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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Wqrd5Y9DknR7XZgdTgr6MFP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000300014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400314</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000300014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Feocromocitoma em crian&#231;a</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herdy</surname>
            <given-names>Gesmar Volga Haddad</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olivaes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cec&#237;lia</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>V&#226;nia Gl&#243;ria Silami</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pontes</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Adriano Gazanego</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ormond Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Batista</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Eliene C.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>267</fpage>
      <lpage>269</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Feocromocitoma &#233; uma neoplasia de c&#233;lulas cromafins que causa sintomas e sinais decorrentes da liberta&#231;&#227;o de catecolminas e &#233; muito rara em crian&#231;as. Relatamos um caso feocromocitoma em crian&#231;a, com dif&#237;cil manejo cl&#237;nico, confirmado tamb&#233;m pela anatomia-patol&#243;gica e curado ap&#243;s a ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Feocromocitoma em crian&#231;a</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Gesmar Volga Haddad Herdy; Maria Cec&#237;lia Olivaes; V&#226;nia Gl&#243;ria Silami Lopes; Carlos Adriano Gazanego Pontes; Jo&#227;o Batista Ormond Filho; Eliene C. Fonseca </p>
    <p>Niter&#243;i, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Feocromocitoma &#233; uma neoplasia de c&#233;lulas cromafins que causa sintomas e sinais decorrentes da liberta&#231;&#227;o de catecolminas e &#233; muito rara em crian&#231;as. Relatamos um caso feocromocitoma em crian&#231;a, com dif&#237;cil manejo cl&#237;nico, confirmado tamb&#233;m pela anatomia-patol&#243;gica e curado ap&#243;s a ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p> Feocromocitoma &#233; uma neoplasia de c&#233;lulas cromafins, que causa sinais e sintomas decorrentes da libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas. Geralmente &#233; tumor solit&#225;rio, unilateral, encapsulado, que em 90% dos casos se localiza na medula da supra-renal. &#201; uma causa rara de hipertens&#227;o (0,1%). O relato de feocromocitoma em crian&#231;as &#233; pouco freq&#252;ente, pois apenas 10% deles ocorre na primeira d&#233;cada de vida e, usualmente, no sexo masculino<sup>1,2</sup>. Pode ser heredit&#225;rio com transmiss&#227;o autoss&#244;mica dominante e nestes casos &#233; comum a exist&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos tumores. Pode ser associado a outras doen&#231;as, como a de Von Hippel&#150;Lindau (desordem autoss&#244;mica dominante caracterizada por angiomas de retina, hemangioblastoma do sistema nervoso central, cistos renais, carcinomas renais, cistos pancre&#225;ticos e feocromocitoma em 10 a 20% dos pacientes), neoplasias end&#243;crinas m&#250;ltiplas, esclerose tuberosa e s&#237;ndrome de Sturge-Weber (ou hemangiomatose enc&#233;falo-facial que decorre de uma prov&#225;vel desordem na migra&#231;&#227;o e diferencia&#231;&#227;o de tecidos origin&#225;rios da crista neural. Compreende ectasias de leptomeninge e cor&#243;ide; envolvimento ocular: glaucoma, hemangiomas em episclera e cor&#243;ide; hemangioma plano em distribui&#231;&#227;o trigeminal; comprometimento neurol&#243;gico que pode se manifestar como a epilepsia, retardo mental, hemiplegia e hidrocefalia)<sup>3</sup>. O quadro cl&#237;nico predominante resulta da excessiva produ&#231;&#227;o de epinefrina e nor-epinefrina, que leva a crises de hipertens&#227;o, cefal&#233;ia, palpita&#231;&#245;es, dor abdominal, palidez, v&#244;mitos, sudorese e perda de peso<sup>2</sup>. Para se ter o diagn&#243;stico &#233; preciso se suspeitar da doen&#231;a e depende da evid&#234;ncia de produ&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas pelo tumor, devendo entrar no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de outras neoplasias, hipertiroidismo e diabetes mellitus e insipidus<sup>2</sup>. A cura baseia-se na ressec&#231;&#227;o do tumor<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Crian&#231;a de 6 anos e 8 meses do sexo masculino, procurou atendimento ambulatorial