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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vZkQy3RdsPVf6ZsCxHzLcJh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005000300004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08400304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005000300004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo comparativo dos resultados da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e da angioplastia na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em portadores de comprometimento multiarterial equivalente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto Dutra da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Whady Armindo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#233;sar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ant&#244;nio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Almeida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>84</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>214</fpage>
      <lpage>221</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Investigar a relativa efic&#225;cia de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial sintom&#225;tica, com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada. Os objetivos prim&#225;rios foram definidos com a combina&#231;&#227;o de: morte por origem card&#237;aca, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) ou angina refrat&#225;ria que necessitasse de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e, os secund&#225;rios, estado anginoso e isquemia esfor&#231;o-induzida. M&#201;TODOS: De 20.769 pacientes avaliados por cineangiocoronariografia no InCor, 210 foram escolhidos para o estudo e randomizados para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RCM) (n=105) e angioplastia transluminal coronariana (ATC) (n=105). RESULTADOS: M&#233;dia de 3,2&#177;0,8 vasos receberam anastomoses e 2,1&#177;0,8 foram dilatados com sucesso nos grupos RCM e ATC, respectivamente. Em cinco anos de seguimento as respectivas taxas de eventos para RCM e ATC foram: 9,52% e 12,38% para mortalidade, 2,85% e 8,57% (p=0,0668) para IAM, 2,85% e 24,76% (p&lt; 0,001) para uma interven&#231;&#227;o adicional; a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia de 88,39% para RCM e de 84,93% para ATC; os respectivos porcentuais livres de IAM, 84,40 e 77,40%. Os pacientes estavam livres de angina em 62% do RCM e 60% do grupo ATC e os testes de esfor&#231;o foram considerados n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos em 62,5% e 62,1%, nos grupos cir&#250;rgico e angioplastia. CONCLUS&#195;O: Comparada com a angioplastia para pacientes multivasculares, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi associada a uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos a longo prazo e reduzida necessidade de novas interven&#231;&#245;es (p=0,001).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>coronariopatias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo comparativo dos resultados da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e da angioplastia na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em portadores de comprometimento multiarterial equivalente </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paulo Roberto Dutra da Silva; Whady Armindo Hueb; Luiz Ant&#244;nio Machado C&#233;sar; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini Ramires </p>
    <p>Rio de Janeiro, RJ / S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p> InCor - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Investigar a relativa efic&#225;cia de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial sintom&#225;tica, com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada. Os objetivos prim&#225;rios foram definidos com a combina&#231;&#227;o de: morte por origem card&#237;aca, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) ou angina refrat&#225;ria que necessitasse de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e, os secund&#225;rios, estado anginoso e isquemia esfor&#231;o-induzida. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>De 20.769 pacientes avaliados por cineangiocoronariografia no InCor, 210 foram escolhidos para o estudo e randomizados para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RCM) (n=105) e angioplastia transluminal coronariana (ATC) (n=105). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>M&#233;dia de 3,2&#177;0,8 vasos receberam anastomoses e 2,1&#177;0,8 foram dilatados com sucesso nos grupos RCM e ATC, respectivamente. Em cinco anos de seguimento as respectivas taxas de eventos para RCM e ATC foram: 9,52% e 12,38% para mortalidade, 2,85% e 8,57% (p=0,0668) para IAM, 2,85% e 24,76% (p&lt; 0,001) para uma interven&#231;&#227;o adicional; a taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia de 88,39% para RCM e de 84,93% para ATC; os respectivos porcentuais livres de IAM, 84,40 e 77,40%. Os pacientes estavam livres de angina em 62% do RCM e 60% do grupo ATC e os testes de esfor&#231;o foram considerados n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos em 62,5% e 62,1%, nos grupos cir&#250;rgico e angioplastia. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Comparada com a angioplastia para pacientes multivasculares, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi associada a uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos a longo prazo e reduzida necessidade de novas interven&#231;&#245;es (p=0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea coronariana, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, coronariopatias</p>
    <p> O impacto do al&#237;vio dos sintomas anginosos, a redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e a melhoria da sobreviv&#234;ncia em alguns subgrupos de pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular comprometida, recomendavam o emprego da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio (RCM), como forma efetiva do tratamento da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica<sup>1,2</sup>. A constata&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento da hiperplasia intimal, aterosclerose, ocorr&#234;ncia de trombose e oclus&#227;o dos enxertos, principalmente os venosos<sup>3</sup>, motivaram um aumento progressivo do uso de enxertos arteriais, na tentativa de diminuir os &#237;ndices de oclus&#227;o dos enxertos venosos que variaram entre 5% a 15% no 1&#186; m&#234;s, 15% a 25% no 1&#186; ano e at&#233; 50% nos primeiros 10 anos<sup>4-6</sup>. Assim, a partir dos estudos realizados pelo <italic>Coronary Artery Surgery Study</italic><sup>7</sup>, nos anos 70, empregando em at&#233; 20% a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda (ATIE) como anastomose para ramo interventricular anterior (RIVA)<sup>8</sup>, o enxerto arterial foi se tornando mais utilizado, atingindo no final da d&#233;cada de 80 e in&#237;cio dos anos 90, porcentagem de utiliza&#231;&#227;o em 37% a 90% dos pacientes<sup>9-14</sup>. </p>
    <p>O avan&#231;o nas t&#233;cnicas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, nos anos 90, estimulou o emprego de outros enxertos arteriais, tais como o duplo enxerto das art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas internas direita e esquerda (ATID e ATIE), cujos resultados demonstraram menor recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas anginosos, diminui&#231;&#227;o de reopera&#231;&#245;es e tend&#234;ncia de maior sobreviv&#234;ncia<sup>15,16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudos comparativos entre pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, seja atrav&#233;s da cirurgia ou da angioplastia, n&#227;o t&#234;m demonstrado diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobreviv&#234;ncia imediata ou tardia entre os dois tipos de tratamento. Esses resultados n&#227;o consideraram a exist&#234;ncia de varia&#231;&#245;es nas amostras, relativas ao n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias comprometidas ou ao n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias efetivamente tratadas em cada tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o. Essas varia&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o observadas em estudos recentes, que compararam os resultados entre cirurgia e angioplastia<sup>9</sup>, incluindo 45% de portadores de comprometimento uniarterial, enquanto outros estudos <sup>14,17</sup> continham em suas amostras 60% de pacientes com predom&#237;nio de estenoses biarteriais. </p>
    <p>Quando se avalia, comparativamente, o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias que efetivamente sofreram interven&#231;&#245;es pelos dois m&#233;todos, observam-se varia&#231;&#245;es entre o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de art&#233;rias tratadas, atrav&#233;s da angioplastia, e as que receberam anastomoses distais. Nesta amostra, o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de art&#233;rias tratadas por angioplastia transluminal coronariana (ATC) foi inferior ao de enxertos por paciente (2,4 vs 3,1)<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Outro aspecto relevante diz respeito ao n&#250;mero inicial de art&#233;rias apropriadas para ATC e de art&#233;rias que foram tratadas e, efetivamente, desobstru&#237;das com sucesso. Esta condi&#231;&#227;o caracteriza uma revasculariza&#231;&#227;o incompleta, freq&#252;ente nos principais estudos<sup>9-14</sup>. Assim, observa-se que o resultado final da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio por ATC &#233; diferente do esperado, em todos os estudos realizados, independentemente de planejados para se alcan&#231;ar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica completa<sup>10</sup>, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o funcional completa ou equivalente<sup>9,11</sup>, assim como tamb&#233;m a permitida revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica incompleta<sup>12,13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Assim, ao serem analisados os &#237;ndices de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o entre os dois tipos de interven&#231;&#227;o, observa-se que a RCM apresenta freq&#252;entemente &#237;ndices de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio, superiores &#224; ATC, ou seja 88% vs 51%<sup>11</sup>, 91% vs 57%<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os dados iniciais do registro de ATC (NHLBI-PTCA REGISTRY-1985-86), que apresentaram resultados de longo prazo de seguimento, t&#234;m contribu&#237;do para validar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica incompleta comparada &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica completa<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Esse relato n&#227;o mostrou resultados distintos entre as duas formas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise de eventos card&#237;acos maiores &#150; (morte, infarto com Q e angina recorrente). </p>
