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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">g9XjjbX6gRgZbrkNCsgnfGv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000300006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000300006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da inibi&#231;&#227;o prolongada da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina sobre as caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em ratos com sobrecarga press&#243;rica persistente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bregagnollo</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bregagnollo</surname>
            <given-names>Isamara Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>225</fpage>
      <lpage>232</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2002</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do lisinopril (L) sobre as taxas de mortes (M), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ICC), caracter&#237;sticas da remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, geom&#233;trica e funcional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), em ratos com estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar (EAS). M&#201;TODOS: Ratos foram submetidos a EAS ou cirurgia simulada (GC:n=10). Randomizados ap&#243;s 6 semanas para receber L (GL:n=30) ou nenhum tratamento (GE:n=73) sendo avaliados 6s e 21s por estudos ecocardiogr&#225;fico, hemodin&#226;mico e morfol&#243;gico concomitantes. RESULTADOS: As taxas de M (GE: 53,9% vs GL: 16,7% e ICC GE: 44,8% vs GL: 20% p&lt;0,05). No final do experimento, os valores da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE dos grupos GE e GL foram equivalentes e significantemente mais elevados do que no grupo GC; (p&lt;0,05) n&#227;o diferindo dos observados 6 semanas ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos. Os valores da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE no grupo GE foram maiores do que os do grupo GL (p&lt;0,05) sendo ambos maiores do que os do grupo GC (4 &#177; 2 mmHg, p&lt;0,05). O mesmo comportamento foi observado com as vari&#225;veis: raz&#227;o E/A; &#237;ndice de massa, &#225;rea seccional dos mi&#243;citos e conte&#250;do de hidroxiprolina do VE. A porcentagem de encurtamento do VE foi semelhante nos grupos GC e GL (p&gt;0,05) sendo ambos maiores que os verificados no grupo GE. Comportamento semelhante foram obtidos com os valores da primeira derivada positiva e negativa da press&#227;o do VE. CONCLUS&#195;O: Em ratos com EAS o L reduziu as taxas de M e ICC e exerceu efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>hipertrofia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina</kwd>
        <kwd>lisinopril</kwd>
        <kwd>fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos da inibi&#231;&#227;o prolongada da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina sobre as caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em ratos com sobrecarga press&#243;rica persistente </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Edson Antonio Bregagnollo; Katashi Okoshi; Isamara Fernanda Bregagnollo; Carlos Roberto Padovani; Marina P. Okoshi; Antonio Carlos Cicogna </p>
    <p>Botucatu, SP </p>
    <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP - Botucatu - SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os efeitos do lisinopril (L) sobre as taxas de mortes (M), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ICC), caracter&#237;sticas da remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, geom&#233;trica e funcional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), em ratos com estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar (EAS). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Ratos foram submetidos a EAS ou cirurgia simulada (GC:n=10). Randomizados ap&#243;s 6 semanas para receber L (GL:n=30) ou nenhum tratamento (GE:n=73) sendo avaliados 6s e 21s por estudos ecocardiogr&#225;fico, hemodin&#226;mico e morfol&#243;gico concomitantes. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>As taxas de M (GE: 53,9% vs GL: 16,7% e ICC GE: 44,8% vs GL: 20% p&lt;0,05). No final do experimento, os valores da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE dos grupos GE e GL foram equivalentes e significantemente mais elevados do que no grupo GC; (p&lt;0,05) n&#227;o diferindo dos observados 6 semanas ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos. Os valores da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE no grupo GE foram maiores do que os do grupo GL (p&lt;0,05) sendo ambos maiores do que os do grupo GC (4 &#177; 2 mmHg, p&lt;0,05). O mesmo comportamento foi observado com as vari&#225;veis: raz&#227;o E/A; &#237;ndice de massa, &#225;rea seccional dos mi&#243;citos e conte&#250;do de hidroxiprolina do VE. A porcentagem de encurtamento do VE foi semelhante nos grupos GC e GL (p&gt;0,05) sendo ambos maiores que os verificados no grupo GE. Comportamento semelhante foram obtidos com os valores da primeira derivada positiva e negativa da press&#227;o do VE. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Em ratos com EAS o L reduziu as taxas de M e ICC e exerceu efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>hipertrofia card&#237;aca, hipertens&#227;o arterial, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, lisinopril, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</p>
    <p> A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) &#233; uma resposta adaptativa do cora&#231;&#227;o &#224;s sobrecargas sustentadas de trabalho. Dados da literatura<sup>1</sup> demonstram que as condi&#231;&#245;es de carga e sistemas neurohumorais, entre os quais se destaca o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA), modulam as caracter&#237;sticas da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda que se desenvolve na vig&#234;ncia de sobrecargas press&#243;ricas cr&#244;nicas. Estudos cl&#237;nicos<sup>2,3</sup> evidenciam que os inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (IECA) melhoram a sobreviv&#234;ncia em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, retardam a descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda assintom&#225;tica e atenuam a progress&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Estudos experimentais<sup>4-6</sup> mostram que os IECA atenuam o remodelamento ventricular, melhoram a sobreviv&#234;ncia e retardam a progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em ratos com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e em hamster com cardiomiopatia. Tamb&#233;m tem sido evidenciado que os IECA regridem a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em humanos<sup>7</sup> e em animais experimentais com sobrecarga press&#243;rica cr&#244;nica<sup>8,9</sup>.  </p>
    <p>Os efeitos favor&#225;veis dos IECA sobre a sobreviv&#234;ncia e regress&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e hipertens&#227;o arterial s&#227;o freq&#252;entemente atribu&#237;dos &#224; interfer&#234;ncia com o SRAA sist&#234;mico, resultando em redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica com consequente redu&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga card&#237;aca<sup>10</sup>. Entretanto diversos estudos<sup>10-12</sup> demonstram que a atividade da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (ECA) e o SRAA tecidual mioc&#225;rdico encontram-se ativados em modelos animais de insufici&#234;ncia e hipertrofia card&#237;aca. Embora a efic&#225;cia dos IECA em prolongar a sobreviv&#234;ncia, retardar o desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e reverter a hipertrofia card&#237;aca seja amplamente reconhecida, tem sido dif&#237;cil dissociar os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos destes agentes sobre a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica dos efeitos do bloqueio da ECA tecidual mioc&#225;rdica. Assim, o uso dos IECA na hipertens&#227;o arterial, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e miocardiopatia &#233; claramente fundamentada visto que estas drogas bloqueiam a atividade do SRAA, reduzem a carga card&#237;aca e revertem a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. A validade desta estrat&#233;gia &#233; controversa quando o aumento da carga card&#237;aca &#233; relativamente fixo, como no caso da estenose a&#243;rtica valvar. Nesta circunst&#226;ncia, a redu&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda pode ser vista como perda de mecanismo adaptativo que poderia resultar em desajuste da p&#243;s-carga, dilata&#231;&#227;o e comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Alternativamente, desde que a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda &#233; um fator preditivo de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular independente de outras condi&#231;&#245;es<sup>13</sup> a limita&#231;&#227;o da resposta hipertr&#243;fica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pode associar-se a efeitos ben&#233;ficos n&#227;o relacionados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da carga hemodin&#226;mica. Ainda &#233; controverso na literatura<sup>8,9,12</sup> se a longo prazo, a interfer&#234;ncia dos IECA, sobre a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda na presen&#231;a de sobrecarga press&#243;rica persistente (SPP), tal como na estenose a&#243;rtica, resulta em efeitos ben&#233;ficos ou adversos sobre a sobreviv&#234;ncia, incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Se a ativa&#231;&#227;o do SRAA tecidual card&#237;aco contribui para o desenvolvimento de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e subsequente fal&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>14-16</sup>, a administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de IECA dever&#225; diminuir a extens&#227;o da resposta hipertr&#243;fica e modificar, favoravelmente, a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em ratos com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda estabelecida mesmo na vig&#234;ncia de SPP e severa. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar, a longo prazo, os efeitos do lisinopril sobre: a mortalidade, a incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico e as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em ratos com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda compensada na presen&#231;a de SPP desencadeada por estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvar. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste experimento, a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda foi desencadeada por sobrecarga press&#243;rica persistente promovida pela bandagem da aorta ascendente em ratos machos, da ra&#231;a Wistar, pesando entre 70 e 90 g, anestesiados com pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg &#150; IP) e a seguir, ventilados mecanicamente com oxig&#234;nio 100% a 30 cps. Ap&#243;s esternotomia mediana, a aorta ascendente foi dissecada e isolada e um clipe met&#225;lico com 0,60 mm de di&#226;metro interno colocado na aorta imediatamente ap&#243;s a emerg&#234;ncia do saco peric&#225;rdico. A cavidade tor&#225;cica foi fechada sendo o esterno, as camadas musculares e a pele reconstru&#237;dos por planos. Um grupo de animais foi submetido &#224; cirurgia simulada, na qual eram realizados todos os procedimentos de bandagem a&#243;rtica, excetuando-se a coloca&#231;&#227;o do clipe met&#225;lico. </p>
