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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">J9WC6SxYPqHktDbtz7Ld3ym</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000300009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000300009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal regional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na endomiocardiofibrose</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salemi</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Maria Cury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arteaga</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix J A</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>241</fpage>
      <lpage>244</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar a movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal regional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) em pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose (EMF). M&#201;TODOS: Estudados 88 pacientes, 59 do sexo feminino, com idade m&#233;dia de 39&#177;13 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o de 9 a 65) com evid&#234;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica e angiogr&#225;fica de EMF do VE. A intensidade da deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso na cineventriculografia contrastada foi classificada como discreta, moderada ou importante. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo &#225;rea-comprimento por meio da ventriculografia. O movimento foi medido em 100 cordas eq&#252;idistantes e perpendiculares &#224; linha m&#233;dia desenhada no meio dos contornos diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais e normalizadas para o tamanho card&#237;aco. Analisaram-se cinco segmentos do VE: A - apical; AL - &#226;ntero-lateral; AB - &#226;ntero-basal; IA - &#237;nfero-apical; IB - &#237;nfero-basal. A anormalidade foi expressa em unidades de desvio padr&#227;o do movimento m&#233;dio em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia normal, composta por 103 pacientes com VE normal, conforme dados de cl&#237;nica, eletrocardiograma e padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos. RESULTADOS: A FEVE m&#233;dia foi de 0,47&#177;0,12. O envolvimento de tecido fibroso do VE foi discreto em 12 pacientes, moderado em 40 e importante em 36. As regi&#245;es com pior movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal foram A (-1,4&#177;1,6 desvio-padr&#227;o/cordas) e IA (-1,6&#177;1,8 desvio-padr&#227;o/cordas) comparadas com AB (-0,3&#177;1,9 desvio-padr&#227;o /cordas), AL (-0,5&#177;1,8 desvio-padr&#227;o/cordas) e IB (-0,9&#177;1,3 desvio-padr&#227;o/cordas). N&#227;o se observou rela&#231;&#227;o entre a intensidade de envolvimento do tecido fibroso e a manuten&#231;&#227;o parietal regional. CONCLUS&#195;O : Existe altera&#231;&#227;o da movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal regional na EMF e &#233; independente da intensidade de deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso avaliada qualitativamente. O envolvimento n&#227;o uniforme do VE deve ser levado em conta no planejamento cir&#250;rgico dessa doen&#231;a.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>contratilidade regional</kwd>
        <kwd>envolvimento fibroso</kwd>
        <kwd>endomiocardiofibrose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal regional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na endomiocardiofibrose </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Charles Mady; Vera Maria Cury Salemi; Barbara Maria Ianni; Edmundo Arteaga; F&#225;bio Fernandes; Felix J A Ramires </p>
    <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), HC-FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar a movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal regional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) em pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose (EMF). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudados 88 pacientes, 59 do sexo feminino, com idade m&#233;dia de 39&#177;13 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o de 9 a 65) com evid&#234;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica e angiogr&#225;fica de EMF do VE. A intensidade da deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso na cineventriculografia contrastada foi classificada como discreta, moderada ou importante. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo &#225;rea-comprimento por meio da ventriculografia. O movimento foi medido em 100 cordas eq&#252;idistantes e perpendiculares &#224; linha m&#233;dia desenhada no meio dos contornos diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais e normalizadas para o tamanho card&#237;aco. Analisaram-se cinco segmentos do VE: A - apical; AL - &#226;ntero-lateral; AB - &#226;ntero-basal; IA - &#237;nfero-apical; IB - &#237;nfero-basal. A anormalidade foi expressa em unidades de desvio padr&#227;o do movimento m&#233;dio em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia normal, composta por 103 pacientes com VE normal, conforme dados de cl&#237;nica, eletrocardiograma e padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A FEVE m&#233;dia foi de 0,47&#177;0,12. O envolvimento de tecido fibroso do VE foi discreto em 12 pacientes, moderado em 40 e importante em 36. As regi&#245;es com pior movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal foram A (-1,4&#177;1,6 desvio-padr&#227;o/cordas) e IA (-1,6&#177;1,8 desvio-padr&#227;o/cordas) comparadas com AB (-0,3&#177;1,9 desvio-padr&#227;o /cordas), AL (-0,5&#177;1,8 desvio-padr&#227;o/cordas) e IB (-0,9&#177;1,3 desvio-padr&#227;o/cordas). N&#227;o se observou rela&#231;&#227;o entre a intensidade de envolvimento do tecido fibroso e a manuten&#231;&#227;o parietal regional. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O : </bold>Existe altera&#231;&#227;o da movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal regional na EMF e &#233; independente da intensidade de deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso avaliada qualitativamente. O envolvimento n&#227;o uniforme do VE deve ser levado em conta no planejamento cir&#250;rgico dessa doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>contratilidade regional, envolvimento fibroso, endomiocardiofibrose</p>
    <p> As caracter&#237;sticas da doen&#231;a, que se assemelha clinicamente &#224; endomiocardiofibrose (EMF), foram descritas, primeiramente, em africanos, por Bedford e Konstam<sup>1</sup>; Davies<sup>2</sup>, na seq&#252;&#234;ncia, detalhou suas caracter&#237;sticas patol&#243;gicas. O envolvimento fibroso do endoc&#225;rdio e mioc&#225;rdio adjacente ao &#225;pice e via de entrada dos ventr&#237;culos, causando uma s&#237;ndrome restritiva, caracteriza a doen&#231;a. Em geral, o tecido fibr&#243;tico envolve os m&#250;sculos papilares e leva, adicionalmente, a disfun&#231;&#245;es valvares atrioventriculares, que, combinadas com a restri&#231;&#227;o ao enchimento ventricular, causam manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de endomiocardiofibrose &#233;, supostamente, restrita a zonas tropicais. Entretanto, relatos recentes, descrevendo a distribui&#231;&#227;o universal da ocorr&#234;ncia t&#234;m entrado em conflito com esta afirma&#231;&#227;o<sup>3-5</sup>. </p>
    <p>O aspecto da imagem ventricular na ecocardiografia<sup>6</sup> e na cineventriculografia<sup>7 </sup>&#233; caracter&#237;stico da doen&#231;a. Existe amputa&#231;&#227;o apical e restri&#231;&#227;o do enchimento diast&#243;lico. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#233; geralmente preservada, exceto nas formas avan&#231;adas. Contudo, pouco se conhece sobre altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade segmentar nesta doen&#231;a. O padr&#227;o de envolvimento ventricular deve variar de acordo com os pa&#237;ses onde os estudos foram realizados<sup>8</sup>. &#201; plaus&#237;vel supor que a intensidade de distribui&#231;&#227;o da deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo possa interferir na contratilidade regional. </p>
    <p>Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a motilidade regional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es de motilidade e a intensidade de envolvimento fibroso global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 88 pacientes, 59 do sexo feminino, com idade m&#233;dia de 39&#177;13 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o de 9 a 65), com endomiocardiofibrose do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sendo que, 85 (96%) tinham fibrose associada do ventr&#237;culo direito. A classe funcional, segundo crit&#233;rio da <italic>New York Heart Association </italic>(NYHA), apresentou-se assim: I em 8 (9,1%) pacientes, II em 11 (12,5%), III em 38 (43,2%) e IV em 31 (35,2%). Serviram como popula&#231;&#227;o normal de refer&#234;ncia 103 indiv&#237;duos, 52 homens, com idade m&#233;dia de 52&#177;10 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o de 21 a 72), com ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal, conforme dados de cl&#237;nica, eletrocardiograma e padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de endomiocardiofibrose foi estabelecido pelos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos presentes em todos os casos: oblitera&#231;&#227;o do &#225;pice ventricular, dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial, aumento da ecorrefletividade do endoc&#225;rdio, padr&#227;o de enchimento diast&#243;lico restritivo e refluxo atrioventricular<sup>9</sup>. A imagens angiogr&#225;ficas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram realizadas com cateter <italic>pigtail </italic>em proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior direita a 30&#186; e confirmaram o diagn&#243;stico. A intensidade da deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso na cineventriculografia contrastada foi classificada como discreta, moderada, ou grave<sup>10</sup>. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo &#225;rea-comprimento<sup>11</sup> e a motilidade parietal regional quantificada pelo m&#233;todo da linha m&#233;dia<sup>12,13</sup>, que &#233; um modelo simples para a an&#225;lise da motilidade ventricular. Escolheram-se as imagens contrastadas representando o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole m&#225;ximas, sendo seu contorno transferido para um papel para c&#225;lculo posterior. As imagens foram analisadas por dois pesquisadores independentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Fig. 1</xref>). Atrav&#233;s de um programa espec&#237;fico, que Toscano e cols.