    <p>Os resultados do estudo BARI em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia comparativa entre ATC anatomicamente incompleta e a completa n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobreviv&#234;ncia em m&#233;dio prazo, confirmando os estudos iniciais na d&#233;cada de 80<sup>19,20</sup>. &#201; oportuno mencionar que a an&#225;lise do resultado funcional entre os dois m&#233;todos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, por ATC e RCM, raramente &#233; discutida. </p>
    <p>Por outro lado, poucos s&#227;o os estudos dispon&#237;veis sobre o sucesso dos enxertos patentes e das art&#233;rias correspondentes, assim como o resultado tardio do procedimento percut&#226;neo atrav&#233;s da angioplastia transluminal coronariana. </p>
    <p>Assim, apesar de todos os benef&#237;cios alcan&#231;ados por estes dois m&#233;todos terap&#234;uticos para revascularizar o mioc&#225;rdio, ainda permanecem sob questionamento v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e progn&#243;sticas dos pacientes. Os estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados e controlados, envolvendo a RCM e ATC em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multiarterial, discutidos anteriormente, n&#227;o conseguiram estabelecer um consenso quanto ao procedimento com melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos em longo prazo. A maioria desses estudos valorizou os aspectos evolutivos e os eventos cl&#237;nicos secund&#225;rios aos procedimentos, observando-se uma escassez de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a carga isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio. Uma vez que o objetivo final da aplica&#231;&#227;o de ambos os procedimentos &#233; a melhora da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, torna-se pertinente a an&#225;lise dos procedimentos sob esta &#243;tica, comparando o nossos resultados, com aqueles publicados pelos principais estudos<sup>19,20</sup>. Talvez a almejada revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa do mioc&#225;rdio possa estar sendo excessivamente valorizada, em detrimento da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o funcionalmente adequada do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>Este estudo teve por objetivos: avaliar a efic&#225;cia de cada interven&#231;&#227;o na prote&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico e na sobreviv&#234;ncia em longo prazo dos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e estabelecer a condi&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no final do estudo, nos pacientes que receberam indica&#231;&#227;o para receber uma das duas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo avaliou e acompanhou um subgrupo de 210 pacientes selecionados a partir de 20.769 cineangiocoronariografias realizados no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Trata-se de um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, randomizado, prospectivo e multidisciplinar, que compara as op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas: RCM e ATC em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multiarterial, angina est&#225;vel e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada, e obteve aprova&#231;&#227;o da Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica e de &#201;tica da Institui&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multiarterial, portadores de angina est&#225;vel e/ou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica esfor&#231;o-induzido, com diagn&#243;stico atrav&#233;s de estudo cinecoronariogr&#225;fico revelador de estenoses coronarianas significativas (&gt; 70%) em dois ou mais vasos, representando os portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multivascular, tratados para angina ou isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram os seguintes: angina est&#225;vel CF 2 ou 3 (CCS)<sup>21</sup> ou evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica esfor&#231;o induzido, requerendo revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O teste de esfor&#231;o foi considerado positivo quando os pacientes desenvolveram angina ao exerc&#237;cio ou foram observados seguimentos ST com depress&#227;o anormal (horizontal ou descendente) de 1mm em homens e 2mm em mulheres, analisados 80ms ap&#243;s o ponto J; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multivascular foi definida, angiograficamente, quando demonstrou estenose <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% em vasos com di&#226;metro &gt; 1,5mm acometendo uma das art&#233;rias principais ou seus ramos pass&#237;veis de serem tratadas por ATC ou RCM. Para fins de randomiza&#231;&#227;o era necess&#225;rio a concord&#226;ncia tr&#237;plice entre o cardiologista cl&#237;nico, o cardiologista intervencionista e o cirurgi&#227;o cardiovascular; o consentimento informado do paciente era necess&#225;rio para a randomiza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, cardiopatias orovalvares, ou miocardiopatias. Pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel ou IAM que requeressem revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia, aneurisma ventricular esquerdo, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de ATC ou RCM, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana univascular, e os pacientes com idade &lt; 35 anos e &gt; 75 anos. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram randomizados para RCM ou ATC e submetidos aos respectivos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico, com intervalo, quando poss&#237;vel, de at&#233; quatro semanas ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Assim, foram selecionados pacientes de maneira equivalente e consecutiva, de acordo com o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias envolvidas, com a localiza&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es coronarianas e ainda com indica&#231;&#245;es semelhantes para ambos os procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>A angina foi considerada de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic><sup>21</sup> e entendida como refrat&#225;ria, quando os pacientes tratados com terapia anti-isqu&#234;micas tr&#237;plice (betabloqueador e/ou bloqueador de canais de c&#225;lcio, nitrato e aspirina) n&#227;o obtiveram sucesso. </p>
    <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi definido como: 1) surgimento de novas ondas Q em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas cont&#237;guas ou 2) sintomas compat&#237;veis com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, associados &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o MB da enzima creatinofosfoquinase (CPK) maior que tr&#234;s vezes o limite superior do normal, n&#227;o sendo considerado diagn&#243;stico para o grupo ATC quando esta eleva&#231;&#227;o ocorresse dentro de 96h ap&#243;s o procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o<sup>22,23</sup>. </p>
    <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, anatomicamente completa, foi definida, angiograficamente, como a aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o coronariana residual importante (&gt;70%) em todos os ramos epic&#225;rdicos considerados fact&#237;veis para receberem o tratamento atrav&#233;s da ATC, ou de acordo com o n&#250;mero de anastomoses distais realizadas em todos os vasos considerados doentes na mesma condi&#231;&#227;o<sup>18</sup> e os eventos card&#237;acos foram analisados ap&#243;s a respectiva alta dos pacientes, sobreviventes aos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi realizada trimestralmente durante os cinco primeiros anos ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, enquanto que a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) em esteira, de acordo com o protocolo de Bruce, modificado em condi&#231;&#245;es basais ao final de cada ano de seguimento at&#233; completar o 5&#186; ano ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Exceto quando contra-indicado, todos os pacientes receberam aspirina, nitratos, inibidores da redutase HMG-CoA, inibidores da ECA, betabloqueadores e/ou bloqueadores do canal de c&#225;lcio. Exames de rotina inclu&#237;ram eletrocardiografia de repouso, ecocardiograma e rotina laboratorial a cada seis meses. </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cinecoronariografia em aparelho Philips modelo Integris 3000, incluindo coronariografia e ventriculografia esquerda pela t&#233;cnica de Sones ou Seldinger<sup>24</sup>, com registro de pelo menos quatro proje&#231;&#245;es ortogonais para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e duas proje&#231;&#245;es para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, bem como para os enxertos arteriais ou venosos, quando presentes no grupo RCM submetido &#224; cineangiocoronariografia de controle. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula proposta por Dodge e cols.<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Dois observadores experientes quantificaram visualmente as obstru&#231;&#245;es (considerando significativas aquelas=50%), bem como a presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral. As les&#245;es coronarianas foram classificadas de acordo com sua a localiza&#231;&#227;o, gravidade, extens&#227;o e angula&#231;&#227;o<sup>26,27</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foi considerada a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana multiarterial quando encontrada em mais de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ou um de seus ramos, com estenose <underline>&gt;</underline>50%, considerando apenas vasos com di&#226;metro luminal &gt; 1,5mm. </p>
    <p>A RCM foi realizada utilizando-se t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica padronizada, sob hipotermia e uso de solu&#231;&#227;o cardiopl&#233;gica<sup>27</sup>. O cirurgi&#227;o cardiovascular foi estimulado a intervir em todas as art&#233;rias abord&#225;veis, incluindo aquelas com estenose <underline>&lt;</underline>50%. Dessa forma, a estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica foi determinada pelo cirurgi&#227;o com o objetivo de obter RM completa, utilizando enxertos venosos ou condutos arteriais, sempre que poss&#237;vel e os pacientes submetidos ao procedimento ap&#243;s a defini&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica, tendo sido medicados com betabloqueadores e drogas antiplaquet&#225;rias, sempre que poss&#237;vel, tanto no pr&#233; como no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>A ATC foi realizada conforme t&#233;cnica convencional, incluindo a administra&#231;&#227;o oral de aspirina ou ticlopidina 24h precedentes<sup>27</sup>; heparina endovenosa (10.000 UI) e nitroglicerina foram infundidas imediatamente antes e durante o procedimento<sup>28</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os cardiologistas intervencionistas foram estimulados a intervir em todas as art&#233;rias que pudessem estar contribuindo para a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e/ou demonstrassem obstru&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline>70%. Al&#233;m disso, todas as op&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas baseadas em cateteres estavam dispon&#237;veis, incluindo cateter-bal&#227;o, stent, laser, aterectomia direcional e/ ou rotacional, de tal modo que a estrat&#233;gia foi planejada para permitir a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o funcional completa, iniciando pelo tratamento da les&#227;o culpada, seguida do tratamento dos outros vasos. Quando necess&#225;ria, a ATC foi planejada e realizada em mais de uma sess&#227;o. </p>
