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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gLZbPrSS6T6Kkz8p8W5MW9J</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000300008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000300008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anemia como fator progn&#243;stico em uma popula&#231;&#227;o hospitalizada por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sales</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Lu&#237;za F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>237</fpage>
      <lpage>240</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar a preval&#234;ncia e o valor progn&#243;stico da anemia em uma popula&#231;&#227;o hospitalizada por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada. M&#201;TODOS: De julho a setembro de 2001, 204 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em um registro hospitalar multic&#234;ntrico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (Estudo EPICA-Niter&#243;i). Os 142 que tinham dados sobre hemat&#243;crito e hemoglobina coletados na admiss&#227;o hospitalar compuseram esta an&#225;lise retrospectiva. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 69,5&#177;13,3 anos e 72 (50,7%) eram do sexo masculino. Considerou-se como anemia uma hemoglobina &lt; 13,5 g/dL para os homens e &lt; 12 g/dL para as mulheres. Avaliou-se atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise uni e multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica a rela&#231;&#227;o da anemia com a mortalidade hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Anemia foi observada em 89 (62,6%) pacientes, sendo 52 (58%) homens e 37 (42%) mulheres. A mortalidade foi de 16,8% nos pacientes an&#234;micos contra 8% nos n&#227;o an&#234;micos (p=0,11). Em ambos os sexos, as taxas de mortalidade nos an&#234;micos e n&#227;o an&#234;micos foram, respectivamente, 19,2% vs 0% (p=0,034) e 13,5% vs 12,2% (p=0,86). Atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise multivariada, as vari&#225;veis que se relacionaram de modo independente com a mortalidade hospitalar foram, hiponatremia (RR=7,0, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%] 6,1 a 8,7, p=0,0001), anemia (RR=3,1, IC 95%=2,4 a 4,3, p=0,024) e presen&#231;a de classe funcional IV da NYHA (RR=1,9, IC 95%=1,3 a 2,6, p=0,04). CONCLUS&#195;O: Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, a presen&#231;a de anemia foi um marcador independente de mortalidade hospitalar. A mortalidade no grupo com anemia foi significativamente alta nos homens.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>anemia</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Anemia como fator progn&#243;stico em uma popula&#231;&#227;o hospitalizada por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ana Lu&#237;za F. Sales; Humberto Villacorta; Leandro Reis; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita </p>
    <p>Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
    <p> Universidade Federal Fluminense </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estudar a preval&#234;ncia e o valor progn&#243;stico da anemia em uma popula&#231;&#227;o hospitalizada por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>De julho a setembro de 2001, 204 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em um registro hospitalar multic&#234;ntrico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (Estudo EPICA&#150;Niter&#243;i). Os 142 que tinham dados sobre hemat&#243;crito e hemoglobina coletados na admiss&#227;o hospitalar compuseram esta an&#225;lise retrospectiva. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 69,5&#177;13,3 anos e 72 (50,7%) eram do sexo masculino. Considerou-se como anemia uma hemoglobina &lt; 13,5 g/dL para os homens e &lt; 12 g/dL para as mulheres. Avaliou-se atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise uni e multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica a rela&#231;&#227;o da anemia com a mortalidade hospitalar. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Anemia foi observada em 89 (62,6%) pacientes, sendo 52 (58%) homens e 37 (42%) mulheres. A mortalidade foi de 16,8% nos pacientes an&#234;micos contra 8% nos n&#227;o an&#234;micos (p=0,11). Em ambos os sexos, as taxas de mortalidade nos an&#234;micos e n&#227;o an&#234;micos foram, respectivamente, 19,2% vs 0% (p=0,034) e 13,5% vs 12,2% (p=0,86). Atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise multivariada, as vari&#225;veis que se relacionaram de modo independente com a mortalidade hospitalar foram, hiponatremia (RR=7,0, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%] 6,1 a 8,7, p=0,0001), anemia (RR=3,1, IC 95%=2,4 a 4,3, p=0,024) e presen&#231;a de classe funcional IV da NYHA (RR=1,9, IC 95%=1,3 a 2,6, p=0,04). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, a presen&#231;a de anemia foi um marcador independente de mortalidade hospitalar. A mortalidade no grupo com anemia foi significativamente alta nos homens. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, anemia, progn&#243;stico</p>
