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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yQKkZwL3kLwm7Qdks46jQnh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000300005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo com a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio na endomiocardiofibrose</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salemi</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Maria Cury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arteaga</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>222</fpage>
      <lpage>224</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio est&#225; relacionada &#224; dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda (DAE) em pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose biventricular. M&#201;TODOS: Estudaram-se 38 pacientes sendo 25 mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia 37,5 &#177; 11,5 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o de 11 a 59 anos), todos em ritmo sinusal, divididos nos grupos A (12 pacientes) e B (26 pacientes) de acordo com a classe funcional da NYHA na interna&#231;&#227;o. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ergoespirometria para a obten&#231;&#227;o do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO2 max) e tiveram a dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda determinada pela ecocardiografia. RESULTADOS: VO2 max de 21,8&#177;4,8 ml.kg-1.min-1 e 13,7&#177;3,5 ml.kg.-1. min-1, e dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda de 3,7&#177;0,7cm e 4,4&#177; 0,7cm para os grupos A e B, respectivamente. Foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e inversa entre VO2max e a DAE nos grupos estudados. CONCLUS&#195;O: O aumento da dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo acha-se associado ao comprometimento da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose. Nossos achados levam a permitir a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda para estimar um &#237;ndice de capacidade funcional, mais complexo e dif&#237;cil de avaliar, como o VO2max.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo</kwd>
        <kwd>capacidade de exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>endomiocardiofibrose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo com a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio na endomiocardiofibrose </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Charles Mady; Vera Maria Cury Salemi; Barbara Maria Ianni; F&#225;bio Fernandes; Edmundo Arteaga </p>
    <p>S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HC - FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar se a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio est&#225; relacionada &#224; dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda (DAE) em pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose biventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudaram-se 38 pacientes sendo 25 mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia 37,5 &#177; 11,5 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o de 11 a 59 anos), todos em ritmo sinusal, divididos nos grupos A (12 pacientes) e B (26 pacientes) de acordo com a classe funcional da NYHA na interna&#231;&#227;o. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ergoespirometria para a obten&#231;&#227;o do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2 </sub>max) e tiveram a dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda determinada pela ecocardiografia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>VO<sub>2</sub> max de 21,8&#177;4,8 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e 13,7&#177;3,5 ml.kg.<sup>-1</sup>. min<sup>-1</sup>, e dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda de 3,7&#177;0,7cm e 4,4&#177; 0,7cm para os grupos A e B, respectivamente. Foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e inversa entre VO<sub>2</sub>max e a DAE nos grupos estudados. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O aumento da dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo acha-se associado ao comprometimento da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose. Nossos achados levam a permitir a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda para estimar um &#237;ndice de capacidade funcional, mais complexo e dif&#237;cil de avaliar, como o VO<sub>2</sub>max. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo, capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, endomiocardiofibrose</p>
    <p>A endomiocardiofibrose (EMF) &#233; uma cardiomiopatia restritiva rara, caracterizada por espessamento fibroso do endoc&#225;rdio e do mioc&#225;rdio adjacente. O &#225;pice e a via de entrada do ventr&#237;culo s&#227;o predominantemente envolvidos, o que, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia, resulta em oblitera&#231;&#227;o das cavidades ventriculares de um ou de ambos os ventr&#237;culos<sup>1</sup>. Em geral, a deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso estende-se aos m&#250;sculos papilares interferindo, assim, na anatomia e fun&#231;&#227;o do aparato valvar atrioventricular. As altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas das c&#226;maras ventriculares, somadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar atrioventricular, determinam uma s&#237;ndrome restritiva que, de modo geral, se manifesta como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica bilateral ou, predominantemente, ventricular direita<sup>2-6</sup>. Um