    <p>Terminados os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos os ratos foram colocados em caixas pl&#225;sticas para recupera&#231;&#227;o com livre acesso &#224; ra&#231;&#227;o e &#224; &#225;gua, ciclos claro/escuro de 12h e temperatura ambiente controlada (21 a 24<sup>o</sup>C). </p>
    <p>Seis semanas ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos foram obtidos ecocardiogramas de todos os ratos submetidos a cirurgia simulada (n=20) ou de bandagem a&#243;rtica (n=103). A seguir 10 ratos submetidos &#224; cirurgia simulada e 10 ratos com bandagem a&#243;rtica foram randomizados para avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica <italic>in vivo</italic> e, posteriormente, sacrificados para estudo morfol&#243;gico; cujos resultados representaram as condi&#231;&#245;es basais antes do in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o. Os ratos remanescentes com estenose a&#243;rtica foram randomizados para receber lisinopril ou nenhum tratamento, durante 15 semanas consecutivas. Com este procedimento foram constitu&#237;dos 3 grupos experimentais: grupo controle (GC; n=10) composto por ratos submetidos &#224; cirurgia simulada; grupo estenose (GE; n=63) formado por ratos com bandagem a&#243;rtica e que n&#227;o foram tratados e grupo lisinopril (GL; n=30): constitu&#237;do por ratos com estenose a&#243;rtica que receberam lisinopril via oral (20 mg/kg/dia) dissolvido na &#225;gua das gaiolas. O controle da dose ingerida era realizado diariamente, medindo-se o volume de &#225;gua que cada animal bebia. Esta dose acarreta efeitos antiproliferativos e antihipertensivos<sup>17</sup>. No per&#237;odo compreendido entre 6 e 21 semanas os animais foram avaliados diariamente e as mortes registradas. Vinte e uma semanas ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, foram realizadas em todos os animais novas avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;fica, hemodin&#226;mica e morfol&#243;gica, incluindo a dosagem do conte&#250;do de hidroxiprolina do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e no final do seguimento, avaliada a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sendo considerados como crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;sticos de sinais cl&#237;nicos (taquipn&#233;ia, edema, ascite, derrame pleural e/ou peric&#225;rdico) e sinais morfol&#243;gicos (presen&#231;a de trombo no &#225;trio esquerdo, teor de &#225;gua dos pulm&#245;es e do f&#237;gado). Foram considerados em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca os animais que apresentavam um sinal cl&#237;nico; um sinal cl&#237;nico + um sinal morfol&#243;gico e dois ou mais sinais morfol&#243;gicos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> &#233; uma representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica do protocolo experimental aplicado.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p> Para as avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;fica e hemodin&#226;mica os animais eram anestesiados com ketamina (50 mg/kg) e xylasina (1 mg/kg) administrados por via intramuscular. Utilizando-se ecocardi&#243;grafo Sonos 2000, (Hewlett-Packard) equipado com transdutor de 7,5 MHz, foi obtida imagem bidimensional do menor eixo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo imediatamente abaixo do plano da valva mitral, e realizados registros, em modo-M, das estruturas card&#237;acas com velocidade de transporte do papel de 100 mm/s. No plano apical quatro c&#226;maras foi obtida curva de velocidade de fluxo diast&#243;lico transmitral, posicionando-se a amostra de volume do Doppler puls&#225;til imediatamente abaixo da face ventricular das c&#250;spides da valva mitral. Em todos os animais inclu&#237;dos nos grupos foram obtidos registros que permitiram avalia&#231;&#245;es adequadas dos par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos e funcionais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Posteriormente, os tra&#231;ados foram calibrados, manualmente com aux&#237;lio de paqu&#237;metro (precis&#227;o de leitura 0,1 mm) utilizando-se pelo menos 3 ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos. Esta metodologia j&#225; se encontra padronizada em nosso laborat&#243;rio e apresenta reprodutibilidade e variabilidade compar&#225;veis &#224;s referidas na literatura<sup>18,19</sup>. Ap&#243;s obten&#231;&#227;o dos ecocardiogramas, era realizada incis&#227;o na linha mediana da parte superior do abdome e o &#225;pex card&#237;aco palpado. Uma agulha hipod&#233;rmica (25x9) conectada a transdutor Stathan P23ID, preenchido com soro fisiol&#243;gico, era introduzida na cavidade ventricular esquerda atrav&#233;s do &#225;pex. Aguardava-se per&#237;odo de aproximadamente 1min para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, e a seguir obtinha-se registro da press&#227;o ventricular e sua primeira derivada temporal. Para os registros foi utilizado pol&#237;grafo Gould Windograf modelo 40&#150;9800&#150;20 sendo 100 mm/s a velocidade de transporte de papel. Tra&#231;ados representativos dos registros obtidos, encontram-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>. </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s registro press&#243;rico os animais foram sacrificados, o t&#243;rax aberto e o cora&#231;&#227;o rapidamente removido. Os &#225;trios extirpados e a musculatura ventricular dividida em parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito e massa muscular do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo incluindo o septo que foram pesados separadamente. A ponta do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi utilizada para dosagem do conte&#250;do de hidroxiprolina de acordo com t&#233;cnica descrita por Switzer<sup>20</sup>. Um fragmento da musculatura da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi fixado em form&#243;l a 10% e inclu&#237;do em parafina de onde se obtiveram cortes histol&#243;gicos com 4 mm de espessura, corados com hematoxilina-eosina e analisados em microsc&#243;pio &#243;ptico (amplifica&#231;&#227;o 40x) acoplado a c&#226;mara de v&#237;deo. Com aux&#237;lio de microcomputador equipado com programa de an&#225;lise de imagens (<italic>IMAGE-PRO PLUS 3.0, Media Cybernetics, Silverspring Maryland - USA</italic>) a &#225;rea seccional transversal dos mi&#243;citos foi medida e utilizada como indicadora do tamanho celular. Em cada animal foram medidos pelo menos 50 mi&#243;citos cortados transversalmente em que o n&#250;cleo era claramente central. Um fragmento dos pulm&#245;es e do f&#237;gado foram pesados e a seguir colocados para desidrata&#231;&#227;o em estufa a 70<sup>o</sup>C durante 96h e, a seguir, pesados novamente, o que possibilitou a determina&#231;&#227;o do teor de &#225;gua desses &#243;rg&#227;os. </p>
    <p>Nas avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas 6 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos foram estudadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: peso corporal (PC, g); freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (Fc, bpm); espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior (EDPP, mm) e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico (DDVE, mm) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; porcentagem de encurtamento (DD%); rela&#231;&#227;o entre as velocidades de pico do fluxo transmitral precoce (E) e tardio (A) (rela&#231;&#227;o E/A); press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (PSVE, mmHg) e diast&#243;lica final (PDFVE, mmHg) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; 1&#186; derivada positiva (+dP/dt, mmHg/s) e negativa (-dP/dt, mmHg/s) da press&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE, mg/g) correspondendo ao peso da massa muscular do VE/PC; conte&#250;do de hidroxiprolina do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (HPVE, mg%); &#225;rea seccional transversa dos mi&#243;citos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (AS, mm<sup>2</sup>); teor de &#225;gua dos pulm&#245;es (H<sub>2</sub>O P, %) e do f&#237;gado (H<sub>2</sub>O F, %). </p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos nos GC e GE nas avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas 6 semanas ap&#243;s cirurgia simulada ou bandagem a&#243;rtica foram confrontados para se avaliar o grau de hipertrofia, a severidade da sobrecarga press&#243;rica e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento com lisinopril. Os resultados observados nos grupos GC, GE e GL, 21 semanas ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos foram comparados para se avaliar os efeitos do tratamento com lisinopril sobre a severidade da sobrecarga press&#243;rica, morfologia e fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Em cada grupo, os resultados verificados 6 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia foram comparados para caracterizar a evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal das vari&#225;veis analisadas. Dado que os animais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sabidamente apresentam comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, neste estudo o confronto dos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, hemodin&#226;micos e morfol&#243;gico obtidos 6 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia referem-se apenas aos animais que n&#227;o apresentavam evidencias de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no final do seguimento. </p>