    <p> Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, principalmente ap&#243;s uma interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, apresentam progn&#243;stico ruim<sup>1-3</sup>. Muitos fatores progn&#243;sticos foram descritos na tentativa de identificar os de maior risco e como melhor alocar os recursos. Recentemente, demonstrou-se que pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, freq&#252;entemente, apresentam anemia, sendo que a preval&#234;ncia aumenta com a gravidade da doen&#231;a<sup>4,5</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, alguns autores t&#234;m observado rela&#231;&#227;o entre anemia e mortalidade nos doentes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>4-7</sup>. O reconhecimento desses pacientes &#233; importante, pois, al&#233;m de identificar indiv&#237;duos de risco, abre uma oportunidade de se tentar influenciar na evolu&#231;&#227;o, atrav&#233;s da corre&#231;&#227;o da anemia. </p>
    <p>O nosso objetivo foi determinar a preval&#234;ncia e estabelecer o valor progn&#243;stico da presen&#231;a de anemia em uma popula&#231;&#227;o hospitalizada por descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De julho a setembro de 2001, 204 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em um registro multic&#234;ntrico de pacientes hospitalizados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (Estudo EPICA-Niter&#243;i). Dez hospitais participaram deste estudo, sendo 4 p&#250;blicos e 6 privados. O diagn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi definido de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Boston. Como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi considerada crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o, os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos. Do total de pacientes, 142 apresentavam dados sobre hemat&#243;crito e hemoglobina coletados no momento da admiss&#227;o hospitalar e foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise retrospectiva. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 69,5&#177;13,3 anos e 72 (50,7%) eram do sexo masculino. Todos estavam em classe funcional III ou IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA). O protocolo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica de nosso hospital e os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento p&#243;s-informado. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de anemia foi estabelecido de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), considerando-se um valor de hemoglobina s&#233;rica &lt; 13,5 g/dL para os homens e &lt; 12 g/dL para as mulheres. </p>
    <p>Os dados obtidos foram apresentados como m&#233;dia e respectivos desvios padr&#245;es. Para compara&#231;&#227;o de propor&#231;&#245;es foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado (c<sup>2</sup>) ou o teste exato de Fisher, quando o teste de qui-quadrado n&#227;o p&#244;de ser utilizado. A compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis quantitativas entre dois grupos foi analisada pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes ou pelo teste de Mann-Whitney (teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico). Foi realizada an&#225;lise multivariada atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea das vari&#225;veis sobre a mortalidade hospitalar, sendo inclu&#237;dos aquelas vari&#225;veis com p&lt;0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada. Os fatores analisados, como vari&#225;veis independentes neste modelo, foram idade, sexo, classe funcional, presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, creatinina s&#233;rica, presen&#231;a de hiponatremia, presen&#231;a de anemia, uso pr&#233;vio de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e uso de inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado foi de 5% e a an&#225;lise foi feita atrav&#233;s do pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 6.0. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. Anemia foi observada em 89 (62,6%) pacientes, sendo 52 (58%) no sexo masculino e 37 (42%) no sexo feminino. A mortalidade foi de 16,8% nos pacientes an&#234;micos contra 8% nos n&#227;o an&#234;micos (p=0,11). No sexo masculino, a mortalidade hospitalar foi significativamente maior nos an&#234;micos que nos n&#227;o an&#234;micos, respectivamente, 19,2% vs 0% (p=0,034). No sexo feminino, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa de mortalidade entre an&#234;micos a n&#227;o an&#234;micos (13,5% vs 12,2%, p=0,86) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa de mortalidade entre o grupo analisado e os 62 pacientes que foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise por n&#227;o apresentarem dados sobre hemat&#243;crito e hemoglobina (13% vs 11%, p=0,38). As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0237-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0237-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0237-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre o grupo de an&#234;micos e n&#227;o an&#234;micos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, uso de inibidores de enzima de convers&#227;o, creatinina s&#233;rica e s&#243;dio s&#233;rico. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica mostrou que as vari&#225;veis que se relacionaram de modo independente com a mortalidade hospitalar foram, hiponatremia (RR=7,0, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%] 6,1 a 8,7, p=0,0001), anemia (RR=3,1, IC 95%=2,4 a 4,3, p=0,024) e presen&#231;a de classe funcional IV da NYHA (RR=1,9, IC 95%=1,3 a 2,6, p=0,04). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab.III</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0237-00008-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A anemia &#233; uma comorbidade cuja import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica &#233; bem reconhecida em uma s&#233;rie de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, inclusive no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, somente recentemente, vem ganhando aten&#231;&#227;o e sua preval&#234;ncia varia de 16% a 48%, dependendo da idade dos pacientes estudados, gravidade da doen&#231;a e crit&#233;rios de anemia utilizados. Em nosso estudo, encontramos uma alta preval&#234;ncia (63%), fato justificado pelo predom&#237;nio de pacientes idosos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, embora possa estar superestimada pelas pr&#243;prias limita&#231;&#245;es de um estudo retrospectivo. </p>