com queixa de emagrecimento e suores noturnos h&#225; seis meses, com anorexia, sudorese profusa noturna e emagrecimento de 4Kg. Referia epis&#243;dios de cansa&#231;o, v&#244;mitos, exantema e febre. Ao exame, na interna&#231;&#227;o, chamava a aten&#231;&#227;o: emagrecimento, poliadenomegalia cervical e axilar, hepatomegalia e massa palp&#225;vel no hipoc&#244;ndrio esquerdo, compat&#237;vel com esplenomegalia. A primeira hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica foi linfoma. Alimenta&#231;&#227;o e desenvolvimento eram adequados. No exame f&#237;sico: peso 18.800 g (percentil 5), FC 120 bpm, FR 48 ipm, PA 110x60 mmHg, tiragem intercostal discreta, ausculta pulmonar sem altera&#231;&#245;es importantes. Ausculta card&#237;aca: presen&#231;a de 3&#186; bulha, sopro sist&#243;lico ++/6 no foco mitral, irradiado para axila. F&#237;gado a 8cm do rebordo costal direito e ba&#231;o a 6 cm do esquerdo. A radiografia de t&#243;rax, mostrou aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma compat&#237;veis com cardiomiopatia dilatada. Durante a noite apresentou picos febris, agita&#231;&#227;o, sudorese e assumiu posi&#231;&#227;o genu-peitoral. A radiografia de t&#243;rax mostrou hipotranspar&#234;ncia &#224; direita e aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca. No eletrocardiograma havia taquicardia sinusal e o ecocardiograma mostrou as seguintes medidas: VES 33 mm, VED 41 mm, FE 39%, AD 19 mm, press&#227;o pulmonar estimada em 40 mmHg. Foi medicado com furosemida, digoxina, captopril e penicilina cristalina. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o apresentou les&#245;es eritemato-pruriginosas em dorso, picos hipertensivos, com PA 140x100mmHg a 170x120 mmHg acompanhados de intenso desconforto, palidez, sudorese, v&#244;mitos, cefal&#233;ia e febre alta. Teve uma intercorr&#234;ncia infecciosa e as fun&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias pioraram e sendo necess&#225;ria pr&#243;tese ventilat&#243;ria durante tr&#234;s dias e seda&#231;&#227;o com midazolan e fentanyl. Perdeu mais peso, chegando a 16.400 g. O hemograma mostrava: hem&#225;cias 3.920.000 por mm<sup>3</sup>, HCT 31%, HB 10,4 g%, plaquetas 348.000 por mm<sup>3</sup>, reticul&#243;citos 3,2%, leuc&#243;citos 11.800 por mm<sup>3</sup> com diferencial normal. Os exames s&#233;ricos de glicose, perfil eletrol&#237;tico, dosagem de ur&#233;ia, creatinina, prote&#237;nas s&#233;ricas, transaminases, gama GT, bilirrubina, TSH, T3 e T4 eram normais. As sorologias para HIV, Hbs Ag, Anti HBS, Anti HAV, HIV eram negativas. As tomografias de cr&#226;nio e t&#243;rax foram normais e a de abdome revelou massa na topografia da supra-renal esquerda e que com contraste mostrava &#225;reas irregulares de capta&#231;&#227;o, compat&#237;vel com necrose. Com imagem sugestiva de feocromocitoma foi medicado com prazosin 5ug/kg/dose. Durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o apresentou crises de taquicardia que foram controladas com atenolol. Come&#231;ou a ganhar peso, chegando a 21.100 g no 25&#186; dia de evolu&#231;&#227;o. O exame do fundo de olho foi normal. As dosagens de cortisol s&#233;rico, normetanefrina, metanefrina e &#225;cido-vanil-mand&#233;lico estavam aumentadas, enquanto que a epinefrina, norepinefrina e dopamina encontravam-se normais. A cintilografia com meta-iodo-benzil-guanidina mostrou que se tratava de massa &#250;nica na topografia da supra-renal esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Foi levado &#224; cirurgia para ressec&#231;&#227;o da massa, ap&#243;s seis semanas de interna&#231;&#227;o. A suspens&#227;o do prazosin foi realizada no dia anterior &#224; cirurgia e iniciada infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio para controle press&#243;rico no peri-operat&#243;rio. Durante a manipula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica apresentou v&#225;rias crises hipertensivas (200x140 mmHg). Retirada a massa tumoral, com queda simult&#226;nea da PA para valores em torno de 40x20 mmHg; suspens&#227;o do nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio e in&#237;cio de infus&#227;o de noradrenalina. