<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mHRpq4JNDGcSjsccvMMsgzN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000300011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000300011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Amiodarona causa vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias caninas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Evora</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maruo</surname>
            <given-names>Ayako</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaff</surname>
            <given-names>Hartzell V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>251</fpage>
      <lpage>255</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos vasodilatadores da amiodarona em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias caninas empregando solu&#231;&#245;es de amiodarona dissolvida em polisorbato 80 ou em &#225;gua. M&#201;TODOS: An&#233;is de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, com e sem o endot&#233;lio &#237;ntegro, foram imersos em solu&#231;&#227;o de krebs e conectadas a um transdutor para aferi&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a isom&#233;trica promovida por contra&#231;&#227;o vascular. As art&#233;rias foram expostas a concentra&#231;&#245;es crescentes de polisorbato 80, amiodarona dissolvida em &#225;gua, amiodarona dissolvida em polisorbato 80 e uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o comercial da amiodarona (Cordarone&#174;). Os experimentos foram conduzidos na presen&#231;a e na aus&#234;ncia dos seguintes bloqueadores enzim&#225;ticos: apenas indometacina, N&#244;mega-nitro-L-arginina associada &#224; indometacina e apenas N&#244;mega-nitro-L-arginina. RESULTADOS: O polisorbato 80 causou pequeno relaxamento n&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio. O Cordarone&#174;, a amiodarona dissolvida em &#225;gua e em polisorbato 80 promoveram relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio, que foi de maior magnitude para a amiodarona dissolvida em polisorbato e para o Cordarone&#174;. Apenas a associa&#231;&#227;o de indometacina com a N&#244;mega-nitro-L-arginina foi capaz de abolir o relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio provocado pela amiodarona dissolvida em polisorbato 80. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os resultados obtidos indicam que a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o promovida pela amiodarona em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias caninas &#233; causada principalmente pela estimula&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e fatores endoteliais relaxantes dependentes das ciclo-oxigenases.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>amiodarona</kwd>
        <kwd>&#243;xido n&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>ciclo-oxygenase</kwd>
        <kwd>circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Amiodarona causa vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias caninas </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Alfredo Jos&#233; Rodrigues; Paulo Roberto Barbosa Evora; Ayako Maruo; Hartzell V. Schaff </p>
    <p>Ribeir&#227;o Preto,SP / Mayo Clinic - Rochester, MN, USA </p>
    <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da USP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar os efeitos vasodilatadores da amiodarona em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias caninas empregando solu&#231;&#245;es de amiodarona dissolvida em polisorbato 80 ou em &#225;gua. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>An&#233;is de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, com e sem o endot&#233;lio &#237;ntegro, foram imersos em solu&#231;&#227;o de krebs e conectadas a um transdutor para aferi&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a isom&#233;trica promovida por contra&#231;&#227;o vascular. As art&#233;rias foram expostas a concentra&#231;&#245;es crescentes de polisorbato 80, amiodarona dissolvida em &#225;gua, amiodarona dissolvida em polisorbato 80 e uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o comercial da amiodarona (Cordarone<sup>&#174;</sup>). Os experimentos foram conduzidos na presen&#231;a e na aus&#234;ncia dos seguintes bloqueadores enzim&#225;ticos: apenas indometacina, Nw-nitro-L-arginina associada &#224; indometacina e apenas Nw-nitro-L-arginina. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O polisorbato 80 causou pequeno relaxamento n&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio. O Cordarone<sup>&#174;</sup>, a amiodarona dissolvida em &#225;gua e em polisorbato 80 promoveram relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio, que foi de maior magnitude para a amiodarona dissolvida em polisorbato e para o Cordarone<sup>&#174;</sup>. Apenas a associa&#231;&#227;o de indometacina com a Nw-nitro-L-arginina foi capaz de abolir o relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio provocado pela amiodarona dissolvida em polisorbato 80. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Os resultados obtidos indicam que a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o promovida pela amiodarona em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias caninas &#233; causada principalmente pela estimula&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e fatores endoteliais relaxantes dependentes das ciclo-oxigenases.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>endot&#233;lio, amiodarona, &#243;xido n&#237;trico, ciclo-oxygenase, circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana</p>
    <p> Atualmente, a amiodarona &#233; utilizada, exclusivamente, como um anti-arr&#237;tmico, todavia, foi primariamente introduzida como um vasodilatador para o tratamento da angina de peito<sup>1</sup>. Embora seu efeito vasodilatador, muitas vezes evidenciado como hipotens&#227;o ap&#243;s uso intravenoso<sup>2, 3</sup>, seja bem conhecido, os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela vasodilata&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o o s&#227;o. Demonstrou-se que a amiodarona e o seu metabolito, a N-desetilamiodarona, promovem relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio em veias humanas<sup>4, 5</sup>. Entretanto, s&#227;o escassas as informa&#231;&#245;es quanto aos mecanismos envolvidos no relaxamento de art&#233;rias sist&#234;micas, sobretudo as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o obstante os efeitos intr&#237;nsecos da amiodarona, sabe-se que o polisorbato 80, solvente utilizado nas apresenta&#231;&#245;es comerciais da amiodarona, pode influenciar o efeito de outras drogas<sup>6-8</sup>, promover a libera&#231;&#227;o de histamina<sup>9</sup>, al&#233;m de ser potencialmente lesivo para o endot&#233;lio<sup>10, 11</sup>. Tais efeitos podem ser clinicamente relevantes, levando &#224; procura de apresenta&#231;&#245;es aquosas de amiodarona<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>A presente investiga&#231;&#227;o foi elaborada com a finalidade de avaliar os efeitos vasodilatadores da amiodarona, bem como do polisorbato 80, em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias caninas, empregando solu&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona dissolvida em polisorbato 80, solu&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona dilu&#237;da em &#225;gua e solu&#231;&#227;o de polisorbato 80 dilu&#237;do em &#225;gua. Para avaliar, separadamente, cada uma das duas principais vias de produ&#231;&#227;o e libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores endoteliais vasodilatadores (&#243;xido n&#237;trico e prostaciclinas), os experimentos foram realizados em presen&#231;a de inibidor da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintetase (Nw-Nitro-L-arginina), das ciclo-oxigenases (indometacina) e de ambos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>C&#227;es mesti&#231;os (25-30 kg), livres de verminoses e de ambos os sexos, foram anestesiados com tiopental s&#243;dico intravenoso (30 mg/kg; Abbott Lab., Chicago, IL) e exanguinados mediante sec&#231;&#227;o das car&#243;tidas. O t&#243;rax foi rapidamente aberto e o cora&#231;&#227;o, ainda em atividade, foi retirado e imerso em solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs gelada com a composi&#231;&#227;o molar: NaCl- 118,3; KCI- 4,7; MgSO4- 1,2; KH2PO4- 1,22; CaCl2- 2,5; NaHCO3- 25,0 e glicose, 11,1. A investiga&#231;&#227;o foi aprovada e realizada de acordo com o estabelecido pelo Guia de Cuidados e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio publicado pelo <italic>US National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 85-23, revised 1996)</italic>, e das normas do Comit&#234; Institucional para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais da <italic>Mayo Foundation</italic>, Rochester, MN, EUA. </p>