<sup>14</sup> desenvolveram para este fim, as imagens ventriculares foram gravadas em microcomputador com a ajuda de uma mesa digitalizadora (CURTA/model IS/ONE). A linha m&#233;dia foi constru&#237;da pelo computador entre os contornos diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Fig. 1</xref>). O movimento foi medido em 100 cordas eq&#252;idistantes e perpendiculares &#224; linha m&#233;dia. O comprimento de cada corda foi o movimento do ponto correspondente no contorno ventricular esquerdo<sup>13</sup>. As cordas foram normalizadas para o tamanho card&#237;aco pela divis&#227;o de cada comprimento com a borda diast&#243;lica final, obtendo-se uma unidade adimensional. A anormalidade foi expressa em unidades de desvio padr&#227;o do movimento m&#233;dio da popula&#231;&#227;o normal de refer&#234;ncia. Valores positivos indicaram hipercinesia e valores negativos, hipocinesia. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0241-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A medida das cordas foi iniciada em n&#237;vel da valva a&#243;rtica e, sucessivamente, as cordas foram numeradas em sentido hor&#225;rio, do plano valvar a&#243;rtico ao mitral. As regi&#245;es demarcadas pelas cordas de 1 a 10 foram exclu&#237;das, pois a an&#225;lise mostrou grande varia&#231;&#227;o no comprimento. As cordas de 81 a 100 foram tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;das por representarem a valva mitral<sup>15</sup>. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi dividido em cinco regi&#245;es: &#226;ntero-basal (AB), cordas de 10 a 23; &#226;ntero-lateral (AL), cordas de 24 a 37; apical (A), cordas de 38 a 52; &#237;nfero-apical (IA), cordas de 53 a 66 e &#237;nfero-basal (IB), cordas de 67 a 80. O comprimento m&#233;dio e o desvio padr&#227;o foram calculados e comparados com a curva m&#233;dia de 103 pessoas normais. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes assinaram consentimento para participar do estudo ap&#243;s terem sido informados dos objetivos e dos m&#233;todos empregados. Os procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com as orienta&#231;&#245;es do comit&#234; revisor institucional que aprovou o protocolo com base nos princ&#237;pios definidos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. </p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico utilizado para comparar a motilidade das paredes foi a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em 0,05. Os dados foram analisados atrav&#233;s do programa estat&#237;stico SAS, vers&#227;o 6.11 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, U.S.A.). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da FEVE foi de 0,47&#177;0,12. O comprometimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por tecido fibroso foi discreto em 12 (14%) pacientes; moderado, em 40 (44%) e importante, em 36 (41%). As regi&#245;es com pior contratilidade foram A (-1,4&#177;1,6 desvio padr&#227;o/cordas) e IA (-1,6&#177;1,8 desvio padr&#227;o/cordas), comparadas com AB (-0,3&#177;1,9 desvio padr&#227;o/cordas), AL (-0,5&#177;1,8 desvio padr&#227;o/cordas) e IB (-0,9&#177;1,3 desvio padr&#227;o/cordas) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">Fig. 2</xref>). A motilidade das paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi independente da intensidade da deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">Fig. 3</xref>). O n&#237;vel descritivo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o dois a dois da motilidade parietal regional na endomiocardiofibrose mostrou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as regi&#245;es AB e AL (p=0,29), AL e IB (p=0,09), A e IA (p=0,18) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tab. I</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0241-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0241-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0241-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os mecanismos patogen&#233;ticos da endomiocardiofibrose s&#227;o pouco entendidos. Alguns estudos sugerem a ocorr&#234;ncia de diferentes est&#225;gios cl&#237;nicos e histopatol&#243;gicos em sua evolu&#231;&#227;o, sendo o est&#225;gio final caracterizado por um processo fibr&#243;tico do endomioc&#225;rdio<sup>16</sup>. Existem alguns pontos controversos a respeito de a fibrose ser apenas um tecido fibroso est&#225;tico, como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de processo tromb&#243;tico ou inflamat&#243;rio pr&#233;vio, ou apresentar car&#225;ter evolutivo<sup>17,18</sup>. </p>
