to be approximately 1.5 to 2 cm during systole, while the wall thickening does not exceed 0.5 cm<sup>18-20</sup>. Nevertheless, the visual analysis is still inadequate to detect those subtleties, and more accurate data about radial and longitudinal ventricular contractile function are still required. </p>
      <p>Muscle may be considered an uncompressible tissue, which means that its longitudinal deformation is inversely proportional to the alterations observed in its thickness, ie, the more the muscle stretches, the thinner it gets; and the more it contracts, the thicker it gets. Thus, by quantifying the stretching/shortening of the myocardial fiber, its degree of relaxation/contractility can be inferred <sup>21</sup>. </p>
      <p>The strain rate is the measurement of the myocardial deformation velocity, defined by the formula (V2-V1)/d, where V1 and V2 are the velocities of myocardial shortening (cm/s) in 2 points separated by a d distance (cm) <sup>16 </sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). That d distance may be adjusted by the operator and should usually be approximately 9 mm. Smaller distances increase the degree of noise, while greater distances decrease the resolution of the method. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>That measurement provides the intramyocardial gradient of velocities per unit of time and represents the degree of deformity of the fiber. Because the intramyocardial gradient of velocity represents the difference of velocities (cm/s) between 2 points divided by the distance (cm) between those same 2 points, its unit is s<sup>-1</sup> [(cm/s)/cm]. </p>
      <p>Doppler tissue imaging, used in the parasternal views, assesses the radial component of myocardial contractility; when used in the apical views, it assesses the longitudinal contractility of the muscle. Based on those observations, a new technique assessing the gradient of velocity between 2 points close to the myocardium was developed. In other words, it quantifies the stretching/shortening of the fiber, and, indirectly, its thickening, which appears to be a much more effective method for assessing myocardial contractility. </p>
      <p>Another form of assessing the deformity of the myocardial segments is through the integral of the strain rate. That measurement, simply called myocardial strain, provides information about the deformation of the fiber in terms of percentage. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at measuring the percentage of contractility of the several myocardial segments in patients with Chagas' disease by measuring the myocardial strain obtained on tissue Doppler echocardiography, and also at defining whether differences exist in the radial and longitudinal myocardial contractile function in the undetermined and chronic forms of the disease when compared with those of a group of healthy individuals. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This prospective study comprised healthy adult individuals and patients with Chagas' disease of both sexes, with a satisfactory echocardiographic window, who agreed to sign a written informed consent. Thirty-nine individuals were studied, 20 (51.3%) being of the male sex. They were divided as follows: 1) group Nl, comprising 17 (43.6%) asymptomatic individuals with normal electrocardiograms and echocardiograms, constituting the healthy control group; 2) group Und, comprising 7 (17.9%) asymptomatic individuals with positive serology for Chagas' disease, with normal electrocardiograms, chest X-rays, contrast studies of the esophagus, and contrast enemas, characterizing the undetermined form of Chagas' disease; 3) group C1, comprising 7 (17.9%) patients with Chagas' disease in its chronic form, who, in addition to electrocardiographic or radiographic alterations, or both, also had left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 50% on echocardiograms; and 4) group C2, comprising 8 (20.5%) patients with the chronic form of Chagas' disease, who had, in addition to electrocardiographic or radiographic alterations, or both, left ventricular ejection fractions &gt; 50%. For comparing the radial and longitudinal contractility, the groups of chronic chagasic patients were considered as a single group (C1+C2). The groups did not differ in regard to age (47.2 &#177; 9.4 years) or body mass index (25.4 &#177; 3.5). </p>
      <p>The following individuals were excluded from the study: patients with significant valvular or pulmonary diseases, coronary heart disease, individuals with a recent history of drug use or alcoholism, and pregnant women. </p>
      <p>After performing the clinical examination and characterizing each group, the patients underwent the echocardiographic study in a device with second harmonic and Doppler color-flow tissue imaging (System V and Vivid Five, GE-Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway). </p>