    <p>A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa foi dissecada e um segmento retirado. An&#233;is vasculares com 4 a 5 mm de comprimento foram cuidadosamente obtidos a partir desse seguimento arterial. Os an&#233;is foram suspensos em c&#226;maras com capacidade de 25 ml, cheias com solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs a 37 &#186;C e aerada com mistura gasosa composta de 95% de O<sub>2</sub> e 5% de CO<sub>2</sub> (pH=7.4). Cada anel vascular foi suspenso por dois ganchos de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel passados atrav&#233;s do l&#250;men dos vasos. Um gancho era preso ao fundo da c&#226;mara e o outro ao transdutor de for&#231;a <italic>Statham UC 2, Gould, Cleveland, Ohio</italic>. Ap&#243;s a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da prepara&#231;&#227;o, os an&#233;is foram estirados progressivamente at&#233; a tens&#227;o preestabelecida de 10 g. </p>
    <p>Em todos os experimentos a aus&#234;ncia ou a presen&#231;a de endot&#233;lio &#237;ntegro foi averiguada pela resposta observada &#224; dose &#250;nica de acetilcolina (10<sup>-6</sup> M), ap&#243;s contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por 20 mM de cloreto de pot&#225;ssio. A remo&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio foi realizada mecanicamente, introduzindo-se o ramo de uma pin&#231;a delicada na luz do vaso e rolando-o sob esse ramo da pin&#231;a. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a averigua&#231;&#227;o do estado funcional do endot&#233;lio os vasos eram mantidos nas c&#226;maras cheias com solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs sem drogas por 30 min antes do in&#237;cio dos experimentos. </p>
    <p>Todos os experimentos foram realizados em paralelo, utilizando-se pares de an&#233;is vasculares compostos por um anel com endot&#233;lio e outro sem o endot&#233;lio. Inicialmente foram obtidas curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para a amiodarona dissolvida em &#225;gua destilada (AMA) nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de 10<sup>-9</sup> M a 10<sup>-4 </sup>M, para a solu&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona dissolvida em polisorbato 80 (AMPO) nas concentra&#231;&#227;o de 10<sup>-9 </sup>M a 10<sup>-4</sup> M de amiodarona e de 10 <sup>&#150;13</sup> M a 10<sup>-8</sup> M de polisorbato, para a solu&#231;&#227;o de polisorbato 80 (10 <sup>-13</sup> M to 10<sup>-8</sup> M of polisorbato) e tamb&#233;m para uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o comercial da amiodarona (cordarone<sup>&#174;</sup>, 10<sup>-9</sup> M a 10<sup>-4</sup> M de amiodarona). Todas as solu&#231;&#245;es foram testadas simultaneamente em an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio e sem o endot&#233;lio. </p>
    <p>O primeiro grupo de curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta foi obtido sem o bloqueio das ciclo-oxigenases ou da oxido n&#237;trico sintetase. Subseq&#252;entemente, foram obtidas curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para amiodarona em &#225;gua (AMA) e em polisorbato 80 (AMPO) na presen&#231;a de indometacina (2x10<sup>-5</sup> M), indometacina (2x10<sup>-5</sup> M) em combina&#231;&#227;o com a Nw-Nitro-L-arginina (L-NA) (2x10<sup>-4 </sup>M) e L-NA (2x10<sup>-4</sup> M) apenas. Os bloqueadores enzim&#225;ticos eram adicionados 1h antes do in&#237;cio da obten&#231;&#227;o das curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta. Em todos os experimentos a prostaglandina F2a (2x10<sup>-6</sup> M) foi utilizada para contrair os vasos. </p>
    <p>A acetilcolina, a indometacina, a prostaglandina F2a, a amiodarona, o polisorbato 80 e a Nw-Nitro-L-arginina foram adquiridas da <italic>Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo).</italic> O Cordarone<sup>&#174;</sup> (150mg/3ml) &#233; do <italic>Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., U.S.A.</italic> Todas as drogas foram preparadas com &#225;gua destilada, exceto a indometacina que foi dissolvida em solu&#231;&#227;o de NaHCO<sub>3</sub> (10<sup>-5</sup> M), ou a amiodarona quando dissolvida em polisorbato 80. </p>
    <p>A solu&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona em polisorbato 80 (AMPO) foi obtida dissolvendo-se polisorbato 80 em &#225;gua destilada de modo a se obter uma solu&#231;&#227;o com a concentra&#231;&#227;o de inicial de 10<sup>-9</sup> M de polisorbato. A seguir, adicionava-se &#224; solu&#231;&#227;o a amiodarona de modo a se obter concentra&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona de 10<sup>-4 </sup>M. Esta solu&#231;&#227;o inicial de amiodarona e polisorbato foi utilizada para obten&#231;&#227;o das dilui&#231;&#245;es subseq&#252;entes, e a concentra&#231;&#227;o inicial de polisorbato 80 (10<sup>-9</sup> M) escolhida por ser a concentra&#231;&#227;o de polisorbato 80, obtida ao se diluir 1 frasco de Cordarone<sup>&#174;</sup> (150mg/3ml, <italic>Wyeth Laboratories, Inc.</italic>) visando uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona de 10<sup>-4</sup> M. </p>
    <p>Amiodarona dissolvida apenas em &#225;gua foi obtida diluindo-se a amiodarona em &#225;gua destilada aquecida a 40&#186;C e agitada com ultra som em banho aquecido at&#233; obter-se uma solu&#231;&#227;o l&#237;mpida. </p>
    <p>Os resultados est&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o da porcentagem do plat&#244; de contra&#231;&#227;o induzida pela prostaglandina F2a. O plat&#244; de contra&#231;&#227;o, o ponto inicial da curva de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta, foi considerado como 0% de relaxamento. O "n" indica o n&#250;mero de animas dos quais foram tomados os an&#233;is vasculares. </p>
    <p>Os seguintes testes estat&#237;sticos foram utilizados: <italic>two-way ANOVA</italic> seguido do p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do teste para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Dunn. Utilizou-se o software GraphPad Prism, vers&#227;o 3.03<italic> (GraphPad Software, Inc.)</italic>. As diferen&#231;as foram consideradas significativas se p &lt; 0.05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os plat&#244;s de contra&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>) comparando art&#233;rias com e sem endot&#233;lio dentro do mesmo grupo experimental ou entre os grupos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0251-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O relaxamento promovido pela AMA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>, n=9) em art&#233;rias com endot&#233;lio variou de 0% a 57,0%&#177;17,9 %, e de 0,37 %&#177; 1.11% a 17.2%&#177;15.56 % em art&#233;rias sem endot&#233;lio. As diferen&#231;as foram significativas (p&lt;0.001) para as concentra&#231;&#245;es de 3,16x10<sup>-5</sup> M e 10<sup>-4</sup> M. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0251-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O Cordarone<sup>&#174;</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>, n=6) provocou relaxamento que variou de 0,4%&#177;1,02%, na concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima, a 94,40%&#177;10,10%, na concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima, em vasos com endot&#233;lio. Em vasos sem endot&#233;lio o relaxamento variou de 0% a 40,26%&#177;18,44%. As diferen&#231;as entre o relaxamento de vasos com e sem endot&#233;lio foram significativas (p&lt;0,001) para as concentra&#231;&#245;es de amiodarona de 3,16x10<sup>-5</sup> e 10<sup>-4</sup> M. </p>
    <p>A solu&#231;&#227;o de amiodarona em polisorbato (AMPO) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>, n=6) promoveu relaxamento em art&#233;rias com endot&#233;lio que variou de 0%, na concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima, a 100%&#177;0% na concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima. Em art&#233;rias sem endot&#233;lio, o relaxamento variou de 0% a 28,46%&#177;13,87%. As diferen&#231;as entre art&#233;rias com e sem endot&#233;lio foram significativas (p&lt;0,001) para as concentra&#231;&#245;es de 10<sup>-5 </sup>M a 10<sup>-4</sup> M. </p>