    <p>Dados da literatura tamb&#233;m sugerem que, al&#233;m de freq&#252;ente, a anemia esteja relacionada ao progn&#243;stico. Em um estudo onde 1.061 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, a mortalidade para faixas de hemoglobina &lt; 12,3 g/dL, entre 12,3 e 13,6 g/dL, entre 13,7 e 14,8 g/dL e &gt; 14,8 g/dL foram, respectivamente 44,4%, 36,1%, 28,6% e 25,6%<sup>5</sup>. Em nosso trabalho, a anemia foi preditora independente de mortalidade. Na an&#225;lise univariada, observou-se maior mortalidade em homens com anemia do que naqueles sem anemia. Interessantemente, nas mulheres n&#227;o foi observada nenhuma diferen&#231;a de mortalidade. Esta quest&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo precisa ser investigada em estudos posteriores. No entanto, pelo menos um outro autor encontrou essa rela&#231;&#227;o previamente. Em um estudo populacional canadense, onde foram avaliados 791 pacientes recentemente hospitalizados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de recente come&#231;o, a anemia foi preditora de eventos no sexo masculino, mas n&#227;o no feminino<sup>8</sup>. Curiosamente, esse autor, que utilizou, como n&#243;s, os crit&#233;rios do CDC para o diagn&#243;stico da anemia, encontrou preval&#234;ncias de anemia mais elevadas nos homens, semelhante ao observado em nosso estudo (45% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, 50% nos homens e 40% nas mulheres). Portanto, da mesma forma como existem crit&#233;rios diferentes para o diagn&#243;stico da anemia, de acordo com o sexo, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o efeito da anemia sobre a mortalidade tamb&#233;m seja diferente, dependendo do sexo. </p>
    <p> Nossa casu&#237;stica incluiu n&#227;o apenas pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, mas tamb&#233;m aqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada (22,5%). Os resultados da an&#225;lise multivariada em nosso estudo sugerem que a anemia influencia o progn&#243;stico, independentemente, do tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. </p>
    <p>Ainda n&#227;o se sabe se existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito entre a presen&#231;a de anemia e o mau progn&#243;stico ou se ela &#233; apenas um epifen&#244;meno, decorrente da pr&#243;pria gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de suas complica&#231;&#245;es o que parece pouco prov&#225;vel, j&#225; que a anemia tem se mostrado preditora de eventos de modo independente. Em estudo com pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe funcional III e IV, a taxa de hemoglobina foi um importante fator progn&#243;stico, independentemente, da press&#227;o de capilar pulmonar, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, albumina s&#233;rica e creatinina s&#233;rica<sup>5</sup>. Em outros dois estudos, a anemia foi preditora de mortalidade independentemente da creatinina s&#233;rica<sup>6,9</sup>. Em nosso estudo, a anemia se manteve como preditora de eventos, independentemente, da idade, creatinina e s&#243;dio s&#233;ricos, presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e uso pr&#233;vio de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico ou inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina. Analisando estas informa&#231;&#245;es como um todo, chega-se &#224; conclus&#227;o de que a anemia possa ter uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito com o progn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>A causa da anemia na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca parece ser multifatorial. Diversos mecanismos tem sido propostos, entre eles a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal decorrente da sua gravidade e agravada pelo uso de diur&#233;ticos, o uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de eritropoetina pela inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina e hemodilui&#231;&#227;o. Uma outra poss&#237;vel causa que vem ganhando destaque, &#233; a supress&#227;o de eritropoetina e da eritropoiese por citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, as quais est&#227;o aumentadas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo apresenta importante implica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Sendo a anemia um fator progn&#243;stico independente, abre-se a oportunidade de influenci&#225;-la em sua evolu&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de sua corre&#231;&#227;o. Alguns estudos com n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes t&#234;m demonstrado que a corre&#231;&#227;o da anemia com eritropoetina e ferro intravenoso melhorou a classe funcional, reduziu as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e aumentou a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o<sup>10,11</sup>. Em outro estudo, o tratamento com eritropoetina melhorou a capacidade funcional dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e anemia<sup>12</sup>. Um estudo multic&#234;ntrico prospectivo, randomizado, duplo-cego, est&#225; em andamento (STAMINA-HeFT) e vai avaliar o impacto da darbepoetina alfa na toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e anemia. </p>