    <p> Existem descri&#231;&#245;es detalhadas da doen&#231;a<sup>4,19</sup>. As les&#245;es refletem a substitui&#231;&#227;o do endoc&#225;rdio e do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular adjacente por tecido fibroso. Elas n&#227;o est&#227;o localizadas de forma difusa no endoc&#225;rdio mas, geralmente, afetam o &#225;pice e a via de entrada. Do &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, as les&#245;es fibr&#243;ticas se estendem para a parede posterior, envolvendo a c&#250;spide posterior da valva atrioventricular, que se tona aderente &#224; fibrose. Trata-se de um processo cont&#237;nuo ou irregular, com &#225;reas de tecido n&#227;o comprometido com a fibrose entre o &#225;pice e a regi&#227;o valvar. Entretanto, a doen&#231;a pode afetar somente o &#225;pice ou apenas a regi&#227;o valvar e pode, ainda, ser encontrada em regi&#245;es outras que n&#227;o o &#225;pice e as valvas<sup>7</sup>. Esta informa&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica &#233; de grande relev&#226;ncia, principalmente porque novas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas t&#234;m sido descritas<sup>20</sup>. Portanto, o m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise <italic>in vivo</italic> desses ventr&#237;culos &#233; importante. </p>
    <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o movimento da parede &#233; avaliado atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia pelo escore de movimento de parede<sup>21</sup> ou pela cineventriculografia contrastada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A pobre reprodutibilidade de tal avalia&#231;&#227;o levou ao desenvolvimento do m&#233;todo utilizado neste estudo, o qual foi descrito por Sheehan e cols.<sup>12</sup> em 1982, e introduzido em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o por Toscano e cols. em 1992<sup>14</sup>. O m&#233;todo em quest&#227;o promove um modelo confi&#225;vel para a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o regional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Nossos resultados mostraram que as paredes A e IA t&#234;m uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da motilidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras paredes. Como ambas as regi&#245;es s&#227;o o local predominante da deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso na endomiocardiofibrose, esper&#225;vamos, antecipadamente, que essas altera&#231;&#245;es regionais fossem maiores em ventr&#237;culos com deposi&#231;&#227;o mais intensa de fibrose. Neste estudo, no entanto, n&#227;o encontramos tal rela&#231;&#227;o entre eles. Observamos que a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da movimenta&#231;&#227;o parietal regional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo n&#227;o apresentou rela&#231;&#227;o com a deposi&#231;&#227;o qualitativa do tecido fibroso avaliada pela ventriculografia, embora esta &#250;ltima an&#225;lise seja &#250;til para avaliar, predominantemente, o envolvimento do endoc&#225;rdio, mas n&#227;o o comprometimento do verdadeiro mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, utilizamos 103 cineventriculogramas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de indiv&#237;duos normais para comparar com os de pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose. Estudos anteriores mostraram que a defini&#231;&#227;o confi&#225;vel da cineventriculografia normal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo requer a an&#225;lise de 50 indiv&#237;duos normais<sup>22</sup>. Portanto, no nosso estudo, o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos normais analisados excede o m&#237;nimo necess&#225;rio apontado na literatura. </p>
    <p> Se admitirmos que a endomiocardiofibrose &#233; uma doen&#231;a caracterizada por cicatriz, uma quest&#227;o interessante &#233; saber por que o &#225;pice e a regi&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica s&#227;o, na maioria dos casos, a regi&#227;o mais afetada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Como se sabe, na doen&#231;a de Chagas, que se caracteriza por processo inflamat&#243;rio mioc&#225;rdico difuso<sup>23</sup>, o aneurisma apical &#233; um achado morfol&#243;gico muito sugestivo<sup>24</sup>. Quando o aneurisma est&#225; ausente, &#233; poss&#237;vel detectar altera&#231;&#245;es de contratilidade que, freq&#252;entemente, envolvem a parede p&#243;stero-inferior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Na doen&#231;a de Chagas n&#227;o dilatada, tamb&#233;m se observa redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade segmentar da parede &#237;nfero-apical<sup>25</sup>. Ambas as cardiomiopatias levam &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar de motilidade que pode ser analisada por esse m&#233;todo. </p>