    <p>O polisorbato 80 provocou um discreto relaxamento tanto em art&#233;rias com endot&#233;lio como naquelas sem endot&#233;lio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>, n=6). O relaxamento m&#225;ximo em art&#233;rias com e sem endot&#233;lio foi de 27,43%&#177;24,10% e 18,35%&#177;15,08%, respectivamente. A diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi significativa. &#201; interessante que a adi&#231;&#227;o de uma dose &#250;nica de amiodarona dissolvida em &#225;gua (10<sup>-4</sup> M) ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima dose da curva concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para o polisorbato 80 (10<sup>-8</sup> M) provocou relaxamento imediato de 99,37%&#177;1,39% nas art&#233;rias com endot&#233;lio e de 24,55%&#177;15,28 % nas art&#233;rias sem endot&#233;lio (p&lt;0,001). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0251-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Comparando-se as curvas obtidas com o Cordarone<sup>&#174;</sup> &#224;quelas obtidas com a amiodarona em polisorbato (AMPO), observamos que apenas para a concentra&#231;&#227;o de 10<sup>-5</sup> M houve diferen&#231;a no relaxamento, com a AMPO promovendo relaxamento maior que aquele promovido pela amiodarona comercial (p&lt;0,01), nas art&#233;rias com endot&#233;lio. </p>
    <p>Assim, como o polisorbato 80 provocou relaxamento discreto e independente do endot&#233;lio e o relaxamento promovido pela AMPO foi similar &#224;quele promovido pela amiodarona comercial, os experimentos subseq&#252;entes foram realizados apenas com amiodarona dissolvida em &#225;gua (AMA) e a amiodarona dissolvida em solu&#231;&#227;o de polisorbato 80 (AMPO). </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de indometacina (2x10<sup>-5 </sup>M) provocou um desvio significativo para a direita da curva concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta (p&lt;0,05) para a AMA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>, n=6), todavia, na m&#225;xima concentra&#231;&#227;o (10<sup>-4</sup> M) o relaxamento observado em vasos com endot&#233;lio ainda foi significativamente maior (38,81% &#177; 15,07%, p&lt;0.001) &#224;quele observado em vasos sem o endot&#233;lio (13.35% &#177; 6.63%). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0251-00011-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A indometacina n&#227;o afetou significativamente o relaxamento provocado pela AMPO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>, n=6). O relaxamento em art&#233;rias com endot&#233;lio variou de 0% a 85,76%&#177;19,90%, e de 0% a 16,75%&#177;8,30% nos vasos sem endot&#233;lio. A diferen&#231;a de relaxamento entre os vasos com e sem endot&#233;lio foi significante (p&lt;0,001) para as concentra&#231;&#245;es de 10<sup>-5</sup> a 10<sup>-4</sup> M. </p>
    <p>A Nw-Nitro-L-Arginina (L-NA) (2x10<sup>-4 </sup>M) aboliu o relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio provocado pela AMA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>, n=6), desde que diferen&#231;as significativas n&#227;o foram observadas entre o relaxamento de vasos com e sem endot&#233;lio. Embora a Nw-Nitro-L-Arginina tenha causado algum desvio &#224; direita da curva concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta, ela n&#227;o inibiu o relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio provocado pela AMPO (n=6, m&#225;ximo de 88,73%&#177; 15,67%). Observou que o relaxamento obtido com as concentra&#231;&#245;es de 3,16x10<sup>-5</sup> M e 10<sup>-4</sup> M de AMPO foi significativamente maior nas art&#233;rias com endot&#233;lio (p&lt;0,001). </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0251-00011-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o da Nw-Nitro-L-arginina (2x10<sup>-4 </sup>M) com a indometacina (2x 10<sup>-5 </sup>M) aboliu completamente o relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio promovido tanto pela AMA como pela AMPO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>, n=6), uma vez que n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significativa entre o relaxamento de art&#233;rias com e sem endot&#233;lio para ambas as drogas, embora algum relaxamento independente do endot&#233;lio ainda tenha ocorrido.</p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0251-00011-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como salientamos, anteriormente, j&#225; se demonstrou que a amiodarona e seu metabolito, a N-desetilamiodarona, causam relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio em veias humanas de modo similar ao que observamos nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de c&#227;es, embora naquelas investiga&#231;&#245;es apenas a amiodarona dissolvida em polisorbato tenha sido utilizada<sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nossos resultados demonstraram que a amiodarona promove relaxamento que &#233; em sua maior magnitude dependente do endot&#233;lio em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de c&#227;es. Todavia, parece-nos que a presen&#231;a do solvente polisorbato influencia tal vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que o polisorbato 80 sozinho n&#227;o provocou relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio, mas sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a amiodarona influenciou significativamente a magnitude do relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio. </p>
    <p>Observando-se os resultados obtidos com amiodarona dissolvida em &#225;gua constata-se que o bloqueio isolado das ciclo-oxigenases diminuiu, mas n&#227;o aboliu, a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o. Todavia, o bloqueio isolado da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintetase bloqueou a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o promovida pela amiodarona em &#225;gua. Tal fato salienta a maior import&#226;ncia do &#243;xido n&#237;trico na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o promovida pela amiodarona. No entanto, somente a inibi&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea das ciclo-oxigenases e da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintetase aboliu a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o promovida pela amiodarona dissolvida em polisorbato 80. Se o polisorbato 80 atuou meramente promovendo melhor solubiliza&#231;&#227;o da amiodarona ou se ele tamb&#233;m modulou os efeitos da amiodarona, em ambas as situa&#231;&#245;es, propiciando a amplia&#231;&#227;o do efeito vasodilatador da amiodarona, &#233; mat&#233;ria para especula&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que surfactantes, como os polisorbatos, podem influenciar a atividade enzim&#225;tica do &#225;cido aracd&#244;nico. Demonstrou-se que os surfactantes reduzem significativamente a inibi&#231;&#227;o promovida pelo substrato das 15-lipoxigenases<sup>13</sup> e promovem libera&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido aracd&#244;nico<sup>14,15</sup>. Ademais, demonstrou-se que o polisorbato 80 pode facilitar o transporte de diversos &#237;ons (K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, NH4<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>++</sup>) e mol&#233;culas inorg&#226;nicas atrav&#233;s de modelos de membrana<sup>16-19</sup>. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias, ainda, de que os polisorbatos tamb&#233;m podem modular a sensibilidade a certos agentes anti-tumorais, aumentando o transporte desses agentes atrav&#233;s da membrana ou facilitando sua intera&#231;&#227;o com as mesmas<sup>6,19</sup>, visto que a amiodarona &#233; uma droga altamente lipof&#237;lica<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudos <italic>in vivo</italic> tamb&#233;m sugerem que os polisorbatos n&#227;o s&#227;o inertes e podem influenciar os efeitos sist&#234;micos da amiodarona<sup>7,8,21</sup>, embora outros autores tenham demonstrado que o polisorbato pode lesar o endot&#233;lio vascular com concentra&#231;&#245;es maiores que as utilizadas por n&#243;s<sup>4,5,10,11</sup>. </p>