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0267-00014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A pe&#231;a cir&#250;rgica pesava 30 g, foi levada para estudo histopatol&#243;gico e media 5,5x,2,5x0,7 cm. &#192; microscopia mostrou c&#233;lulas neopl&#225;sicas, de citoplasma claro, finamente granuloso, n&#250;cleos pleom&#243;rficos hipercrom&#225;ticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). As colora&#231;&#245;es de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica com cromogranina e enolase e neur&#244;nio-espec&#237;fica foram positivas, confirmando a origem neuro-end&#243;crina do tumor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). O acompanhamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi realizado ambulatorialmente, com consultas programadas de 2 em 2 meses, retirando gradualmente as drogas prescritas (captopril, digoxina e furosemida) num intervalo de 6 semanas, estando o paciente com n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos e peso adequados para a idade.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0267-00014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0267-00014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De todas as doen&#231;as da endocrinologia, o feocromocitoma &#233; a que causa as mais dram&#225;ticas crises e que amea&#231;am a vida do paciente, pois al&#233;m da hipertens&#227;o grave, podem haver complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas que levam &#224; hipotens&#227;o e choque<sup>2</sup>. No caso descrito havia perda de peso e outros sinais e sintomas t&#237;picos de feocromocitoma, conseq&#252;entes &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o excessiva de catecolaminas, mas por ser raro em crian&#231;as, a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica na interna&#231;&#227;o foi neoplasia e em seguida hipertireoidismo. Mesmo nos casos em que h&#225; aumento do apetite ocorre perda de peso, podendo chegar a caquexia. &#201; relatado que apenas 10% dos casos ocorre em crian&#231;as entre 6 e 14 anos e, mais freq&#252;ente, na supra-renal direita. Nosso paciente de 6 anos apresentou a massa palp&#225;vel &#224; esquerda, confundindo-se com esplenomegalia. Foram tamb&#233;m descartados, at&#233; o momento, outros casos na fam&#237;lia do paciente (informa&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria j&#225; que em 10% a doen&#231;a pode ser heredit&#225;ria)<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>A hist&#243;ria do paciente &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o iniciara seis meses antes e os sintomas foram se agravando. Na revis&#227;o da literatura, em grande quantidade de casos o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento foram retardados por n&#227;o se ter suspeitado do diagn&#243;stico<sup>6</sup>. A crian&#231;a apresentou sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e cardiomiopatia dilatada com diminui&#231;&#227;o importante das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas. A explica&#231;&#227;o para os sinais de cardiomiopatia dilatada tamb&#233;m &#233; descrita como conseq&#252;ente &#224; miocardite, acompanhada de insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda e edema agudo de pulm&#227;o<sup>7</sup>. Na microscopia encontram-se necrose de fibras, infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio e fibrose. Em trabalhos experimentais, quando a norepinefrina &#233; infundida no coelho ocorre vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o coronariana sustentada que causa les&#245;es histol&#243;gicas semelhantes no mioc&#225;rdio<sup>8</sup>. Na miocardite ou cardiomiopatia induzida por catecolaminas em experimenta&#231;&#227;o &#233; descrito efeito ben&#233;fico do captopril, talvez por inibir a fibrose causada pelo excesso de catecolaminas. O paciente pode ter hipotens&#227;o grave, conseq&#252;ente &#224; vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o intensa. O eletrocardiograma geralmente mostra sinais de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, invers&#227;o de onda T, altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST. O ecocardiograma pode mostrar sinais de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, diminui&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares, envolvimento do folheto anterior da mitral e movimenta&#231;&#227;o paradoxal do septo<sup>9</sup>. No presente caso os sinais de cardiomiopatia desapareceram durante as seis semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia, tamb&#233;m descrito na literatura<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>A neoplasia era &#250;nica e o diagn&#243;stico de certeza foi realizado atrav&#233;s das dosagens de catecolaminas urin&#225;rias, da cintilografia e do estudo histopatol&#243;gico. Os radiois&#243;topos localizam o tecidos cromafins e confirmam ou afastam a exist&#234;ncia de tumor em outros locais<sup>10</sup>. No estudo multic&#234;ntico, publicado recentemente, foi demonstrado que as dosagens bioqu&#237;micas s&#227;o os melhores testes para o diagn&#243;stico desta doen&#231;a, principalmente as das metanefrinas, que tem sensibilidade de 99%, (forma livre no plasma) e 97% quando fracionadas na urina. A especificidade da dosagem do &#225;cido vanil-mand&#233;lico na urina &#233; de 95%<sup>4</sup>. Em muitos casos a investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica por si, pode ser desastrosa, pois &#224; palpa&#231;&#227;o da massa ou em outras manipula&#231;&#245;es h&#225; libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas que causam dram&#225;ticas conseq&#252;&#234;ncias. Caputo e cols.