    <p>Importante limita&#231;&#227;o de nosso trabalho merece coment&#225;rio, uma vez tratar-se de estudo retrospectivo, limitando o controle de algumas vari&#225;veis cujos dados n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel, portanto, estabelecer os tipos de anemia presente nestes pacientes. Ressaltamos, no entanto, que este trabalho foi desenvolvido utilizando-se um banco de dados onde as informa&#231;&#245;es foram colhidas prospectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, ele reproduz os mesmos resultados j&#225; obtidos por outros autores. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a presen&#231;a de anemia foi fator progn&#243;stico, independente de eventos, e essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi importante, particularmente, no sexo masculino.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Dr. Humberto Villacorta </p>
        <p> R. Raimundo Corr&#234;a, 23/601 </p>
        <p> Cep 22040-040 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="hvillacorta@cardiol.br">hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email> / </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="huvillacorta@globo.com">huvillacorta@globo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Enviado em 12/03/2004 - Aceito em 29/07/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Anemia as a prognostic factor in a population hospitalized due to decompensated heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence and prognostic value of anemia in a population hospitalized due to decompensated heart failure. METHOD: From July to September, 2001, 204 patients were included in a multicenter hospital registry of heart failure (EPICA Study _ Niter&#243;i). This retrospective analysis comprised 142 patients with data about hematocrit and hemoglobin levels collected on hospital admission. The mean age was 69.5&#177;13.3 years, and 72 (50.7%) patients were men. Hemoglobin levels &lt; 13.5 g/dL for men and &lt; 12 g/dL for women were considered anemia. The relation between anemia and in-hospital mortality was assessed through univariate and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. RESULTS: Anemia was observed in 89 (62.6%) patients, 52 (58%) men and 37 (42%) women. Mortality in anemic patients was 16.8% and, in nonanemic, it was 8% (P=0.11). In both sexes, the mortality rates in anemic and nonanemic patients were, respectively, 19.2% vs 0% (P=0.034) and 13.5% vs 12.2% (P=0.86). Through multivariate analysis, the following variables were found to be independently related to in-hospital mortality: hyponatremia [RR=7.0; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=6.1 to 8.7; P=0.0001], anemia (RR=3.1, 95% CI=2.4 to 4.3; P=0.024), and presence of NYHA functional class IV (RR=1.9; 95% CI=1.3 to 2.6; P=0.04). CONCLUSION: In the population studied with decompensated heart failure, the presence of anemia was an independent marker of in-hospital mortality. Mortality in the group with anemia was significantly high among men.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>anemia</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Anemia as a prognostic factor in a population hospitalized due to decompensated heart failure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ana Lu&#237;za F. Sales; Humberto Villacorta; Leandro Reis; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Universidade Federal Fluminense </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To study the prevalence and prognostic value of anemia in a population hospitalized due to decompensated heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHOD: </bold>From July to September, 2001, 204 patients were included in a multicenter hospital registry of heart failure (EPICA Study &#150; Niter&#243;i). This retrospective analysis comprised 142 patients with data about hematocrit and hemoglobin levels collected on hospital admission. The mean age was 69.5&#177;13.3 years, and 72 (50.7%) patients were men. Hemoglobin levels &lt; 13.5 g/dL for men and &lt; 12 g/dL for women were considered anemia. The relation between anemia and in-hospital mortality was assessed through univariate and multivariate analysis with logistic regression.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Anemia was observed in 89 (62.6%) patients, 52 (58%) men and 37 (42%) women. Mortality in anemic patients was 16.8% and, in nonanemic, it was 8% (P=0.11). In both sexes, the mortality rates in anemic and nonanemic patients were, respectively, 19.2% vs 0% (P=0.034) and 13.5% vs 12.2% (P=0.86). Through multivariate analysis, the following variables were found to be independently related to in-hospital mortality: hyponatremia [RR=7.0; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=6.1 to 8.7; P=0.0001], anemia (RR=3.1, 95% CI=2.4 to 4.3; P=0.024), and presence of NYHA functional class IV (RR=1.9; 95% CI=1.3 to 2.6; P=0.04).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In the population studied with decompensated heart failure, the presence of anemia was an independent marker of in-hospital mortality. Mortality in the group with anemia was significantly high among men. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>heart failure, anemia, prognosis</p>