    <p>O mecanismo exato pelo qual a amiodarona promove a libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores endoteliais relaxantes n&#227;o &#233; completamente conhecido, mas demonstrou-se que a amiodarona<sup>22</sup> e a N-desetilamiodarona<sup>23</sup> promovem um aumento sustentado nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de c&#225;lcio citoplasm&#225;tico nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais. Tal eleva&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio pode desencadear a ativa&#231;&#227;o das vias dependentes da calmodulina e que resultam na libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores vasodilatadores. Ademais, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a amiodarona estimula receptores tipo prote&#237;na-G <sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ainda que os resultados demonstrem claramente que a libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores endoteliais &#233; o principal mecanismo de relaxamento vascular, os resultados obtidos com a inibi&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea das ciclo-oxigenases e da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintetase tamb&#233;m demonstram que a amiodarona provoca alguma vasodilata&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>), pois nota-se discreto relaxamento semelhante entre art&#233;rias com e sem endot&#233;lio, fato este que pode estar relacionado &#224;s suas propriedades bloqueadora de canais de c&#225;lcio<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora a hipotens&#227;o ap&#243;s o uso intravenoso de amiodarona seja um efeito adverso conhecido<sup>2, 3, 26</sup>, v&#225;rios mecanismos, al&#233;m da libera&#231;&#227;o de fatores relaxantes endoteliais, podem ser os respons&#225;veis <italic>in vivo</italic>. Demonstrou-se que a amiodarona pode provocar redu&#231;&#227;o do desempenho card&#237;aco e/ou induzir a um estado de baixa resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica devido a um efeito bloqueador alfa-adren&#233;rgico<sup>27,28</sup>. Ademais, o polisorbato, presente na formula&#231;&#227;o comercial da amiodarona, pode causar libera&#231;&#227;o de histamina <sup>9</sup>, podendo resultar em hipotens&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Concluindo, nossos resultados indicam que a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o promovida pela amiodarona em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias caninas &#233; causada principalmente pela estimula&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e fatores endoteliais relaxantes dependentes das ciclo-oxigenases.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Alfredo Jos&#233; Rodrigues </p>
        <p> Campus Universit&#225;rio </p>
        <p> Monte Alegre, s/n&#186; </p>
        <p> Cep 14048-900 - Ribeir&#227;o Preto - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="alfredo@smnp.usp.br">alfredo@smnp.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 01/09/2003 - Aceito em 26/01/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Singh BN. Amiodarone: historical development    and pharmacologic profile. Am Heart J 1983;106:788-797. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Amiodarone: historical development and pharmacologic profile</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>788</fpage>
          <lpage>797</lpage>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>BN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Kowey PR, Marinchak RA, Rials SJ et al. Intravenous    amiodarone. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1190-1198. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intravenous amiodarone</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1190</fpage>
          <lpage>1198</lpage>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kowey</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marinchak</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rials</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Mets B, Michler RE, Delphin ED et al. Refractory    vasodilation after cardiopulmonary bypass for heart transplantation in recipients    on combined amiodarone and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy:    a role for vasopressin administration. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1998;12:326-329.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Refractory vasodilation after cardiopulmonary bypass for heart transplantation in recipients on combined amiodarone and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy: a role for vasopressin administration</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>326</fpage>
          <lpage>329</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mets</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michler</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delphin</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Grossmann M, Dobrev D, Himmel HM et al. Local    venous response to N-desethylamiodarone in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;67:22-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Local venous response to N-desethylamiodarone in humans</article-title>
          <source>Clin Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>22</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grossmann</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobrev</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Himmel</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Grossman M, Dobrev D, Kirch W. Amiodarone    causes endothelium-dependent vasodilation in human hand veins in vivo. Clin    Pharmacol Ther 1998;64:302-311. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Amiodarone causes endothelium-dependent vasodilation in human hand veins in vivo</article-title>
          <source>Clin Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>302</fpage>
          <lpage>311</lpage>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grossman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobrev</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirch</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Yamazaki T, Sato Y, Hanai M et al. Non-ionic    detergent Tween 80 modulates VP-16 resistance in classical multidrug resistant    K562 cells via enhancement of VP-16 influx. Cancer Lett 2000;149:153-161. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Non-ionic detergent Tween 80 modulates VP-16 resistance in classical multidrug resistant K562 cells via enhancement of VP-16 influx</article-title>
          <source>Cancer Lett</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>153</fpage>
          <lpage>161</lpage>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yamazaki</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sato</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanai</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Path GJ, Dai XZ, Schwartz JS et al. Effects    of amiodarone with and without polysorbate 80 on myocardial oxygen consumption    and coronary blood flow during treadmill exercise in the dog. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol    1991;18:11-16. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of amiodarone with and without polysorbate 80 on myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow during treadmill exercise in the dog</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Path</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dai</surname>
              <given-names>XZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Munoz A, Karila P, Gallay P et al. A randomized    hemodynamic comparison of intravenous amiodarone with and without Tween 80.    Eur Heart J 1988;9:142-148. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A randomized hemodynamic comparison of intravenous amiodarone with and without Tween 80</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>142</fpage>
          <lpage>148</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Munoz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karila</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallay</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Masini E, Planchenault J, Pezziardi F et al.    Histamine-releasing properties of polysorbate 80 in vitro and in vivo: correlation    with its hypotensive action in the dog. Agents Actions 1985;16:470-477. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Histamine-releasing properties of polysorbate 80 in vitro and in vivo: correlation with its hypotensive action in the dog</article-title>
          <source>Agents Actions</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>470</fpage>
          <lpage>477</lpage>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Masini</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Planchenault</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pezziardi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Zengil H, Hodoglugil U, Guney Z. Effects    of polysorbates and cremophor EL on vascular responses in rat aorta. Experientia    1995;51:1055-1059. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of polysorbates and cremophor EL on vascular responses in rat aorta</article-title>