<sup>11</sup> descreveram o caso de uma paciente com pielonefrite que ao ser submetida &#224; tomografia com contraste apresentou crise de dispn&#233;ia, edema agudo de pulm&#227;o, deteriora&#231;&#227;o do quadro geral com crises de febre, altern&#226;ncia de hipo e hipertens&#227;o, evoluindo para &#243;bito. Tratava-se de caso de neoplasia sist&#234;mica m&#250;ltipla com feocromocitoma bilateral, diagnosticada na necr&#243;psia e o agravamento do quadro ocorreu por descarga de excessiva quantidade de catecolaminas durante a investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, descrito ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o venosa de contraste. </p>
    <p>O uso de medicamentos deve ser cauteloso, pois s&#227;o descritas crises ap&#243;s uso de opi&#225;ceos, horm&#244;nios adrenocorticotr&#243;picos, agonistas dopamin&#233;rgicos, tiramina, anest&#233;sicos (principalmente halotano) e coca&#237;na<sup>12</sup>. O uso de beta-bloqueadores antes do alfabloqueio pode piorar a hipertens&#227;o. O tratamento preconizado no preparo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio &#233; o bloqueador dos receptores alfa, portanto uso da fenoxi-benzamina ou prazosin por duas semanas antes da cirurgia. O beta-bloqueador pode ser necess&#225;rio para controlar a taquicardia. Durante o ato cir&#250;rgico deve ser usado agente anest&#233;sico inalat&#243;rio potente, e as crises de hipertens&#227;o que ocorrem durante a manipula&#231;&#227;o do tumor s&#227;o controladas com nitroprussiato ou fentolamina e a taquicardia ou taqui-arritmia com esmolol ou metoprolol<sup>5</sup>. O manejo cir&#250;rgico foi considerado um desafio durante muitos anos e s&#243; come&#231;ou a ter sucesso ap&#243;s se conhecer e aplicar o adequado preparo pr&#233; e per-operat&#243;rio<sup>6</sup>. Nosso paciente recebeu prazosin no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio durante seis semanas, tempo longo, pois houve dificuldade em se realizar a cintilografia, mas durante esse tempo houve importante ganho de peso. Durante o ato cir&#250;rgico apresentou as crises j&#225; esperadas e que foram controladas com sucesso, pelas medica&#231;&#245;es citadas. </p>
    <p>A literatura registra que o feocromocitoma em 75% dos casos se origina na medula da adrenal direita e as dimens&#245;es s&#227;o variadas, desde tamanhos microsc&#243;picos at&#233; grandes massas tumorais<sup>13</sup>. Em nosso paciente teve origem na medula da adrenal esquerda, era &#250;nico e encapsulado. A histopatologia comprovou tratar-se de tumor de c&#233;lulas cromafins com n&#250;cleos pleom&#243;rficos, hipercrom&#225;ticos, citoplasma finamente granuloso que se disp&#245;em em trab&#233;culas formando &#225;cinos. Na colora&#231;&#227;o de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica confirmou-se a origem neuro-end&#243;crina<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Carlos Adriano Gazanego Pontes </p>
        <p> Rua Coronel Cota, 47 </p>
        <p> Cep 20735-280 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gazanego@infolink.com.br">gazanego@infolink.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 03/10/2003 - Aceito em 26/01/2004</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Pheochromocytoma in childhood</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Pheochromocytoma is a neoplasia of chromaffin cells that is very rare in children. Its signs and symptoms result from the release of catecholamines. We report the case of a child with pheochromocytoma of difficult clinical management, confirmed on the anatomicopathological study, and cured after surgical resection.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pheochromocytoma in childhood</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Gesmar Volga Haddad Herdy; Maria Cec&#237;lia Olivaes; V&#226;nia Gl&#243;ria Silami Lopes; Carlos Adriano Gazanego Pontes; Jo&#227;o Batista Ormond Filho; Eliene C. Fonseca</p>