    <p>Todos os valores s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia (x) &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (sd). As an&#225;lises relacionadas com a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de mortes e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no final do experimento foram realizadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado (D<sup>2</sup>). As an&#225;lises que confrontaram as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, hemodin&#226;micas e morfol&#243;gica, avaliadas 6 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, foram realizadas pela ANOVA univariada, modelo inteiramente casualizado, complementada com o teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Bonferroni. O estudo da &#225;rea seccional dos mi&#243;citos e conte&#250;do de hidroxiprolina do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi realizado pela ANOVA univariada, inteiramente casualizada, complementada com o teste de Tuckey para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre todos os pares de m&#233;dias. Todas as discuss&#245;es foram realizadas no n&#237;vel de 5% de signific&#226;ncia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os pesos corporais dos animais no momento em que foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (GC: 74 &#177; 6 vs GE: 76 &#177; 5 vs 73 &#177; 7 g, p&gt;0,05). Nas avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas 6 semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia n&#227;o foram encontrados sinais cl&#237;nicos e morfol&#243;gicos de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nos grupos GC e GE. Em ratos com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda estabelecida, a administra&#231;&#227;o do IECA, lisinopril, durante 15 semanas, reduziu a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de mortes e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento n&#227;o houve mortes ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no GC. No grupo GE (n=63) 34 ratos morreram (53,9%) e dos 27 sobreviventes 13 (44,8%) apresentavam sinais de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no final do experimento, enquanto que no grupo GL (n=30) 5 ratos morreram (44,8%) e dos 25 sobreviventes apenas 5 (20%) se encontravam em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, p&lt;0,05 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). Estes resultados correspondem a redu&#231;&#245;es de 69% e 55% nas taxas de morte e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca respectivamente. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o necrosc&#243;pica dos animais que morreram n&#227;o foram encontrados sinais cl&#237;nicos e morfol&#243;gicos, previamente estabelecidos, para o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os resultados das avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, evidenciando que 6 semanas ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos os ratos com EAo apresentavam hipertrofia ventricular esquerda conc&#234;ntrica estabelecida. Os valores da EDPP e EDPP/DDVE dos grupos GE e GL equivalentes e significantemente maiores que os do grupo GC. Os valores do DDVE e da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A foram semelhantes nos 3 grupos. Em conjunto, estes resultados evidenciaram que antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento os animais dos grupos GE e GL apresentavam graus e equivalentes das hipertrofia ventricular esquerda conc&#234;ntrica e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica preservada. As an&#225;lises da DD% caracterizaram que os ratos dos grupos GE e GL apresentavam ventr&#237;culo esquerdo hiperdin&#226;mico. No final do per&#237;odo experimental os valores da EDPP e EDPP/DDVE dos grupos, GE e GL foram semelhantes e significantemente maiores que os do GC, sendo estes valores equivalentes &#224;queles observados 6 semanas ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos. As an&#225;lises relacionadas com os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (DD% e E/A) evidenciaram que o tratamento com lisinopril preservou a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e atenuou o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os valores da DD% foram significantemente menores no grupo GE enquanto que os valores da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A mostraram aumentos significantes com padr&#227;o restritivo nos grupos GE e GL sendo por&#233;m o comprometimento significantemente menor no grupo tratado com lisinopril. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela II</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os resultados referentes &#224;s avalia&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas realizadas 6 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos. Nos dois momentos avaliados os valores do FC se equivaleram nos 3 grupos. Ficou tamb&#233;m evidenciado os valores da PSVE dos animais dos grupos GE e GL eram semelhantes, significantemente maiores que os do grupo GC e que o tratamento com lisinopril n&#227;o alterou os valores nos ratos com bandagem a&#243;rtica evidenciando a presen&#231;a de SPP equivalente nos grupos GE e GL durante as 15 semanas de observa&#231;&#227;o. Seis semanas ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos os valores da PDFVE estavam significantemente elevados nos animais submetidos a bandagem a&#243;rtica. No final do seguimento (21 semanas), os valores desta vari&#225;vel n&#227;o se modificaram no GC e mostraram aumentos significantes nos grupos GE e GL sendo os valores do grupo tratado significantemente menores. As medidas da +dP/dt e &#150;dP/dt realizadas 6 semanas ap&#243;s cirurgia simulada ou bandagem a&#243;rtica n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significantes destes &#237;ndices de contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Em contraste, 21 semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia, os valores da +dP/dt e &#150;dP/dt foram significantemente menores apenas no grupo GE. Em conjunto estes resultados mostraram que o tratamento com lisinopril, durante 15 semanas consecutivas, exerceu efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre a contratilidade e o relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os resultados obtidos nas avalia&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas realizadas 6 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos. Precedendo o in&#237;cio do tratamento, o PC dos animais dos grupos GC e GE se equivaleram. No final do experimento os valores do PC dos ratos tratados com lisinopril (grupo GL) foi significantemente menor que os verificados nos GC e GE que se equivaleram. Seis semanas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o de EAo o valor do IMVE do grupo GE foi significantemente maior que do GC correspondendo a aumento de 34,7% na massa muscular do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. No final do experimento ficou evidenciado que os valores do IMVE dos grupos GE e GL eram maiores que os do GC, sendo GE&gt;GL (p&lt;0,05). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC as magnitudes do aumento do IMVE foram 68% no GE e 36% no GL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). As medidas da AS e HPVE evidenciaram que mesmo na vig&#234;ncia de sobrecarga press&#243;rica persistente, o tratamento com lisinopril tamb&#233;m limitou o aumento das dimens&#245;es dos mi&#243;citos e o ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico. As an&#225;lises relacionadas com o teor de &#225;gua dos pulm&#245;es e do f&#237;gado n&#227;o revelaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os 3 grupos. Associados &#224; aus&#234;ncia de sinais cl&#237;nicos, podemos assegurar que nenhum dos animais, inclu&#237;dos nos 3 grupos, cuja fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi avaliada no final do experimento se encontravam em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos modelos animais de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda desencadeada por sobrecarga press&#243;rica, como na estenose a&#243;rtica e hipertens&#227;o arterial, o remodelamento ventricular consiste em aumento da espessura da parede, aumento do di&#226;metro dos mi&#243;citos e modifica&#231;&#245;es dos componentes intersticiais do mioc&#225;rdio, incluindo, na maioria das vezes, ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico<sup>21-23</sup>. Dados da literatura<sup>21</sup> evidenciam que ratos espontaneamente hipertensos e ratos submetidos bandagem da aorta tor&#225;cica apresentam fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til, e desempenho ventricular inicialmente normais que no decorrer do tempo evoluem com depress&#227;o progressiva do estado contr&#225;til, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte prematura. Estes modelos animais s&#227;o &#250;teis para avalia&#231;&#245;es, a longo prazo, das caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas, bioqu&#237;micas e funcionais da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda bem como o efeito de drogas sobre a mortalidade, o desenvolvimento de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>Admite-se<sup>21,24</sup> que, quando a bandagem a&#243;rtica &#233; realizada em ratos jovens, como no nosso estudo, a sobrecarga press&#243;rica inicialmente &#233; leve, acentuando-se progressivamente, &#224; medida que os animais crescem, o que de certo modo se assemelha &#224; estenose a&#243;rtica no homem. Neste estudo o per&#237;odo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de 21 semanas ap&#243;s EAo foi selecionado visto que associa-se com elevadas taxas de mortalidade e engloba a transi&#231;&#227;o para descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com altera&#231;&#245;es na reprograma&#231;&#227;o g&#234;nica<sup>14,21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos nas avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;fica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>), hemodin&#226;mica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>) e morfol&#243;gica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>) realizadas 6 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia simulada de bandagem a&#243;rtica evidenciam que o grau de sobrecarga press&#243;rica nos animais com estenose a&#243;rtica &#233; severo, mantendo-se est&#225;vel durante o per&#237;odo de 15 semanas de observa&#231;&#227;o. Neste per&#237;odo o tratamento com lisinopril n&#227;o modificou os valores da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, caracterizando assim a persist&#234;ncia e a equival&#234;ncia da sobrecarga press&#243;rica nos grupos GE e GL. </p>