    <p>No caso de oclus&#227;o aguda do vaso tratado durante a ATC, o cardiologista intervencionista e o cardiologista cl&#237;nico tinham a op&#231;&#227;o de indicar a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, de emerg&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>O resultado foi considerado como sucesso quando a obstru&#231;&#227;o residual foi inferior a 50% ou foi reduzida em pelo menos 20% do valor inicial<sup>22,27</sup>. </p>
    <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis foram analisadas descritivamente. Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, a an&#225;lise foi feita atrav&#233;s da observa&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos e do c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas calcularam-se as freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. </p>
    <p>Para se testar a hip&#243;tese de igualdade de m&#233;dias dos grupos, foi utilizado o teste t de Student para amostras independentes<sup>29</sup>. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as propor&#231;&#245;es foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, quando ocorreram freq&#252;&#234;ncias esperadas abaixo de 5<sup>29</sup>. Para se avaliar o tempo at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos, foram ajustadas curvas de Kaplan-Meier e que foram testadas atrav&#233;s do teste log-rank. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado para os testes foi de 5%. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com emprego do Statistical Analysis System (SAS). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente estudo foram analisados consecutivamente os 105 primeiros pacientes do grupo ATC e os 105 primeiros pacientes do grupo RCM, que sobreviveram aos respectivos procedimentos invasivos e tiveram altas hospitalares, sendo que 45 (42,9%) pacientes eram portadores de estenose em duas art&#233;rias e 60 (57,1%) em tr&#234;s art&#233;rias, tendo sido submetidos ao tratamento atrav&#233;s da ATC. No outro grupo, 34 (32,4%) pacientes eram portadores de estenose em duas art&#233;rias e 71 (67,6%) em tr&#234;s art&#233;rias, e foram submetidos ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>Os grupos foram randomizados de 26/6/1995 a 15/12/1998, permitindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos por um per&#237;odo de seguimento de cinco anos, em cada um dos grupos. </p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes submetidos &#224; ATC e &#224; RCM se encontra na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas quanto: &#224; idade m&#233;dia, ao sexo, &#224; dislipidemia, ao diabetes mellitus, &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, ao tabagismo e ao estado anginoso. Os grupos diferiram em rela&#231;&#227;o ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (p=0,004); o grupo ATC revelou um porcentual significativamente maior que o do grupo RCM (60%). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos betabloqueadores e bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, o grupo RCM recebeu porcentual significativamente maior que o do grupo ATC. Entretanto, o emprego pr&#233;vio de aspirina, inibidores da ECA, estatinas, insulina e antidiabetog&#234;nicos oral foi porcentualmente semelhante nos dois grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cinecoronariogr&#225;ficas, houve o predom&#237;nio de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana triarterial sobre o biarterial em ambos os grupos (p = 0,117). No grupo ATC, 60 (57,1%) pacientes eram portadores de estenoses triarteriais e no grupo RCM, 71 (67,6%) pacientes. </p>
    <p>No grupo RCM, observaram-se 332 vasos tratados, revelando uma m&#233;dia de 3,16 vasos enxertados por paciente; sendo que 98 (93,33%) receberam pelo menos uma anastomose com emprego de enxerto arterial, resultando em uma revasculariza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica considerada completa em 71,4% dos pacientes. O uso de pelo menos uma das art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas internas (ATI) ocorreu em 71 (67,61%) pacientes; duas art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas mais uma radial em 13 (12,38%) e da art&#233;ria gastroepipl&#243;ica em 3 (2,85%) pacientes. </p>
    <p>Durante o seguimento de cinco anos, foram observados 10 &#243;bitos de origem card&#237;aca, 3 IAM n&#227;o-fatal, 1 necessitando de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio e 2 de angioplastia coronariana. </p>
    <p> No grupo ATC, foram observados 260 vasos tratados. O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio dos vasos tratados por paciente foi de 2,47 e o &#237;ndice de sucesso de 85% (221 em 260). A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi considerada completa em 53 (50,47%) pacientes. Os porcentuais de recursos t&#233;cnicos empregados para desobstruir os vasos, por paciente, pelo cardiologista intervencionista foram: 74 (70%) stents, 65 (61,9%) bal&#245;es, 9 (8,57%) interven&#231;&#245;es atrav&#233;s da aterectomia rotacional isolada, 2 (7,9%) por aterectomia associada ao stent, enquanto a t&#233;cnica com o emprego do laser foi restrita a 2 (1,9%) pacientes. </p>
    <p>Durante o seguimento de cinco anos, ocorreram 13 (12,38%) mortes de origem card&#237;aca, 9 (8,57%) pacientes foram v&#237;timas de IAM n&#227;o-fatal, 20 (19,04%) pacientes necessitaram de nova angioplastia coronariana, enquanto que 6 (5,71%) foram submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>A taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos combinados foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos estudados. Pacientes inclu&#237;dos no grupo ATC apresentaram um maior n&#250;mero de eventos combinados, definidos como a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, IAM ou morte por origem card&#237;aca, quando comparados com os pacientes tratados pela terap&#234;utica cir&#250;rgica &#150; RCM (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa de morte relacionada ao cora&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s duas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas. Houve 13 mortes no grupo ATC e 10 no grupo RCM. A taxa de sobreviv&#234;ncia cumulativa, em 5 anos, foi de 95 (88,39%) e 92 (84,93%) pacientes, respectivamente nos grupos RCM e ATC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Durante o seguimento de cinco anos, 3 (2,85%) pacientes do grupo RCM e 9 (8,57%) do grupo ATC apresentaram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (p=0,0668) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Apenas 1 (0,95%) paciente do grupo RCM e 6 (5,71%) do grupo ATC apresentaram a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica adicional (p=0,0872). </p>
    <p>Durante o mesmo per&#237;odo, em 2 (1,90%) pacientes do grupo RCM e 20 (19,04%) do grupo ATC houve a necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o por angioplastia coronariana (P&lt; 0,003). </p>
    <p>Uma importante diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos relacionou-se &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia de interven&#231;&#245;es requeridas durante os cinco anos de seguimento. Foram necess&#225;rias 3 (2,85%) reinterven&#231;&#245;es entre os pacientes no grupo da cirurgia e 26 (24,76%) reinterven&#231;&#245;es adicionais no grupo da ATC (p&lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de seguimento de cinco anos foi encontrada uma diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de angina nos grupos estudados. Assim, dos 75 pacientes do grupo RCM que relataram sintomas anginosos no in&#237;cio do estudo, 65 estavam livres de angina ao final do estudo (P=0,001). </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo ATC, encontrou-se a mesma tend&#234;ncia: dos 83 pacientes com sintomas anginosos, no in&#237;cio do estudo, 63 deles estavam livres de angina no final do estudo (p=0,001). </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de isquemia esfor&#231;o-induzida, foi encontrada igualmente signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre pacientes de ambos os grupos que apresentavam teste de esfor&#231;o com resposta isqu&#234;mica. Assim, no grupo RCM, a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi semelhante: dos 45 pacientes que desenvolveram isquemia esfor&#231;o-induzida no in&#237;cio do estudo, 23 n&#227;o reproduziram o mesmo teste ao final do estudo (p=0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">fig. 5</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No grupo ATC, dos 35 pacientes que desenvolveram isquemia esfor&#231;o-induzida no in&#237;cio do estudo, 17 n&#227;o reproduziram o mesmo teste ao final do estudo (p= 0,002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">fig. 6</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo visou comparar a efic&#225;cia da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio entre dois m&#233;todos distintos (RCM e ATC), envolvendo 210 pacientes que sobreviveram 5 anos aos respectivos procedimentos e receberam alta hospitalar. As duas interven&#231;&#245;es levaram a um al&#237;vio significante dos sintomas anginosos, durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. Entretanto, nos resultados observados em cinco anos, verificou-se que a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos e com testes isqu&#234;micos eram semelhantes nos dois tipos de interven&#231;&#227;o; resultados que foram obtidos atrav&#233;s de um significativo aumento da necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o no grupo ATC. </p>
    <p>O estudo CASS demonstrou que, em portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multivascular com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal, angina est&#225;vel, predom&#237;nio de comprometimento biarterial (40%) e triarterial em menor porcentual (31,5%), a mortalidade m&#233;dia anual para pacientes submetidos &#224; RCM era de 1,1% (0,7%-1,0%- 1,4%, respectivamente para 1, 2 e 3 vasos), &#237;ndices semelhantes ao tratamento cl&#237;nico da &#233;poca<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>O estudo CASS n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a entre o tratamento cl&#237;nico e RCM em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com onda Q ou sobreviv&#234;ncia livre desses eventos no per&#237;odo de seguimento de cinco anos. O benef&#237;cio da RCM estaria restrito ao subgrupo triarterial, com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, FE &lt;50%, cuja mortalidade anual com tratamento cl&#237;nico atingiria 12,5% ao ano<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ao final da d&#233;cada de 80 e ao longo da de 90, v&#225;rios estudos foram realizados, visando comparar as duas formas de revascularizar o mioc&#225;rdio, permitindo o emprego de enxertos arteriais m&#250;ltiplos na RCM e de <italic>stents</italic> e dispositivos ateroablasivos na ATC. </p>