    <p>Diferentes tipos de agentes agressores causam diferentes tipos de conseq&#252;&#234;ncias morfol&#243;gicas na cavidade ventricular esquerda. Assim, a endomiocardite eosinof&#237;lica leva &#224; endomiocardiofibrose, uma s&#237;ndrome restritiva com ventr&#237;culos pequenos, enquanto um processo cr&#244;nico inflamat&#243;rio difuso, como a doen&#231;a de Chagas, causa a cardiomiopatia dilatada. Em geral, a doen&#231;a de Chagas causa cardiomiopatia inflamat&#243;ria ativa difusa, ao passo que a endomiocardiofibrose &#233; conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de um processo inflamat&#243;rio pr&#233;vio localizado sobretudo nas por&#231;&#245;es internas dos ventr&#237;culos. Por conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, na endomiocardiofibrose, a cicatriz aparece como interna a uma camada muscular quase normal, a qual protegeria a c&#226;mara da dilata&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, um trombo pr&#233;vio pode tornar-se um tecido fibr&#243;tico, reduzindo a cavidade ventricular. No entanto, esses dois tipos diferentes de cardiomiopatia t&#234;m um ponto em comum: o envolvimento apical. Na forma dilatada da doen&#231;a de Chagas, o &#225;pice aparece mais fino do que as outras paredes, ou com aneurismas de diferentes tamanhos, ao passo que, na forma restritiva, aparece espessado e, em geral, discretamente hipocin&#233;tico. Provavelmente, a tens&#227;o da parede &#233; diferente em v&#225;rias regi&#245;es da c&#226;mara ventricular esquerda. Trata-se de um ponto que precisa ser melhor elucidado. Mesmo na doen&#231;a macrosc&#243;pica da endomiocardiofibrose a fibrose &#224;s vezes n&#227;o &#233; aparente, o mesmo podendo ocorrer na ventriculografia. Al&#233;m disso, os achados histopatol&#243;gicos da endomiocardiofibrose mostram altera&#231;&#245;es degenerativas subendoc&#225;rdicas que, certamente justificam as altera&#231;&#245;es de motilidade descritas. </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m mostrado que esse m&#233;todo permite comparar os efeitos da cirurgia<sup>26, 27</sup> e o tratamento cl&#237;nico<sup>28</sup> da motilidade parietal regional ventricular esquerda. O pr&#243;ximo passo &#233; comparar a motilidade no pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, em pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose. </p>
    <p>Nossos dados podem ser &#250;teis para o planejamento da cirurgia e para analisar os resultados cir&#250;rgicos de acordo com o tipo de envolvimento ventricular. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Nivaldo Bertozzo Jr, pela aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos dados da imagem ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Charles Mady </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> Cep 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="cmady@cardiol.br">cmady@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="charles.mady@incor.usp.br">charles.mady@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 16/02/2004 - Aceito em 29/07/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Quantitative assessment of left ventricular regional wall motion in endomyocardial fibrosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To analyze left ventricular (LV) regional wall motion in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF). METHODS: The study comprised 88 patients, 59 of the female sex, with a mean age of 39&#177;13 years (range, 9 to 65) and with echocardiographic and angiographic evidence of left ventricular EMF. The intensity of fibrous tissue buildup on contrast cineventriculography was classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The overall left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was determined by using the area-length method on ventriculography. The motion was measured in 100 equidistant chords perpendicular to the centerline drawn in the middle of the final diastolic and systolic contours and normalized to cardiac size. Five left ventricular segments were analyzed: A - apical; AL - anterolateral; AB - anterobasal; IA - inferoapical; IB - inferobasal. Abnormality was expressed in units of standard deviation of the mean motion in a normal population of reference, comprised of 103 patients with normal LV according to clinical and electrocardiographic data, and angiographic standards. RESULTS: Mean LVEF was 0.47&#177;0.12. Fibrous tissue buildup in the left ventricle was mild in 12 patients, moderate in 40, and severe in 36. The regions with the poorest ventricular wall motion were A (-1.4&#177;1.6 standard deviation/chords) and IA (-1.6&#177;1.8 standard deviation/chords) compared with that in AB (-0.3&#177;1.9 standard deviation/chords), AL (-0.5&#177;1.8 standard deviation/chords) and IB (-0.9&#177;1.3 standard deviation/chords). No relation was observed between the intensity of fibrous tissue buildup and regional ventricular wall motion. CONCLUSION: A change in LV regional wall motion exists in EMF, and it is independent of the intensity of fibrous tissue buildup qualitatively assessed. Nonuniform involvement of the LV should be considered when planning surgery for this disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>regional contractility</kwd>
        <kwd>fibrous involvement</kwd>
        <kwd>endomyocardial fibrosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Quantitative assessment of left ventricular regional wall motion in endomyocardial fibrosis</p>