      <p> Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pheochromocytoma is a neoplasia of chromaffin cells that is very rare in children. Its signs and symptoms result from the release of catecholamines. We report the case of a child with pheochromocytoma of difficult clinical management, confirmed on the anatomicopathological study, and cured after surgical resection. </p>
      <p>Pheochromocytoma is a neoplasia of chromaffin cells with signs and symptoms resulting from the release of catecholamines. It is usually a solitary, unilateral, encapsulated tumor, which, in 90% of the cases, is located in the adrenal medulla. It is a rare cause of hypertension (0.1%). Pheochromocytoma is rarely reported in children, because only 10% of those tumors occur in the first decade of life, and it usually affects individuals of the male sex <sup>1,2</sup>. It may be inherited with autosomal dominant transmission, and, in such cases, multiple tumors are common. It may be associated with other diseases, such as in von Hippel&#150;Lindau syndrome (autosomal dominant disorder characterized by angiomas of the retina, hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system, renal cysts, renal carcinomas, pancreatic cysts, and pheochromocytoma in 10 to 20% of the patients), multiple endocrine neoplasias, tuberous sclerosis, and Sturge-Weber syndrome. The latter syndrome or encephalo-facial hemangiomatosis may result from a disorder in migration and differentiation of the tissues originating from the neural crest; it consists of the following findings: ectasia of the leptomeninge and choroid; ocular involvement (glaucoma, hemangiomas in the episclera and choroids); plane hemangioma in the trigeminal distribution; neurological impairment that may manifest as epilepsy, mental retardation, hemiplegia, and hydrocephaly <sup>3</sup><bold>.</bold> The predominant clinical findings result from the excessive production of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which lead to crises of hypertension, cephalea, palpitations, abdominal pain, paleness, vomiting, sweating, and weight loss <sup>2</sup><bold>.</bold> Its diagnosis requires a certain degree of suspicion and depends on the evidence of production of catecholamines by the tumor, and the differential diagnosis should include other neoplasias, hyperthyroidism, and diabetes mellitus and insipidus <sup>2</sup>. Cure depends on tumor resection<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 6-year and 8-month-old male child, who sought the outpatient care clinic due to anorexia, weight loss (4kg), and profuse nocturnal sweating for 6 months. The patient also reported episodes of fatigue, vomiting, exanthema, and fever. On admission, a physical examination revealed the following: weight loss, cervical and axillary polyadenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and a palpable mass in the left hypochondrium compatible with splenomegaly. The first diagnostic hypothesis was lymphoma. The patient's food intake and development were adequate. </p>
      <p>On physical examination, his weight was 18,800 g (percentile 5), his heart rate was 120 bpm, his respiratory rate was 48 ipm, and his blood pressure was 110/60 mm Hg. He had mild intercostal draught, and his pulmonary auscultation showed no important changes. His cardiac auscultation was as follows: presence of the third cardiac sound, systolic murmur (++/6) in the mitral region, which irradiated to the axillary region. His liver could be palpated 8 cm from the right costal margin, and his spleen 6 cm from the left costal margin. The chest radiograph showed enlargement of the cardiac area, and the electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were compatible with dilated cardiomyopathy. During the night, the patient had febrile peaks, agitation, sweating, and assumed the genupectoral position. A chest X-ray showed a decrease in transparency to the right and enlargement of the cardiac area. The electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia, and the echocardiogram showed the following measurements: SLV, 33mm; DLV, 41 mm; EF 39%; RA, 19 mm; and estimated pulmonary pressure, 40 mm Hg. The patient received furosemide, digoxin, captopril, and crystalline penicillin. </p>