    <p>O perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o envolvida no presente estudo reflete uma amostra semelhante &#224;quela inserida em estudos multic&#234;ntricos em todo o mundo. Os grupos foram compostos por pacientes predominantemente do sexo masculino e de cor branca, idade m&#233;dia em torno de 60 anos, com alta preval&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus e tabagismo. Angina est&#225;vel, em CF II e III CCS, era amplamente prevalente nos estudos cl&#237;nicos, variando entre os porcentuais de 14% a 65% (RITA<sup>9</sup>, GABI <sup>10</sup>, ERACI<sup>11</sup>, CABRI<sup>12</sup>, EAST<sup>17</sup>, BARI<sup>14</sup>, entre outros). Assim, foram estabelecidas compara&#231;&#245;es entre os resultados do presente estudo e aqueles relatados na literatura. </p>
    <p>Analisando as caracter&#237;sticas da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio no presente estudo, cujo predom&#237;nio era de pacientes triarteriais, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa foi alcan&#231;ada em 72,38% dos pacientes do grupo RCM e em 50,48% do grupo ATC. Esta diferen&#231;a foi explicada pela maior liberdade e incentivo ao cirurgi&#227;o cardiovascular de executar um n&#250;mero maior de anastomoses em vasos com les&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline>50% ou vasos oclu&#237;dos. </p>
    <p>Estudos mais recentes, envolvendo a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o incompleta do mioc&#225;rdio por ATC, conclu&#237;ram que houve maior necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o coronariana precoce (risco 2,5 vezes maior) devido &#224; angina recorrente. Todavia, n&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#227;o das taxas de eventos card&#237;acos maiores tais como: morte e infarto n&#227;o-fatal<sup>18,30-36</sup>. </p>
    <p>O estudo BARI, comparando grupos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o incompleta em pacientes encaminhados para ATC e RCM em cinco anos de seguimento, mostrou maior sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de angina e de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o no grupo RCM em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ATC<sup>36</sup>. Nesse mesmo estudo, quando comparada a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa com a incompleta dentro do grupo ATC, a sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi significativamente maior no grupo com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa. Contudo, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a nos eventos de morte por origem card&#237;aca, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou angina inst&#225;vel em cinco anos de seguimento. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, o resultado cir&#250;rgico foi superior &#224; angioplastia na sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos card&#237;acos, pela significativa menor necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o induzida por angina recorrente (13,7% vs 41,6%) (p&lt;0,0001). Contudo, n&#227;o se obteve diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia de morte por origem card&#237;aca ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio entre os dois grupos no seguimento de at&#233; cinco anos. Essa superioridade pode ser explicada pelo emprego de m&#250;ltiplos enxertos arteriais, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa no grupo RCM e elevados &#237;ndices de reestenose sintom&#225;tica, necessitando de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o nos primeiros 12 meses no grupo ATC. </p>
    <p>Dos estudos com objetivo semelhante ao estudo atual, com seguimento de 1 a 5 anos, envolvendo 4.130 pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel predominante, n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as na mortalidade entre ATC e RCM<sup>14,17</sup>. Uma metan&#225;lise, incluindo os estudos CABRI, EAST, ERACI, GABI e RITA em um total de 2.943 pacientes avaliados, n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de morte ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio no seguimento de 1 a 3 anos, mas revelou uma maior sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de angina no grupo RCM em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ATC (raz&#227;o de chance =1,57, IC 1,32 a 1,87, p&lt; 0,00001)<sup>36</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudos mais recentes com seguimento cl&#237;nico de at&#233; oito anos (EAST e BARI) demonstraram &#237;ndices de morte e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio semelhantes entre os grupos randomizados para ATC e RCM. Observou-se, por outro lado, diferen&#231;a significativa na necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o para se alcan&#231;ar o controle da angina (72,8% vs 13,8% p&lt; 0,001 BARI); (65,3% vs 26,5% EAST)<sup>37,38</sup>. </p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, com a implementa&#231;&#227;o do uso de novos dispositivos na interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea coronariana, alguns estudos randomizados se destacaram, dentre eles, o estudo ARTS, que analisou 1.205 pacientes randomizados em grupos ATC - stents ou RCM. O objetivo prim&#225;rio incluiu a sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos card&#237;acos e acidentes cerebrovasculares, no seguimento de um ano. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos quando se alcan&#231;ou o objetivo prim&#225;rio, por&#233;m a diferen&#231;a foi observada quanto &#224; necessidade de maior n&#250;mero de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es nos grupos ATC - stent / RCM (16,8% vs 3,5%). A sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos card&#237;acos foi menor no grupo ATC - <italic>stent </italic>73,8% vs 87,8% no grupo RCM (p&lt; 0,001)<sup>39</sup>. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo permitiu a an&#225;lise comparativa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica sintom&#225;tica estado anginoso, assim como da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica esfor&#231;o-induzida em momentos distintos entre os dois grupos ATC e RCM. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da angina, em estudos comparativos entre RCM e ATC com emprego de cateter-bal&#227;o, demonstrou maior preval&#234;ncia desta no grupo ATC ao final do 1&#186; ano de seguimento<sup>40</sup>. O estudo RITA j&#225; demonstrava um decr&#233;scimo progressivo da preval&#234;ncia da angina no terceiro ano de seguimento<sup>41</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ao final do 5&#186; ano de seguimento, 38% do grupo RCM e 40% do grupo ATC apresentavam angina, com melhora significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao momento inicial, mas sem diferen&#231;a entre os dois tipos de tratamento. Esses resultados s&#227;o similares aos do estudo BARI e de uma metan&#225;lise que inclui 7.964 pacientes em 13 estudos randomizados, comparando ATC e RCM at&#233; o ano de 2001, o que permitiu a inclus&#227;o de estudos com emprego do <italic>stent</italic> na an&#225;lise comparativa. Esses resultados podem ser justificados pelo elevado n&#250;mero de reinterven&#231;&#245;es no grupo ATC, pela evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica no leito nativo e nos enxertos a m&#233;dio prazo em portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana trivascular<sup>41,42</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os resultados do teste de esfor&#231;o demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o semelhante e significativa da resposta isqu&#234;mica esfor&#231;o-induzido respectivamente, 37,9% e 37,5% nos grupos RCM e ATC, em 5 anos. O estudo BARI, com o mesmo tempo de seguimento, apresentou resultados semelhantes 28% vs 31% nos grupos ATC e RCM, mas no grupo amostral aqui estudado predominavam os portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana triarterial, enquanto que o estudo BARI privilegiou os biarteriais<sup>43</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ainda que se acompanhem os avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas e tamb&#233;m nos tipos de endopr&#243;teses, a reestenose p&#243;s-angioplastia permanece elevada, entre 20% e 40% em 6 meses. No final da d&#233;cada de 90, houve o desenvolvimento de <italic>stents</italic> recobertos com drogas, dentre eles os recobertos com rapamicina, esta com capacidade inibidora da prolifera&#231;&#227;o neointimal das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas<sup>44</sup>. Um estudo randomizado, multic&#234;ntrico, envolvendo 238 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 60,7 anos e 50% com angina inst&#225;vel, estudou <italic>stent</italic>-padr&#227;o e o grupo <italic>stent</italic>-rapamicina. A necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi de 22,9% no grupo <italic>stent</italic>- padr&#227;o vs 0% no grupo <italic>stent</italic>-rapamicina (p=0,001), ap&#243;s seguimento de 1 ano<sup>45</sup>. Contudo, o &#237;ndice de reestenose n&#227;o-cr&#237;tica n&#227;o foi revelado. </p>
    <p>A terap&#234;utica cir&#250;rgica, no presente estudo, foi superior &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Esta superioridade pode ser refletida por um baixo &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es peri-operat&#243;rias, na melhora sintom&#225;tica e na mais completa revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O amplo uso de condutos arteriais pode ter tido papel relevante durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de cinco anos. </p>