          <source>Experientia</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1055</fpage>
          <lpage>1059</lpage>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zengil</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodoglugil</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guney</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Uluoglu C, Korkusuz P, Uluoglu O et al. Tween    80 and endothelium: functional reduction due to tissue damage. Res Commun Mol    Pathol Pharmacol 1996;91:173-183. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Tween 80 and endothelium: functional reduction due to tissue damage</article-title>
          <source>Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>173</fpage>
          <lpage>183</lpage>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Uluoglu</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Korkusuz</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uluoglu</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Somberg JC, Bailin SJ, Haffajee CI et al.    Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous amiodarone (in a new aqueous formulation)    for incessant ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:853-859. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous amiodarone (in a new aqueous formulation) for incessant ventricular tachycardia</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>853</fpage>
          <lpage>859</lpage>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Somberg</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailin</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haffajee</surname>
              <given-names>CI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Mogul R, Holman TR. Inhibition studies of    soybean and human 15-lipoxygenases with long-chain alkenyl sulfate substrates.    Biochemistry 2001;40:4391-4397. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Inhibition studies of soybean and human 15-lipoxygenases with long-chain alkenyl sulfate substrates</article-title>
          <source>Biochemistry</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>4391</fpage>
          <lpage>4397</lpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mogul</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holman</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Muller-Decker K, Heinzelmann T, Furstenberger    G et al. Arachidonic acid metabolism in primary irritant dermatitis produced    by patch testing of human skin with surfactants. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998;153:59-67.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Arachidonic acid metabolism in primary irritant dermatitis produced by patch testing of human skin with surfactants</article-title>
          <source>Toxicol Appl Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>59</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <volume>153</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muller-Decker</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heinzelmann</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furstenberger</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Moreno JJ. Arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin    E2 synthesis as irritant index of surfactants in 3T6 fibroblast cultures. Toxicology    2000;143:275-282. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis as irritant index of surfactants in 3T6 fibroblast cultures</article-title>
          <source>Toxicology</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>275</fpage>
          <lpage>282</lpage>
          <volume>143</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Thoman CJ. Ionophoric properties of polysorbate    80. J Pharm Sci 1986;75:983-986. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ionophoric properties of polysorbate 80</article-title>
          <source>J Pharm Sci</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>983</fpage>
          <lpage>986</lpage>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thoman</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Heppel LA, Makan N. Methods for rapidly altering    the permeability of mammalian cells. J Supramol Struct 1977;6:399-409. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Methods for rapidly altering the permeability of mammalian cells</article-title>
          <source>J Supramol Struct</source>
          <date>
            <year>1977</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>399</fpage>
          <lpage>409</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Heppel</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makan</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Thoman CJ. The versatility of polysorbate    80 (tween 80) as an ionophore. J Pharm Sci 1999;88:258-260. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The versatility of polysorbate 80 (tween 80) as an ionophore</article-title>
          <source>J Pharm Sci</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>258</fpage>
          <lpage>260</lpage>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thoman</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Tsujino I, Yamazaki T, Masutani M et al.    Effect of tween-80 on cell killing by etoposide in human lung adenocarcinoma    cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1999;43: 29-34. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of tween-80 on cell killing by etoposide in human lung adenocarcinoma cells</article-title>
          <source>Cancer Chemother Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsujino</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamazaki</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masutani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Kodama I, Kamiya K, Toyama J. Cellular electropharmacology    of amiodarone. Cardiovasc Res 1997;35:13-29. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cellular electropharmacology of amiodarone</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kodama</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamiya</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toyama</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Gough WB, Zeiler RH, Barreca P, El-Sherif    N. Hypotensive action of commercial intravenous amiodarone and polysorbate 80    in dogs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1982;4:375-380. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hypotensive action of commercial intravenous amiodarone and polysorbate 80 in dogs</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>375</fpage>
          <lpage>380</lpage>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gough</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeiler</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreca</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El-Sherif</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Powis G, Olsen R, Standing JE et al. Amiodarone-mediated    increase in intracellular free Ca2+ associated with cellular injury to human    pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990;103:156-164.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Amiodarone-mediated increase in intracellular free Ca2+ associated with cellular injury to human pulmonary artery endothelial cells</article-title>
          <source>Toxicol Appl Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>156</fpage>
          <lpage>164</lpage>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Powis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olsen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Standing</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Himmel HM, Dobrev D, Grossmann M et al. N-desethylamiodarone    modulates intracellular calcium concentration in endothelial cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs    Arch Pharmacol 2000;362:489-496. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>N-desethylamiodarone modulates intracellular calcium concentration in endothelial cells</article-title>
          <source>Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>489</fpage>
          <lpage>496</lpage>