      <p>Charles Mady; Vera Maria Cury Salemi; Barbara Maria Ianni; Edmundo Arteaga; F&#225;bio Fernandes; Felix J A Ramires</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), HC-FMUSP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To analyze left ventricular (LV) regional wall motion in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study comprised 88 patients, 59 of the female sex, with a mean age of 39&#177;13 years (range, 9 to 65) and with echocardiographic and angiographic evidence of left ventricular EMF. The intensity of fibrous tissue buildup on contrast cineventriculography was classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The overall left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was determined by using the area-length method on ventriculography. The motion was measured in 100 equidistant chords perpendicular to the centerline drawn in the middle of the final diastolic and systolic contours and normalized to cardiac size. Five left ventricular segments were analyzed: A - apical; AL - anterolateral; AB - anterobasal; IA - inferoapical; IB - inferobasal. Abnormality was expressed in units of standard deviation of the mean motion in a normal population of reference, comprised of 103 patients with normal LV according to clinical and electrocardiographic data, and angiographic standards.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Mean LVEF was 0.47&#177;0.12. Fibrous tissue buildup in the left ventricle was mild in 12 patients, moderate in 40, and severe in 36. The regions with the poorest ventricular wall motion were A (-1.4&#177;1.6 standard deviation/chords) and IA (-1.6&#177;1.8 standard deviation/chords) compared with that in AB (-0.3&#177;1.9 standard deviation/chords), AL (-0.5&#177;1.8 standard deviation/chords) and IB (-0.9&#177;1.3 standard deviation/chords). No relation was observed between the intensity of fibrous tissue buildup and regional ventricular wall motion.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A change in LV regional wall motion exists in EMF, and it is independent of the intensity of fibrous tissue buildup qualitatively assessed. Nonuniform involvement of the LV should be considered when planning surgery for this disease.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>regional contractility, fibrous involvement, endomyocardial fibrosis</p>
      <p>The characteristics of the disease that is clinically similar to endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) were first described in Africans by Bedford and Konstam <sup>1</sup>. Then, Davies <sup>2</sup> detailed its pathological characteristics. The fibrous involvement of the endocardium and myocardium adjacent to the apex and inlet of both ventricles causing a restrictive syndrome characterizes the disease. Usually, the fibrotic tissue involves the papillary muscles, leading to additional atrioventricular valvular dysfunctions, which combined with restriction to ventricular filling cause the clinical manifestations of the disease.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of endomyocardial fibrosis is supposedly restricted to tropical zones. Recent studies, <sup>3-5 </sup>however, have reported a universal distribution of that disease, which is contrary to the preceding statement. </p>
      <p>The ventricular image on echocardiography <sup>6</sup> and cineventriculography <sup>7 </sup>is characteristic of the disease. Apical amputation and restriction to diastolic filling occur. The overall systolic function of the left ventricle is usually preserved, except in advanced forms. However, little is known about alterations in segmentary contractility in that disease. The pattern of ventricular involvement varies according to the countries where the studies were performed <sup>8</sup>. It is plausible that the intensity of the distribution of fibrous tissue buildup in the left ventricle may interfere with regional contractility. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing left ventricular regional wall motion and analyzing the relation between the alterations in wall motion and intensity of the overall fibrous involvement of the left ventricle in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Eighty-eight patients with left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis were studied, 59 of the female sex, with a mean age of 39&#177;13 years (range, 9 to 65), 85 (96%) of whom had associated right ventricular fibrosis. The distribution of functional class according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) criterion was as follows: I in 8 (9.1%) patients; II in 11 (12.5%); III in 38 (43.2%); and IV in 31 (35.2%). The normal population of reference comprised 103 individuals, 52 of whom were men, with a mean age of 52&#177;10 years (range, 21 to 72) and normal left ventricle according to clinical and electrocardiographic data, and angiographic pattern. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of endomyocardial fibrosis was established based on the following echocardiographic findings present in all cases: obliteration of the ventricular apex; atrial dilation; an increase in endocardial echo reflectivity; restrictive diastolic filling pattern; atrioventricular regurgitation<sup>9</sup>. The angiographic images of the left ventricle were performed with a pigtail catheter in the anterior right oblique projection at 30&#186; and confirmed the diagnosis. The intensity of the fibrous tissue buildup on contrast cineventriculography was classified as mild, moderate, or severe <sup>10</sup>. The overall left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was determined by the area-length method<sup>11</sup> and the regional left