    <p>Nas sobrecargas press&#243;ricas sustentadas, o crescimento e a fun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o modulados pelas caracter&#237;sticas da carga e por sistemas neurohumorais, dentre os quais se destaca a SRAA. Neste sentido, o modelo de bandagem da aorta ascendente, &#233; adequado para se dissociar os efeitos relacionados com a inibi&#231;&#227;o do SRAA tecidual mioc&#225;rdico daqueles associados com a redu&#231;&#227;o da carga hemodin&#226;mica. Os resultados observados evidenciaram que a inibi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da ECA com lisinopril reduz a mortalidade, retarda a transi&#231;&#227;o para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, altera favoravelmente o remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico e atenua o grau de comprometimento das fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mesmo na vig&#234;ncia de sobrecarga press&#243;rica. </p>
    <p> Diversos fatores podem ter contribu&#237;do para redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade nos ratos tratados com lisinopril. A maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de mortes nos ratos do grupo GE pode estar associada ao desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda mais precoce e severa que a verificada no grupo GL. A constata&#231;&#227;o do maior comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e maior incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no grupo GE verificadas no final do seguimento refor&#231;aram este aspecto. Outra possibilidade para redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade no grupo tratado &#233; que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da ECA preveniu as mortes prematuras decorrentes de arritmias desencadeadas por isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Estudos<sup>25-27</sup> apontam que, neste modelo a reserva coronariana est&#225; diminu&#237;da, a angiotensina II agrava, os IECA protegem contra arritmias de reperfus&#227;o ap&#243;s isquemia mioc&#225;rdica transit&#243;ria em ratos<sup>26,28</sup> e que a atividade do SRAA tecidual mioc&#225;rdico encontra-se exacerbada<sup>12,21,29</sup>. </p>
    <p>Antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento, os animais do grupo GE apresentavam IMVE 34,7% maior que o do grupo GC. No final do experimento a EAo resultou, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC, em aumentos de 68% e 36% nos valores do IMVE nos grupos GE e GL respectivamente, o que representa uma diferen&#231;a de 52,9% no grau de HVE. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s dimens&#245;es dos mi&#243;citos observamos aumentos de 64% e 31% nos valores da AS o que representa diferen&#231;a de 51% entre os grupos GE e GL. </p>
    <p>Considerando-se que nos animais n&#227;o tratados os valores do IMVE aumentaram e que nos animais tratados com lisinopril os valores do IMVE se equivaleram, nas avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas 6 e 21 semanas ap&#243;s a bandagem a&#243;rtica, &#233; licito admitir que o tratamento com lisinopril evitou a acentua&#231;&#227;o do grau de HVE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela III</xref>). Pode-se tamb&#233;m admitir que a menor AS observada no grupo GL ocorreu predominantemente redu&#231;&#227;o da adi&#231;&#227;o em paralelo de miofibrilas caracter&#237;stica da hipertrofia card&#237;aca desencadeada por sobrecarga press&#243;rica<sup>22</sup>. </p>
    <p>As dosagens de HPVE evidenciaram que o tratamento com lisinopril reduziu o ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico. Estes resultados s&#227;o concordantes com as proposi&#231;&#245;es da literatura que apontam a participa&#231;&#227;o da angiotensina II entre os principais mecanismos envolvidos no ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico<sup>30,31</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo ficou evidenciado que a administra&#231;&#227;o de lisinopril em ratos com EAo previne o aumento da extens&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular e reduz o ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico mesmo na vig&#234;ncia de SPP. Estes resultados suportam a proposi&#231;&#227;o que a sobrecarga press&#243;rica isoladamente n&#227;o &#233; o &#250;nico fator determinante da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Nas condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais vigentes &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir que o SRAA tecidual mioc&#225;rdico tamb&#233;m participa sendo respons&#225;vel, pelo menos em parte, pelo desenvolvimento do remodelamento patol&#243;gico que culmina com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda progressiva. O menor grau de hipertrofia, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, e ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico evidenciados no final do experimento nos animais tratados com lisinopril suportam estes aspectos. </p>
    <p>Atualmente parece claro que o crescimento card&#237;aco pode ser modulado por modifica&#231;&#245;es na carga e ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral<sup>1-9,10,11,21,29</sup>. Estudos em animais submetidos a bandagem proximal da aorta ou art&#233;ria pulmonar, simultaneamente tratados com agentes que modulam a atividade do SRAA, obtiveram resultados conflitantes<sup>24,32-36</sup>. Dos 6 estudos analisados tr&#234;s n&#227;o evidenciaram nenhum efeito do bloqueio do SRAA sobre a extens&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda ou direita<sup>34-36</sup> e, em tr&#234;s, o bloqueio do SRAA reduziu ou preveniu a hipertrofia ventricular<sup>24,32,33</sup>. A import&#226;ncia da sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica n&#227;o deve ser minimizada dado que em recente estudo<sup>37</sup> ficou evidenciado que a remo&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga press&#243;rica, promovida pela bandagem da aorta tor&#225;cica em cobaias resulta em revers&#227;o completa da hipertrofia e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Nossos resultados sugerem que o bloqueio do SRAA reduz a extens&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda mesmo na vig&#234;ncia de sobrecarga press&#243;rica sustentada, presen&#231;a de SPP. Outros mecanismos neuro-humorais podem ter participado do remodelamento card&#237;aco observada neste estudo. A angiotensina II aumenta a libera&#231;&#227;o de neurotransmissores simp&#225;ticos e a menor extens&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda nos animais tratados com lisinopril poderia estar relacionada em parte com a redu&#231;&#227;o do efeito tr&#243;fico decorrente da estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica sobre o crescimento do mi&#243;cito<sup>1,8-10</sup>. </p>
    <p>No final do experimento, ficou evidenciado que na vig&#234;ncia de sobrecarga press&#243;rica severa e equivalente nos animais dos grupos GE e GL, a incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi 2,8 vezes menor nos ratos tratados, evidenciando assim que a inibi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da ECA com lisinopril resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e por conseguinte atenuou o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Os resultados dos indicadores da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (+dP/dt, DD%) e diast&#243;lica (PDFVE, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e &#150;dP/dt) dos ratos que n&#227;o se encontravam em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mostraram que o tratamento com lisinopril exerceu efeitos ben&#233;ficos promovendo preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e atenuando o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Embora o remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico possa ser considerado como mecanismo adaptativo no sentido de preservar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o processo pode tornar-se mal adaptativo quando o est&#237;mulo desencadeante &#233; patol&#243;gico e cont&#237;nuo, como se observa na estenose a&#243;rtica e hipertens&#227;o arterial. Nestas condi&#231;&#245;es o remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico cont&#237;nuo, habitualmente evolui, em tempo vari&#225;vel, com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular progressiva, que culmina com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte prematura, se o processo n&#227;o for efetivamente contraposto o mais precocemente poss&#237;vel. </p>
    <p>Diversas caracter&#237;sticas que ocorrem durante o processo de remodelamento card&#237;aco desencadeado por sobrecarga press&#243;rica s&#227;o apontados na literatura<sup>16,29,30,38-43</sup>, como participantes do comprometimento funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o, entre os quais se destacam: altera&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas devido a reexpress&#227;o de genes que codificam a s&#237;ntese de prote&#237;nas mioc&#225;rdicas com caracter&#237;sticas fetais; hipertrofia dos mi&#243;citos, ac&#250;mulo de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, d&#233;ficit de vasos sang&#252;&#237;neos e redu&#231;&#227;o da reserva coronariana, d&#233;ficit de mitoc&#244;ndrias, defeitos no ciclo do c&#225;lcio, s&#237;ntese de miosinas com menor atividade ATP&#225;sica e morte de mi&#243;citos devido a necrose e/ou apoptose. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo ficou evidenciado que os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do lisinopril sobre o remodelamento e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda n&#227;o dependeram da redu&#231;&#227;o das condi&#231;&#245;es de carga ou da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, equivalentes nos ratos tratado e n&#227;o tratados. Assim, se os efeitos ben&#233;ficos da inibi&#231;&#227;o da ECA n&#227;o foram devidos &#224; melhora das condi&#231;&#245;es de carga e o tratamento com lisinopril preveniu a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, mesmo na presen&#231;a de um menor grau de hipertrofia card&#237;aca no final do seguimento, mecanismos alternativos pelos quais a inibi&#231;&#227;o da ECA preserva a contratilidade necessitam ser considerados. Estudos experimentais<sup>44-48</sup> evidenciam que o tratamento com IECA melhora a resposta contr&#225;til ao c&#225;lcio extracelular em ratos com bandagem a&#243;rtica<sup>24,47</sup> ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>46</sup>. Existem tamb&#233;m evid&#234;ncias de que os IECA reduzem a apoptose na hipertrofia ventricular esquerda desencadeada por sobrecarga press&#243;rica<sup>48</sup>. Assim, outro poss&#237;vel emprego dos IECA na estenose a&#243;rtica poderia ser a redu&#231;&#227;o da perda de mi&#243;citos funcionantes devido &#224; apoptose e/ou necrose mediada pela angiotensina II. </p>