          <volume>362</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Himmel</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobrev</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grossmann</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Hageluken A, Nurnberg B, Harhammer R et al.    The class III antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone directly activates pertussis toxin-sensitive    G proteins. Mol Pharmacol 1995;47:234-240. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The class III antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone directly activates pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins</article-title>
          <source>Mol Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>234</fpage>
          <lpage>240</lpage>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hageluken</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nurnberg</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harhammer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Lubic SP, Nguyen KP, Dave B et al. Antiarrhythmic    agent amiodarone possesses calcium channel blocker properties. J Cardiovasc    Pharmacol 1994;24:707-714. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Antiarrhythmic agent amiodarone possesses calcium channel blocker properties</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>707</fpage>
          <lpage>714</lpage>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lubic</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nguyen</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dave</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Crystal E, Kahn S, Roberts R et al. Long-term    amiodarone therapy and the risk of complications after cardiac surgery: results    from the Canadian Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Trial (CAMIAT).    J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125:633-637. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term amiodarone therapy and the risk of complications after cardiac surgery: results from the Canadian Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Trial (CAMIAT)</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>633</fpage>
          <lpage>637</lpage>
          <volume>125</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crystal</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kahn</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roberts</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Liberman BA, Teasdale SJ. Anaesthesia and    amiodarone. Can Anaesth Soc J 1985;32:629-638. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Anaesthesia and amiodarone</article-title>
          <source>Can Anaesth Soc J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>629</fpage>
          <lpage>638</lpage>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liberman</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teasdale</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Djandjighian L, Planchenault J, Finance O    et al. Hemodynamic and antiadrenergic effects of dronedarone and amiodarone    in animals with a healed myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol2000;36:376-383.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hemodynamic and antiadrenergic effects of dronedarone and amiodarone in animals with a healed myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>376</fpage>
          <lpage>383</lpage>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Djandjighian</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Planchenault</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Finance</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Amiodarone causes endothelium-dependent vasodilation in canine coronary arteries</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the vasodilating effects of amiodarone on canine coronary arteries by using solutions of amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate 80 or water. METHODS: Rings of coronary arteries, with or without intact endothelium, were immersed in Krebs solution and connected to a transducer for measuring the isometric force promoted by a vascular contraction. The arteries were exposed to increasing concentrations of polysorbate 80, amiodarone dissolved in water, amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate 80, and a commercial presentation of amiodarone (Cordarone). The experiments were conducted in the presence of the following enzymatic blockers: only indomethacin, Nw-nitro-L-arginine associated with indomethacin, and only Nw-nitro-L-arginine. RESULTS: Polysorbate 80 caused a small degree of nonendothelium-dependent relaxation. Cordarone, amiodarone dissolved in water, and amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate 80 caused endothelium-dependent relaxation, which was greater for amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate and for Cordarone. Only the association of indomethacin and Nw-nitro-L-arginine could eliminate the endothelium-dependent relaxation caused by amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate 80. CONCLUSION: The results obtained indicate that vasodilation promoted by amiodarone in canine coronary arteries is mainly caused by stimulation of the release of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-dependent relaxing endothelial factors.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>amiodarone</kwd>
        <kwd>nitric oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>cyclooxygenase</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary circulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p><undefined id="tx-body2"/>Amiodarone causes endothelium-dependent vasodilation in canine coronary arteries</p>
      <p>Alfredo Jos&#233; Rodrigues; Paulo Roberto Barbosa Evora; Ayako Maruo; Hartzell V. Schaff</p>
      <p> Ribeir&#227;o Preto,SP / Mayo Clinic - Rochester, MN, USA</p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP, Brazil, and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA</p>
      <p>Correspondence</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the vasodilating effects of amiodarone on canine coronary arteries by using solutions of amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate 80 or water.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Rings of coronary arteries, with or without intact endothelium, were immersed in Krebs solution and connected to a transducer for measuring the isometric force promoted by a vascular contraction. The arteries were exposed to increasing concentrations of polysorbate 80, amiodarone dissolved in water, amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate 80, and a commercial presentation of amiodarone (Cordarone). The experiments were conducted in the presence of the following enzymatic blockers: only indomethacin, Nw-nitro-L-arginine associated with indomethacin, and only Nw-nitro-L-arginine.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Polysorbate 80 caused a small degree of nonendothelium-dependent relaxation. Cordarone, amiodarone dissolved in water, and amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate 80 caused endothelium-dependent relaxation, which was greater for amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate and for Cordarone. Only the association of indomethacin and Nw-nitro-L-arginine could eliminate the endothelium-dependent relaxation caused by amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate 80.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The results obtained indicate that vasodilation promoted by amiodarone in canine coronary arteries is mainly caused by stimulation of the release of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-dependent relaxing endothelial factors.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>endothelium, amiodarone, nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase, coronary circulation</p>
      <p> Currently, amiodarone is exclusively used as an antiarrhythmic agent. However, it was primarily introduced as a vasodilator for the treatment of angina pectoris <sup>1</sup>. Although its vasodilating effect is well known and frequently evidenced as hypotension after its intravenous use <sup>2,3</sup>, the mechanisms responsible for vasodilation have not been totally clarified. Amiodarone and its metabolite, N-desethylamiodarone, have been shown to cause endothelium-dependent relaxation in human veins <sup>4,5</sup>. However, information about the mechanisms involved in relaxation of systemic arteries, mainly coronary arteries, is still scarce.</p>