    <p>Uma vantagem que a op&#231;&#227;o por interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea pode oferecer &#233; a possibilidade de os cardiologistas terem a oportunidade de revisar suas decis&#245;es iniciais, baseados nos resultados cl&#237;nicos e angiogr&#225;ficos de cada les&#227;o considerada. A vantagem dada aos cirurgi&#245;es &#233; a possibilidade de empregar enxertos para art&#233;rias pouco estenosadas (&lt;50%), assim como as com alto grau de estenose e tamb&#233;m cronicamente oclu&#237;das. Baseado no n&#250;mero de vasos tratados, certamente o grau de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o atingido com a cirurgia parece ser mais anatomicamente completo do que o alcan&#231;ado pela angioplastia (p&lt;0,0001). </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, os avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos alcan&#231;ados pela angioplastia melhoraram muito nos anos mais recentes. Artif&#237;cios de aterectomia, laser, <italic>stents</italic> convencionais e agora, mais recentemente, os <italic>stents</italic> recobertos podem ser comumente utilizados para o tratamento de estenose coronariana. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias que esses artif&#237;cios ofere&#231;am melhores resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; morte e infarto n&#227;o-fatal em portadores de doen&#231;a aterial coronariana multivascular. Entretanto, acredita-se que, em futuro n&#227;o long&#237;nquo, a solu&#231;&#227;o do problema da reestenose possa influenciar de forma favor&#225;vel os resultados. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, os resultados satisfat&#243;rios obtidos pela RCM s&#227;o devidos provavelmente ao uso de enxertos arteriais como anastomose, assim como a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal que por si s&#243; confere um bom progn&#243;stico na maioria dos pacientes. Estes resultados levam &#224; reflex&#227;o assim como criam expectativas e indaga&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; chamada subutiliza&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de enxertos<sup>46</sup>. </p>
    <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo precisam ser consideradas, concordando-se que diante da aus&#234;ncia de contra-indica&#231;&#245;es, todos os pacientes deveriam receber terapia medicamentosa completa durante o acompanhamento ambulatorial, independentemente da estrat&#233;gia randomizada. Este ensaio, iniciado em 1995, n&#227;o considerou o atual difundido e ben&#233;fico uso de estatinas e inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (ECA) na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, secund&#225;ria e terci&#225;ria da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. No entanto, n&#227;o havia diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos estudados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que recebiam estatinas e inibidores da ECA, apesar de serem empregados em baixa porcentagem. Al&#233;m disso, o emprego de drogas anti-isqu&#234;micas e redutoras de lip&#237;deos &#233; similar &#224;quela do ensaio BARI. </p>
    <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o potencial &#233; o constante desenvolvimento das t&#233;cnicas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, tanto a cir&#250;rgica quanto a percut&#226;nea. O surgimento de <italic>stents</italic> revestidos com pol&#237;meros sint&#233;ticos, que armazenam e liberam, lentamente, drogas com propriedades inibit&#243;rias &#224; hiperplasia neointimal, contribuem para a redu&#231;&#227;o da reestenose da les&#227;o tratada e, conseq&#252;entemente, diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o no grupo ATC. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o inevit&#225;vel deste estudo &#233; ter sido conduzido por longo tempo de seguimento. Nesse per&#237;odo, observou-se o surgimento de novos f&#225;rmacos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, como o uso de clopidogrel e inibidores IIb/IIIa n&#227;o-dispon&#237;veis na ocasi&#227;o. Finalmente, o tamanho da amostra do estudo atual n&#227;o teve o poder de testar diferen&#231;as intergrupos; entretanto, o resultado destas diferen&#231;as s&#227;o relevantes no resultado da pesquisa. </p>
    <p> Concluindo, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e a percut&#226;nea do mioc&#225;rdio obtiveram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa e semelhante dos sintomas anginosos e da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica esfor&#231;o-induzida e, ainda que a incid&#234;ncia de morte por origem card&#237;aca tenha sido semelhante nos dois grupos de pacientes, alcan&#231;ou-se resultado cir&#250;rgico significativamente melhor quando se considerou a necessidade de novas interven&#231;&#245;es durante o seguimento a longo prazo na amostra estudada.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Paulo Roberto Dutra da Silva </p>
        <p> R. Sorocaba, 464/405 </p>
        <p> Cep 22271-110 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="paulo_r_dutra@uol.com.br">paulo_r_dutra@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 23/06/2003 - Aceito em 01/07/2004</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative study of the results of coronary artery bypass grafting and angioplasty for myocardial revascularization in patients with equivalent multivessel disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relative efficacy of different therapeutic strategies in patients with symptomatic multivessel coronary artery disease with preserved ventricular function. The primary objectives were defined as a combination of death of cardiac origin, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and refractory angina that required revascularization, and the secondary objectives were defined as anginal state and exercise-induced ischemia. METHODS: Of the 20,769 patients assessed on cine coronary angiography at InCor, 210 were chosen for this study and were randomized either for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG, n=105) or transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA, n=105). RESULTS: A mean of 3.2&#177;0.8 vessels received anastomoses and 2.1&#177;0.8 were successfully dilated in the CABG and TCA groups, respectively. In a 5-year follow-up, the rates of events in the CABG and TCA groups were, respectively: mortality, 9.52% and 12.38%; acute myocardial infarction, 2.85% and 8.57% (P = 0.0668); and additional intervention, 2.85% and 24.76% (P &lt; 0.001). The survival rate was 88.39% for CABG and 84.93% for TCA; the respective AMI-free percentages were 84.40% and 77.40%. In the CABG and TCA groups, 62% and 60% of the patients had no angina, respectively. The exercise tests were considered nonischemic in 62.5% and 62.1% of the patients in the CABG and TCA groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: In multivessel patients, compared with angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting was associated with a lower incidence of long-term events and a reduced need for new interventions (P=0.001).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>transluminal coronary angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery bypass grafting</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparative study of the results of coronary artery bypass grafting and angioplasty for myocardial revascularization in patients with equivalent multivessel disease</p>
      <p>Paulo Roberto Dutra da Silva; Whady Armindo Hueb; Luiz Ant&#244;nio Machado Cesar; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira; Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio Franchini Ramires</p>
      <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ / S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>InCor - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To investigate the relative efficacy of different therapeutic strategies in patients with symptomatic multivessel coronary artery disease with preserved ventricular function. The primary objectives were defined as a combination of death of cardiac origin, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and refractory angina that required revascularization, and the secondary objectives were defined as anginal state and exercise-induced ischemia.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Of the 20,769 patients assessed on cine coronary angiography at InCor, 210 were chosen for this study and were randomized either for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG, n=105) or transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA, n=105).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>A mean of 3.2&#177;0.8 vessels received anastomoses and 2.1&#177;0.8 were successfully dilated in the CABG and TCA groups, respectively. In a 5-year follow-up, the rates of events in the CABG and TCA groups were, respectively: mortality, 9.52% and 12.38%; acute myocardial infarction, 2.85% and 8.57% (P = 0.0668); and additional intervention, 2.85% and 24.76% (P &lt; 0.001). The survival rate was 88.39% for CABG and 84.93% for TCA; the respective AMI-free percentages were 84.40% and 77.40%. In the CABG and TCA groups, 62% and 60% of the patients had no angina, respectively. The exercise tests were considered nonischemic in 62.5% and 62.1% of the patients in the CABG and TCA groups, respectively.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In multivessel patients, compared with angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting was associated with a lower incidence of long-term events and a reduced need for new interventions (P=0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>transluminal coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting, coronary artery disease</p>
      <p> The impact of the relief of anginal symptoms, the reduction in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction, and the improvement in survival in some subgroups of patients with impaired ventricular function support the use of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) as an effective treatment for ischemic heart disease <sup>1,2</sup>. The observation of the development of intimal hyperplasia, atherosclerosis, and the occurrence of thrombosis and occlusion in the grafts, mainly the venous <sup>3</sup>, motivated a progressive increase in the use of arterial grafts, in an attempt to decrease the indices of occlusion of venous grafts, which ranged from 5% to 15% in the first month, and 15% to 25% in the first year, and reached up to 50% in the first 10 years <sup>4-6</sup>. Therefore, based on the Coronary Artery Surgery Study <sup>7</sup>, which was carried out in the 1970s and used the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) as a graft for the anterior interventricular branch (AIVB) <sup>8</sup> in up to 20% of the patients, the arterial graft became increasingly more used, reaching, at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s, 37% to 90% of the patients <sup>9-14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The advance in the techniques of myocardial revascularization in the 1990s stimulated the use of other arterial grafts, such as the double graft of the right and left internal thoracic arteries (RITA and LITA), whose results showed a lower recurrence of anginal symptoms, a decrease in reoperations, and a tendency to longer survival <sup>15,16</sup>. </p>