    <p>O papel emergente da matriz extracelular no processo de remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico pode ser evidenciado em diferentes modelos animais de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda desencadeada por sobrecarga press&#243;rica<sup>23,30,31,41-43</sup>. De modo simplificado, tem sido proposto que a fibrose intersticial excessiva pode virtualmente estrangular o cora&#231;&#227;o, inicialmente na di&#225;stole e tardiamente na s&#237;stole. Os encontros de maior comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico nos ratos do grupo GE e a preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, atenua&#231;&#227;o do comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e redu&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de hidroxiprolina no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no grupo GL, est&#227;o de acordo com as proposi&#231;&#245;es de que a matriz col&#225;gena do mioc&#225;rdio tamb&#233;m participa da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. </p>
    <p>Diversos estudos e revis&#245;es da literatura apontam que o tratamento com IECA pode modificar favoravelmente a capacidade contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio e reduzir o ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico<sup>6,8,21,24,29,30,34,43-45</sup> . Neste estudo n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel destacar os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e pela atenua&#231;&#227;o do comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nos ratos tratados com o lisinopril. O menor comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica observado nos ratos tratados com lisinopril pode ser devido ao menor comprometimento da distensibilidade mioc&#225;rdica decorrente da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda menos acentuada e/ou menor ac&#250;mulo de col&#225;geno mioc&#225;rdico<sup>23,30,41-43,48</sup>. Alternativamente, a atenua&#231;&#227;o do comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o dist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo observada no grupo GL poderia ser devida aos efeitos do bloqueio ou redu&#231;&#227;o da angiotensina II produzida localmente pelo SRAA tecidual mioc&#225;rdico<sup>11,16,49,50</sup>. Trabalhos da literatura<sup>49,50</sup> apontam que na presen&#231;a de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda a ativa&#231;&#227;o da AII intracard&#237;aca retarda e lentifica o relaxamento<sup>49</sup> e que a administra&#231;&#227;o endovenosa de IECA em pacientes com EAo grave<sup>50</sup> melhoram a distensibilidade e o relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico. Assim, com base nos resultados observados &#233; pertinente inferir que o SRAA &#233; respons&#225;vel, pelo menos em parte, pelo advento da hipertrofia card&#237;aca patol&#243;gica, com conseq&#252;ente disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e morte prematura por mecanismos distintos daqueles relacionados com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e com o grau de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p>Nossos achados fornecem suporte experimental que ap&#243;iam a id&#233;ia de que, o uso de IECA pode exercer efeitos favor&#225;veis em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica para os quais ainda n&#227;o existe tratamento cl&#237;nico que, comprovadamente, modifique a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a. Cabe no entanto ressaltar embora no modelo experimental deste estudo, a sobrecarga press&#243;rica para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo seja sustentada tal como acontece na EAo em humanos, a bandagem a&#243;rtica &#233; colocada distalmente aos &#243;stios das coron&#225;rias e, portanto, a circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana est&#225; exposta &#224;s mesmas press&#245;es elevadas vigentes na cavidade ventricular esquerda. Assim, embora estudos experimentais<sup>8,21,24,39,41,43</sup> sugiram que os IECA possam exercer efeitos ben&#233;ficos em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica, devemos reconhecer os perigos potenciais para o uso at&#233; que estudos cl&#237;nicos demonstrem claramente os benef&#237;cios desta terap&#234;utica neste grupo de pacientes, principalmente naqueles com estenose a&#243;rtica grave e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aos Srs. Alexandre Lu&#237;s Loureiro e Mario Augusto Dallaqua, pela digita&#231;&#227;o e editora&#231;&#227;o do texto e ao Sr. Vitor Marcos de Souza pela assist&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p>Dr. Edson Bregagnollo </p>
        <p> Faculdade de Medicina - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Rubi&#227;o Junior </p>
        <p> Cep 18618-970 </p>
        <p> Botucatu - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gnollo@cardiol.br">gnollo@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 23/07/02 - Aceito em 04/05/04</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of the prolonged inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme on the morphological and functional characteristics of left ventricular hypertrophy in rats with persistent pressure overload</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of lisinopril (L) on mortality (M) rate and congestive heart failure (CHF), and the characteristics of geometrical myocardial remodeling and left ventricular function in rats with supravalvular aortic stenosis (SAS). METHODS: Some Wistar rats underwent SAS or the simulated surgery (CG, n=10). After 6 weeks, the animals were randomized to receive lisinopril (LG, n=30) or no treatment (SG, n=73) for 15 weeks. Cardiac remodeling was assessed in the sixth and 21st weeks after the surgical procedures through concomitant echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and morphological studies. RESULTS: The M were 53.9% and 16.7% in SG and LG, respectively; the incidence of CHF was 44.8% and 20%, in SG and LG, respectively, (P&lt;0.05). At the end of the experiment, the values of LV systolic pressure in SG and LG were equivalent and significantly greater than those in CG;(P&lt;0.05) and did not differ from those observed 6 weeks after the surgical procedures. The values of LV diastolic pressure in SG were greater than those in LG;(P&lt;0.05), and both were greater than those in CG;(P&lt;0.05). The same behavior was observed with the following variables: E/A ratio; mass index; sectional area of the myocytes; and LV hydroxyproline content. Left ventricular shortening percentage was similar in CG and LG;(P&gt;0.05), and both were greater than those in SG;(P&lt;0.05). Similar results were obtained with the values of the positive and negative first derivate of LV pressure. CONCLUSION: In rats with SAS, the treatment with L reduced M rate and ICC and had beneficial effects on geometrical myocardial remodeling and left ventricular function.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>cardiac hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>arterial hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>lisinopril</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Effects of the prolonged inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme on the morphological and functional characteristics of left ventricular hypertrophy in rats with persistent pressure overload</p>
      <p>Edson Antonio Bregagnollo; Katashi Okoshi; Isamara Fernanda Bregagnollo; Carlos Roberto Padovani; Marina P. Okoshi; Antonio Carlos Cicogna</p>
      <p> Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess the effects of lisinopril (L) on mortality (M) rate and congestive heart failure (CHF), and the characteristics of geometrical myocardial remodeling and left ventricular function in rats with supravalvular aortic stenosis (SAS).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Some Wistar rats underwent SAS or the simulated surgery (CG, n=10). After 6 weeks, the animals were randomized to receive lisinopril (LG, n=30) or no treatment (SG, n=73) for 15 weeks. Cardiac remodeling was assessed in the sixth and 21st weeks after the surgical procedures through concomitant echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and morphological studies.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The M were 53.9% and 16.7% in SG and LG, respectively; the incidence of CHF was 44.8% and 20%, in SG and LG, respectively, (P&lt;0.05). At the end of the experiment, the values of LV systolic pressure in SG and LG were equivalent and significantly greater than those in CG;(P&lt;0.05) and did not differ from those observed 6 weeks after the surgical procedures. The values of LV diastolic pressure in SG were greater than those in LG;(P&lt;0.05), and both were greater than those in CG;(P&lt;0.05). The same behavior was observed with the following variables: E/A ratio; mass index; sectional area of the myocytes; and LV hydroxyproline content. Left ventricular shortening percentage was similar in CG and LG;(P&gt;0.05), and both were greater than those in SG;(P&lt;0.05). Similar results were obtained with the values of the positive and negative first derivate of LV pressure.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In rats with SAS, the treatment with L reduced M rate and ICC and had beneficial effects on geometrical myocardial remodeling and left ventricular function.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>cardiac hypertrophy, arterial hypertension, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, lisinopril, ventricular function</p>