      <p>The images were obtained with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position. The echocardiogram was recorded in the digital format with the file of static and dynamic images of several echocardiographic sections. The following measurements were taken: dimensions of the aorta (Ao); left atrium (LA); left ventricular diastolic and systolic diameters (LVDD and LVSD); diastolic thickness of the ventricular septum and of the left ventricular posterior wall (DTVS and DTLVPW); and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) according to the Pombo method <sup>22</sup>. After performing a complete baseline echocardiography, Doppler tissue images were recorded for measuring the velocities and myocardial strain. A complete cardiac cycle was recorded and digitally stored in the following 4 different echocardiographic views: longitudinal and transversal parasternal, and apical 2- and 4-chamber. In the first 2, the radial component of myocardial contractility (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>) was assessed in the basal and middle segments of the septal and posterior walls (in the longitudinal parasternal view) and in the middle segments of the septal and posterior wall (in the transversal parasternal view). In the apical views, the longitudinal component of myocardial contractility was assessed in the basal, middle, and apical segments of the septal, lateral, anterior, and inferior walls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The moving digital images were transferred to a Macintosh computer (Apple Computer Inc., Cupertino, California, USA) coupled to the echocardiograph. The measurements of myocardial strain were obtained later by using a specific computer program (EchoPAC GE-Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway). The distance between the points where the myocardial velocities were collected for calculating strain was fixed as 9.2 mm. </p>
      <p>The data were typed in Microsoft Excel 2000 worksheets, and the statistical calculations and analyses were performed with the SigmaStat program for Windows, version 2.0 (Jandel Corporation, 1992-1995). For comparing the values obtained in the different segments assessed in the 4 groups studied, the Kruskal-Wallis test (analog of analysis of variance) was used. When P values &lt; 0.05 were obtained, the Dunn test was used for multiple comparisons between the 4 groups, 2-by-2. For comparing, in each group, the mean values of radial contractility and longitudinal contractility, the Mann-Whitney test was used. For all tests used, the alpha error value was fixed as 0.05 or 5%. The values presented represent the median followed by the 25th and 75th percentiles (between parentheses). </p>
      <p>The studies were carried out at InCor of the Medical School of the USP and at the laboratory of the OMNI-CCNI Medicina Diagn&#243;stica de S&#227;o Paulo. The study was approved by the committees on ethics of the 2 institutions. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In regard to the usual echocardiographic measurements, the 4 groups had no statistical differences in the aortic and left atrial diameters, and in the diastolic thickness of the ventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall. In the groups with the dilated form of chronic chagasic heart disease (C1 and C2), the left ventricular (diastolic and systolic) diameters were greater and the ejection fraction was lower compared with those in the group of healthy individuals and the group of patients with the undetermined form of Chagas' disease (Nl and Und) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In regard to the myocardial strain measurements, when each segment was individually assessed between the groups, contractility was observed to be significantly smaller in all segments of the septal, posterior, and inferior walls, and in the middle segment of the anterior wall in the C1group as compared with those in the Nl group. The C1 group had a decreased strain in the basal, middle, and apical segments of the septal wall, in the basal and middle segments of the posterior wall, in the middle and apical segments of the inferior wall, and in the middle segment of the anterior wall as compared with those in healthy individuals. Finally, the Und group had a reduced myocardial strain only in the middle segment of the posterior wall. The other segments of the Und, C1, and C2 groups showed no statistical difference in strain measurements despite the mild tendency of the median towards being increased in the basal, middle, and apical segments of the septal and lateral walls, and in the basal segments of the inferior and anterior walls in the Und group as compared with those in the healthy individuals group. </p>