      <p>Comparative studies of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization through either surgery or angioplasty have not reported statistically significant differences in regard to immediate or late survival rates between the 2 types of treatment. These results did not consider the existence of variations in the samples regarding the number of arteries impaired or the number of arteries effectively treated in each type of intervention. These variations, however, have been observed in recent studies comparing the results of surgery and angioplasty <sup>9</sup>, including 45% of patients with single-vessel disease, while the samples of other studies <sup>14,17</sup> had 60% of patients with 2-vessel stenoses. </p>
      <p>When the number of arteries that effectively underwent intervention through the 2 methods is compared, variations are observed in the mean number of arteries treated with angioplasty and those receiving distal anastomoses. In our sample, the mean number of arteries treated with transluminal coronary angioplasty (TCA) was smaller than the number of grafts per patient (2.4 vs 3.1) <sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>Another relevant aspect is the initial number of arteries considered adequate for TCA and the number of arteries successfully treated and effectively cleared. This condition characterizes an incomplete revascularization, frequent in the major studies <sup>9-14</sup>. Therefore, the final result of myocardial revascularization obtained with TCA is different from that expected in all the studies performed, regardless of whether they were planned to obtain complete anatomical revascularization <sup>10</sup>, complete or equivalent functional revascularization <sup>9,11</sup>, or even the allowed incomplete myocardial revascularization <sup>12,13</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore, when analyzing the revascularization indices of the 2 types of intervention, greater indices of complete myocardial revascularization have been frequently observed with CABG than with TCA, ie, 88% vs 51% <sup>11</sup>, 91% vs 57% <sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The initial data from the NHLBI-PTCA Registry (1985-86), showing results of long-term follow-up, have contributed to validate incomplete anatomical revascularization as compared with complete anatomical revascularization <sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>That report showed no difference between the 2 forms of revascularization regarding the analysis of major cardiac events (death, Q-wave infarction, and recurring angina). </p>
      <p>The results of the BARI study regarding the comparative strategy between anatomically incomplete and complete TCA showed no differences in the medium-term survival, confirming the initial studies of the 1980s <sup>19,20</sup>. It is worth mentioning that the functional results of the 2 myocardial revascularization methods (TCA and CABG) are rarely discussed. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, few studies are available about the success of patent grafts and corresponding arteries or about the late results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. </p>
      <p>Therefore, despite all benefits achieved with those 2 therapeutic methods for myocardial revascularization, several clinical, angiographic, and prognostic conditions of the patients still remain questionable. The randomized and controlled clinical studies involving CABG and TCA in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease discussed previously could not establish a consensus regarding the procedure with better long-term clinical results. Most of those studies have valued the evolution aspects and the clinical events secondary to the procedures, lacking information on the myocardial ischemic load. Because the final objective of both procedures is to improve myocardial ischemia, the analysis of the procedures under that viewpoint is pertinent, and, therefore, our results should be compared with those reported in the major studies <sup>19,20</sup>. Perhaps the aimed-for complete myocardial revascularization may have been excessively over-rated compared with the functionally adequate myocardial revascularization. </p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing the efficacy of each intervention in protecting ischemic myocardium and in the long-term survival of patients with chronic obstructive coronary artery disease and at establishing the condition of myocardial ischemia at the end of the study in patients indicated for one of the 2 therapeutic myocardial revascularization options.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study assessed and followed up a subgroup of 210 patients selected based on 20,769 cine coronary angiographies performed at the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Medical School of the University of S&#227;o Paulo. This is a single-center randomized, prospective, multidisciplinary study that compares the therapeutic options, CABG and TCA, in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, stable angina, and preserved ventricular function. The scientific committee on ethics at our institution approved the study. </p>
      <p>The study comprised patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and stable angina or exercise-induced myocardial ischemia, or both, diagnosed through cine coronary angiography, which revealed significant coronary stenoses (&gt; 70%) in 2 or more vessels, representing the patients with multivessel coronary artery disease treated for angina or myocardial ischemia. The criteria of eligibility were as follows: Canadian Cardiovascular Society FC II or III stable angina <sup>21</sup> or evidence of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia requiring myocardial revascularization. The exercise test was considered positive when the patients developed angina during exercise or when abnormal depressions (horizontal or descending) in the ST segment of 1mm were observed in men and of 2mm in women, analyzed 80 ms from the J point. Multivessel coronary artery disease was angiographically defined as stenosis <underline>&gt;</underline> 70% in vessels with a diameter &gt; 1.5 mm, affecting one of the major arteries or their branches amenable to treatment through TCA or CABG. For randomization, a triple concordance between the clinical cardiologist, interventional cardiologist, and the cardiovascular surgeon was required. The patient's informed consent was required for randomization. </p>
      <p>Patients with the following findings were excluded: congenital heart diseases; orovalvular heart diseases; cardiomyopathies; unstable angina or AMI requiring emergency revascularization; left ventricular aneurysm; previous history of TCA or CABG; single-vessel coronary artery disease; and patients aged &lt; 35 years or &gt; 75 years. </p>
      <p>The patients were randomized for CABG or TCA and underwent the respective procedures of revascularization of the ischemic myocardium at an interval, when possible, of up to 4 weeks after randomization. </p>
      <p>Therefore, patients were selected in an equivalent and consecutive manner, according to the number of arteries involved and the location of the coronary lesions. The indications for both myocardial revascularization procedures were similar. </p>
      <p>Angina was classified according to the functional classification of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society <sup>21</sup> and was considered refractory when the triple anti-ischemic therapy (beta-blocker or calcium channel blocker, or both, nitrate, and aspirin) did not succeed. </p>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction was defined as follows: 1) appearance of new Q waves in at least 2 contiguous electrocardiographic leads; or 2) symptoms compatible with acute myocardial infarction associated with an elevation in the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) MB fraction greater than 3 times the upper limit of normality. In the TCA group, if that elevation occurred within 96 hours after the revascularization procedure, it was not considered diagnostic of acute myocardial infarction <sup>22,23</sup>. </p>
      <p>Anatomically complete myocardial revascularization was angiographically defined as the absence of residual coronary lesion (&gt;70%) in all epicardial branches considered amenable to treatment with TCA, or according to the number of distal anastomoses performed in all vessels considered impaired in the same condition<sup>18</sup>. The cardiac events were analyzed after the patients who survived the myocardial revascularization procedures were discharged. </p>
      <p> Clinical assessment was performed every 3 months during the first 5 years after intervention. Functional assessment was performed by use of treadmill exercise testing (ET) according to the modified Bruce protocol at baseline and at the end of every year of follow-up until completing the fifth year after the intervention. </p>
      <p>Except when contraindicated, all patients received aspirin, nitrates, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers, or both. The routine tests included rest electrocardiography, echocardiography, and routine laboratory tests every 6 months. </p>
      <p>All patients underwent cine coronary angiography in a Philips device, Integris 3000 model, which included coronary angiography and left ventriculography according to the Sones or Seldinger technique<sup>24</sup>. At least 4 orthogonal projections were recorded for assessing the left coronary artery, and 2 projections for the right coronary artery, as well as for assessing the arterial or venous grafts, when present in the CABG group undergoing control cine coronary angiography. The ejection fraction was calculated according to the formula proposed by Dodge et al <sup>25</sup>. </p>
      <p>Two experienced observers visually quantified the obstructions (those = 50% were considered significant), as well as the presence of collateral circulation. The coronary lesions were classified according to their location, severity, extension, and angulation <sup>26</sup>. </p>
      <p>Multivessel coronary atherosclerotic disease was defined as the disease found in more than one coronary artery or its branches, with stenosis <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, considering only vessels whose luminal diameter was &gt; 1.5mm. </p>
      <p>Coronary artery bypass grafting was performed according to the standardized surgical technique using hypothermia and a cardioplegic solution <sup>27</sup>. The cardiovascular surgeon was encouraged to treat all approachable arteries, including those with stenosis <underline>&lt;</underline> 50%. Thus, the surgical strategy was determined by the surgeon with the objective of obtaining complete myocardial revascularization, using venous grafts or arterial segments, whenever possible. The patients underwent the procedure after the definition of the therapeutic strategy and were medicated with beta-blockers and antiplatelet drugs, whenever possible, both in the pre- and postoperative period. </p>