      <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an adaptive response of the heart to sustained work overload. Data in the literature <sup>1</sup> have shown that the load conditions and neurohumoral systems, among which the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) stands out, modulate the characteristics of left ventricular hypertrophy that develop in the presence of chronic pressure overload. Clinical studies <sup>2,3</sup> have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) improve the survival of patients with heart failure, delay heart decompensation in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction, and attenuate the progression of left ventricular dilation and dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Experimental studies <sup>4-6</sup> have shown that ACEIs attenuate ventricular remodeling, improve survival, and delay the progression of left ventricular dysfunction in rats with myocardial infarction and hamsters with cardiomyopathy. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have also been proved to decrease left ventricular hypertrophy in human beings <sup>7</sup> and in experimental animals with chronic pressure overload <sup>8,9</sup>. </p>
      <p>The favorable effects of ACEI on survival and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in heart failure and arterial hypertension are frequently attributed to interference with the RAAS, resulting in a reduction in blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance with a consequent reduction in cardiac overload <sup>10</sup>. However, several studies <sup>10-12</sup> have reported that the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and the myocardial tissue RAAS are activated in animal models of heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy. Although the efficacy of the ACEI in prolonging survival, delaying the development of ventricular dysfunction, and reversing cardiac hypertrophy is widely recognized, it has been difficult to dissociate the hemodynamic effects of those agents on systemic blood pressure from the effects of the myocardial tissue ACE blockade. Therefore, the use of ACEI in arterial hypertension, acute myocardial infarction, and cardiomyopathy is clearly justified, because those drugs block RAAS activity, reduce cardiac load, and reverse left ventricular hypertrophy. The validity of that strategy is controversial when the increase in cardiac load is relatively fixed, as in the case of aortic valvular stenosis. In that circumstance, the reduction in left ventricular hypertrophy may be seen as a loss of the adaptive mechanism that can result in maladjustment of the afterload, and dilation and impairment of left ventricular function. Alternatively, because left ventricular hypertrophy is a predictive factor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality independent of other conditions <sup>13</sup>, the limitation of the left ventricular hypertrophic response may be associated with beneficial effects not related to the reduction in hemodynamic load. Controversy still exists in the literature <sup>8,9,12</sup> about whether in the long run the influence of the ACEI on left ventricular hypertrophy in the presence of persistent pressure overload (PPO), such as aortic stenosis, results in beneficial or adverse effects on survival, incidence of heart failure, and left ventricular function. If the activation of the cardiac tissue RAAS contributes to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy and subsequent myocardial failure <sup>14-16</sup>, the chronic administration of ACEI should decrease the extension of the hypertrophic response and favorably modify the ventricular function in rats with established left ventricular hypertrophy even in the presence of severe PPO. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing the long-term effects of lisinopril on mortality, incidence of heart failure, myocardial remodeling, and left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions in rats with compensated left ventricular hypertrophy in the presence of PPO caused by supravalvular aortic stenosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this experiment, left ventricular hypertrophy was caused by persistent pressure overload caused by ascending aortic banding in male Wistar rats, weighing between 70 and 90 g, which were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg &#150; IP), and then mechanically ventilated with 100% oxygen at 30 cps. After a median sternotomy, the ascending aorta was dissected and isolated with a 0.60-mm inner diameter metallic clip placed in the aorta immediately after the pericardial sac emergence. The thoracic cavity was closed, and the sternum, the muscle layers, and the skin were reconstructed in planes. Another group of animals underwent simulated surgery, in which all the procedures of aortic banding were performed, except for placement of the metallic clip. </p>
      <p>After the surgical procedure, the rats were placed in plastic boxes for recovery, with free access to food preparation and water, 12-hour lightness/darkness cycles, and controlled environmental temperature (21 to 24<sup>o</sup>C). </p>
      <p>Six weeks after the surgical procedures, all rats that had undergone simulated surgery (n=20) or aortic banding (n=103) underwent echocardiography. Then, 10 rats that had undergone simulated surgery and 10 rats with aortic banding were randomized for in vivo hemodynamic assessment, being later sacrificed for morphological study. Their results represent the baseline conditions before the beginning of the observation period. The remaining rats with aortic stenosis were randomized to receive lisinopril or no treatment for 15 consecutive weeks. Three experimental groups were constituted as follows: control group (CG; n=10), comprising rats that had undergone simulated surgery; aortic stenosis group (SG; n=63), comprising rats with aortic banding that had not undergone treatment; and lisinopril group (LG; n=30), comprising rats with aortic stenosis that received lisinopril orally (20 mg/kg/day) dissolved into the water of the cages. The control of the dose ingested was performed daily by measuring the water volume drunk by each animal. That dose has antiproliferative and antihypertensive effects<sup> 17</sup>. In the period from 6 to 21 weeks, the animals were assessed daily and the deaths recorded. Twenty-one weeks after the surgical procedures, all animals underwent new echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and morphological assessments, including measurement of the left ventricular hydroxyproline content, and, at the end of follow-up, the presence of heart failure was assessed. The clinical signs of heart failure were tachypnea, edema, ascites, pleural or pericardial effusion, or both. The morphological signs of heart failure were the presence of left atrial thrombus and water content in the lungs and liver. The criteria for diagnosing heart failure were as follows: animals with one clinical sign; one clinical sign + morphological sign; and 2 or more morphological signs. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> is a schematic representation of the experimental protocol used. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>For the echocardiographic and hemodynamic assessments, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (1 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly. A Sonos 2000 echocardiographic device (Hewlett-Packard) equipped with a 7.5-MHz transducer was used for obtaining the 2-dimensional image of the smaller left ventricular axis immediately below the mitral valve plane. M-mode recordings of the cardiac structures were performed with paper transportation velocity of 100 mm/s. A curve of transmitral diastolic flow velocity in the apical 4-chamber plane was obtained by positioning the volume sample of pulsatile Doppler immediately below the ventricular face of the leaflets of the mitral valve. Recordings allowing adequate evaluations of the morphological and functional left ventricular parameters were obtained in all animals. Later, the tracings were manually calibrated with the aid of a pachymeter (reading accuracy, 0.1 mm) and using at least 3 consecutive cardiac cycles. This methodology has already been standardized in our laboratory and has reproducibility and variability comparable to those reported in the literature <sup>18,19</sup>. After the echocardiography, an incision was made in the median line of the upper abdomen, and the cardiac apex was palpated. A hypodermal needle (25x9) was connected to a Stathan P23ID transducer filled with saline solution, and introduced into the left ventricular cavity through the apex. Approximately 1minute was allowed for hemodynamic stabilization, after which recordings of the ventricular pressure and its first temporal derivate were obtained. A Gould Windograf polygraph, model 40&#150;9800&#150;20, was used for recordings, at a paper transportation velocity of 100 mm/s. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows the tracings representing the recordings obtained. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After blood pressure recording, the animals were sacrificed, their chests opened, and their hearts were rapidly removed. The atria were extirpated, and the ventricular musculature was divided into right ventricular smooth wall and left ventricular muscular mass, including the septum. Those structures were separately weighed. The left ventricular tip was used for measuring the hydroxyproline content, according to the technique described by Switzer <sup>20</sup>. A fragment of the musculature of the left ventricular free wall was fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin, and, then, cut into 4-mm histological sections that were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and analyzed under optical microscopy (40x magnification) coupled to a video camera. With the aid of a microcomputer equipped with an image analysis program (IMAGE-PRO PLUS 3.0, Media Cybernetics, Silverspring Maryland, USA), the sectional area of the myocytes was measured and used as an indicator of cell size. In each animal, at least 50 myocytes transversely cut with a clearly central nucleus were measured. Fragments of the lungs and liver were weighed and then put to dehydrate at 70<sup>o</sup>C for 96 hours, and, then, weighed again, enabling the determination of the water content of those organs. </p>