dos mais importantes mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos adaptativos &#233; o aumento atrial<sup>1,5</sup>, que parece ter um papel fundamental na manuten&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. A intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, avaliada pela ergoespirometria, &#233; um determinante fundamental da evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>7,8</sup> e reflete muito mais altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do que da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>9</sup>. Entretanto, a ergoespirometria &#233; de aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica limitada nesses pacientes, pois a maioria deles apresenta sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada, como ascite e caquexia card&#237;aca, no momento do diagn&#243;stico<sup>10</sup>. </p>
    <p>Levando em conta o padr&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gico restritivo da doen&#231;a, questionamos se o aumento atrial esquerdo deve ser um marcador da capacidade funcional nos referidos pacientes, tornando-se, o objetivo deste estudo, investigar a potencial associa&#231;&#227;o entre a dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda e o VO<sub>2</sub>max em pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes selecionados estavam internados no hospital para avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e tratamento da endomiocardiofibrose, encontravam-se em ritmo sinusal com envolvimento biventricular, evidenciado pela ventriculografia e foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Eram 38 pacientes, 25 do sexo feminino, com idade m&#233;dia 37,5&#177;11,5 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o: de 11 a 59 anos), divididos nos grupos A e B, de acordo com a classe funcional da NYHA na interna&#231;&#227;o. O grupo A constitu&#237;do por 12 pacientes em classe funcional I ou II e o grupo B, por 26 em classe funcional III ou IV. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes, depois de terem sido estabilizados para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fizeram ergoespirometria para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>max, ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>). As vari&#225;veis respirat&#243;rias foram obtidas em condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o de temperatura, press&#227;o e umidade (StPD), aplicando-se fatores de corre&#231;&#227;o apropriados. Ambos os grupos realizaram teste de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo baseado no protocolo de Naughton modificado<sup>11</sup>, usando esteira motorizada (<italic>Quinton, model Q65, Seattle, Washington)</italic>, com velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o variadas. </p>
    <p>Utilizou-se equipamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico comercial para avaliar a dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda (cm). A determina&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foi feita com base nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes assinaram consentimento para participar do estudo ap&#243;s terem sido informados dos objetivos e dos m&#233;todos empregados. Os procedimentos realizados acompanharam os procedimentos &#233;ticos institucionais e o comit&#234; revisor institucional aprovou o protocolo com os princ&#237;pios definidos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. </p>
    <p>Utilizaram-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o para investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda e o VO<sub>2</sub>max em cada grupo com endomiocardiofibrose estudado. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o foi considerado estatisticamente significativo quando p &lt;0,05. Realizaram-se testes de paralelismo e coincid&#234;ncia entre as duas linhas de regress&#227;o para avaliar se a classe funcional pela NYHA pode influenciar a potencial rela&#231;&#227;o entre a dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda e a capacidade funcional. As vari&#225;veis est&#227;o descritas no texto como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio-padr&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores obtidos para o VO<sub>2</sub>max foram 21,8&#177;4,8 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1 </sup>e 13,7&#177;3,5 ml.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1 </sup>nos grupos A e B, respectivamente. A dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda foi 3,7&#177;0,7 cm no grupo A e 4,4&#177;0,7 cm no grupo B. </p>
    <p>Como se pode observar na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>, uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o VO<sub>2</sub>max e a dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda foi documentada para cada um dos dois grupos estudados separadamente. A linha de regress&#227;o obtida para o grupo B (y = 27,4 - 3,1x, p = 0,0017) foi deslocada para baixo (p = 0,0003) e em paralelo (p = 0,3727), quando comparada com a linha de regress&#227;o obtida para o grupo A (y = 38,8 - 4,6x, p = 0,0019), indicando uma interfer&#234;ncia significativa da classe funcional na correla&#231;&#227;o encontrada entre o V O<sub>2</sub>max e a dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0222-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A endomiocardiofibrose biventricular &#233; clinicamente caracterizada por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predominante &#224; direita, com press&#227;o venosa jugular