      <p>When the radial and longitudinal ventricular contractile function was assessed, both the radial and longitudinal contractilities were observed to be greater in the Nl group than in the C1 and C2 groups, and in the Und group as compared with the C1 group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2a-body2">tab. IIa</xref>). Individually inside each group, radial contractility was greater than longitudinal contractility in healthy individuals and chronic chagasic patients (C1+C2), with a tendency towards being greater also in the undetermined form (P=0.053) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2b-body2">tab. IIb</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab2b-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The median of the radial strain values (measurements performed in the longitudinal and transversal parasternal views) was 33.7% (30.4%; 38.2%) in healthy individuals; 32.3% (28.7%; 33.6%) in the Und group; 21.7% (19.1%; 23.6%) in the C1 group; and 24.7% (15.2%; 27.8%) in the C2 group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the assessment of the longitudinal contractile function (measurements performed in the apical 2- and 4-chamber views), the mean percentages of contractility of the segments were as follows: 25.9% (24.5%; 30.7%) in the Nl group; 28% (24.7%; 29.7%) in the Und group; 16.8% (13.2%; 19.2%) in the C1 group; and 19.1% (15.8%; 22.3%) in the C2 group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. IV</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The left ventricular contractile function in patients with heart disease is routinely assessed by using echocardiography. However, the visual assessment of segmentary contractility is a relative limitation of the method. Although objective indices of ventricular function quantification, such as ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, systolic volume, and shortening fraction, are routinely used, those parameters are still greatly influenced by the variations in pre- and afterload. </p>
      <p>The color kinesis technique may also be used to quantify the contractile function on echocardiography; however, as it depends on the appropriate identification of the excursion of myocardial segments, its performance in individuals with a little satisfactory echocardiographic window may be difficult <sup>23,24</sup>. </p>
      <p>Recently, Yamada et al <sup>25</sup> showed that the peak systolic velocity measured with Doppler tissue imaging correlated with dP/dt<sub>max</sub> in individuals undergoing cardiac catheterization. </p>
      <p>Myocardial strain has also been proposed as an index of contractility of the muscle fiber <sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>The Doppler effect was described in 1842 by the Austrian physicist Christian Johann Doppler; its use in medicine, mainly in echocardiography, began approximately 100 years later <sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>When the ultrasound beam reaches a moving structure, such as blood cells, the reflected wave suffers an alteration in its frequency, returning to the transducer with a frequency different from that emitted. Thus, when that beam reaches the blood cells that are moving towards the transducer, the frequency of the reflected wave increases, and, therefore, it will be greater than that of the wave originally emitted. On the contrary, if the blood cells are moving away from the transducer, the frequency of the reflected wave will be smaller than that of the wave emitted. Therefore, a variation in frequency occurs, and it may be measured by the equipment, being proportional to blood velocity. </p>
      <p>Similarly to the use of Doppler for measuring blood flow velocity inside the heart and vessels, the method allows the identification and measurement of the velocity of the movement of other tissues, such as myocardium. Such a technique is called Doppler tissue imaging (DTI). </p>
      <p>Several studies have reported the normal patterns of the systolic and diastolic velocities for each myocardial segment <sup>27-29</sup>. The use of DTI allows the assessment of the overall and regional systolic and diastolic functions <sup>24</sup>. However, it has the limitation of depending on the angle of incidence of the ultrasound beam and of not allowing the assessment of the movement of a segment separated from that of its adjacent segment. </p>
      <p>The strain technique can solve that problem partially. Although it is even more dependent on the angle of incidence of the beam, the fact of assessing the difference of velocities between 2 close myocardial segments reduces the influence of the cardiac rotation and translation movements and of the movement of adjacent segments (tethering) <sup>30,31</sup>. </p>
      <p>The measurement of the intramyocardial gradient of velocity, a technique used to calculate the myocardial strain on Doppler echocardiography, has already been approached by several authors <sup>32,33</sup>. </p>
      <p>In our study, we used that technique to quantify the segmentary contractility in healthy individuals and patients with Chagas' disease, in addition to comparing the radial and longitudinal components of the ventricular contractile function. </p>