ventricular wall motion quantified by the centerline method <sup>12,13</sup>, which is a simple model for analyzing ventricular wall motion. The contrast images representing the left ventricle in maximum systole and diastole were chosen, and their contours were transferred to paper for later calculation. The images were analyzed by 2 independent researchers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). By using a specific program developed by Toscano et al <sup>14</sup>, the ventricular images were recorded in a microcomputer with the aid of a digitalizing table (CURTA/model IS/ONE). The centerline was constructed in the computer between the final diastolic and systolic contours (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). Motion was measured in 100 equidistant chords perpendicular to the centerline. The length of each chord was the motion of the corresponding point in the left ventricular contour<sup>13</sup>. The chords were normalized to the cardiac size by dividing each length by the final diastolic margin, and a unit without dimension was obtained. Abnormality was expressed as units of standard deviation of the mean motion of the normal population of reference. Positive values indicated hyperkinesia, and negative values indicated hypokinesia. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0241-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The measurement of the chords was initiated at the level of the aortic valve, and the chords were successively numerated in a clockwise direction, from the aortic valvular plane to the mitral one. The regions demarcated by the chords from 1 to 10 were excluded, because the analysis showed a great variation in length. The chords 81 to 100 were also excluded because they represented the mitral valve <sup>15</sup>. The left ventricle was divided into 5 regions: anterobasal (AB), chords 10 to 23; anterolateral (AL), chords 24 to 37; apical (A), chords 38 to 52; inferoapical (IA), chords 53 to 66; and inferobasal (IB), chords 67 to 80. The mean length and standard deviation were calculated and compared with the mean curve of 103 healthy individuals.</p>
      <p>All patients signed the written consent to participate in the study after being instructed about the objectives and methods to be used. The procedures were performed according to the recommendations of the institutional review board, which approved the protocol based on the principles defined by the Helsinki Declaration. </p>
      <p>The statistical method used for comparing wall motion was the analysis of variance with repeated measures. The significance level adopted was 0.05. The data were analyzed by using the SAS statistical program, version 6.11 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean LVEF was 0.47&#177;0.12. The left ventricular involvement by fibrous tissue was mild in 12 (14%) patients, moderate in 40 (44%), and severe in 36 (41%). The regions with the worst contractility were A (-1.4&#177;1.6 standard deviation/chords) and IA (-1.6&#177;1.8 standard deviation/chords), compared with AB (-0.3&#177;1.9 standard deviation/chords), AL (-0.5&#177;1.8 standard deviation/chords), and IB (-0.9&#177;1.3 standard deviation/chords) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). The left ventricular wall motion did not depend on the intensity of fibrous tissue buildup (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Fig. 3</xref>). The 2-by-2 comparison of regional ventricular wall motion in endomyocardial fibrosis showed no significant difference between the following regions: AB and AL (P=0.29), AL and IB (P=0.09), A and IA (P=0.18) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0241-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0241-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0241-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The pathogenic mechanisms of endomyocardial fibrosis are little understood. Some studies have suggested the occurrence of different clinical and histopathological stages in the evolution of the disease, the final stage being characterized by a fibrotic process of the endomyocardium <sup>16</sup>. Some controversial points exist regarding fibrosis as a mere static fibrous tissue, consequent to the thrombotic or previous inflammatory process, or as having an evolutionary character<sup> 17,18</sup>. </p>
      <p>Some detailed descriptions of the disease exist <sup>4,19</sup>. The lesions reflect the replacement of the endocardium and adjacent ventricular myocardium by fibrous tissue. The lesions are not diffusely located in the endocardium, but usually affect the apex and ventricular inlet. From the left ventricular apex, the fibrotic lesions extend to the posterior wall, involving the posterior leaflet of the atrioventricular valve, which adheres to the fibrosis. This is a continuous or irregular process, with areas of tissue between the apex and the valvular region which are spared from fibrosis. However, the disease may affect only the apex or the valvular region, and may even be found in regions other than the apex and valves<sup>7</sup>. This morphological information is of great relevance, mainly because new surgical techniques have been reported <sup>20</sup>. However, the method of in vivo analysis of those ventricles is important. </p>