      <p>The patient evolved with erythematous-pruriginous lesions in the dorsum, hypertensive peaks (range: from 140/100 mm Hg to 170/120 mm Hg), accompanied by intense discomfort, paleness, sweating, vomiting, cephalea, and high fever. The patient had an infectious complication and respiratory functions worsened, requiring the use of a ventilatory prosthesis for 3 days, and sedation with midazolam and fentanyl. The patient lost weight, reaching 16,400g. His hemogram was as follows: red blood cells, 3,920,000 per mm<sup>3</sup>; HCT, 31%; HB, 10.4 g%; platelets, 348,000 per mm<sup>3</sup>; reticulocytes, 3.2%; leukocytes, 11,800 per mm<sup>3</sup>, with a normal differential. His serum levels of glucose, urea, creatinine, proteins, transaminases, gamma GT, bilirubin, TSH, and T3 and T4 were normal, as was his electrolytic profile. The serologies for HIV, HBs Ag, Anti HBs, and Anti HAV were negative. His cranial and chest CT scans were normal, and the abdominal CT scan showed a mass in the topography of the left adrenal gland, which, with contrast medium, showed irregular areas of uptake, compatible with necrosis. The image suggested pheochromocytoma, and the child received prazosin, 5 mg/kg/dose. </p>
      <p>During the evolution, he had crises of tachycardia, which were controlled with atenolol. He began to gain weight, reaching 21,100 g on the 25th day of follow-up. His funduscopy was normal. The serum levels of cortisol, normetanephrine, metanephrine, and vanillylmandelic acid were increased, while those of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine were normal. Scintigraphy with metaiodobenzylguanidine showed a single mass in the topography of the left adrenal gland (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0267-00014-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient was referred for surgery for mass resection 6 weeks after admission. Prazosin was suspended one day before surgery, and continuous infusion of sodium nitroprusside was initiated for blood pressure control in the perioperative period. During surgical manipulation, the patient had several hypertensive crises (200/140 mm Hg). The mass was removed, and BP simultaneously dropped to values around 40/120 mm Hg. Sodium nitroprusside was suspended and noradrenaline infusion was initiated. </p>
      <p>The surgical specimen weighed 30 g, measured 5.5 x 2.5 x 0.7 cm, and was sent for histopathological examination. Microscopically, the mass showed neoplastic cells of light finely granular cytoplasm and pleomorphic hyperchromatic nuclei (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). The immunohistochemistry stainings (neuron-specific, chromogranin, and enolase) were positive, confirming the neuroendocrine origin of the tumor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). The postoperative follow-up was carried out on an outpatient basis, with programmed medical visits every 2 months. The drugs prescribed (captopril, digoxin, and furosemide) were gradually suspended within 6 weeks, and currently the patient has adequate blood pressure levels and weight for his age.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0267-00014-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0267-00014-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of all endocrine diseases, pheochromocytoma is the one causing the most dramatic and life-threatening crises, because, in addition to severe hypertension, cardiac complications may occur leading to hypotension and shock <sup>2</sup>. Our patient had weight loss and other typical signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma, consequent to excessive release of catecholamines. However, as the patient was a child, and because pheochromocytomas are rare in children, the diagnostic hypothesis on admission was neoplasia, and then hyperthyroidism. Even in cases of appetite increase, weight loss occurs, and the patient may become cachectic. Ten percent of the cases have been reported in children from 6 to 14 years of age, being more frequent in the right adrenal gland. Our 6-year-old patient had a palpable mass in his left hypochondrium, which was mistaken for splenomegaly. So far, other cases in the patient's family have been ruled out. This is important information, because the disease may be inherited in approximately 10% of the cases <sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>The patient's history had started 6 months before admission, and the symptoms worsened progressively. In the literature review, most patients had their diagnoses and treatments delayed because of lack of diagnostic suspicion <sup>6</sup>. Our patient had signs of heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy with a significant decrease in systolic functions. The signs of dilated cardiomyopathy have also been attributed to myocarditis, accompanied by left ventricular failure and acute pulmonary edema <sup>7</sup>. The microscopic examination showed necrosis of fibers, inflammatory infiltrate, and fibrosis.</p>