      <p>The baseline echocardiographic measurements, as expected, showed increased left ventricular diameters in the C1 and C2 groups (dilated form of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy), and a decreased ejection fraction in the same groups when compared with those in the Nl and Und groups. </p>
      <p>On quantifying segmentary contractility by use of the strain technique, some very interesting data were observed. In the group of the dilated form of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy with ejection fraction &lt; 50% (C1), a decreased percentage of contractility was observed in all segments of the septal, posterior, and inferior walls, in addition to the middle segment of the anterior wall, confirming the segmentary nature of chagasic cardiomyopathy and its predilection for the left ventricular apical and postero-inferior regions. In the C2 group, in which the systolic impairment was milder (ejection fraction &gt; 50%), decreased myocardial strain was observed in a smaller number of segments (middle of the septal wall, basal and middle of the posterior wall, middle and apical of the inferior wall, and middle of the anterior wall). </p>
      <p>In the undetermined form, however, an interesting behavior was observed. Although its definition comprised patients with positive serology without alterations on the electrocardiogram or chest X-ray, and, in our study, the ejection fraction in that group was not different from that in the healthy group, the undetermined form behaved in an intermediate manner between normal and the dilated form of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. The middle segment of the posterior wall had a decreased contractility as that in the C1 and C2 groups, while some segments showed a tendency towards a greater contractility than those in the group of healthy individuals (mainly the lateral wall and the middle and basal segments of the septal wall). A possible explanation for that finding could be the vicarious nature of healthy segments after myocardial aggression in that disease. Unfortunately, the number of patients in that group was small, and this may have been the cause of the lack of a significant statistical difference. </p>
      <p>In the assessment of the radial and longitudinal contractile function, although the left ventricular longitudinal shortening was up to 2 cm and its thickening did not exceed 0.5 cm, both the radial and longitudinal strains were greater in the Nl group as compared with those in the C1 and C2 groups, and in the Und group as compared with those in the C1 group. This, once again, showed the intermediate characteristic of the undetermined form. When each group was individually analyzed, the radial strain was greater than the longitudinal strain in healthy individuals, in patients with the undetermined form, and in the chronic chagasic patients (C1 + C2 groups). </p>
      <p>Our study shows the importance of that new technique for quantifying the myocardial contractile function, which can safely identify subtleties not evidenced on visual analysis. </p>
      <p> Recently, a study of Doppler tissue imaging <sup>34</sup> revealed something similar. That study assessed 339 patients, 92 of whom had systolic heart failure, 73 had diastolic heart failure, 68 had isolated diastolic dysfunction on echocardiography, and 106 healthy individuals for control. The authors reported that the systolic and diastolic velocities of the myocardial segments measured with Doppler tissue imaging were significantly decreased in the 3 groups when compared with those in the control group. Moreover, a 4.4-cm/s velocity predicted systolic dysfunction in 92% of the patients with systolic heart failure, in 52% of those with diastolic heart failure, and in 14% of those with diastolic dysfunction. In other words, tissue Doppler enabled the detection of alterations in the systolic function of patients previously labeled as having diastolic heart failure (therefore with normal ejection fraction), and even in those with isolated diastolic dysfunction on echocardiography. The new question would be: does pure diastolic heart failure really exist? Or, are the diagnostic methods used so far not sufficiently sensitive to detect more delicate alterations in myocardial function? Returning to our study, quantification of the radial and longitudinal contractile function by use of the strain technique enabled the detection of subclinical alterations in myocardial contractility, which were not perceptible on visual analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). This may have a great prognostic significance.</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-04-0285-00003-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Carlos Eduardo Suaide Silva </p>
          <p> Rua Cubat&#227;o, 726</p>
          <p> Cep 04013-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="csuaide@cardiol.br">csuaide@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Sent for publication: 07/12/2004 </p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 10/29/2004 </p>
      <p>English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