      <p>In addition to the intrinsic effects of amiodarone, polysorbate 80, a solvent used in commercial amiodarone, may influence the effect of other drugs <sup>6-8</sup>, cause histamine release <sup>9</sup>, and be potentially harmful to the endothelium <sup>10,11</sup>. These effects may be clinically relevant, and have led to the search for other aqueous presentations of amiodarone <sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>The present investigation aimed at assessing the vasodilating effects of amiodarone, as well as those of polysorbate 80, in canine coronary arteries, by using a solution of amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate 80, a solution of amiodarone diluted in water, and a solution of polysorbate 80 diluted in water. To separately assess each of the 2 major pathways of production and release of vasodilating endothelial factors (nitric oxide and prostacyclins), the experiments were performed in the presence of the nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor (Nw-nitro-L-arginine), of cyclooxygenase (indomethacin), and of both.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Crossbred dogs (weight, 25-30 kg), of both sexes, and with no verminous disease, were anesthetized with intravenous thiopental sodium (30 mg/kg; Abbott Lab, Chicago, IL, USA), had their carotids sectioned, and died of bleeding. Their chests were rapidly opened, and their hearts, still active, were removed and immersed in cold Krebs solution with a molar composition (NaCl, 118.3; KCI, 4.7; MgSO4, 1.2; KH2PO4, 1.22; CaCl2, 2.5; NaHCO3, 25.0; and glucose, 11.1). The investigation was approved and performed according to the recommendations in the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health [DHHS Publication No. (NIH) 85-23, revised 1996], and the guidelines of the Institutional Committee for Animal Care and Use of the Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA. </p>
      <p>The circumflex coronary artery was dissected and one segment was removed. Four- to 5-mm long vascular rings were carefully obtained from that arterial segment. The rings were suspended in 25-mL chambers containing Kreks solution at 37&#186;C and aired with a gas mixture composed of 95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub> (pH = 7.4). Each vascular ring was suspended by 2 stainless steel hooks passed through the lumen of the vessels. One hook was attached to the end of the chamber and the other to the force transducer Statham UC 2 (Gould, Cleveland, Ohio, USA). After stabilization of the preparation, the rings were progressively stretched until the pre-established tension of 10 g. </p>
      <p>In all experiments, the absence or presence of intact endothelium was assessed through the response to a single dose of acetylcholine (10<sup>-6</sup> M) after contraction induced by 20 mM of potassium chloride. Removal of the endothelium was mechanically performed by introducing the arm of a delicate tweezers in the lumen of the vessel, and by rolling the vessel under that arm of the tweezers. </p>
      <p>After assessing the functional status of the endothelium, the vessels were maintained in the chambers immersed in Krebs solution with no drug for 30 minutes before beginning the experiments. </p>
      <p>All experiments were performed in parallel, using pairs of vascular rings composed of one ring with endothelium and another ring without endothelium. Initially, concentration-response curves were obtained for the following solutions: amiodarone dissolved in distilled water (AMA) at concentrations from 10<sup>-9</sup> M to 10<sup>-4 </sup>M; amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate 80 (AMPO) at concentrations from 10<sup>-9 </sup>M to 10<sup>-4</sup> M of amiodarone and 10<sup>&#150;13</sup> M to 10<sup>-8</sup> M of polysorbate; polysorbate 80 (10<sup>-13</sup> M to 10<sup>-8</sup> M of polysorbate); and a commercial preparation of amiodarone (Cordarone, 10<sup>-9</sup> M to 10<sup>-4</sup> M of amiodarone). All solutions were simultaneously tested in rings with and without endothelium. </p>
      <p>The first group of concentration-response curves was obtained without blocking the cyclooxygenases or nitric oxide synthetase. Afterwards, concentration-response curves were built for amiodarone in water (AMA) and in polysorbate 80 (AMPO) in the presence of indomethacin (2x10<sup>-5</sup> M), indomethacin (2x10<sup>-5</sup> M) in combination with Nw-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA) (2x10<sup>-4 </sup>M), and L-NA (2x10<sup>-4</sup> M) only. The enzymatic blockers were added 1h before beginning to build the concentration-response curves. Prostaglandin F2a (2x10<sup>-6</sup> M) was used to contract the vessels in all experiments. </p>
      <p>Acetylcholine, indomethacin, prostaglandin F2a, amiodarone, polysorbate 80, and Nw-nitro-L-arginine were acquired from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo, USA). Cordarone (150 mg/3 mL) was provided by Wyeth Laboratories Inc., USA. All drugs were prepared with distilled water, except for indomethacin, which was dissolved in a solution of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> (10<sup> -5</sup> M), and amiodarone, when dissolved in polysorbate 80. </p>
      <p>The solution of amiodarone in polysorbate 80 (AMPO) was obtained by dissolving polysorbate 80 in distilled water to obtain a solution with an initial concentration of 10<sup>-9</sup> M of polysorbate. Then, amiodarone was added to the solution to obtain an amiodarone concentration of 10<sup>&#150;4 </sup>M. That initial solution of amiodarone and polysorbate was used to obtain the subsequent dilutions, and that initial concentration of polysorbate 80 (10<sup>-9</sup> M) chosen was obtained by diluting 1 flask of Cordarone (150 mg/3 mL, Wyeth Laboratories, Inc.), aiming at an amiodarone concentration of 10<sup>-4</sup> M. </p>
      <p>Amiodarone dissolved only in water was obtained by diluting amiodarone in distilled water at 40&#186;C and agitating with ultrasound in a warmed bath until obtaining a clear solution. </p>
      <p>The results are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation of the percentage of the plateau of contraction induced by prostaglandin F2a. The plateau of contraction, the initial point of the concentration-response curve, was considered as 0% of relaxation. "n" indicates the number of animals from which the vascular rings were obtained.</p>
      <p>The following statistical tests were used: 2-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Dunn multiple comparisons test. GraphPad Prism software, version 3.03 (GraphPad Software Inc.) was used. The differences were considered significant when P &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No significant difference was observed between the plateaus of contraction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>) when comparing arteries with and without endothelium within the same experimental group or between groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0251-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The relaxation caused by AMA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>, n=9) in arteries with endothelium ranged from 0% to 57.0%&#177;17.9%, and, in arteries without endothelium, from 0.37%&#177;1.11% to 17.2%&#177;15.56%. The differences were significant (P &lt; 0.001) for the concentrations of 3.16x10<sup>-5</sup> M and 10<sup>-4</sup> M. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0251-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Cordarone (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>, n=6) caused relaxation that ranged from 0.4%&#177;1.02%, at the minimum concentration, to 94.40% &#177; 10.10%, at the maximum concentration, in vessels with endothelium. In vessels without endothelium, the relaxation ranged from 0% to 40.26% &#177; 18.44%. The differences between relaxation of the vessels with and without endothelium were significant (P&lt;0.001) for the concentrations of amiodarone of 3.16x10<sup>-5</sup> and 10<sup>-4</sup> M. </p>
      <p>The solution of amiodarone in polysorbate (AMPO) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>, n=6) caused relaxation in arteries with endothelium that ranged from 0%, at the minimum concentration, to 100% &#177; 0%, at the maximum concentration. In arteries without endothelium, relaxation ranged from 0% to 28.46% &#177; 13.87%. The differences between the arteries with and without endothelium were significant (P &lt; 0.001) for the concentrations from 10<sup>-5 </sup>M to 10<sup>-4</sup> M. </p>