      <p>In the assessments performed 6 and 21 weeks after the surgical procedures, the following variables were analyzed: body weight (BW, g); heart rate (HR, bpm); diastolic thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall (DTPW, mm); left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD, mm); shortening percentage (DD %); ratio between the peak velocities of the early (E) and late (A) transmitral flow (E/A ratio); left ventricular systolic (LVSP, mmHg) and end-diastolic (LVEDP, mmHg) pressures; positive (+dP/dt, mmHg/s) and negative (-dP/dt, mmHg/s) first derivate of left ventricular pressure; left ventricular mass index (LVMI, mg/g), corresponding to the weight of the left ventricular muscular mass divided by body weight; left ventricular hydroxyproline content (LVHP, mg%); sectional area of left ventricular myocytes (SA, mm<sup>2</sup>); water content of the lungs (H<sub>2</sub>O Lu, %) and liver (H<sub>2</sub>O Li, %). </p>
      <p>The results obtained in CG and SG in the evaluation performed 6 weeks after the simulated surgery or aortic banding were compared for assessing the degree of hypertrophy, the severity of pressure overload, and the left ventricular function before starting the treatment with lisinopril. The results obtained in CG, SG, and LG 21 weeks after the surgical procedures were compared for assessing the effects of the treatment with lisinopril on the severity of left ventricular pressure overload, morphology, and function. In each group, the results obtained 6 and 21 weeks after surgery were compared for characterizing the temporal evolution of the variables analyzed. Considering that the animals with heart failure are known to have impaired left ventricular function, in this study, the analysis of the echocardiographic, hemodynamic and morphological data obtained 6 and 21 weeks after surgery refer only to those animals with no evidence of heart decompensation at the end of follow-up. </p>
      <p>All values are expressed as mean (x) &#177; standard deviation (sd). The analyses related to the frequency of death and heart failure at the end of the experiment were performed with the chi-square (c<sup>2</sup>) test. The analyses of the echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and morphological variables assessed 6 and 21 weeks after the surgical procedures were performed with univariate ANOVA, an entirely casual model, complemented with the Bonferroni multiple comparisons test. The study of the sectional area of the myocytes and left ventricular hydroxyproline content was performed with the univariate ANOVA, an entirely casual model, complemented with the Tukey test for the comparisons between all pairs of means. The significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No statistically significant difference was observed in the body weights of the animals at the time they were included in the study (CG: 74 &#177; 6 vs SG: 76 &#177; 5 vs 73 &#177; 7 g; P&gt;0.05). In the assessments performed 6 weeks after the surgery, neither clinical nor morphological signs of heart decompensation were found in CG and SG. In rats with established left ventricular hypertrophy, the administration of the ACEI, lisinopril, for 15 weeks reduced the frequency of deaths and heart failure. During the follow-up period, neither death nor heart failure was observed in CG. In SG (n=63), 34 rats died (53.9%) and, of the 27 survivors, 13 (44.8%) had signs of cardiac decompensation at the end of the experiment. In LG (n=30), 5 rats (44.8%) died, and, of the 25 survivors, only 5 (20%) had heart failure, P&lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). These results correspond to 69% and 55% reductions in the mortality rate and heart failure, respectively. On autopsy, neither clinical nor morphological previously established signs of heart failure were found. </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref> depicts the results of the echocardiographic assessment, showing that 6 weeks after the surgical procedures, the rats with AoS had established concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. The DTPW and DTPW/LVDD values in SG and LG are equivalent and significantly greater than those in CG. The LVDD and E/A ratio values were similar in the 3 groups. These results show that before treatment, the animals in SG and LG had equivalent degrees of left ventricular concentric hypertrophy and preserved diastolic function. The analyses of DD% showed that the rats in SG and LG had hyperdynamic left ventricle. At the end of the experimental period, the DTPW and DTPW/LVDD values in SG and LG were similar and significantly greater than those in CG, and those values were equivalent to those observed 6 weeks after the surgical procedures. The analyses related to the parameters of ventricular function (DD% and E/A) showed that the treatment with lisinopril preserved the systolic function and attenuated the impairment in left ventricular diastolic function. The DD% values were significantly smaller in SG, while the E/A ratio values showed significant increases with a restrictive pattern in SG and LG, but the impairment was significantly smaller in the group treated with lisinopril. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <label>Table II</label>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <label>Table III</label>
        <p content-type="label"><xref/><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). The measurements of the sectional area (AS) and left ventricular hydroxyproline content (LVHP) showed that even in the presence of persistent pressure overload, the treatment with lisinopril also limited the enlargement of the dimensions of the myocytes and accumulation of myocardial collagen. The water content of the lungs and liver did not significantly differ in the 3 groups. In addition to the lack of clinical signs, we are certain that, in the 3 groups, no animal whose ventricular function was assessed at the end of the experiment had heart failure.</p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0225-00006-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the animal models of left ventricular hypertrophy triggered by pressure overload, such as aortic stenosis and arterial hypertension, ventricular remodeling consists of an increase in the thickness of the wall, an increase in the diameter of the myocytes, and changes in the myocardial interstitial components, which most of the time include accumulation of myocardial collagen <sup>21-23</sup>. Data in the literature <sup>21</sup> have shown that spontaneously hypertensive rats and those undergoing banding of the thoracic aorta have initially normal contractile function and ventricular performance, which evolve to progressive depression of the contractile status, heart failure, and early death. These animal models are useful for long-term evaluations of the morphological, biochemical, and functional characteristics of left ventricular hypertrophy, as well as the assessment of the drug effect on mortality, left ventricular hypertrophy development, and heart failure. </p>
      <p>When the aortic banding is performed in young rats, such as in our study, pressure overload is admittedly <sup>21,24</sup> mild initially and progressively increases as the animals grow, which, in a way, is similar to aortic stenosis in men. In this study, the assessment period of 21 weeks after AoS was chosen because it was associated with a high mortality rate, encompassing the transition to cardiac decompensation with alterations in gene reprogramming <sup>14,21</sup>. </p>
      <p>The results obtained in the echocardiographic (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">tab. I</xref>), hemodynamic (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>), and morphological (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. III</xref>) evaluations performed 6 and 21 weeks after aortic banding or simulated surgery showed that the degree of pressure overload in animals with aortic stenosis was severe and remained stable for the 15 weeks of observation. In that period, treatment with lisinopril did not change the left ventricular systolic pressure values, therefore characterizing the persistence and equivalence of pressure overload in SG and LG. </p>
      <p>In sustained pressure overloads, myocardial growth and function are modulated by the characteristics of the load and neurohumoral systems, of which, the RAAS stands out. The ascending aortic banding model is adequate for separating the effects related to the myocardial tissue RAAS inhibition from those associated with the reduction in the hemodynamic load. The results observed showed that chronic ACE inhibition with lisinopril reduces mortality, delays the transition to heart failure, favorably alters myocardial remodeling, and attenuates the degree of impairment of the left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions even in the presence of pressure overload. </p>
      <p>Several factors may have contributed to the reduction in mortality in rats treated with lisinopril. The greatest frequency of deaths in the SG rats may be associated with the development of an earlier and more severe left ventricular dysfunction than that observed in the LG group. The greater impairment in left ventricular systolic and diastolic function and greater incidence of heart failure in SG observed at the end of the experiment reinforce that aspect. Another possibility for reducing mortality in the group treated is that ACE inhibition prevented the early deaths due to the arrhythmias triggered by myocardial ischemia. Several studies <sup>25-27</sup> have reported that, in that model, the coronary reserve is decreased, angiotensin II worsens and ACEIs protect against arrhythmias of reperfusion after transient myocardial ischemia in rats <sup>26,28</sup>, and the myocardial tissue RAAS activity is exacerbated <sup>12,21,29</sup>. </p>
      <p>Before treatment, the SG animals had a 34.7% greater LVMI than that of the CG animals. At the end of the experiment, AoS caused 68% and 36% increases in the LVMI in SG and LG, respectively, as compared with that in CG. This represents a difference of 52.9% in the degree of LVHR. Regarding the dimensions of myocytes, 64% and 31% increases in the SA values were observed, representing a 51% difference between SG and LG. </p>