      <p>Transluminal coronary angioplasty was performed according to the conventional technique, including the oral administration of aspirin or ticlopidine in the preceding 24 hours <sup>27</sup>. Intravenous heparin (10,000 IU) and nitroglycerin were administered immediately before and during the procedure <sup>28</sup>. </p>
      <p>The interventional cardiologists were encouraged to treat all arteries that could be contributing to myocardial ischemia, or that showed an obstruction <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%, or both. In addition, all types of techniques based on catheters were available, such as balloon catheter, stent, laser, either directional or rotational atherectomy, or both. The strategy was planned to allow complete functional revascularization, beginning with the treatment of the culprit lesion, followed by the treatment of other vessels. When necessary, TCA was planned and performed in more than one session. </p>
      <p>In the case of acute occlusion of the vessel treated during TCA, the interventional and clinical cardiologists could indicate emergency coronary artery bypass grafting. </p>
      <p>The result was considered successful when the residual obstruction was lower than 50% or was reduced by at least 20% of its initial value<sup> 22,27</sup>. </p>
      <p>All variables were analyzed descriptively. The quantitative variables were analyzed through observation of the minimum and maximum values and the calculation of the means and standard deviations. The qualitative variables were analyzed through calculation of the absolute and relative frequencies. </p>
      <p>The hypothesis of the equality of the means of the groups was tested using the Student t test for independent samples <sup>29</sup>. The proportions were compared by using the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test, when expected frequencies below 5 occurred <sup>29</sup>. For assessing the time elapsed until the occurrence of events, Kaplan-Meier curves were adjusted and tested by using the log-rank test. The significance level used in the tests was 5%. The statistical analyses were performed by using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study consecutively analyzed the first 105 patients in the TCA group and the first 105 patients in the CABG group, who survived their respective invasive procedures and were discharged from the hospital. In the TCA group, 45 (42.9%) patients had stenosis in 2 arteries and 60 (57.1%) in 3 arteries, and were treated with TCA. In the other group, 34 (32.4%) patients had stenosis in 2 arteries and 71 (67.6%) in 3 arteries, and were treated surgically. </p>
      <p>The groups were randomized from 06/26/1995 to 12/15/1998, allowing the assessment of cardiac events during a 5-year follow-up in each group. </p>
      <p> The distribution of the demographic, clinical, and angiographic characteristics of the patients undergoing TCA and CABG are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. No significant differences were observed in regard to mean age, sex, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, smoking, and anginal state. The groups differed regarding previous acute myocardial infarction (P = 0.004); the TCA group had a significantly greater percentage than that in the CABG group (60%). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Concerning the administration of beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers, the CABG group received a significantly greater percentage of those drugs than did the TCA group. However, the percentage of the previous use of aspirin, ACE inhibitors, statins, insulin, and oral antidiabetic drugs was similar in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. II</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Concerning cine coronary angiographic characteristics, 3-vessel coronary disease predominated over 2-vessel coronary disease in both groups (P = 0.117). In the TCA group, 60 (57.1%) patients had 3-vessel stenoses, and, in the CABG group, 71 (67.6%) patients did. </p>
      <p>In the CABG group, 332 vessels were treated, revealing a mean of 3.16 grafted vessels per patient as follows: 98 (93.33%) received at least one anastomosis using arterial grafting, which resulted in an anatomical revascularization considered complete in 71.4% of the patients. At least one of the internal thoracic arteries (ITA) was used in 71 (67.61%) patients; 2 thoracic arteries and the radial artery were used in 13 (12.38%) patients; and the gastroepiploic artery was used in 3 (2.85%) patients. </p>
      <p>During the 5-year follow-up, 10 deaths of cardiac origin and 3 nonfatal AMIs occurred; of the latter, one required new coronary artery bypass grafting, and 2 required coronary angioplasty. </p>
      <p> In the TCA group, 260 vessels were treated. The mean number of vessels treated per patient was 2.47 and the success rate was 85% (221 in 260). Revascularization was considered complete in 53 (50.47%) patients. The percentages of technical resources used to clear the vessels by the interventional cardiologist were: 74 (70%) stents; 65 (61.9%) balloons; 9 (8.57%) interventions using isolated rotational atherectomy; 2 (7.9%) interventions using the association of atherectomy and stent; and only 2 (1.9%) patients underwent the laser technique. </p>
      <p>During the 5-year follow-up, 13 (12.38%) deaths of cardiac origin occurred, 9 (8.57%) patients experienced nonfatal AMI, 20 (19.04%) patients required a new coronary angioplasty, and 6 (5.71%) underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. </p>
      <p>The combined event-free survival rate was significantly different between the groups studied. Patients in the TCA group had a greater number of combined events, defined as the need for revascularization, AMI or death of cardiac origin, when compared with the patients treated with the surgical therapy &#150; CABG (P&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>No significant difference in death of cardiac origin was observed in the 2 therapeutic strategies. Thirteen deaths occurred in the TCA group and 10 in the CABG group. The cumulative survival rate in 5 years was 95 (88.39%) and 92 (84.93%) patients in the CABG and TCA groups, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>During the 5-year follow-up, 3 (2.85%) patients in the CABG group and 9 (8.57%) patients in the TCA group had acute myocardial infarction (P = 0.0668) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">fig. 3</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Only 1 (0.95%) patient in the CABG group and 6 (5.71%) in the TCA group required additional coronary artery bypass grafting (P = 0.0872). </p>
      <p>During the same period, 2 (1.90%) patients in the CABG group and 20 (19.04%) in the TCA group required reintervention through coronary angioplasty (P &lt; 0.003). </p>
      <p>One important difference between the 2 groups related to the frequency of interventions required during the 5-year follow-up. Three (2.85%) reinterventions were required in the surgical group patients, and 26 (24.76%) additional reinterventions were required in the TCA group (P &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the 5-year follow-up, a significant difference was found in the presence of angina in the groups studied. Therefore, of the 75 patients in the CABG group who reported anginal symptoms at the beginning of the study, 65 were angina-free at the end of the study (P = 0.001). </p>
      <p>In regard to the TCA group, the same tendency was observed as follows: of the 83 patients with anginal symptoms at the beginning of the study, 63 were angina-free at the end of the study (P = 0.001). </p>
      <p>Regarding the presence of exercise-induced ischemia, statistical significance was also found among patients in both groups, who had an exercise test with an ischemic response. In the CABG group, the statistical significance was similar: of the 45 patients who developed exercise-induced ischemia at the beginning of the study, 23 did not reproduce the same test at the end of the study (P = 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">fig. 5</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the TCA group, of the 35 patients who developed exercise-induced ischemia at the beginning of the study, 17 did not reproduce the same test at the end of the study (P = 0.002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">fig. 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-84-03-0214-00004-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study aimed at comparing the efficacy of myocardial revascularization between 2 different methods (CABG and TCA), involving 210 patients who survived for 5 years after their procedures and were discharged from the hospital. The 2 interventions led to significant relief of the anginal symptoms during the follow-up period. However, the 5-year results showed that the proportion of asymptomatic patients with ischemic tests was similar in the 2 types of intervention. Those results were obtained with a significant increase in the need for a new revascularization in the TCA group. </p>
      <p>The CASS study showed that, in patients with multivessel coronary disease with normal left ventricular function, stable angina, predominance of 2-vessel (40%) and 3-vessel impairment in a smaller percentage (31.5%), the mean annual mortality rate for patients undergoing CABG was 1.1% (0.7%, 1.0%, and 1.4%, respectively, for 1, 2, and 3 vessels), indices similar to the indices for clinical treatment at that time <sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>The CASS study showed no difference between the clinical treatment and CABG in regard to mortality, Q-wave myocardial infarction, or the event-free survival rate in the 5-year follow-up. The benefit of CABG was restricted to the 3-vessel subgroup with ventricular dysfunction, and EF &lt; 50%, whose annual mortality rate with clinical treatment reached 12.5% <sup>30</sup>. </p>
      <p>At the end of the 1980s and throughout the 1990s, several studies were carried out aiming at comparing the 2 forms of myocardial revascularization, allowing the use of multiple arterial grafts in CABG, and stents and atheroablation devices in TCA. </p>
      <p>The profile of the population involved in the present study reflects a sample similar to that of multicenter studies around the world. The groups comprised patients predominantly white and of the male sex, with a mean age of 60 years, with a high prevalence of previous acute myocardial infarction, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Stable angina and CCS FC II and III prevailed in the clinical studies, ranging from 14% to 65% (RITA <sup>9</sup>, GABI <sup>10</sup>, ERACI <sup>11</sup>, CABRI <sup>12</sup>, EAST <sup>17</sup>, BARI<sup>14</sup>). Therefore, comparisons between the results of the present study and those reported in the literature could be established. </p>