      <p>Patients with heart failure, mainly after one hospital admission, have a poor prognosis <sup>1-3</sup>. Several prognostic factors have been described in an attempt to identify the greatest risk and how to better allocate resources. Recently, patients with heart failure have been shown to frequently have anemia, and its prevalence increases with the severity of the disease <sup>4,5</sup>. In addition, some authors have reported the existence of a relation between anemia and mortality in patients with heart failure <sup>4-7</sup>. Recognition of those patients is important, because, in addition to identifying individuals at risk, it provides an opportunity to influence disease evolution through correction of the anemia. </p>
      <p>Our study aimed at determining the prevalence of anemia and at establishing the prognostic value of the presence of anemia in a population hospitalized due to heart failure decompensation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From July to September, 2001, 204 patients were included in a multicenter registry of patients hospitalized due to heart failure (EPICA Study - Niter&#243;i). Ten hospitals took part in this study, 4 being public and 6 private. The diagnosis of heart failure was defined according to the Boston criteria. Because ejection fraction was not considered an inclusion criterion, patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function were also included in the study. Of all patients, 142 had data on hematocrit and hemoglobin levels collected on hospital admission and were included in this retrospective analysis. The mean age was 69.5&#177;13.3 years, and 72 (50.7%) patients were of the male sex. All patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV. The protocol was approved by the committee on ethics of our hospital and the patients signed a written informed consent. </p>
      <p>The diagnosis of anemia was established according to the criteria of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), considering serum hemoglobin level &lt; 13.5 g/dL for men and &lt; 12 g/dL for women. </p>
      <p>The data obtained were presented as mean and respective standard deviations. For comparison of proportions, the chi-square (c<sup>2</sup>) test was used or the Fisher exact test, when the chi-square test could not be used. Comparison of the quantitative variables between 2 groups was analyzed by using the Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney test (nonparametric test). Multivariate analysis was performed through logistic regression for assessing the simultaneous influence of the variables on in-hospital mortality; the variables with P &lt; 0.10 were included in the univariate analysis. In this model, the factors analyzed as independent variables were age, sex, functional class, presence of systolic dysfunction, serum creatinine, presence of hyponatremia, presence of anemia, previous use of acetylsalicylic acid, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. The significance level adopted was 5%, and the analysis was performed by using the SPSS statistical package, version 6.0.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The basal characteristics of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. Anemia was observed in 89 (62.6%) patients, 52 (58%) being of the male sex and 37 (42%) of the female sex. Mortality was 16.8% in the anemic patients and 8% in nonanemic patients (P=0.11). In the male sex, in-hospital mortality was significantly greater among anemic patients than among nonanemic patients (19.2% vs 0%, respectively, P=0.034). In the female sex, no significant difference in mortality was observed between anemic and nonanemic patients (13.5% vs 12.2%, P=0.86) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). No significant difference in mortality was observed between the group analyzed and the 62 patients who were excluded from the analysis because they did not have data on hematocrit and hemoglobin (13% vs 11%, P=0.38). The characteristics of the patients who survived and those who did not survive are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table II</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0237-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0237-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0237-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No significant difference was observed between the anemic and nonanemic groups in regard to the use of acetylsalicylic acid, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, serum creatinine, and serum sodium. </p>
      <p>The logistic regression analysis showed that the following variables were independently related to in-hospital mortality: hyponatremia [RR=7.0; 95% confidence interval (95%CI)=6.1 to 8.7; P=0.0001), anemia (RR=3.1; 95% CI=2.4 to 4.3; P=0.024), and the presence of NYHA functional class IV (RR=1.9; 95% CI=1.3 to 2.6; P=0.04) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0237-00008-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Anemia is a comorbidity whose prognostic importance has been well recognized in a series of cardiovascular diseases, acute myocardial infarction included. In heart failure, anemia has only recently received attention, and its prevalence has ranged from 16 to 48%, depending on the age of the patients studied, the severity of the disease, and the criteria used for the diagnosis of anemia. In our study, a high prevalence of anemia (63%) was found, which may be explained by the predominance of elderly patients with advanced heart failure, although that prevalence may have been overestimated by the limitations of a retrospective study. </p>