elevada, descendente e proeminente, prec&#243;rdio quieto, 3&#170; bulha card&#237;aca e, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia, ascite enorme no exame f&#237;sico. Os pacientes comprometidos t&#234;m, em geral, uma pobre evolu&#231;&#227;o, manifestada por alta taxa de mortalidade durante os primeiros anos ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico<sup>13</sup>. Realizado por profissionais experientes, o ecocardiograma &#233; de import&#226;ncia fundamental para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico em casos suspeitos. Cavidades ventriculares normais ou de tamanho reduzido com oblitera&#231;&#227;o apical, geralmente associadas com insufici&#234;ncia valvar atrioventricular e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal ou levemente reduzida, representam as principais caracter&#237;sticas, al&#233;m dos &#225;trios direito e/ou esquerdo aumentados<sup>14</sup>. O ecocardiograma pode ajudar no diagn&#243;stico diferencial com outras s&#237;ndromes restritivas, como a amiloidose e a pericardite constritiva<sup>15</sup>. A deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso no endomioc&#225;rdio ocorre em graus vari&#225;veis, envolvendo um ou ambos os ventr&#237;culos. A evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tem se evidenciado relacionada &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica<sup>7</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a classe funcional da NYHA tem se mostrado relacionada &#224; sobrevida. Por conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, deve ser considerada nas decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas cir&#250;rgicas<sup>7,16</sup>. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo mostrou que a dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda est&#225; relacionada com o VO<sub>2</sub>max em pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose em ritmo sinusal e com comprometimento biventricular. Estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>17,18</sup> t&#234;m mostrado achados similares em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Como j&#225; salientado, tamb&#233;m h&#225; resultados indicando que a classe funcional pela NYHA interfere nessa rela&#231;&#227;o, visto que a classe funcional &#233; conhecida por se relacionar, de modo significativo, com a capacidade funcional nesses pacientes<sup>8</sup>. O aumento da dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda &#233; um marcador de mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral e tamb&#233;m em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>19</sup>. Entretanto, a habilidade para predizer a sobrevida, com base na dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda, deve ser determinada em pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose. </p>
    <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo indicando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre uma altera&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica caracter&#237;stica, representada por aumento atrial esquerdo, e o comprometimento da capacidade f&#237;sica nos pacientes em quest&#227;o. Esse achado deve ter implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas, pois a classe funcional pela NYHA tem mostrado influenciar negativamente a sobrevida. A hist&#243;ria natural de pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose em classe funcional I ou II &#233; relativamente benigna, quando comparada com a de pacientes em classe funcional III ou IV<sup>16</sup>. Ainda deve ser demonstrado, entretanto, se as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas caracter&#237;sticas nesta doen&#231;a, como a dimens&#227;o e a morfologia ventriculares, influenciariam a capacidade funcional. Adicionalmente, tamb&#233;m &#233; necess&#225;rio investigar se os presentes achados s&#227;o aplic&#225;veis a pacientes que n&#227;o se encontram em ritmo sinusal e com comprometimento isolado de ventr&#237;culo direito ou esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, o volume atrial esquerdo foi associado com remodelamento ventricular, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e grau de refluxo mitral<sup>20</sup>. Na endomiocardiofibrose o aumento da dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda deve se relacionar &#224; presen&#231;a de refluxo mitral, &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e/ou ao grau de deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso. A causa de tal aumento deve ser melhor explorada. </p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios t&#234;m mostrado que, em pacientes sem antecedentes de arritmias atriais ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular, o volume atrial esquerdo reflete o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>21</sup>. A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; reconhecida como um importante fator progn&#243;stico em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, e a endomiocardiofibrose &#233; um modelo de doen&#231;a caracterizada por essa disfun&#231;&#227;o<sup>22</sup>. Entretanto, os &#237;ndices obtidos pelo Doppler s&#227;o influenciados por m&#250;ltiplos fatores. Em contraste, a dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda &#233; menos influenciada por altera&#231;&#245;es agudas e reflete a dura&#231;&#227;o e severidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>23,24</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose, a redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia produzida pela deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibr&#243;tico leva a um aumento da press&#227;o atrial esquerda para manter o enchimento ventricular esquerdo adequado<sup>25</sup>. Por conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, o aumento da press&#227;o atrial esquerda conduz &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial. Do ponto de vista fisiopatol&#243;gico, nossos achados podem indicar que a dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda corresponde ao grau de restri&#231;&#227;o de enchimento ventricular e, assim, deve ser um marcador acurado do est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a e refletir o grau de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Adicionalmente, a dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda tem-se revelado um preditor importante de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Estudos anteriores indicaram que a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial estava presente em 36,2% dos pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose e comprometimento biventricular ou predominante de ventr&#237;culo direito<sup>26</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, nesses pacientes, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial estava associada a pior progn&#243;stico, mas o estudo mostrou que a cirurgia, potencialmente, reverteu essa m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Nossos achados devem permitir que se fa&#231;a uso de um par&#226;metro morfol&#243;gico, obtido facilmente, como a dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda pela ecocardiografia, para estimar um &#237;ndice mais complexo e dif&#237;cil de avaliar, como o VO<sub>2</sub>max.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Charles Mady </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> Cep 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="cmady@cardiol.br">cmady@cardiol.br</email>/ </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="charles.mady@incor.usp.br">charles.mady@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 16/02/04 - Aceito em 23/06/04</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Relation between left atrial dimension and exercise capacity in endomyocardial fibrosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess whether exercise capacity is related to left atrial dimension (LAD) in patients with biventricular endomyocardial fibrosis. METHODS: This study comprised 38 patients in sinus rhythm, with a mean age of 37.5 &#177; 11.5 years (range, 11 to 59 years), 25 of whom were women. They were divided into 2 groups according to the NYHA functional class on hospital admission as follows: group A (12 patients) and group B (26 patients). All patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing to determine their maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max), and their left atrial dimension was determined on echocardiography. RESULTS: The VO2max values for groups A and B were 21.8 &#177; 4.8 mL.kg-1.min-1 and 13.7 &#177; 3.5 mL.kg-1.min-1, respectively, and the left atrial dimensions were 3.7&#177;0.7cm and 4.4&#177;0.7cm for groups A and B, respectively. A significant and inverse correlation was found between VO2max and LAD in the groups studied. CONCLUSION: The increase in left atrial dimension is associated with impairment in exercise capacity in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. Our findings support the use of left atrial dimension to estimate a more complex and difficult to assess index of functional capacity, such as VO2max.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>left atrial dimension</kwd>
        <kwd>exercise capacity</kwd>
        <kwd>endomyocardial fibrosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Relation between left atrial dimension and exercise capacity in endomyocardial fibrosis</p>
      <p>Charles Mady; Vera Maria Cury Salemi; Barbara Maria Ianni; F&#225;bio Fernandes; Edmundo Arteaga</p>
      <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HC - FMUSP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To assess whether exercise capacity is related to left atrial dimension (LAD) in patients with biventricular endomyocardial fibrosis.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>This study comprised 38 patients in sinus rhythm, with a mean age of 37.5 &#177; 11.5 years (range, 11 to 59 years), 25 of whom were women. They were divided into 2 groups according to the NYHA functional class on hospital admission as follows: group A (12 patients) and group B (26 patients). All patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing to determine their maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2 </sub>max), and their left atrial dimension was determined on echocardiography.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The VO<sub>2</sub>max values for groups A and B were 21.8 &#177; 4.8 mL.kg<sup>&#150;1</sup>.min<sup>&#150;1</sup> and 13.7 &#177; 3.5 mL.kg<sup>&#150;1</sup>.min<sup>&#150;1</sup>, respectively, and the left atrial dimensions were 3.7&#177;0.7cm and 4.4&#177;0.7cm for groups A and B, respectively. A significant and inverse correlation was found between VO<sub>2</sub>max and LAD in the groups studied.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The increase in left atrial dimension is associated with impairment in exercise capacity in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. Our findings support the use of left atrial dimension to estimate a more complex and difficult to assess index of functional capacity, such as VO<sub>2</sub>max. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> left atrial dimension, exercise capacity, endomyocardial fibrosis</p>