      <p>Considering that, in the assessments performed 6 and 21 weeks after aortic banding, LVMI values increased in nontreated animals and were equivalent in lisinopril-treated animals, one may assume that the treatment with lisinopril prevented the aggravation in the degree of LVH (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>). One may also assume that the smaller SA observed in LG occurred predominantly due to a reduction in the parallel addition of myofibrils characteristic of heart hypertrophy triggered by pressure overload <sup>22</sup>. </p>
      <p>The LVHP measurements evidenced that the treatment with lisinopril reduced the accumulation of myocardial collagen. These results are in accordance with the reports in the literature indicating the participation of angiotensin II among the major mechanisms involved in the accumulation of myocardial collagen <sup>30,31</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study showed that the administration of lisinopril to rats with AoS prevents the increase in ventricular hypertrophy extension and reduces the accumulation of myocardial collagen even in the presence of PPO. These results support the proposition that isolated pressure overload is not the only determining factor of cardiac remodeling. In the present experimental conditions, one may infer that myocardial tissue RAAS also participates, accounting for, at least partially, the development of pathological remodeling that culminates in progressive left ventricular dysfunction. The smaller degree of hypertrophy, left ventricular dysfunction, and accumulation of myocardial collagen evidenced at the end of the experiment in the animals treated with lisinopril support those aspects. </p>
      <p>Currently, it seems clear that heart enlargement may be modulated by changes in load and neurohumoral activation <sup>1-9,10,11,21,29</sup>. Some studies in animals undergoing banding of the proximal aorta or pulmonary artery simultaneously treated with agents that modulate RAAS activity had controversial results<sup>24,32-36</sup>. Of the 6 studies analyzed, 3 showed no effect of RAAS blockage on the extension of left or right ventricular hypertrophy<sup>34-36</sup>, and 3 showed that RAAS blockage reduced or prevented ventricular hypertrophy<sup>24,32,33</sup>. The importance of the hemodynamic overload should not be minimized, because a recent study <sup>37</sup> showed that the removal of pressure overload promoted by banding of the thoracic aorta in guinea pigs resulted in complete reversion of left ventricular hypertrophy and function. Our results suggest that the RAAS blockage reduces the extension of left ventricular hypertrophy even in the presence of persistent pressure overload, PPO. Other neurohumoral mechanisms may have participated in the cardiac remodeling observed in this study. Angiotensin II increases the release of sympathetic neurotransmitters, and the smaller extension of left ventricular hypertrophy in animals treated with lisinopril could be partially related to the reduction in the trophic effect due to the sympathetic stimulation of the myocyte growth <sup>1,8-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>At the end of the experiment, in the presence of severe and equivalent pressure overload in SG and LG animals, the incidence of heart failure was 2.8 times smaller in treated rats. This showed that chronic ACE inhibition with lisinopril resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of heart failure, and, therefore, attenuated the impairment of heart function. The results of the indicators of systolic (+dP/dt, DD%) and diastolic (LVEDP, E/A ratio, and &#150;dP/dt) function in rats without heart failure showed that treatment with lisinopril was beneficial, promoting preservation of systolic function and attenuating impairment in left ventricular diastolic function. </p>
      <p>Although myocardial remodeling may be considered an adaptive mechanism, because it preserves ventricular function, the process may become maladaptive when the triggering stimulus is pathological and continuous, such as in aortic stenosis and arterial hypertension. In such conditions, continuous myocardial remodeling usually evolves, for a variable length of time, with progressive ventricular dysfunction, which culminates in heart failure and early death, if the process is not effectively stopped as early as possible. </p>
      <p>Several characteristics that occur during the process of cardiac remodeling triggered by pressure overload have been reported <sup>16,29,30,38-43</sup> as participating in functional cardiac impairment, such as the following: phenotypic changes due to reexpression of genes that codify the synthesis of myocardial proteins with fetal characteristics; hypertrophy of myocytes; accumulation of myocardial fibrosis; blood vessel deficit; reduction in coronary reserve; mitochondrial deficit; defective calcium cycle; synthesis of myosin with lower ATPase activity; and death of myocytes due to necrosis or apoptosis, or both. </p>
      <p>This study showed that the beneficial effects of lisinopril on left ventricular remodeling and function did not depend on the reduction in load conditions or heart rate, which were equivalent in treated and nontreated rats. Therefore, if the beneficial effects of ACE inhibition were not due to an improvement in load conditions, and the treatment with lisinopril prevented deterioration of cardiac function, even in the presence of a lower degree of cardiac hypertrophy at the end of follow-up, alternative mechanisms through which the ACE inhibition preserves contractility need to be considered. Experimental studies <sup>44-48</sup> have shown that the treatment with ACEI improves the contractile response to extracellular calcium in rats with aortic banding <sup>24,47</sup> or acute myocardial infarction<sup> 46</sup>. There is evidence that ACEIs reduce apoptosis in left ventricular hypertrophy triggered by pressure overload <sup>48</sup>. Therefore, another possible use of ACEI in aortic stenosis could be to reduce the loss of functioning myocytes due to angiotensin II-mediated apoptosis or necrosis, or both. </p>
      <p>The emerging role of extracellular matrix in the process of myocardial remodeling can be evidenced in different animal models of left ventricular hypertrophy triggered by pressure overload <sup>23,30,31,41-43</sup>. In a simplified way, it has been proposed that excessive interstitial fibrosis may strangle the heart, initially during diastole, and, later, during systole. The greater impairment in left ventricular systolic and diastolic function and accumulation of myocardial collagen in SG, and the preservation of systolic function, attenuation of diastolic function impairment, and reduction in left ventricular hydroxyproline content in LG rats are in accordance with the propositions that the myocardial collagen matrix also participates in ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Several studies and a literature review indicate that the treatment with ACEI may favorably change myocardial contractile capacity and reduce the accumulation of myocardial collagen <sup>6,8,21,24,29,30,34,43-45</sup>. This study could not identify the mechanisms responsible for the preservation of systolic function and for the attenuation of diastolic function impairment in rats treated with lisinopril. The lower diastolic function impairment observed in rats treated with lisinopril may be due to the lower myocardial distensibility impairment resulting from the less marked left ventricular hypertrophy or smaller accumulation of myocardial collagen, or both <sup>23,30,41-43,48</sup>. Alternatively, the attenuation of left ventricular diastolic function observed in LG could be due to the blockade or reduction in angiotensin II (AII) locally produced by the myocardial tissue RAAS<sup> 11,16,49,50</sup>. Some studies <sup>49,50</sup> have reported that, in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, the activation of intracardiac AII delays and slows relaxation <sup>49</sup>, and that the intravenous administration of ACEI in patients with severe AoS <sup>50</sup> improves myocardial distensibility and relaxation. Therefore, based on the results observed, one may infer that the RAAS accounts for, at least partially, the appearance of pathological cardiac hypertrophy, with consequent left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction, cardiac decompensation, and early death through mechanisms distinct from those related to blood pressure elevation and the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy. </p>
      <p>Our findings provide experimental support to the idea that the use of ACEI may have favorable effects in patients with aortic stenosis, for whom no clinical treatment that unquestionably modifies the natural history of the disease is yet available. However, it is worth noting that, although in the experimental model of this study left ventricular pressure overload is sustained, as it is in human AoS, the aortic banding is placed distally to the coronary ostia, and, therefore, coronary circulation is exposed to the same high left ventricular blood pressure levels. Therefore, although experimental studies <sup>8,21,24,39,41,43</sup> have suggested that the ACEI may have beneficial effects on patients with aortic stenosis, we should recognize the potential dangers of their use until clinical studies clearly demonstrate the benefits of that therapy in that group of patients, mainly in those with severe aortic stenosis or left ventricular dysfunction, or both.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank Alexandre Lu&#237;s Loureiro and Mario Augusto Dallaqua for text typing and editoring, and Vitor Marcos de Souza for technical support. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Edson Bregagnollo </p>
          <p> Faculdade de Medicina</p>
          <p> Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Rubi&#227;o Junior</p>
          <p> Cep 18618-970</p>
          <p> Botucatu, SP, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="gnollo@cardiol.br">gnollo@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 07/23/02</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 05/04/04</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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