      <p>In clinical practice, ventricular wall motion is assessed through echocardiography by use of the wall motion score <sup>21</sup> or through contrast cineventriculography of the left ventricle. The poor reproducibility of that assessment led to the development of the method used in this study, which was described by Sheehan et al<sup>12</sup> in 1982 and introduced at our institution by Toscano et al in 1992 <sup>14</sup>. This method promotes a reliable model for analyzing the left ventricular regional function. Our results showed that the A and IA walls had a significant reduction in motion in comparison with that of the other walls. Because both regions are the predominant site of fibrous tissue buildup in endomyocardial fibrosis, we expected that these regional alterations were greater in the ventricles with more intense fibrosis buildup. In our study, however, we did not find such a relation between them. Quantification of the regional left ventricular wall motion had no relation to the qualitative fibrous tissue buildup assessed on ventriculography, although the latter analysis is useful predominantly for assessing the endocardial involvement, but not the true myocardial involvement.</p>
      <p>In our study, we used 103 left ventricular cineventriculograms of healthy individuals to compare with those of patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. Previous studies have shown that the reliable definition of normal left ventricular cineventriculography requires the analysis of 50 healthy individuals <sup>22</sup>. Therefore, in our study, the number of healthy individuals analyzed exceeded the minimum necessary recommended in the literature. </p>
      <p>If one admits that endomyocardial fibrosis is a disease characterized by a scar, an interesting question is to know why, in most cases, the apex and diaphragmatic region are the most affected regions of the left ventricle. As already known, in Chagas' disease, which is characterized by a diffuse myocardial inflammatory process<sup>23</sup>, the apical aneurysm is a very suggestive morphological finding<sup>24</sup>. When the aneurysm is absent, alterations in contractility, which frequently involve the left ventricular posteroinferior wall, may be detected. In nondilated Chagas' disease, a reduction in the segmentary contractility of the inferoapical wall may also be observed<sup>25</sup>. Both heart diseases lead to segmentary alteration in wall motion, which may be analyzed through that method. </p>
      <p>Different types of aggressive agents cause different types of morphologic consequences in the left ventricular cavity. Thus, eosinophilic endomyocarditis leads to endomyocardial fibrosis, a restrictive syndrome with small ventricles, while a chronic diffuse inflammatory process, such as Chagas' disease, causes dilated cardiomyopathy. Usually, Chagas' disease causes diffuse active inflammatory cardiomyopathy, while endomyocardial fibrosis is consequent to a previous inflammatory process located mainly in the inner portions of the ventricles. Consequently, in endomyocardial fibrosis, the scar is internal to an almost normal muscular layer, which protects the chamber from dilation. On the other hand, a previous thrombus may become fibrous, reducing the ventricular cavity. However, those 2 different types of cardiomyopathy have one point in common: apical involvement. In the dilated form of Chagas' disease, the apex seems thinner than the other walls, or with aneurysms of different sizes; in the restrictive form, it is thicker, and usually slightly hypokinetic. Probably, the tension in the wall is different in several regions of the left ventricular chamber. This needs to be better elucidated. In endomyocardial fibrosis, fibrosis may sometimes be apparent neither grossly nor on ventriculography. In addition, the histopathological findings of endomyocardial fibrosis show degenerative subendocardial alterations, which certainly justify the described alterations in motion. </p>
      <p>Several studies have shown that that method allows the comparison of the effects of the surgical <sup>26,27</sup> and clinical treatment <sup>28</sup> for regional left ventricular wall motion. The next step is to compare wall motion in the pre- and postoperative periods in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. </p>
      <p>Our data may be useful for planning surgery and for analyzing the surgical results according to the type of ventricular involvement.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank Nivaldo Bertozzo Jr for the acquisition of data of left ventricular image. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Charles Mady </p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> Cep 05403-000</p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="cmady@cardiol.br">cmady@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="charles.mady@incor.usp.br">charles.mady@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 02/16/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 07/29/2004</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