      <p>In experimental studies, when norepinephrine is infused into the rabbit, sustained coronary vasoconstriction occurs, causing histologically similar lesions in the myocardium <sup>8</sup>. In experimental myocarditis or cardiomyopathy induced by catecholamines, a beneficial effect of captopril has been reported, which may be due to the fibrosis caused by the excess of catecholamines. The patient may have severe hypotension, consequent to intense vasoconstriction. The electrocardiogram usually shows signs of left ventricular hypertrophy, T-wave inversion, and changes in the ST segment. The echocardiogram may show signs of left ventricular hypertrophy, a decrease in ventricular functions, impairment of the anterior mitral leaflet, and paradoxical septal movement <sup>9</sup>. In our patient, the signs of cardiomyopathy disappeared during the 6 weeks after surgery, as has already been reported in the literature<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Our patient had one single tumor, and the definitive diagnosis was established by measuring the urinary levels of catecholamines, scintigraphy, and histopathological study. The radioactive isotopes locate the chromaffin tissues, and confirm or rule out the existence of tumors in other sites <sup>10</sup>. A recently published multicenter study has shown that the biochemical measurements are the best tests for diagnosing that disease, mainly the measurement of metanephrines, which has a sensitivity of 99% for the free form in the plasma, and of 97% for the urinary fractioned form. The specificity of the measurement of the vanillylmandelic acid in the urine is 95% <sup>4</sup>. In several cases, the diagnostic investigation per se may be disastrous, because on mass palpation or during other manipulations, catecholamines are released, causing dramatic consequences. Caputo et al <sup>11</sup> reported the case of a patient with pyelonephritis, who, when undergoing contrast tomography, had a crisis of dyspnea, acute pulmonary edema, and deterioration in his general condition with crises of fever, alternation of hypo- and hypertension, and evolved to death. It was a case of multiple systemic neoplasia with bilateral pheochromocytoma, diagnosed on necropsy, whose worsening was due to excessive discharge of catecholamines during clinical investigation after venous administration of contrast medium. </p>
      <p>Medications should be carefully administered, because crises have been reported after the use of opiates, adrenocorticotropic hormones, dopaminergic agonists, tyramine, anesthetics (mainly halothane), and cocaine <sup>12</sup>. The use of beta-blockers before alpha-blockade may worsen hypertension. The treatment recommended in the preoperative preparation is the blockade of the alpha receptors by using phenoxybenzamine or prazosin for 2 weeks before surgery. The beta-blocker may be necessary for controlling tachycardia. During surgery, a potent inhaling anesthetic agent should be used, and the hypertensive crises occurring during manipulation of the tumor should be controlled with nitroprusside or phentolamine, and tachycardia or tachyarrhythmia with esmolol or metoprolol <sup>5</sup>. The surgical management has been considered a challenge for several years, and it began to succeed after the knowledge and application of adequate pre- and perioperative preparation <sup>6</sup>. Our patient received prazosin in the preoperative period for 6 weeks, a long period of time, because we had some difficulty in performing scintigraphy, but, during that time, a significant weight gain occurred. During surgery, the patient experienced the already expected crises, which were successfully controlled with the medications cited. </p>
      <p>The literature reports that pheochromocytoma, in 75% of the cases, originates in the right adrenal medulla, and its dimensions may vary from microscopic sizes to large tumor masses <sup>13</sup>. Our patient's tumor originated from the left adrenal medulla, was single and encapsulated. The histopathology confirmed that the tumor consisted of chromaffin cells with pleomorphic hyperchromatic nuclei and fine granular cytoplasm, in a trabecular arrangement forming acini. The immunohistochemical staining confirmed its neuroendocrine origin <sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Carlos Adriano Gazanego Pontes</p>
          <p> Rua Coronel Cota, 47 </p>
          <p> Cep 20735-280 </p>
          <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="gazanego@infolink.com.br">gazanego@infolink.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 10/03/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 01/26/2004</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