      <p>Polysorbate 80 caused a mild relaxation in arteries with and without endothelium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>, n=6). The maximum relaxation in arteries with and without endothelium was 27.43%&#177;24.10% and 18.35%&#177;15.08%, respectively. The difference was not significant. It is worth noting that the addition of a single dose of amiodarone dissolved in water (10<sup>-4</sup> M) after the last dose of the concentration-response curve for polysorbate 80 (10<sup>-8</sup> M) caused immediate relaxation of 99.37%&#177;1.39% in arteries with endothelium and of 24.55%&#177;15.28% in arteries without endothelium (P&lt;0.001). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0251-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Comparing the curves obtained with Cordarone with those obtained with amiodarone in polysorbate (AMPO), a difference in relaxation was observed only for the concentration of 10<sup>-5</sup> M, and AMPO caused greater relaxation than that provided by commercial amiodarone (P &lt; 0.01) in the arteries with endothelium. </p>
      <p>Thus, as polysorbate 80 caused mild relaxation independently of the endothelium, and as the relaxation provided by AMPO was similar to that caused by commercial amiodarone, the subsequent experiments were performed only with amiodarone dissolved in water (AMA) and amiodarone dissolved in the polysorbate 80 solution (AMPO). </p>
      <p>The presence of indomethacin (2 x 10<sup>&#150;5 </sup>M) caused a significant deviation to the right of the concentration-response curve (P&lt;0.05) for AMA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>, n=6); however, at the maximum concentration (10<sup>-4</sup> M), the relaxation observed in vessels with endothelium was still significantly greater (38.81%&#177;15.07%, P&lt;0.001) than that observed in vessels without endothelium (13.35%&#177;6.63%). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0251-00011-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Indomethacin did not significantly affect the relaxation caused by AMPO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>, n=6). Relaxation in the arteries with endothelium ranged from 0% to 85.76%&#177;19.90%, and from 0% to 16.75%&#177; 8.30% in the vessels without endothelium. The difference in relaxation between the vessels with and without endothelium was significant (P&lt;0.001) for the concentrations from 10<sup>-5</sup> to 10<sup> -4</sup> M. </p>
      <p>Nw-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA) (2x10<sup>-4 </sup>M) eliminated the endothelium-dependent relaxation caused by AMA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>, n=6), because no significant differences in relaxation were observed in vessels with and without endothelium. Although Nw-nitro-L-arginine has caused some deviation in the concentration-response curve to the right, it has not inhibited endothelium-dependent relaxation caused by AMPO (n=6, maximum of 88.73%&#177;15.67%). The relaxation obtained with the AMPO concentrations of 3.16x10<sup>-5</sup> M and 10<sup>-4</sup> M was significantly greater in arteries with endothelium (P&lt;0.001). </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0251-00011-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The combination of Nw-nitro-L-arginine (2x10<sup>-4 </sup>M) with indomethacin (2x 10<sup>&#150;5 </sup>M) eliminated completely the endothelium-dependent relaxation caused by both AMA and AMPO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">fig. 5</xref>, n=6), because no significant difference was observed between relaxation of arteries with and without endothelium for both drugs, although some endothelium-independent relaxation occurred. </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0251-00011-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As already emphasized, amiodarone and its metabolite, N-desethylamiodarone, have already been shown to cause endothelium-dependent relaxation in human veins similarly to that observed in canine coronary arteries, although only amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate was used in those investigations <sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Our results show that amiodarone causes relaxation, which is mainly endothelium-dependent in canine coronary arteries. However, although polysorbate 80 alone does not cause endothelium-dependent relaxation, it seems that the presence of the solvent polysorbate influences that vasodilation, because its association with amiodarone significantly influences the magnitude of endothelium-dependent relaxation. </p>
      <p>Considering the results obtained with amiodarone dissolved in water, it is evident that the isolated blockage of cyclooxygenases decreased, but did not eliminate, vasodilation. However, the isolated blockage of nitric oxide synthetase blocked vasodilation promoted by amiodarone in water. Such a fact emphasizes the greater importance of nitric oxide in the vasodilation promoted by amiodarone. However, only the simultaneous inhibition of cyclooxyge nases and nitric oxide synthetase eliminated vasodilation promoted by amiodarone dissolved in polysorbate 80. Whether polysorbate 80 acted merely promoting better solubilization of amiodarone or whether it also modulated the effects of amiodarone, in both situations propitiating amplification of the vasodilating effect of amiodarone, is still questionable. </p>
      <p>Evidence suggests that surfactants, such as polysorbates, may influence the enzymatic activity of the arachidonic acid. Surfactants have been shown to significantly reduce the inhibition promoted by the substrate of 15-lipoxygenases<sup>13</sup> and promote the release of arachidonic acid<sup>14,15</sup>. In addition, polysorbate 80 has been shown to facilitate the transportation of several ions (K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, NH4<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>++</sup>) and inorganic molecules through membrane models <sup>16-19</sup>. Evidence exists that polysorbates may also modulate sensitivity to certain antitumor agents, increasing the transportation of those agents through the membrane or facilitating their interaction <sup>6,19</sup>, considering that amiodarone is a highly lipophilic drug <sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>In vivo studies have also suggested that polysorbates are not inert and may influence the systemic effects of amiodarone<sup> 7,8,21</sup>, although other authors have shown that polysorbate may damage the vascular endothelium at concentrations greater than those used in our study <sup>4,5,10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The exact mechanism by which amiodarone causes the release of relaxing endothelial factors has not been completely clarified, but amiodarone <sup>22</sup> and N-desethylamiodarone <sup>23</sup> have been shown to promote a sustained increase in the concentrations of cytoplasmic calcium in endothelial cells. Such calcium elevation may trigger the activation of the calmodulin-dependent pathway, which results in the release of vasodilating factors. In addition, evidence exists that amiodarone stimulates protein-G type receptors <sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although the results have clearly shown that the release of endothelial factors is the major mechanism of vascular relaxation, the results obtained with the simultaneous inhibition of the cyclooxygenases and nitric oxide synthetase have also shown that amiodarone causes some nonendothelium-dependent vasodilation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">fig. 5</xref>), because a similar discreet relaxation is observed in arteries with and without endothelium. This fact may be related to its calcium channel blocking properties <sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>Although hypotension after the intravenous use of amiodarone is a well-known side effect <sup>2,3,26</sup>, several mechanisms may be involved in vivo, in addition to the release of endothelial relaxing factors. Amiodarone has been shown to cause a reduction in cardiac performance or to induce a state of low peripheral vascular resistance due to an alpha-adrenergic blocking effect <sup>27,28</sup>. In addition, polysorbate, present in the commercial formulation of amiodarone, may cause the release of histamine <sup>9</sup>, and result in hypotension. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, our results show that vasodilation promoted by amiodarone in canine coronary arteries is mainly caused by the stimulation of the release of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-dependent endothelial relaxing factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