      <p>Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a rare restrictive cardiomyopathy characterized by fibrous thickening of the endocardium and adjacent myocardium. The apex and ventricular inlet are most commonly involved, which often results in obliteration of one or both ventricular cavities<sup>1</sup>. Usually, the build-up of fibrous tissue extends to the papillary muscles interfering with the anatomy and function of the atrioventricular valvular apparatus. The morphological alterations in the ventricular chambers added to the atrioventricular valvular dysfunction cause a restrictive syndrome, which usually manifests as bilateral, or mainly right ventricular, diastolic heart failure<sup>2-6</sup>. One of the most important pathophysiological adaptive mechanism is atrial enlargement<sup>1,5</sup>, which seems to play a fundamental role in maintaining cardiac output. Exercise intolerance, assessed through cardiopulmonary exercise testing, is a fundamental determinant of clinical evolution in patients with heart failure<sup>7,8</sup> and reflects much more the alterations in left ventricular diastolic function than in systolic function<sup>9</sup>. However, cardiopulmonary exercise testing is of limited clinical application in those patients, because most of them have signs and symptoms of advanced heart failure, such as ascites and cardiac cachexia, at the time of diagnosis<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>Considering the restrictive pathophysiological pattern of the disease, we discuss whether left atrial enlargement should be a marker of functional capacity in the mentioned patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential association between left atrial dimension and VO<sub>2</sub>max in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients selected had been hospitalized for clinical assessment and treatment of endomyocardial fibrosis and had sinus rhythm with biventricular impairment evidenced on ventriculography. This study comprised 38 patients with a mean age of 37.5&#177;11.5 years (range, 11 to 59 years), 25 of the female sex, divided on hospital admission into 2 groups (A and B) according to the NYHA functional class. Group A comprised 12 patients in functional class I or II, and group B comprised 26 patients in functional class III or IV. </p>
      <p>All patients, after being stabilized for heart failure, underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max, mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>). The respiratory variables were obtained under standard conditions of temperature, pressure, and humidity (StPD), applying the appropriate correction factors. Both groups underwent maximum exercise testing based on the modified Naughton protocol <sup>11</sup>, using a motorized treadmill (Quinton, model Q65, Seattle, Washington), with variable velocity and tilting. </p>
      <p> Commercial echocardiographic equipment was used to assess left atrial dimension (cm). The echocardiographic parameters were determined based on the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>All patients signed a written consent to participate in the study after being informed about the objectives and methods used. The procedures performed conformed to institutional ethical guidelines, and the institutional review committee approved the protocol with the principles defined by the Helsinki Declaration. </p>
      <p>Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to investigate the relation between left atrial dimension and VO<sub>2</sub>max in each group studied. The correlation coefficient was considered statistically significant when P &lt; 0.05. Tests of parallelism and coincidence between both regression lines were performed for assessing whether the NYHA functional class may influence the potential relation between left atrial dimension and functional capacity. The variables are described in the text as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The values obtained for VO<sub>2</sub>max were 21.8 &#177; 4.8 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1 </sup>and 13.7 &#177; 3.5 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1 </sup>in groups A and B, respectively. The left atrial dimension was 3.7 &#177; 0.7 cm in group A and 4.4&#177;0.7 cm in group B. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows an inverse correlation between VO<sub>2</sub>max and left atrial dimension for each group studied separately. The regression line obtained for group B (y = 27.4 - 3.1x, P = 0.0017) was shifted downwards (P = 0.0003) and in parallel (P = 0.3727), when compared with the regression line obtained for group A (y = 38.8 - 4.6x, P = 0.0019), indicating a significant interference of functional class in the correlation found between VO<sub>2</sub>max and left atrial dimension. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0222-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Biventricular endomyocardial fibrosis is clinically characterized by predominantly right heart failure, with descending and prominent elevated jugular venous pressure, quiet precordium, third cardiac sound, and usually huge ascites on physical examination. The patients affected usually have a poor evolution, manifested as a high mortality rate within the first years after diagnosis<sup>13</sup>. Echocardiography performed by experienced professionals is of fundamental importance to confirm the diagnosis in suspicious cases. Normal ventricular cavities or of reduced size with apical obliteration, usually associated with atrioventricular valvular regurgitation and normal or slightly reduced systolic function, are the major characteristics, in addition to an enlarged right or left atrium, or both<sup>14</sup>. The echocardiography may help in the differential diagnosis with other restrictive syndromes, such as amyloidosis and constrictive pericarditis<sup>15</sup>. Fibrous tissue builds up in the endomyocardial region in varied degrees, involving one or both ventricles. Clinical evolution has been related to morphological presentation<sup>7</sup>. In addition, NYHA functional class has been related to survival; therefore, it should be considered in surgical therapeutic decisions<sup>7,16</sup>. </p>
      <p>The present study showed that left atrial dimension is related to VO<sub>2</sub>max in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis, sinus rhythm, and biventricular impairment. Previous studies <sup>17,18</sup> have reported similar findings in patients with heart failure. As already emphasized, some results have indicated that NYHA functional class interferes with that relation, because the functional class is known to significantly relate to the functional capacity in those patients<sup>8</sup>. The increase in left atrial dimension is a marker of mortality in the general population and also in patients with myocardial infarction <sup>19</sup>. However, the ability for predicting survival based on left atrial dimension should be investigated in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. </p>
      <p>This is the first study indicating an association between a characteristic morphological alteration, represented by left atrial enlargement, and physical capacity impairment in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. This finding may have prognostic implications, because NYHA functional class has been shown to negatively influence survival. The natural history of patients with endomyocardial fibrosis in functional class I or II is relatively benign as compared with that of patients in functional class III or IV<sup>16</sup>. However, it is yet to be demonstrated whether the characteristic morphological alterations in that disease, such as ventricular dimension and morphology, influence functional capacity. In addition, it is also necessary to investigate whether our findings can be applied to patients who are not in sinus rhythm and have isolated right or left ventricular impairment. </p>
      <p>In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, left atrial volume has been associated with ventricular remodeling, diastolic dysfunction, and the degree of mitral regurgitation <sup>20</sup>. In endomyocardial fibrosis, the enlargement in left atrial dimension may be related to the presence of mitral regurgitation, diastolic dysfunction, or degree of fibrous tissue build-up. The cause of such enlargement should be better investigated. </p>
      <p>Previous studies have reported that, in patients without any antecedent of atrial arrhythmias or valvular heart disease, left atrial volume reflects the degree of diastolic dysfunction <sup>21</sup>. Diastolic dysfunction is recognized as an important prognostic factor in several heart diseases, and endomyocardial fibrosis is a disease model characterized by that dysfunction <sup>22</sup>. However, the indices obtained on Doppler are influenced by multiple factors. In contrast, left atrial dimension is less influenced by acute alterations and reflects the duration and severity of the diastolic dysfunction <sup>23-24</sup>. </p>
      <p>In patients with endomyocardial fibrosis, the reduction in compliance caused by fibrous tissue build-up leads to an increase in left atrial pressure to maintain adequate left ventricular filling <sup>25</sup>. Therefore, the increase in left atrial pressure causes atrial dilation. From the pathophysiological viewpoint, our findings may indicate that the left atrial dimension corresponds to the degree of restriction in ventricular filling, and, therefore, should be an accurate marker of the stage of the disease and reflect the degree of diastolic function impairment. In addition, left atrial dimension has proved to be an important predictor of atrial fibrillation. Previous studies have reported that atrial fibrillation is present in 36.2% of the patients with endomyocardial fibrosis and biventricular or predominantly right ventricular impairment <sup>26</sup>. In addition, in these patients, atrial fibrillation is associated with a worse prognosis, but the study showed that surgery potentially reversed that poor evolution. </p>
      <p>Our findings allow the use of a morphological parameter, such as left atrial dimension, which is easily obtained on echocardiography, for estimating a more complex and difficult to assess index, such as VO<sub>2</sub>max.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Charles Mady </p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> Cep 05403-000</p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="cmady@cardiol.br">cmady@cardiol.br</email>/ </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="charles.mady@incor.usp.br">charles.mady@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 02/16/04</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 06/23/04</p>
      <p> English version Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