      <p>Data in the literature have also suggested that, in addition to being frequent, anemia relates to prognosis. In a study with 1,061 patients <sup>5</sup>, mortality at different hemoglobin levels was as follows: hemoglobin &lt; 12.3 g/dL, 44.4%; between 12.3 and 13.6 g/dL, 36.1%; between 13.7 and 14.8 g/dL, 28.6%; and hemoglobin &gt; 14.8 g/dL, 25.6%. In our study, anemia was an independent predictor of mortality. In univariate analysis, greater mortality was observed in men with anemia than in those without anemia. Interestingly, among women, no difference in mortality was observed. This difference regarding sex requires further investigation. However, at least one other author <sup>8 </sup>has found that relation previously. In a Canadian population-based study, which assessed 791 patients recently hospitalized due to recent-onset heart failure, anemia was a predictor of events in the male sex, but not in the female <sup>8</sup>. Curiously, that author, who used, as we did, the CDC criteria for the diagnosis of anemia, found a higher prevalence of anemia among men, similar to that observed in our study (45% in the general population, 50% among men, and 40% among women). Therefore, as different criteria exist for the diagnosis of anemia according to sex, the effect of anemia on mortality may also be different according to sex. </p>
      <p>Our case series included not only patients with systolic dysfunction, but also those with preserved systolic function (22.5%). The results of multivariate analysis in our study have suggested that anemia influences the prognosis independently of the type of ventricular dysfunction. </p>
      <p>It is still unknown whether a cause and effect relation between the presence of anemia and poor prognosis exists or whether it is only an epiphenomenon due to the severity of heart failure and its complications. The latter, however, seems unlikely because anemia has been shown to be an independent predictor of events. In a study of patients with functional class III and IV heart failure, the hemoglobin rate was an important prognostic factor independently of pulmonary capillary pressure, body mass index, serum albumin, and serum creatinine <sup>5</sup>. In 2 other studies <sup>6,9</sup>, anemia was a predictor of mortality independent of serum creatinine. In our study, anemia remained a predictor of events, independently of age, serum creatinine and sodium, presence of systolic dysfunction, and previous use of acetylsalicylic acid or angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors. Analyzing all this information, one may conclude that anemia may have a cause and effect relation with prognosis. </p>
      <p>In heart failure, the cause of anemia seems to be multifactorial. Several mechanisms have been proposed, such as the presence of alteration in renal function due to its severity and aggravated by the use of diuretics, the use of acetylsalicylic acid, the inhibition of the production of erythropoietin by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and hemodilution. Another possible cause that has been gaining attention is the suppression of erythropoietin and erythropoiesis by inflammatory cytokines, which are increased in heart failure. </p>
      <p>Our study has a significant clinical implication. As anemia is an independent prognostic factor, one may influence its evolution through its correction. Some studies with a limited number of patients have shown that the correction of anemia with erythropoietin and intravenous iron has improved the functional class, reduced hospitalizations, and improved ejection fraction <sup>10,11</sup>. In another study <sup>12</sup>, treatment with erythropoietin improved the functional capacity of the patients with heart failure and anemia. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study (STAMINA-HeFT) is going on, and it will assess the impact of darbepoietin-alpha in the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure and anemia. </p>
      <p>An important limitation of our study is the fact that it is a retrospective analysis, which limits the control of some variables whose data were not available. Therefore, the type of anemia of those patients could not be established. It is worth noting, however, that this study was developed using a database, whose information was collected prospectively. In addition, it reproduces the same results already reported by other authors. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, the presence of anemia was a prognostic factor independent of events, and this association was important, particularly in the male sex.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Humberto Villacorta </p>
          <p> Rua Raimundo Corr&#234;a, 23/601</p>
          <p> Cep 22040-040</p>
          <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="hvillacorta@cardiol.br">hvillacorta@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="huvillacorta@globo.com">huvillacorta@globo.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 03/12/2004</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 07/29/2004</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