      <p>Analyzing the characteristics of myocardial revascularization in the present study, in which 3-vessel patients predominated, complete revascularization was achieved in 72.38% of the CABG group and in 50.48% of TCA group. This difference was explained by the greater freedom of choice and encouragement allowed to the cardiovascular surgeon to perform a greater number of anastomoses in vessels with lesions = 50% or occluded vessels. </p>
      <p>More recent studies involving incomplete myocardial revascularization through TCA have concluded that early coronary reintervention was required more (a 2.5-fold greater risk) due to recurring angina. However, no change was observed in the rate of major cardiac events such as death and nonfatal infarction <sup>18,30-36</sup>. </p>
      <p>The BARI trial, which compared patients undergoing incomplete revascularization referred for TCA and CABG and who were followed up for 5 years, showed a longer survival without angina and revascularization in the CABG group patients as compared with those in the TCA group <sup>36</sup>. In that same study, when complete revascularization was compared with the incomplete one in the TCA group, survival free from surgical revascularization was significantly longer in the group with complete revascularization. However, no difference was observed in the following events during a 5-year follow-up: death of cardiac origin, acute myocardial infarction, and unstable angina. </p>
      <p>In the present study, the surgical result was better than that of angioplasty in regard to cardiac event-free survival due to the significantly smaller need for reintervention induced by recurring angina (13.7% vs 41.6%) (P &lt; 0.0001). However, no difference in the incidence of death of cardiac origin or acute myocardial infarction was observed between the 2 groups in a follow-up of 5 years at most. This superiority may be explained by the use of multiple arterial grafts, complete revascularization in the CABG group, and elevated indices of symptomatic restenosis, requiring revascularization within the first 12 months in the TCA group. </p>
      <p>The studies with an objective similar to that of the present study and a follow-up period ranging from 1 to 5 years, involving 4,130 patients with a predominance of stable coronary artery disease, showed no difference in mortality between the TCA and CABG groups <sup>14,17</sup>. A meta-analysis including the CABRI, EAST, ERACI, GABI, and RITA studies with a total of 2,943 patients assessed, showed no significant differences in regard to the incidence of death or acute myocardial infarction in a follow-up period ranging from 1 to 3 years, but showed a longer angina-free survival in the CABG group as compared with that in the TCA group (odds ratio = 1.57, CI = 1.32 to 1.87, P &lt; 0.00001) <sup>36</sup>. </p>
      <p>More recent studies with clinical follow-up of up to 8 years (EAST and BARI) have shown similar indices of death and acute myocardial infarction between the groups randomized for TCA and CABG. On the other hand, a significant difference was observed in the need for reintervention for angina control (BARI: 72.8% vs 13.8%; P &lt; 0.001; EAST: 65.3% vs 26.5%) <sup>37,38</sup>. </p>
      <p>More recently with implementation of the use of new devices for percutaneous coronary intervention, some randomized studies stand out, such as the ARTS study, which analyzed 1,205 patients randomized into 2 groups: TCA-stents or CABG. The primary objective included the occurrence of cardiac event-free survival and stroke in a 1-year follow-up. No significant difference between the 2 groups was evident when the primary objective was achieved, but a difference was observed in the need for more revascularizations in the TCA-stent and CABG groups (16.8% vs 3.5%). Cardiac event-free survival was smaller in the TCA-stent group (73.8%) than in the CABG group (87.8 %) (P &lt; 0.001) <sup>39</sup>. </p>
      <p>The present study allowed the comparative analysis of symptomatic myocardial ischemia and anginal state, as well as of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia at different times between the 2 groups (TCA and CABG). </p>
      <p>The analysis of angina in comparative studies between CABG and TCA using a balloon catheter showed a greater prevalence in the TCA group by the end of the first year of follow-up <sup>40</sup>. The RITA study already showed a progressive decrease in the prevalence of angina in the third year of follow-up <sup>41</sup>. </p>
      <p> At the end of the fifth year of follow-up, 38% of the CABG group and 40% of the TCA group had angina, with a significant improvement in the initial moment, but without any difference between the 2 types of treatment. These results are similar to those of the BARI trial and a meta-analysis of 7,964 patients in 13 randomized studies comparing TCA and CABG up to the year 2001, which allowed the inclusion of studies using stents in the comparative analysis. Those results may be justified by the elevated number of reinterventions in the TCA group and the progression of atherosclerotic disease in the native bed and in the grafts in the medium run in patients with 3-vessel coronary artery disease <sup>41,42</sup>. </p>
      <p> The results of the exercise test have shown a similar and significant reduction in the exercise-induced ischemic response in the CABG and TCA groups (37.9% and 37.5%, respectively) in 5 years. The BARI trial, in the same follow-up period, reported similar results in the TCA and CABG groups (28% and 31%, respectively); however, in the sample studied here, patients with 3-vessel coronary artery disease predominated, while in the BARI trial, 2-vessel coronary artery disease predominated <sup>43</sup>. </p>
      <p>Despite the advances in the techniques and in the types of endoprostheses, the rate of restenosis after angioplasty remains elevated, between 20% and 40% in 6 months. At the end of the 1990s, drug-eluting stents appeared, such as the stent coated with rapamycin, a drug capable of inhibiting the neointimal proliferation of smooth muscle cells <sup>44</sup>. A randomized multicenter study with 238 patients, 50% of whom had unstable angina and whose mean age was 60.7 years, assessed regular stents and the rapamycin-coated stent. The need for revascularization was 22.9% in the regular stent group as compared with 0% in the rapamycin-coated stent group (P = 0.001) in a 1-year follow-up <sup>45</sup>. However, the rate of noncritical restenosis was not revealed. </p>
      <p>In regard to survival without a new revascularization, the surgical therapy in the present study was better than the percutaneous coronary intervention. That superiority may be reflected by a small rate of perioperative complications, improvement in symptoms, and a more complete myocardial revascularization. The broad use of arterial grafts may have played a relevant role during the 5-year follow-up. </p>
      <p> An advantage of the percutaneous intervention option is the possibility that cardiologists may review their initial decisions based on the clinical and angiographic results of each lesion considered. The advantage of surgeons is that they may use grafts for the arteries with small degrees of stenosis (&lt;50%), as well as for those with a high degree of stenosis and also chronically occluded. Based on the number of vessels treated, the degree of revascularization achieved with surgery certainly seems more anatomically complete than that achieved with angioplasty (P &lt; 0.0001). </p>
      <p>In addition, the technological advances achieved with angioplasty have greatly improved in recent years. The resources of atherectomy, laser, regular stents, and, more recently, the drug-eluting stents may be commonly used for treating coronary stenosis. However, no evidence exists that those resources provide better results regarding death and nonfatal infarction in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. However, we believe that in the near future, the solution to the problem of restenosis may favorably influence the results. </p>
      <p>Finally, the satisfactory results obtained with CABG may be due to the use of arterial grafts as anastomosis, as well as to the normal ventricular function, which, per se, provides a good prognosis in most patients. These results lead to reflection and create expectations and questions about the so-called underuse of the number of grafts <sup>46</sup>. </p>
      <p>The limitations of this study need to be considered, and there is a consensus that, in the absence of contraindications, all patients should receive complete medicamentous therapy during the outpatient clinic follow-up, independently of the randomized strategy. This study, initiated in 1995, did not contemplate the current diffuse and beneficial use of statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) in the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of coronary artery disease. However, no significant difference existed between the groups studied regarding the proportion of patients receiving statins and ACE inhibitors, although they were used in a small percentage. In addition, the use of anti-ischemic and lipid-lowering drugs is similar to that of the BARI trial. </p>
      <p>Another potential limitation was the constant development of the revascularization techniques, both surgical and percutaneous. The appearance of synthetic polymer-eluting stents, which store and slowly release drugs that inhibit neointimal hyperplasia, has contributed to a reduction in restenosis of the treated lesion, and, consequently, to a significant decrease in the need for reintervention in the TCA group. Another inevitable limitation of this study is its long period of follow-up, during which new drugs appeared in clinical practice, such as clopidogrel and IIb/IIIa inhibitor, which were not previously available. Finally, the size of the sample studied did not have the power to test intergroup differences; however, these differences are relevant to the results of the research. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, surgical and percutaneous myocardial revascularization provided a significant and similar reduction in anginal symptoms and exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. In addition, the incidence of death of cardiac origin was similar in the 2 groups studied. When the need for new interventions during long-term follow-up was considered, surgery provided significantly better results. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Paulo Roberto Dutra da Silva </p>
          <p> Rua Sorocaba, 464/405</p>
          <p> Cep 22271-110 </p>
          <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="paulo_r_dutra@uol.com.br">paulo_r_dutra@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received for publication: 06/23/2003</p>
      <p> Accepted for publication: 07/01/2004</p>
      <p> English version by Stela Maris Costalonga</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
